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Tang WD, Zhu WY, Tang HL, Zhao P, Zhao LJ. Engagement of AKT and ERK signaling pathways facilitates infection of human neuronal cells with West Nile virus. J Virus Erad 2024; 10:100368. [PMID: 38601702 PMCID: PMC11004658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2024.100368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an important neurotropic virus that accounts for the emergence of human arboviral encephalitis and meningitis. The interaction of WNV with signaling pathways plays a key role in controlling WNV infection. We have investigated the roles of the AKT and ERK pathways in supporting WNV propagation and modulating the inflammatory response following WNV infection. WNV established a productive infection in neuronal cell lines originated from human and mouse. Expression of IL-11 and TNF-α was markedly up-regulated in the infected human neuronal cells, indicating elicitation of inflammation response upon WNV infection. WNV incubation rapidly activated signaling cascades of AKT (AKT-S6-4E-BP1) and ERK (MEK-ERK-p90RSK) pathways. Treatment with AKT inhibitor MK-2206 or MEK inhibitor U0126 abrogated WNV-induced AKT or ERK activation. Strong activation of AKT and ERK signaling pathways could be detectable at 24 h after WNV infection, while such activation was abolished at 48 h post infection. U0126 treatment or knockdown of ERK expression significantly increased WNV RNA levels and viral titers and efficiently decreased IL-11 production induced by WNV, suggesting the involvement of ERK pathway in WNV propagation and IL-11 induction. MK-2206 treatment enhanced WNV RNA replication accompanied with a moderate decrease in IL-11 production. These results demonstrate that engagement of AKT and ERK signaling pathways facilitates viral infection and may be implicated in WNV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Da Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Yang Zhu
- The 16th Student Brigade, College of Basic Medicine, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Lin Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan-Juan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
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2
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Cook SA. Understanding interleukin 11 as a disease gene and therapeutic target. Biochem J 2023; 480:1987-2008. [PMID: 38054591 PMCID: PMC10754292 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 11 (IL11) is an elusive member of the IL6 family of cytokines. While initially thought to be a haematopoietic and cytoprotective factor, more recent data show instead that IL11 is redundant for haematopoiesis and toxic. In this review, the reasons that led to the original misunderstandings of IL11 biology, which are now understandable, are explained with particular attention on the use of recombinant human IL11 in mice and humans. Following tissue injury, as part of an evolutionary ancient homeostatic response, IL11 is secreted from damaged mammalian cells to signal via JAK/STAT3, ERK/P90RSK, LKB1/mTOR and GSK3β/SNAI1 in autocrine and paracrine. This activates a program of mesenchymal transition of epithelial, stromal, and endothelial cells to cause inflammation, fibrosis, and stalled endogenous tissue repair, leading to organ failure. The role of IL11 signalling in cell- and organ-specific pathobiology is described, the large unknowns about IL11 biology are discussed and the promise of targeting IL11 signalling as a therapeutic approach is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Cook
- MRC-London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, U.K
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Wu J, Ma W, Qiu Z, Zhou Z. Roles and mechanism of IL-11 in vascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1171697. [PMID: 37304948 PMCID: PMC10250654 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1171697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, effective treatment strategies that can reduce the risk of vascular diseases are urgently needed. The relationship between Interleukin-11 (IL-11) and development of vascular diseases has gained increasing attention. IL-11, a target for therapeutic research, was initially thought to participate in stimulating platelet production. Additional research concluded that IL-11 is effective in treating several vascular diseases. However, the function and mechanism of IL-11 in these diseases remain unknown. This review summarizes IL-11 expression, function, and signal transduction mechanism. This study also focuses on the role of IL-11 in coronary artery disease, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, aortic disease, and other vascular diseases and its potential as a therapeutic target. Consequently, this study provides new insight into the clinical diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenrui Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihua Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zihua Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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4
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Lee S, Affandi J, Waters S, Price P. Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and Cardiovascular Disease: Current Perspectives. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:13-24. [PMID: 36622943 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are often asymptomatic in healthy adults but can be severe in people with a compromised immune system. While several studies have demonstrated associations between cardiovascular disease in older adults and HCMV seropositivity, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We review evidence published within the last 5 years establishing how HCMV can contribute directly and indirectly to the development and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. We also discuss associations between HCMV infection and cardiovascular outcomes in populations with a high or very high burden of HCMV, including patients with renal or autoimmune disease, transplant recipients, and people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Advanced Clinical and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Curtin Medical School and the Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI); Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jacquita Affandi
- Curtin School of Population Health; Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shelley Waters
- Curtin Medical School and the Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI); Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Patricia Price
- Curtin Medical School and the Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI); Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
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5
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Finjan NM, Mahmood AS. Gene characterization of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and analysis of interleukin-11 in patients with urinary tract infection. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Carbone ML, Failla CM. Interleukin role in the regulation of endothelial cell pathological activation. VASCULAR BIOLOGY (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2021; 3:R96-R105. [PMID: 34870094 PMCID: PMC8630758 DOI: 10.1530/vb-21-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukins (ILs) are the group of cytokines firstly identified as expressed by leukocytes and playing different immunomodulatory functions. With increasing evidence of a constant crosstalk between leukocytes and endothelial cells in the regulation of immune cell differentiation and activation, a role of ILs also in endothelial cell stimulation and vascular inflammation has been shown. ILs act on endothelial cells both in an autocrine and a paracrine manner. In fact, a cross regulation is present among ILs expressed by different cell types, leading to amplification or blocking of the initial inflammatory signal with the secretion of additional ILs or involvement of other adjacent cells and tissues. Based on selective structural features, ILs can be divided into four major groups, a fifth group comprises ILs that do not fit into any of the other four. Most of the ILs playing a role in endothelial cell activation belong to the IL1-like cytokine group, but the number of ILs involved in vascular inflammation is constantly growing, and a special contribution of IL6, IL8, and IL17 has been underlined. This review aims at presenting current knowledge and at underling missing information about the role of IL in activating endothelial cells in selected pathological settings such as tumours, psoriasis, systemic sclerosis, and viral infection.
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Yaiw KC, Mohammad AA, Taher C, Cui HL, Costa H, Kostopoulou ON, Jung M, Assinger A, Wilhelmi V, Yang J, Strååt K, Rahbar A, Pernow J, Söderberg-Nauclér C. Human Cytomegalovirus Reduces Endothelin-1 Expression in Both Endothelial and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061137. [PMID: 34070407 PMCID: PMC8229579 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an opportunistic pathogen that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictive peptide, is overexpressed and strongly associated with many vasculopathies. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether HCMV could affect ET-1 production. As such, both endothelial and smooth muscle cells, two primary cell types involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, were infected with HCMV in vitro and ET-1 mRNA and proteins were assessed by quantitative PCR assay, immunofluorescence staining and ELISA. HCMV infection significantly decreased ET-1 mRNA and secreted bioactive ET-1 levels from both cell types and promoted accumulation of the ET-1 precursor protein in infected endothelial cells. This was associated with inhibition of expression of the endothelin converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), which cleaves the ET-1 precursor protein to mature ET-1. Ganciclovir treatment did not prevent the virus suppressive effects on ET-1 expression. Consistent with this observation we identified that the IE2-p86 protein predominantly modulated ET-1 expression. Whether the pronounced effects of HCMV in reducing ET-1 expression in vitro may lead to consequences for regulation of the vascular tone in vivo remains to be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koon-Chu Yaiw
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.-A.M.); (C.T.); (H.L.C.); (H.C.); (M.J.); (V.W.); (A.R.)
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: (K.-C.Y.); (C.S.-N.)
| | - Abdul-Aleem Mohammad
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.-A.M.); (C.T.); (H.L.C.); (H.C.); (M.J.); (V.W.); (A.R.)
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chato Taher
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.-A.M.); (C.T.); (H.L.C.); (H.C.); (M.J.); (V.W.); (A.R.)
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Huanhuan Leah Cui
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.-A.M.); (C.T.); (H.L.C.); (H.C.); (M.J.); (V.W.); (A.R.)
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Costa
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.-A.M.); (C.T.); (H.L.C.); (H.C.); (M.J.); (V.W.); (A.R.)
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ourania N. Kostopoulou
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Masany Jung
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.-A.M.); (C.T.); (H.L.C.); (H.C.); (M.J.); (V.W.); (A.R.)
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alice Assinger
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Vanessa Wilhelmi
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.-A.M.); (C.T.); (H.L.C.); (H.C.); (M.J.); (V.W.); (A.R.)
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiangning Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital Solna, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.Y.); (J.P.)
| | - Klas Strååt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, BioClinicum and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University, Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Afsar Rahbar
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.-A.M.); (C.T.); (H.L.C.); (H.C.); (M.J.); (V.W.); (A.R.)
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Pernow
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital Solna, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.Y.); (J.P.)
| | - Cecilia Söderberg-Nauclér
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.-A.M.); (C.T.); (H.L.C.); (H.C.); (M.J.); (V.W.); (A.R.)
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: (K.-C.Y.); (C.S.-N.)
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8
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Vasilieva E, Gianella S, Freeman ML. Novel Strategies to Combat CMV-Related Cardiovascular Disease. Pathog Immun 2020; 5:240-274. [PMID: 33089035 PMCID: PMC7556413 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v5i1.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a ubiquitous human pathogen that is never cleared from the host, has long been thought to be relatively innocuous in immunocompetent adults, but causes severe complications including blindness, end-organ disease, and death in newborns and in immuno-compromised individuals, such as organ transplant recipients and those suffering from AIDS. Yet even in persons with intact immunity, CMV infection is associated with profound stimulation of immune and inflammatory pathways. Carriers of CMV infection also have an elevated risk of developing cardiovascular complications. In this review, we define the proposed mechanisms of how CMV contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD), describe current approaches to target CMV, and discuss how these strategies may or may not alleviate cardiovascular complications in those with CMV infection. In addition, we discuss the special situation of CMV coinfection in people with HIV infection receiving antiretroviral therapy, and describe how these 2 viral infections may interact to potentiate CVD in this especially vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vasilieva
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
| | - Sara Gianella
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael L. Freeman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine; Department of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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Alarifi S, Alkahtani S, Al-Qahtani AA, Stournaras C, Sourvinos G. Induction of interleukin-11 mediated by RhoA GTPase during human cytomegalovirus lytic infection. Cell Signal 2020; 70:109599. [PMID: 32165237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen which periodically reactivates, causing severe clinical consequences in immunosuppressed patients, organ and stem cell transplant recipients or newborn babies with congenital infections. HCMV infection stimulates the expression of several proinflammatory cytokines, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of the infection. Rho GTPases mediate cytokine expression while increasing evidence implicates them in important aspects of HCMV life cycle. Here, we studied the role of RhoA on the interleukin 11 (IL-11) release in HCMV-infected fibroblasts. Human fibroblasts, either endogenously expressing or silenced for RhoA, were infected by HCMV or UV-inactivated virus and IL-11 transcription and secretion were evaluated. We found that HCMV lytic infection increased the IL-11 levels, both in terms of transcription and translation. Both infectious and non-infectious HCMV particles were able to induce the IL-11 production. The depletion of RhoA resulted in an even higher release of IL-11, revealing the implication of this specific Rho isoform in this biological event. Finally, infection of cells in the presence of the HCMV DNA replication inhibitor, ganciclovir, significantly reduced the secretion of IL-11, strongly associating its induction with active viral DNA replication. Collectively, these data demonstrate, for the first time, a novel role of RhoA GTPase during HCMV lytic infection, regulating the activation of an immune response through IL-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud Alarifi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Alfaisal University, School of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George Sourvinos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-11 belongs to the IL-6 family of cytokines, discovered over 30 years ago. While early studies focused on the ability of IL-11 to stimulate megakaryocytopoiesis, the importance of this cytokine to inflammatory disease and cancers is only just beginning to be uncovered. This review outlines recent advances in our understanding of IL-11 biology, and highlights the development of novel therapeutics with the potential for clinical targeting of signaling by this cytokine in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Nguyen
- a The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Victoria , Australia
- b The Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Suad M Abdirahman
- a The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Victoria , Australia
- b The Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- a The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Victoria , Australia
- b The Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
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