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Gök S, Gök BC, Enli Y. Evaluation of the adipokine levels of pregnant women with preeclampsia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2023; 49:154-163. [PMID: 36226842 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to compare maternal blood and umbilical-cord leptin, spexin and visfatin levels during delivery in severe preeclampsia (PE) with controls, and to evaluate whether any clinical or demographic variables had independent associations with them. METHODS This is a case-controlled observational study consisting of 45 pregnant women with severe PE and a control group consisting of gestational age-matched 45 healthy pregnant women. We examined the leptin, spexin, and visfatin levels in serum samples taken from maternal blood and umbilical cords during cesarean section in both groups. Leptin, spexin, and visfatin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The maternal leptin and visfatin levels were significantly higher and the maternal spexin levels were significantly lower in the PE group than in the control group (p < 0.001). Similar to the maternal adipokine levels, the umbilical-cord leptin and visfatin levels were significantly higher and the spexin levels were significantly lower in the PE group (p < 0.001). We found a significant positive correlation between maternal body mass index and maternal blood and umbilical-cord serum leptin and visfatin levels in both groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The leptin, spexin and visfatin levels were significantly altered in the nondiabetic preeclamptic women in our study. We believe that the main reason for these changes may be the hypoxic placenta to protect the fetus and maintain its nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soner Gök
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pamukkale University Hospital, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Berfin Can Gök
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Denizli State Hospital, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Enli
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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2
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Yu M, Ju M, Fang P, Zhang Z. Emerging central and peripheral actions of spexin in feeding behavior, leptin resistance and obesity. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115121. [PMID: 35679893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of a high calorie diet with irregular eating and sedentary behavior habits is typical of the current suboptimal lifestyle, contributing to the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Most notably, the disorder of adipokine secretion in visceral adiposity is a major contributor to metabolic diseases with advancing age. In this regard, spexin and leptin are established as anorexigenic adipokines that can modulate adipogenesis and glucose metabolism by suppressing food intake or increasing energy expenditure, respectively. Emerging evidence points out that spexin levels are lower in the serum and adipose tissue of patients with obesity and/or insulin resistance, whereas circulating levels of leptin are higher in obesity and comorbidities. In turn, spexin and leptin pharmacologically induce beneficial effects on the brain's modulation of food intake and energy expenditure. On the other hand, endocrine crosstalk via spexin and leptin has also been reported in patients suffering from obesity and diabetes. Spexin plays a crucial role in the regulation of leptin secretion and leptin resistance. It should therefore be taken into account that studying the role of spexin in leptin regulation will help us combat the pathologies of obesity caused by leptin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yu
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Mengxian Ju
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Penghua Fang
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
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3
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Albeltagy ES, Abd Elbaky NM. Association of lower circulating Spexin levels with higher body mass indices and glucose metabolic profiles in adult subjects in Egypt. HUMAN NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2022; 27:200137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hnm.2021.200137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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4
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Fang P, Ge R, She Y, Zhao J, Yan J, Yu X, Jin Y, Shang W, Zhang Z. Adipose tissue spexin in physical exercise and age-associated diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 73:101509. [PMID: 34752956 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is known that a strong association exists between a suboptimal lifestyle (physical inactivity and sedentary behavior and/or high calorie diet) and increased propensity of developing age-associated diseases, such as obesity and T2DM. Physical exercise can alleviate obesity-induced insulin resistance and T2DM, however, the precise mechanism for this outcome is not fully understood. The endocrine disorder of adipose tissue in obesity plays a critical role in the development of insulin resistance. In this regard, spexin has been recently described as an adipokine that plays an important role in the pathophysiology of obesity-induced insulin resistance and T2DM. In obese states, expression of adipose tissue spexin is reduced, inducing the adipose tissue and skeletal muscle more susceptible to insulin resistance. Emerging evidences point out that exercise can increase spexin expression. In return, spexin could exert the exercise-protective roles to ameliorate insulin resistance, suggesting that spexin is a potential mediator for exercise to ameliorate obesity-induced insulin resistance and T2DM, namely, the beneficial effect of exercise on insulin sensitivity is at least partly mediated by spexin. This review summarizes our and others' recent studies regarding the effects of obesity on adipose tissue spexin induction, along with the potential effect of exercise on this response in obese context, and provides a new insight into the multivariate relationship among exercise, spexin and T2DM. It should be therefore taken into account that a combination of spexin and exercise training is an effective therapeutic strategy for age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Hanlin College, Taizhou, China.
| | - Ran Ge
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Hanlin College, Taizhou, China
| | - Yuqing She
- Department of Endocrinology, Pukou Branch of Jiangsu People's Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xizhong Yu
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenbin Shang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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5
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The Association of Serum Circulating Neuropeptide Q and Chemerin Levels with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors among Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121863. [PMID: 34944507 PMCID: PMC8699277 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential involvement of neuropeptide Q (NPQ) and chemerin (CHEM) in metabolic disorders is yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum concentrations of NPQ and CHEM and to establish their relationship with cardiometabolic risk factors among individuals with metabolic syndrome. A total of 66 patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and 83 healthy volunteers (non-MetS) underwent biochemical, blood pressure, and anthropometric measurements. The concentration of NPQ in the MetS group was significantly lower (0.47 (0.34 ; 0.54) vs. 0.52 (0.43 ; 0.60) ng/mL, p = 0.015) than in non-MetS, while there were no differences in CHEM level. In the entire study population, we observed several negative correlations between NPQ concentration and waist-hip ratio (WHR), visceral adipose tissue, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglycerides (TG) along with a positive correlation with high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total muscle mass, and CHEM. Moreover, a negative correlation was observed in the MetS group between NPQ and glycemia. CHEM showed no significant correlations with cardiometabolic risk factors in the study population. In a multiple regression model, the total muscle mass proved to be an independent factor determining NPQ concentration in the population (p < 0.00000001, R2adj = 28.6%). NPQ seems to protect against metabolic disorders correlated with obesity. Thus, it is worth considering NPQ level as a candidate protective biomarker of metabolic syndrome complications.
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6
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Spexin: Its role, regulation, and therapeutic potential in the hypothalamus. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108033. [PMID: 34763011 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spexin is the most recently discovered member of the galanin/kisspeptin/spexin family of peptides. This 14-amino acid peptide is highly conserved and is implicated in homeostatic functions including, but not limited to, metabolism, energy homeostasis, and reproduction. Spexin is expressed by neurons in the hypothalamus, which coordinate energy homeostasis and reproduction. Critically, levels of spexin appear to be altered in disorders related to energy homeostasis and reproduction, such as obesity, diabetes, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. In this review, we discuss the evidence for the involvement of spexin in the hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis and reproduction. The anorexigenic properties of spexin have been attributed to its effects on the energy-regulating neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide neurons and proopiomelanocortin neurons. While the role of spexin in reproduction remains unclear, there is evidence that gonadotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons may produce and respond to spexin. Furthermore, we discuss the disorders and concomitant treatments, which have been reported to alter spexin expression, as well as the underlying signaling mechanisms that may be involved. Finally, we discuss the biochemical basis of spexin, its interaction with its cognate receptors, and how this information can be adapted to develop therapeutics for disorders related to the alteration of energy homeostasis and reproduction.
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7
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Kumar S, Mankowski RT, Anton SD, Babu Balagopal P. Novel insights on the role of spexin as a biomarker of obesity and related cardiometabolic disease. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:2169-2178. [PMID: 34253845 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a 14-amino acid neuropeptide, discovered recently using bioinformatic techniques. It is encoded by the Ch12:orf39 gene that is widely expressed in different body tissues/organs across species, and secreted into systemic circulation. Recent reports have highlighted a potentially important regulatory role of SPX in obesity and related comorbidities. SPX is also ubiquitously expressed in human tissues, including white adipose tissue. The circulating concentration of SPX is significantly lower in individuals with obesity compared to normal weight counterparts. SPX's role in obesity appears to be related to various factors, such as the regulation of energy expenditure, appetite, and eating behaviors, increasing locomotion, and inhibiting long-chain fatty acid uptake into adipocytes. Recent reports have also suggested SPX's relationship with novel biomarkers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and glucose metabolism and evoked the potential role of SPX as a key biomarker/player in the early loss of cardiometabolic health and development of CVD and diabetes later in life. Data on age-related changes in SPX and SPX's response to various interventions are also emerging. The current review focuses on the role of SPX in obesity and related comorbidities across the life span, and its response to interventions in these conditions. It is expected that this article will provide new ideas for future research on SPX and its metabolic regulation, particularly related to cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Kumar
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert T Mankowski
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stephen D Anton
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - P Babu Balagopal
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours Children's Health System, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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8
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Kolodziejski PA, Leciejewska N, Chmurzynska A, Sassek M, Szczepankiewicz A, Szczepankiewicz D, Malek E, Strowski MZ, Checinska-Maciejewska Z, Nowak KW, Pruszynska-Oszmalek E. 30-Day spexin treatment of mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) increases insulin sensitivity, improves liver functions and metabolic status. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 536:111420. [PMID: 34384849 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a 14 aa peptide discovered in 2007 using bioinformatics methods. SPX inhibits food intake and regulates lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Here, we evaluate the ability of SPX at improving metabolic control and liver function in obese and type 2 diabetic animals. The effects of 30 days SPX treatment of mice with experimentally induced obesity (DIO) or type 2 diabetes (T2DM) on serum glucose and lipid levels, insulin sensitivity and hormonal profile (insulin, glucagon, adiponectin, leptin, TNF alpha, IL-6 and IL-1β) are characterized. In addition, alterations of hepatic lipid and glycogen contents are evaluated. We report that SPX decreases body weight in healthy and DIO mice, and reduces lipid content in all three animal groups. SPX improves insulin sensitivity in DIO and T2DM animals. In addition, SPX modulates hormonal and metabolic profile by regulating the concentration of adiponectin (concentration increase) and leptin (concentration decrease) in the serum blood of DIO and T2DM mice. Lastly, SPX decreases lipid content as well as IL-6 and TNF-α protein levels in liver of DIO and T2DM mice, and reduces IL-6 and TNF-alpha concentrations in the serum derived from T2DM mice. Based on our results, we conclude that SPX could be involved in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and it can be further evaluated as a potential target for therapy of DIO and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel A Kolodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Natalia Leciejewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agata Chmurzynska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Sassek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Dawid Szczepankiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Emilian Malek
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Mathias Z Strowski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology and Interdisciplinary Centre of Metabolism: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Park-Klinik Weissensee, 13086, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zuzanna Checinska-Maciejewska
- Department of Medicine, The President Stanislaw Wojciechowski State University of Applied Sciences in Kalisz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof W Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Pruszynska-Oszmalek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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9
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Tejaswi G, Dayanand CD, Prabhakar K. Insulin resistance and decreased spexin in Indian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Bioinformation 2021; 17:790-797. [PMID: 35539887 PMCID: PMC9049087 DOI: 10.6026/97320630017790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Spexin is novel biomarker, which plays a potential role in glucose and lipid metabolisms. However, there was paucity of serum spexin levels in obesity and diabetes mellitus subjects. Hence the current study was aimed to find the relationship between the serum spexin levels in type 2 Diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) with extrapolation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. A cross-sectional study included 330 participants, subdivided as control (n=110), type 2 DM (n=110) and type 2 DM with CVD groups (n=110). HbA1c, insulin, lipid profile, spexin & leptin including blood pressure and body mass index were analyzed from all the participants. The serum spexin levels (ng/ml) were significantly decreased in type 2 DM (mean ± sd: 0.65 ± 0.03) and type 2 DM with CVD (0.48 ± 0.02) groups compared to the control (0.79 ± 0.03) group (p<0.001). The decreased spexin levels were observed in type 2 DM, and further more decreased in type 2 DM with CVD patients compared to controls indicating that spexin levels could be served as an early prediction of obesity-induced T2DM with CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tejaswi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education & Research, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - CD Dayanand
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education & Research, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - K Prabhakar
- Department of General Medicine, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education & Research, Kolar, Karnataka, India
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10
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Prater M, Hamilton RS, Wa Yung H, Sharkey AM, Robson P, Abd Hamid NE, Jauniaux E, Charnock-Jones DS, Burton GJ, Cindrova-Davies T. RNA-Seq reveals changes in human placental metabolism, transport and endocrinology across the first-second trimester transition. Biol Open 2021; 10:268993. [PMID: 34100896 PMCID: PMC8214423 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human placenta is exposed to major environmental changes towards the end of the first trimester associated with full onset of the maternal arterial placental circulation. Changes include a switch from histotrophic to hemotrophic nutrition, and a threefold rise in the intraplacental oxygen concentration. We evaluated their impact on trophoblast development and function using RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) and DNA-methylation analyses performed on the same chorionic villous samples at 7-8 (n=8) and 13-14 (n=6) weeks of gestation. Reads were adjusted for fetal sex. Most DEGs were associated with protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), hormone secretion, transport, extracellular matrix, vasculogenesis, and reactive oxygen species metabolism. Transcripts higher in the first trimester were associated with synthesis and ER processing of peptide hormones, and glycolytic pathways. Transcripts encoding proteins mediating transport of oxygen, lipids, protein, glucose, and ions were significantly increased in the second trimester. The motifs of CBX3 and BCL6 were significantly overrepresented, indicating the involvement of these transcription factor networks in the regulation of trophoblast migration, proliferation and fusion. These findings are consistent with a high level of cell proliferation and hormone secretion by the early placenta to secure implantation in a physiological low-oxygen environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Prater
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Russell S Hamilton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Hong Wa Yung
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Andrew M Sharkey
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.,Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Paul Robson
- The Jackson Laboratory, The JAX Center for Genetics of Fertility and Reproduction, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.,Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | | | - Eric Jauniaux
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, EGA Institute for Women's Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - D Stephen Charnock-Jones
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, The Rosie Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SW, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Graham J Burton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Tereza Cindrova-Davies
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
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11
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Salah NY, Zeid DA, Sabry RN, Fahmy RF, El Abd MA, Awadallah E, Omran A, El Gendy YG. Circulating spexins in children with obesity: relation to cardiometabolic risk. Eur J Clin Nutr 2021; 76:119-125. [PMID: 33850315 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-00912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The role of spexin (SPX) in energy metabolism, endocrinal homeostasis, and vasculopathy is emerging. However, scarce data are available about its role in childhood obesity and obesity-related vasculopathy. Hence, we aimed to assess the level of SPX in obese and normal-weight children, and to correlate it with aortic distensibility (AD) and aortic stiffness index (ASI). SUBJECTS/METHODS Forty obese children were compared to 40 matched normal-weighed children. Weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) z score and mean blood pressure (Bl-Pr) percentile on three different occasions were obtained. SPX, fasting triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and insulin were measured with calculation of the homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Internal aortic diameter was measured with calculation of AD, strain (AS), and ASI. RESULTS Children with obesity had significantly lower SPX (P = 0.004), HDL (P < 0.001), and AD (P < 0.001) and higher systolic Bl-Pr (P < 0.001), diastolic Bl-Pr (P < 0.001), LDL (P = 0.011), HOMA-IR (P < 0.001), and ASI (P < 0.001). Significant negative correlation was found between SPX and BMI z score (r = -0.646, P < 0.001), systolic Bl-Pr (r = -0.641, P < 0.001), diastolic Bl-Pr (r = -0.427, P < 0.001), HOMA-IR (r = -0.349, P = 0.028), and ASI (r = -0.389, P = 0.013), while significant positive correlation was found between SPX and AS (P < 0.001, r = 0.633) and AD (P < 0.001, r = 0.612). However, no significant correlation was found between SPX and age (r = -0.01, P = 0.953), TG (r = 0.048, P = 0.767), total cholesterol (r = -0.023, P = 0.887), LDL (r = -0.299, P = 0.061), and HDL (r = 0.193, P = 0.232). CONCLUSIONS Children with obesity had significantly lower SPX than controls. SPX was correlated with BMI, Bl-Pr, HOMA-IR, and vasculopathy in children with obesity independent of their age and lipid profile. Further studies should explore the pathomechanism of SPX and its potential role in the management of obesity and obesity-related cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouran Y Salah
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Dina Abu Zeid
- Child Health Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rania N Sabry
- Child Health Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Reham F Fahmy
- Child Health Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona A El Abd
- Child Health Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman Awadallah
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Azza Omran
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmin G El Gendy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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12
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Zhang L, Li G, She Y, Zhang Z. Low levels of spexin and adiponectin may predict insulin resistance in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver. Pract Lab Med 2021; 24:e00207. [PMID: 33665291 PMCID: PMC7900762 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2021.e00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is endocrine organ that responds by secreting numerous hormones that regulate metabolism in skeletal muscle and the liver. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of spexin and adiponectin in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver and evaluate the relationship between circulating adipocytokines and insulin resistance. Two groups of subjects were evaluated: 41 non-alcoholic fatty liver subjects (age 35.17 ± 12.29 year, BMI 30.97 ± 2.75 kg/m2) and 38 normal controls (age 38.47 ± 11.63 year, BMI 22.83 ± 3.00 kg/m2). Plasma concentrations of spexin and adiponectin were determined using immunosorbent assay kits. Insulin resistance was assessed using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) formula derived from fasting insulin and glucose levels. Compared to normal controls, plasma concentrations of spexin and adiponectin were significantly lower in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver (P < 0.001). Spexin did not correlate with BMI but did significantly correlate with HOMA-IR (r = -0.368; P = 0.018) and adiponectin (r = 0.378; P = 0.043), and this correlation remained significant after adjustment for gender and BMI. In this small group of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver we demonstrated that insulin resistance correlated strongly with spexin and adiponectin levels. The plasma spexin levels were decreased in patients with NAFLD. A negative correlation was shown between spexin and HOMA-IR. A negative correlation was shown between adiponectin and HOMA-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiang Zhang
- Changzhou Health Vocational Technical College, Changzhou, 213002, China
| | - Guangzhi Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huaian, 213001, China
| | - Yuqing She
- Department of Endocrinology, Pukou Branch of Jiangsu People's Hospital, Nanjing, 211808, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
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Behrooz M, Vaghef-Mehrabany E, Maleki V, Pourmoradian S, Fathifar Z, Ostadrahimi A. Spexin status in relation to obesity and its related comorbidities: a systematic review. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:1943-1957. [PMID: 33520870 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Spexin, a novel 14-amino acid peptide, has multiple physiological functions. The purpose of this paper was to systematically evaluate the current literature on the role of Spexin neuropeptide in obesity and its related comorbidities, food intake and overall metabolic status in human, animal and in vitro studies. Methods Multiple databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, ProQuest, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched for English-language papers published since inception until December 2018, that investigated Spexin levels in relation to chronic metabolic diseases, overall metabolism control and feeding-related behaviors.The quality of the included observational studies was assessed by a version of the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) designed for non-randomized studies and SYRCLE's assessment tool for animal models. Results Out of 224 records screened, search results led to a total of 24 related studies (12 human studies (ten cross-sectional studies, one cohort study, and one longitudinal study) and 12 studies in either animals or in vitro).Nine of the included cross-sectional studies and one Longitudinal study had moderate to good study quality, and one cross-sectional and one cohort study had high-quality (or low risk of bias). Conclusion It appears that Spexin has a positive impact on overall metabolic status. As a novel appetite-regulating peptide, Spexin can act as an anorexigenic factor. Information about Spexin is very limited, and well-designed randomized controlled clinical trials are warranted for replicating, validating, and extending the current findings. PROSPERO registration number CRD42018117198).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Behrooz
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Elnaz Vaghef-Mehrabany
- Owerko Centre at the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Vahid Maleki
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira Pourmoradian
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Fathifar
- Health Information Management, School of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Attar Neyshabouri Av., Golgasht St., Tabriz, Iran
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14
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Behrooz M, Vaghef-Mehrabany E, Ostadrahimi A. Different spexin level in obese vs normal weight children and its relationship with obesity related risk factors. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:674-682. [PMID: 32139252 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Spexin (SPX) is a novel peptide recently discovered as an important regulatory adipokine in obesity and related metabolic diseases. The aim of the current study was to determine the potential role of Circulating levels of SPX in obese children and explore its relationships with obesity-related risk factors, and its potential role in preventing obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-five obese children and 45 normal-weight children of similar age and sex, with mean age of 13.73 (2.68) were recruited in this Study. Weight and height, blood pressure, resting metabolic rate (RMR), physical activity level, stress, anxiety and depression, appetite status, daily energy intake, pubertal stage, serum Spexin, Interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-1β, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), fasting glucose, insulin and lipid profile, were measure during standard techniques. Median (IQR) of Spexin levels were significantly lower in obese vs. normal-weight children [120.70 (77.7) pg/mL vs.145 (186.7)pg/mL; P = 0.03]. Based on the tertiles of the serum Spexin levels, a protective independent effect was observed for the highest tertile of serum Spexin concentrations. Crude OR (CI): 0.33 (0.11-0.95), P-trend = 0.04. Model 1 OR (CI): 0.20 (0.05-0.73), P- trend = 0.01, Model 2 OR (CI): 0.22 (0.05-0.86), P -trend = 0.03. Serum Spexin concentration was significantly associated with IL-10, IL-1β, fasting Insulin and HOMA-IR (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The lower circulating levels of Spexin in obese children compared to their normal-weight peers, the protective independent effect found for the highest tertile of serum Spexin, and its association with glucose metabolism and immune function observed in our study, suggest a potential role for this novel peptide in childhood obesity and its related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Behrooz
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elnaz Vaghef-Mehrabany
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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15
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Yavuzkir S, Ugur K, Deniz R, Ustebay DU, Mirzaoglu M, Yardim M, Sahin İ, Baykus Y, Karagoz ZK, Aydin S. Maternal and umbilical cord blood subfatin and spexin levels in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. Peptides 2020; 126:170277. [PMID: 32068104 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Subfatin and spexin are two novel adipokines implicated in glucose homeostasis. This study was designed to investigate changes in blood subfatin and spexin levels during gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and childbirth, and define the mechanisms of these hormones in the physiopathology of GDM. A total of 60 pregnant women, comprising 30 diagnosed with GDM and 30 with normal gestation, were included in the study. The diagnosis of GDM was made through a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) administered between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. The amounts of subfatin, spexin, and insulin were measured in blood samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays; lipid profiles, glucose, and other biochemical parameters were measured by using an autoanalyzer. Levels of subfatin and spexin were significantly higher in blood samples drawn at baseline (before OGTT) in mothers with GDM compared to those with normal gestation. Similar observations were made in maternal and cord blood sampled at the end of pregnancy. However, at delivery, the increase in subfatin and spexin concentrations observed at baseline was abrogated in both groups of pregnant women, although levels in mothers with GDM were comparatively higher. These results show that levels of subfatin and spexin increased because of GDM and suggest that these hormones could be potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and management of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyda Yavuzkir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Kader Ugur
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism Diseases), School of Medicine, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Rulin Deniz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Kafkas University, 36000 Kars, Turkey
| | - Dondu Ulker Ustebay
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kafkas University, 36000 Kars, Turkey
| | - Miyase Mirzaoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Meltem Yardim
- Department of Biochemistry, Yerköy State Hospital, 66900 Yozgat, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Sahin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, (Firat Hormones Research Group), School of Medicine, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, 24100 Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Yakup Baykus
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Kafkas University, 36000 Kars, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Karaca Karagoz
- Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism Diseases), 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, (Firat Hormones Research Group), School of Medicine, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey.
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16
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Galanin peptide family regulation of glucose metabolism. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 56:100801. [PMID: 31705911 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that the galanin peptide family may regulate glucose metabolism and alleviate insulin resistance, which diminishes the probability of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The galanin was discovered in 1983 as a gut-derived peptide hormone. Subsequently, galanin peptide family was found to exert a series of metabolic effects, including the regulation of gut motility, body weight and glucose metabolism. The galanin peptide family in modulating glucose metabolism received recently increasing recognition because pharmacological activiation of galanin signaling might be of therapeutic value to improve insuin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. To date, however, few papers have summarized the role of the galanin peptide family in modulating glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. In this review we summarize the metabolic effect of galanin peptide family and highlight its glucoregulatory action and discuss the pharmacological value of galanin pathway activiation for the treatment of glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Akbas M, Koyuncu FM, Oludag Mete T, Taneli F, Ozdemir H, Yilmaz O. Serum levels of spexin are increased in the third trimester pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus. Gynecol Endocrinol 2019; 35:1050-1053. [PMID: 31109216 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2019.1616690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spexin is a peptide that is involved in energy homeostasis and its expression is influenced by altered glucose metabolism. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased insulin resistance (IR) and pregnancy is a progressive insulin resistant state. We hypothesized that spexin may have an effect on the pathophysiology of GDM which further could help to identify the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate spexin levels in the third trimester pregnancies with GDM and healthy controls. Thirty-nine women with GDM and 39 healthy singleton pregnancies were enrolled in this case-control study. Serum spexin concentrations were measured and correlated to biochemical and clinical parameters. Serum spexin levels were significantly higher in women with GDM (3686.25 ± 348.37 vs. 3472.33 ± 293.93 pg/ml, p=.004). Spexin levels did not differ significantly according to treatment modality. Moreover, spexin levels were significantly positively correlated with homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR). Spexin levels were significantly higher in women with GDM and closely related to HOMA-IR in the third trimester pregnancy. This may help to better clarify the pathophysiological role of spexin in GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Akbas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatology Division, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Faik Mumtaz Koyuncu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatology Division, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Tulay Oludag Mete
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatology Division, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Fatma Taneli
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Habib Ozdemir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Yilmaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Manisa State Hospital, Manisa, Turkey
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18
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Al-Daghri NM, Wani K, Yakout SM, Al-Hazmi H, Amer OE, Hussain SD, Sabico S, Ansari MGA, Al-Musharaf S, Alenad AM, Alokail MS, Clerici M. Favorable Changes in Fasting Glucose in a 6-month Self-Monitored Lifestyle Modification Programme Inversely Affects Spexin Levels in Females with Prediabetes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9454. [PMID: 31263247 PMCID: PMC6602932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a novel peptide thought to have a role in various metabolic regulations. Given its presumed body-weight regulatory functions, we aimed to determine whether lifestyle intervention programs on weight loss and fasting glucose (FG) improvement among people with impaired glucose regulation also alter levels of circulating SPX. A total of 160 Saudi adult males and females with prediabetes were randomly selected from a larger cohort (N = 294) who underwent a 6-month lifestyle modification program to improve their glycemic status. Participants were split into two groups based on differences in glucose levels post-intervention, with the first 50% (improved group) having the most significant reduction in FG. SPX was measured at baseline and after 6 months. Changes in SPX was significant only in the improved group [baseline: median (Q1-Q3) of 164 pg/ml (136-227) vs follow-up: 176 pg/ml (146-285); p < 0.01]. When stratified by sex, the significant increase was observed only in females [159 pg/ml (127-252) vs 182.5 (152,369.1); p < 0.01]. Furthermore, SPX levels showed a significant inverse association with FG (β = -0.22, p = 0.003) even after adjustment with age and BMI, again only in females. Circulating SPX levels increase over time in people with prediabetes, particularly women who responded favorably in a 6-month lifestyle intervention program. Whether an unknown mechanism regulating the sexual disparity seen in SPX levels post-intervention exists should be further investigated using a larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kaiser Wani
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sobhy M Yakout
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazim Al-Hazmi
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama E Amer
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Danish Hussain
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaun Sabico
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ghouse Ahmed Ansari
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Al-Musharaf
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal M Alenad
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mario Clerici
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, via F.lli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, 20148, Italy
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19
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Lv SY, Zhou YC, Zhang XM, Chen WD, Wang YD. Emerging Roles of NPQ/Spexin in Physiology and Pathology. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:457. [PMID: 31133851 PMCID: PMC6514225 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Spexin (SPX), also called neuropeptide Q (NPQ), is a novel endogenous neuropeptide. Spexin gene and protein are widely expressed in central nervous system and peripheral tissues in humans, rodents, goldfish, etc. A few of physiological and pathological roles of spexin are gradually emerged recently. This article summarized the roles of spexin in feeding behavior, gastrointestinal motility, obesity, diabetes, energy metabolism, endocrine, mental diseases, and cardiovascular function. Given the broad roles of spexin, this neuropeptide has attracted much interest from investigators and will be as a promising future target for novel therapeutic research and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Yu Lv
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yu-Chen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yan-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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20
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Lim CH, Lee MYM, Soga T, Parhar I. Evolution of Structural and Functional Diversity of Spexin in Mammalian and Non-mammalian Vertebrate Species. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:379. [PMID: 31275244 PMCID: PMC6593056 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a novel neuropeptide, which was first identified in the human genome using bioinformatics. Since then, orthologs of human SPX have been identified in mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates. The mature sequence of SPX, NWTPQAMLYLKGAQ, is evolutionally conserved across vertebrate species, with some variations in teleost species where Ala at position 13 is substituted by Thr. In mammals, the gene structure of SPX comprises six exons and five introns, however, variation exists within non-mammalian species, goldfish and zebrafish having five exons while grouper has six exons. Phylogenetic and synteny analysis, reveal that SPX is grouped together with two neuropeptides, kisspeptin (KISS) and galanin (GAL) as a family of peptides with a common evolutionary ancestor. A paralog of SPX, termed SPX2 has been identified in non-mammalians but not in the mammalian genome. Ligand-receptor interaction study also shows that SPX acts as a ligand for GAL receptor 2 (2a and 2b in non-mammalian vertebrates) and 3. SPX acts as a neuromodulator with multiple central and peripheral physiological roles in the regulation of insulin release, fat metabolism, feeding behavior, and reproduction. Collectively, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the evolutionary diversity as well as molecular and physiological roles of SPX in mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrate species.
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Spexin Levels Are Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Components. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:1679690. [PMID: 30254709 PMCID: PMC6142736 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1679690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Spexin (SPX) is a novel peptide that is implicated in obesity and related energy homeostasis in animals and adult humans. Little is known about its role in adults' overall cardiometabolic health. The aim of the study was to determine whether circulating levels of spexin (SPX) is associated with components of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods The present cross-sectional study included 124 participants (41 males and 83 females; aged 42.4 ± 10.3 y) (MetS group) and 136 (21 male and 115 females; aged 33.1 ± 8.7 y) (non-MetS group). SPX was measured using commercially available assays. Anthropometrics were measured, and fasting serum glucose levels as well as lipid profile were quantified routinely. MetS was screened according to common definitions. Results SPX levels were significantly lower in participants with MetS vs. non-MetS (0.18 ng/ml (0.13-0.24) vs. 0.26 ng/ml (0.17-0.50); p < 0.001). In all MetS definitions used, SPX was significantly lower in the MetS group than the non-MetS group using the WHO definition after adjustment for age and BMI. Stratification according to sex revealed that SPX was associated with MetS only in women, and this significance was lost after adjustment for age and BMI. Conclusions Lower circulating levels of SPX in adults are modestly associated with components of MetS and are sex-specific. Further studies are necessary to determine whether SPX is associated with harder outcomes such as atherosclerosis and diabetes in the general population.
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