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Adil N, Siddiqui AJ, Musharraf SG. Metabolomics‐based Researches in Autoimmune Liver Disease: A
Mini‐Review. Scand J Immunol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nurmeen Adil
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan
| | - Amna Jabbar Siddiqui
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan
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2
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Walker DI, Juran BD, Cheung AC, Schlicht EM, Liang Y, Niedzwiecki M, LaRusso NF, Gores GJ, Jones DP, Miller GW, Lazaridis KN. High-Resolution Exposomics and Metabolomics Reveals Specific Associations in Cholestatic Liver Diseases. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:965-979. [PMID: 34825528 PMCID: PMC9035559 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in development of prognostic and therapeutic options for the rare cholestatic liver diseases, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), is hampered by limited knowledge of their pathogeneses. In particular, the potential role of hepatotoxic and/or metabolism-altering environmental chemicals in the pathogenesis of these diseases remains relatively unstudied. Moreover, the extent to which metabolic pathways are altered due to ongoing cholestasis and subsequent liver damage or possibly influenced by hepatotoxic chemicals is poorly understood. In this study, we applied a comprehensive exposomics-metabolomics approach to uncover potential pathogenic contributors to PSC and PBC. We used untargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry to characterize a wide range of exogenous chemicals and endogenous metabolites in plasma and tested them for association with disease. Exposome-wide association studies (EWAS) identified environmental chemicals, including pesticides, additives and persistent pollutants, that were associated with PSC and/or PBC, suggesting potential roles for these compounds in disease pathogenesis. Metabolome-wide association studies (MWAS) found disease-associated alterations to amino acid, eicosanoid, lipid, co-factor, nucleotide, mitochondrial and microbial metabolic pathways, many of which were shared between PSC and PBC. Notably, this analysis implicates a potential role of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Finally, EWAS × MWAS network analysis uncovered linkages between environmental agents and disrupted metabolic pathways that provide insight into potential mechanisms for PSC and PBC. Conclusion: This study establishes combined exposomics-metabolomics as a generalizable approach to identify potentially pathogenic environmental agents and enumerate metabolic alterations that may impact PSC and PBC, providing a foundation for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas I. Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public HealthIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Brian D. Juran
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | - Angela C. Cheung
- Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineThe Ottawa HospitalOttawaONCanada
| | - Erik M. Schlicht
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | - Yongliang Liang
- Clinical Biomarkers LaboratoryDivision of PulmonaryAllergyCritical Care and Sleep MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Megan Niedzwiecki
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public HealthIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers LaboratoryDivision of PulmonaryAllergyCritical Care and Sleep MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Gary W. Miller
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesColumbia University Mailman School of Public HealthNew YorkNYUSA
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Tsai CF, Chu CJ, Wang YP, Liu PY, Huang YH, Lin HC, Lee FY, Lu CL. Increased serum interleukin-6, not minimal hepatic encephalopathy, predicts poor sleep quality in nonalcoholic cirrhotic patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44:836-45. [PMID: 27518472 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep-wake disturbances are common in patients with cirrhosis and have a considerable effect on health-related quality of life; however, the underlying mechanism behind the phenomenon is unclear. Cytokines are involved in the mediation of signalling pathways regulating fibrogenesis, leading to cirrhosis. In addition, increased cytokines could contribute to sleep disturbances. AIM To determine the relationship between pro-inflammatory cytokines and sleep disturbance in cirrhotic patients. METHODS Ninety-eight nonalcoholic cirrhotic patients without overt hepatic encephalopathy were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep quality. The Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) was used to examine cognitive performance and define minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to evaluate the mood status of the patients. Pro-inflammatory cytokines that include interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α, as well as HBV-DNA or HCV-RNA levels were determined in patients. RESULTS A total of 56 (57%) cirrhotic patients were identified as 'poor' sleepers (PSQI > 5). After multivariate analysis, IL-6 (P = 0.001) and HADS scores (P = 0.002) were found to be independent predictive factors of poor sleep quality. No significant relationships were observed between the sleep indices and the presence of MHE. HCV-RNA, but not HBV-DNA, viraemia was associated with sleep disturbance in cirrhotic patients. CONCLUSIONS Sleep disturbance is found commonly in cirrhotic patients and a high serum IL-6 level is predictive of poor sleep quality. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy by itself may not contribute to sleep dysfunction in cirrhotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-F Tsai
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-J Chu
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-P Wang
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - P-Y Liu
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-H Huang
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - H-C Lin
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - F-Y Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-L Lu
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. , .,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. , .,Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. , .,Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. ,
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Toxicity and inflammatory response in Swiss albino mice after intraperitoneal and oral administration of polyurethane nanoparticles. Toxicol Lett 2016; 246:17-27. [PMID: 26820842 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work in vivo experiments were conducted in order to characterize the biocompatibility of polyurethane nanoparticles (PU-NPs) after intraperitoneal (i.p.) and oral administration. Additionally, ex vivo assays were performed to assess human blood compatibility as well as in vitro assays to assess protein binding. Our results indicated that administration of three different concentrations of PU-NPs induced a significant increase in visceral fat accumulation after oral dosing. In addition, fat tissue of mice intraperitoneally treated with the highest concentration of nanoparticles showed diffuse mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate in the fat tissue. Histopathological assessment showed inflammatory infiltrate and hepatocyte vacuolization in the liver, inflammatory infiltration and vascular congestion in the lung and glomerular necrosis in the kidney. Hepatic enzymes related with liver function were significantly increased in both groups of mice treated with PU-NPs. The PU-NPs did not affect the human blood cells number as well as coagulation time but showed a susceptibility to bind in proteins commonly found in the blood stream. In addition, increased amounts of pro inflammatory cytokines in vivo, as well as ex vivo in human cells were observed. Further studies to establish the consequences of long-term exposure to PU-NPs are warranted.
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Pervin M, Golbar HM, Bondoc A, Izawa T, Kuwamura M, Yamate J. Immunophenotypical characterization and influence on liver homeostasis of depleting and repopulating hepatic macrophages in rats injected with clodronate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 68:113-24. [PMID: 26610753 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages (including Kupffer cells) play a crucial role in the homeostasis and act as mediators of inflammatory response in the liver. Hepatic macrophages were depleted in male F344 rats by a single intravenous injection of liposomal clodronate (CLD; 50mg/kg body weight), and immunophenotypical characteristics of depleting and repopulating macrophages were analyzed by different antibodies specific for macrophages. CD163(+) Kupffer cells were almost completely depleted on post-injection (PI) days 1-12. Macrophages reacting to CD68, Iba-1, and Gal-3 were drastically reduced in number on PI day 1 and then recovered gradually until PI day 12. MHC class II(+) and CD204(+) macrophages were moderately decreased during the observation period. Although hepatic macrophages detectable by different antibodies were reduced in varying degrees, Kupffer cells were the most susceptible to CLD. Liver situation influenced by depleted hepatic macrophages was also investigated. No marked histological changes were seen in the liver, but the proliferating activity of hepatocytes was significantly increased, supported by changes of gene profiles relating to cell proliferation on microarray analysis on PI day 1; the values of AST and ALT were significantly elevated; macrophage induction/activation factors (such as MCP-1, CSF-1, IL-6 and IL-4) were increased exclusively on PI day 1, whereas anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10 and TGF-β1 remained significantly decreased after macrophage depletion. The present study confirmed importance of hepatic macrophages in liver homeostasis. The condition of hepatic macrophages should be taken into consideration when chemicals capable of inhibiting macrophage functions are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munmun Pervin
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Hossain M Golbar
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Alexandra Bondoc
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Takeshi Izawa
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kuwamura
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Jyoji Yamate
- Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.
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6
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Kermanizadeh A, Løhr M, Roursgaard M, Messner S, Gunness P, Kelm JM, Møller P, Stone V, Loft S. Hepatic toxicology following single and multiple exposure of engineered nanomaterials utilising a novel primary human 3D liver microtissue model. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:56. [PMID: 25326698 PMCID: PMC4207326 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The liver has a crucial role in metabolic homeostasis as well as being the principal detoxification centre of the body, removing xenobiotics and waste products which could potentially include some nanomaterials (NM). With the ever increasing public and occupational exposure associated with accumulative production of nanomaterials, there is an urgent need to consider the possibility of detrimental health consequences of engineered NM exposure. It has been shown that exposure via inhalation, intratracheal instillation or ingestion can result in NM translocation to the liver. Traditional in vitro or ex vivo hepatic nanotoxicology models are often limiting and/or troublesome (i.e. reduced metabolism enzymes, lacking important cell populations, unstable with very high variability, etc.). Methods In order to rectify these issues and for the very first time we have utilised a 3D human liver microtissue model to investigate the toxicological effects associated with a single or multiple exposure of a panel of engineered NMs (Ag, ZnO, MWCNT and a positively charged TiO2). Results Here we demonstrate that the repeated exposure of the NMs is more damaging to the liver tissue as in comparison to a single exposure with the adverse effects more significant following treatment with the Ag and ZnO as compared with the TiO2 and MWCNT NMs (in terms of cytotoxicity, cytokine secretion, lipid peroxidation and genotoxicity). Conclusions Overall, this study demonstrates that the human microtissue model utilised herein is an excellent candidate for replacement of traditional in vitro single cell hepatic models and further progression of liver nanotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kermanizadeh
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Section of Environmental Health, Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark. .,Heriot Watt University, School of Life Sciences, Nanosafety research group, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Mille Løhr
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Section of Environmental Health, Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark.
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Section of Environmental Health, Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark.
| | - Simon Messner
- InSphero AG, Wagistrasse 27, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland.
| | | | - Jens M Kelm
- InSphero AG, Wagistrasse 27, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Section of Environmental Health, Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark.
| | - Vicki Stone
- Heriot Watt University, School of Life Sciences, Nanosafety research group, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Steffen Loft
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Section of Environmental Health, Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark.
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Ashrafi Hafez A, Ahmadi Vasmehjani A, Baharlou R, Mousavi Nasab SD, Davami MH, Najafi A, Joharinia N, Rezanezhad H, Ahmadi NA, Imanzad M. Analytical assessment of interleukin - 23 and -27 cytokines in healthy people and patients with hepatitis C virus infection (genotypes 1 and 3a). HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2014; 14:e21000. [PMID: 25386199 PMCID: PMC4221962 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.21000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune system plays important roles in determining the outcomes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Interleukin-23 and -27 (IL-23 and IL-27) are two novel IL-12 cytokine family members known to enhance the T-lymphocyte response, but their precise involvement in HCV infection is not well known. OBJECTIVES We investigated the serum IL-27 and IL-23 levels in patients with HCV infection and in healthy individuals. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this case-control study, we assessed IL-23 and IL-27 levels in serum of 37 healthy individuals and 64 patients with chronic HCV using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The relationship of cytokines level with liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), HCV genotype and viral load were analyzed. The differences of these cytokine levels in the groups of treatment and no treatment was compared. HCV genotypes were classified by HCV-specific primers methods. HCV RNA loads were determined by fluorescence quantitative PCR. RESULTS Serum level of IL-23 was higher in HCV infected patients compared to control group (P = 0.005). However, no significant difference was seen in IL-27 serum level between patients compared to the control group (P = 0.65). There was no significant difference in IL-23 and IL-27 level between genotype 1 HCV-infected- and 3a HCV-infected- patients. Positive moderate correlation between IL-23 and IL-27 with viral load was found in type 3a and 1 HCV-infected patient. Positive relative correlation was seen between ALT and IL-23 in 1a HCV-infected patients, which was higher than 3a HCV-infected patients; but there were no significant difference between serums liver enzymes with IL-23 and IL-27 in respect to genotype 3a and 1a HCV-infected patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings may reflect a vigorous pro-inflammatory reaction orchestrated by the host immune system against chronic HCV. Also, a better understanding of the involvement mechanism considering the correlation between other genotypes with inflammatory cytokines in various stages of disease can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Ashrafi Hafez
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Abbas Ahmadi Vasmehjani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IR Iran
| | - Rasoul Baharlou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IR Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hasan Davami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Mohammad Hasan Davami, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IR Iran. Tel: +98-7913336086, Fax: +98-791341509,, E-mail:
| | - Ahmad Najafi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IR Iran
| | - Negar Joharinia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IR Iran
| | - Hasan Rezanezhad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IR Iran
| | - Nayeb Ali Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Lab Technology and Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Masoumeh Imanzad
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, IR Iran
- Young Researchers Club, Shahr-e-Qods branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran
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Kermanizadeh A, Gaiser BK, Johnston H, Brown DM, Stone V. Toxicological effect of engineered nanomaterials on the liver. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:3980-7. [PMID: 24111818 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver has a crucial role in metabolic homeostasis, as it is responsible for the storage, synthesis, metabolism and redistribution of carbohydrates, fats and vitamins, and numerous essential proteins. It is also the principal detoxification centre of the body, removing xenobiotics and waste products by metabolism or biliary excretion. An increasing number of studies have shown that some nanomaterials (NMs) are capable of distributing from the site of exposure (e.g. lungs, gut) to a number of secondary organs, including the liver. As a secondary exposure site the liver has been shown to preferentially accumulate NMs (>90% of translocated NMs compared with other organs), and alongside the kidneys may be responsible for the clearance of NMs from the blood. Research into the toxicity posed by NMs to the liver is expanding due to the realization that NMs accumulate in this organ following exposure via a variety of routes (e.g. ingestion, injection and inhalation). Thus it is critical to consider what advances have been made in the investigation of NM hepatotoxicity, as well as appraising the quality of the information available and gaps in the knowledge that still exist. The overall aim of this review is to outline what data are available in the literature for the toxicity elicited by NMs to the liver in order to establish a weight of evidence approach (for risk assessors) to inform on the potential hazards posed by NMs to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kermanizadeh
- Nanosafety Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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9
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Wijesundera KK, Izawa T, Tennakoon AH, Murakami H, Golbar HM, Katou-Ichikawa C, Tanaka M, Kuwamura M, Yamate J. M1- and M2-macrophage polarization in rat liver cirrhosis induced by thioacetamide (TAA), focusing on Iba1 and galectin-3. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 96:382-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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HIV-1 coinfection profoundly alters intrahepatic chemokine but not inflammatory cytokine profiles in HCV-infected subjects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86964. [PMID: 24516541 PMCID: PMC3916319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of accelerated liver damage in subjects coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains largely unknown. Recent studies suggest that ongoing chronic liver inflammation is responsible for the liver injury in HCV-infected patients. We aimed to determine whether HIV-1 coinfection altered intrahepatic inflammatory profiles in HCV infection, thereby hastening liver damage. We used a real-time RT-PCR-based array to comparatively analyze intrahepatic inflammation gene profiles in liver biopsy specimens from HCV-infected (n = 16), HCV/HIV-1-coinfected (n = 8) and uninfected (n = 8) individuals. We then used human hepatocytes to study the molecular mechanisms underlying alternations of the inflammatory profiles. Compared with uninfected individuals, HCV infection and HCV/HIV-1 coinfection markedly altered expression of 59.5% and 50.0% of 84 inflammation-related genes tested, respectively. Among these genes affected, HCV infection up-regulated the expression of 24 genes and down-regulated the expression of 26 genes, whereas HCV/HIV-1 coinfection up-regulated the expression of 21 genes and down-regulated the expression of 21 genes. Compared with HCV infection, HCV/HIV-1 coinfection did not dramatically affect intrahepatic gene expression profiles of cytokines and their receptors, but profoundly altered expression of several chemokine genes including up-regulation of the CXCR3-associated chemokines. Human hepatocytes produced these chemokines in response to virus-related microbial translocation, viral protein stimulation, and antiviral immune responses. Conclusions HIV-1 coinfection profoundly alters intrahepatic chemokine but not cytokine profiles in HCV-infected subjects. The altered chemokines may orchestrate the tissue-specific and cell-selective trafficking of immune cells and autoimmunity to accelerate liver disease in HCV/HIV-1 coinfection.
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Schotanus BA, Penning LC, Spee B. Potential of regenerative medicine techniques in canine hepatology. Vet Q 2014; 33:207-16. [PMID: 24422896 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2013.875240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cell turnover is very slow, especially compared to intestines and stomach epithelium and hair cells. Since the liver is the main detoxifying organ in the body, it does not come as a surprise that the liver has an unmatched regenerative capacity. After 70% partial hepatectomy, the liver size returns to normal in about two weeks due to replication of differentiated hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Despite this, liver diseases are regularly encountered in the veterinary clinic. Dogs primarily present with parenchymal pathologies such as hepatitis. The estimated frequency of canine hepatitis depends on the investigated population and accounts for 1%-2% of our university clinic referral population, and up to 12% in a general population. In chronic and severe acute liver disease, the regenerative and replicative capacity of the hepatocytes and/or cholangiocytes falls short and the liver is not restored. In this situation, proliferation of hepatic stem cells or hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), on histology called the ductular reaction, comes into play to replace the damaged hepatocytes or cholangiocytes. For unknown reasons the ductular reaction is often too little and too late, or differentiation into fully differentiated hepatocytes or cholangiocytes is hampered. In this way, HPCs fail to fully regenerate the liver. The presence and potential of HPCs does, however, provide great prospectives for their use in regenerative strategies. This review highlights the regulation of, and the interaction between, HPCs and other liver cell types and discusses potential regenerative medicine-oriented strategies in canine hepatitis, making use of (liver) stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baukje A Schotanus
- a Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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12
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Biancofiore G, Bindi L, Miccoli M, Metelli MR, Panicucci E, Baggiani A, Filipponi F. Balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2013; 28:193-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Chang FM, Reyna SM, Granados JC, Wei SJ, Innis-Whitehouse W, Maffi SK, Rodriguez E, Slaga TJ, Short JD. Inhibition of neddylation represses lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophage cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35756-35767. [PMID: 22927439 PMCID: PMC3471689 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.397703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cullin-RING E3 ligases (CRLs) are a class of ubiquitin ligases that control the proteasomal degradation of numerous target proteins, including IκB, and the activity of these CRLs are positively regulated by conjugation of a Nedd8 polypeptide onto Cullin proteins in a process called neddylation. CRL-mediated degradation of IκB, which normally interacts with and retains NF-κB in the cytoplasm, permits nuclear translocation and transactivation of the NF-κB transcription factor. Neddylation occurs through a multistep enzymatic process involving Nedd8 activating enzymes, and recent studies have shown that the pharmacological agent, MLN4924, can potently inhibit Nedd8 activating enzymes, thereby preventing neddylation of Cullin proteins and preventing the degradation of CRL target proteins. In macrophages, regulation of NF-κB signaling functions as a primary pathway by which infectious agents such as lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) cause the up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Here we have analyzed the effects of MLN4924, and compared the effects of MLN4924 with a known anti-inflammatory agent (dexamethasone), on certain proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and the NF-κB signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated macrophages. We also used siRNA to block neddylation to assess the role of this molecular process during LPS-induced cytokine responsiveness. Our results demonstrate that blocking neddylation, either pharmacologically or using siRNA, abrogates the increase in certain proinflammatory cytokines secreted from macrophages in response to LPS. In addition, we have shown that MLN4924 and dexamethasone inhibit LPS-induced cytokine up-regulation at the transcriptional level, albeit through different molecular mechanisms. Thus, neddylation represents a novel molecular process in macrophages that can be targeted to prevent and/or treat the LPS-induced up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and the disease processes associated with their up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Mei Chang
- Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541
| | - Sara M Reyna
- Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541; Department of Medicine/Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Jose C Granados
- Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541
| | - Sung-Jen Wei
- Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Wendy Innis-Whitehouse
- Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541
| | - Shivani K Maffi
- Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78245
| | - Edward Rodriguez
- Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541
| | - Thomas J Slaga
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - John D Short
- Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229.
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14
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Das N, Paul S, Chatterjee D, Banerjee N, Majumder NS, Sarma N, Sau TJ, Basu S, Banerjee S, Majumder P, Bandyopadhyay AK, States JC, Giri AK. Arsenic exposure through drinking water increases the risk of liver and cardiovascular diseases in the population of West Bengal, India. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:639. [PMID: 22883023 PMCID: PMC3441389 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arsenic is a natural drinking water contaminant affecting 26 million people in West Bengal, India. Chronic arsenic exposure causes cancer, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, neuropathies and ocular diseases. The aims of the present study were to assess bioindicators of hepatocellular injury as indicated by the levels of liver enzymes, to determine the auto immune status, as indicated by the amounts of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-dsDNA antibodies in their serum, and to predict cardiovascular risk in the arsenic exposed population. METHODS Effect of chronic arsenic exposure on liver was determined by liver function tests. Autoimmune status was measured by measuring ANA and anti-dsDNA in serum. Inflammatory cytokines associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk, IL6, IL8 and MCP-1 were determined. RESULTS Our results indicated that serum levels of bilirubin, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and ANA were increased in the arsenic exposed population. Serum levels of IL6 and IL8 also increased in the arsenic exposed group. CONCLUSIONS Chronic arsenic exposure causes liver injury, increases the serum levels of autoimmune markers and imparts increased cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandana Das
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S, C, Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
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15
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Amini M, Poustchi H. Hepatitis C virus spontaneous clearance: immunology and genetic variance. Viral Immunol 2012; 25:241-8. [PMID: 22823386 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2011.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the most common chronic viral infections in the world. Approximately 80-90% of acutely infected individuals develop persistent infection, which is a major risk for liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. However, a small portion of patients (10-20%) clear the virus. Clinical outcomes of HCV infection are determined by the interplay between the host immune response, and viral and environmental factors. In regulating immune responses, cytokines play an indispensable role that controls the underlying pathogenesis and the resulting outcome of HCV infection. Cytokines themselves are manipulated by polymorphisms in their genes. In fact, the majority of genetic variants that apparently confer a significant risk for chronic HCV infection have been localized in genes involved in cytokine synthesis and the ultimate immune response. So far, treatment strategies for HCV infection have remained controversial. Genotyping of different polymorphisms will aid clinical decision making for both current standard and personalized care. Genotyping can potentially be useful for future integration of other agents, which provides an opportunity for clinicians to personalize treatment regimens for HCV patients. This review summarizes findings of different studies on host immune responses after HCV infection and the association between cytokine gene polymorphisms and the likelihood of HCV clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzyeh Amini
- Digestive Disease Research Centre, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical science, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Interleukin-4 polymorphisms and response to combination therapy in Egyptian chronic hepatitis C patients. Cell Immunol 2012; 276:110-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Hepatic immune response in calves during acute subclinical infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1. Vet J 2011; 190:e110-e116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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El-Mesallamy HO, Hamdy NM, Rizk HH, El-Zayadi AR. Apelin serum level in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C. Mediators Inflamm 2011; 2011:703031. [PMID: 22007137 PMCID: PMC3189591 DOI: 10.1155/2011/703031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Highlighting the apelin system would present a new therapeutic target for liver disease. Apelin; endogenous ligand for the orphan receptor APJ, was recently suggested to be associated with fibrosis progression and cirrhosis in addition to insulin resistance (IR) and inflammation. The present study was conducted to evaluate blood apelin level changes among 73 chronic hepatitis C (CHC) Egyptian patients and if associated with body mass index (BMI), IR, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Serum apelin levels were significantly higher in patients with CHC with median value (3.25) when compared with controls (1.11), at P < 0.0001, with significant apelin variations among asymptomatic carriers (ASC), fibrosis, and cirrhosis patients, and also among obese and nonobese patients. Multiple regression analysis depicted that BMI, triglycerides, and total cholesterol were independent correlation factors to apelin levels, whereas TNF-α was found to be significantly negatively correlated to adjusted apelin in CHC patients (r = -0.5944, P < 0.0001). IR was positively correlated to adjusted apelin in CHC patients (r = 0.2663, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Apelin level varies among stages of CHC, which may contribute to fibrosis progression. In addition, obesity and IR could act as comorbid factors affecting apelin level in patients with CHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala O. El-Mesallamy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Nadia M. Hamdy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Hanan H. Rizk
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Rahman El-Zayadi
- Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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19
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Silva LD, Rocha AMC, Rocha GA, Moura SBD, Rocha MMNP, Dani R, Melo FFD, Guerra JB, Castro LPFD, Mendes GS, Ferrari TCDA, Lima AS, Queiroz DMM. The presence of Helicobacter pylori in the liver depends on the Th1, Th17 and Treg cytokine profile of the patient. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106:748-54. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000600016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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20
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Ksiaa Cheikhrouhou L, Sfar I, Aounallah-Skhiri H, Aouadi H, Jendoubi-Ayed S, Ben Abdallah T, Ayed K, Lakhoua-Gorgi Y. Cytokine and apoptosis gene polymorphisms influence the outcome of hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2011; 10:280-8. [PMID: 21669572 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(11)60047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is thought to be chronic and the factors leading to viral clearance or persistence are poorly understood. This study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of a significant relationship between the spontaneous clearance or the persistence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and cytokine and apoptosis gene polymorphisms in Tunisian patients on hemodialysis. METHODS Polymorphisms of the genes IL-1 (-889 IL-1alpha, -511 and +3954 IL-1beta, IL-1Ra), IL-18 (-137 and -607), IL-12 (-1188) and Apo1/Fas (-670) were determined by PCR-RFLP, PCR-SSP and PCR-VNTR in 100 healthy blood donors and 100 patients infected with HCV and undergoing hemodialysis. The patients were classified into two groups: G1 consisted of 76 active chronic hepatitis patients (positive for HCV RNA) and G2 consisted of 24 hemodialysed patients who spontaneously eliminated the virus (negative for HCV RNA). RESULTS The frequency of genotype association [-137GC/-607CA] IL-18 was higher in G2 (41.7%) than in G1 (15.8%) (P=0.008; OR=0.26; 95% CI, 0.10-0.73). We also found a higher frequency of the AA genotype of the Apo1/Fas gene in G2 (41.6%) than in G1 (17.5%) (P=0.026; OR=3.49; 95% CI, 1.13-10.69). Adjustment for known covariate factors (age, gender and genotype) confirmed these univariate findings and revealed that the genotype association GC-CA of the (-137 and -607) IL-18 gene and the AA genotype of the Apo1/Fas gene were associated with the clearance of HCV (P=0.041 and 0.017, respectively). CONCLUSION The two genotypes GC-CA of the (-137 and -607) IL-18 polymorphism and the AA genotype of the Apo1/Fas gene influence the outcome of HCV infection in Tunisian patients on hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Ksiaa Cheikhrouhou
- Immunology Research Laboratory of Kidney Transplantation and Immunopathology, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Thunis, Tunisia
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21
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Babik JM, Cohan D, Monto A, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, McCune JM. The human fetal immune response to hepatitis C virus exposure in utero. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:196-206. [PMID: 21288819 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiq044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the rate of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is low, the effect of HCV exposure in utero on the fetal immune system is unknown. METHODS Umbilical cord blood was obtained from 7 neonates born to HCV-seropositive, HCV RNA-positive women and 8 neonates born to HCV-seronegative women. Cord blood mononuclear cells were analyzed by immunophenotyping and by intracellular cytokine staining after HCV-specific and polyclonal stimulation. Plasma was analyzed for anti-HCV immunoglobulin M (IgM), cytokine/granzyme concentrations, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity. RESULTS HCV-exposed neonates had significantly lower levels of regulatory T cells expressing HLA-DR, lower CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell activation, and lower plasma levels of pro-inflammatory markers than did controls. However, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from HCV-exposed neonates had higher IFN-γ production in response to polyclonal stimulation than did T cells from controls. IDO activity was similar between groups. No HCV-specific T cell responses or anti-HCV IgM were detected in any neonates. CONCLUSIONS HCV-exposed neonates showed a relative suppression of immune activation and pro-inflammatory markers, which was counterbalanced by an increased production capacity for IFN-γ. These results suggest that HCV encounters the fetal immune system in utero, and alters the balance between suppressive and pro-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Babik
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1234, USA
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22
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Cellular Immune Response and Cytokine Profile Among Hepatitis C Positive Living Donor Renal Transplant Recipients. Transplantation 2010; 90:654-60. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181eac3a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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23
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Yang K, Liu ZJ, Gong JP, Zhao L, Tu B. Relation of endotoxic hepatic injury with expression of scavenger receptor A in liver tissue during severe acute cholangitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:141-145. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i2.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship of endotoxic hepatic injury with the expression of scavenger receptor A (SR-A) in liver tissue during acute cholangitis of severe type (ACST).
METHODS: A rat model of ACST was established by ligating choledochus and injecting escherichia coli O111B4 into Wistar rats. At 0, 4, 8, 16, 24 h after operation, the expressions of SR-A protein and mRNA in liver tissue were assayed by western blot and RT-PCR respectively; the levels of plasma endotoxin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured using limulus test and ELISA. Pathological changes in liver tissue were detected by light microscopy, while ALT and TB were determined too.
RESULTS: The plasma endotoxin levels in ACST were progressively increased with time (0-24 h: 0.058 ± 0.009, 0.207 ± 0.024, 0.433 ± 0.049, 0.645 ± 0.077, 0.784 ± 0.097, P < 0.01). With elevated endotoxin, the levels of IL-6, ALT and TB were markedly increased; hepatic histopathological injury was gradually aggravated, while the SR-A expression was obviously decreased. There was significant difference between the expression of SR-A and expression of BLD at 24 h (protein: 0.156 ± 0.014 vs 0.809 ± 0.107, P < 0.01; mRNA: 0.138 ± 0.019 vs 0.578 ± 0.068, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Endotoxic hepatic injury is related with the progressively decreased expression of SR-A in liver tissue during ACST. With the Kupffer cells abilities of clearing endotoxin down-regulated, endotoxic hepatic injury is gradually aggravated.
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States JC, Srivastava S, Chen Y, Barchowsky A. Arsenic and cardiovascular disease. Toxicol Sci 2008; 107:312-23. [PMID: 19015167 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic arsenic exposure is a worldwide health problem. Although arsenic-induced cancer has been widely studied, comparatively little attention has been paid to arsenic-induced vascular disease. Epidemiological studies have shown that chronic arsenic exposure is associated with increased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. In addition, studies suggest that susceptibility to arsenic-induced vascular disease may be modified by nutritional factors in addition to genetic factors. Recently, animal models for arsenic-induced atherosclerosis and liver sinusoidal endothelial cell dysfunction have been developed. Initial studies in these models show that arsenic exposure accelerates and exacerbates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Microarray studies of liver mRNA and micro-RNA abundance in mice exposed in utero suggest that a permanent state of stress is induced by the arsenic exposure. Furthermore, the livers of the arsenic-exposed mice have activated pathways involved in immune responses suggesting a pro-hyperinflammatory state. Arsenic exposure of mice after weaning shows a clear dose-response in the extent of disease exacerbation. In addition, increased inflammation in arterial wall is evident. In response to arsenic-stimulated oxidative signaling, liver sinusoidal endothelium differentiates into a continuous endothelium that limits nutrient exchange and waste elimination. Data suggest that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-derived superoxide or its derivatives are essential second messengers in the signaling pathway for arsenic-stimulated vessel remodeling. The recent findings provide future directions for research into the cardiovascular effects of arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christopher States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
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25
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In vitro mitogen-stimulated T-cell from hepatitis C virus-positive liver transplantation candidates, increases T-cell activation markers and T-cell proliferation. Transpl Immunol 2008; 19:112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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26
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Regulation of immune response and inflammatory reactions against viral infection by VCAM-1. J Virol 2008; 82:2952-65. [PMID: 18216105 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02191-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The migration of activated antigen-specific immune cells to the target tissues of virus replication is controlled by the expression of adhesion molecules on the vascular endothelium that bind to ligands on circulating lymphocytes. Here, we demonstrate that the adhesion pathway mediated by vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) plays a role in regulating T-cell-mediated inflammation and pathology in nonlymphoid tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS) during viral infection. The ablation of VCAM-1 expression from endothelial and hematopoietic cells using a loxP-Cre recombination strategy had no major effect on the induction or overall tissue distribution of antigen-specific T cells during a systemic infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), except in the case of lung tissue. However, enhanced resistance to lethal LCM and the significantly reduced magnitude and duration of footpad swelling observed in VCAM-1 mutant mice compared to B6 controls suggest a significant role for VCAM-1 in promoting successful local inflammatory reactions associated with efficient viral clearance and even life-threatening immunopathology under particular infection conditions. Interestingly, analysis of the infiltrating populations in the brains of intracerebrally infected mice revealed that VCAM-1 deletion significantly delayed migration into the CNS of antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells), which are critical for optimal stimulation of migrating virus-specific CD8(+) T cells initiating a pathological cascade. We propose that the impaired migration of these accessory cells in the brain may explain the improved clinical outcome of infection in VCAM-1 mutant mice. Thus, these results underscore the potential role of VCAM-1 in regulating the immune response and inflammatory reactions against viral infections.
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