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Strachecka A, Chęć M, Olszewski K, Staniszewska P, Dziechciarz P, Gagoś M. How does adulteration of wax foundation affect phenoloxidase and lysozyme activities as selected parameters of immunity in Apis mellifera? J Vet Res 2024; 68:395-400. [PMID: 39318515 PMCID: PMC11418384 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The adulteration of wax foundation is, for many reasons, a growing problem of modern beekeeping not only in Europe but also around the world. Wax foundation contaminated with stearin addition leads to a brood die-off, while paraffin addition negatively affects the strength of combs. It is tenable that such adulterated wax foundation reduces bees' immunity. The aim of the study was to determine the activities of two bee immune enzymes, lysozyme and phenoloxidase, in the haemolymph of worker bees which had emerged from combs with wax foundations contaminated with stearin or paraffin. Material and Methods Combs built with stearin- or paraffin-adulterated wax (both adulterants at concentrations of 10%, 30% or 50%) or pure wax (0% adulterated) foundations were placed in the colonies, one for each adulterant and percentage. The workers were marked upon emergence from these combs and those bees were introduced into one strong colony per adulterant and percentage. Phenoloxidase and lysozyme activities were determined in the haemolymph of 1-, 7- and 14-day-old workers. Results The higher the concentrations of stearin and paraffin in the wax foundation, the lower the phenoloxidase activities were. These activities increased with the bee age. In contrast, the trends in lysozymes were opposite. Paraffin seems to be less toxic than stearin. Conclusion Adulteration of wax foundation with even a small amount of stearin or paraffin has negative effects on the functioning of the bee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Strachecka
- Department of Invertebrate Ecophysiology and Experimental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-280Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chęć
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Olszewski
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950Lublin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Staniszewska
- Department of Invertebrate Ecophysiology and Experimental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-280Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Dziechciarz
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Gagoś
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033Lublin, Poland
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Wang L, Han Z, Liu X, Li S, Bi H, Feng C. Identification and Functional Analysis of Adipokinetic Hormone Receptor in Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée Larvae Parasitized by Macrocentrus cingulum. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 116:e22147. [PMID: 39190556 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
As a typical G protein-coupled receptor, the adipokinetic hormone receptor (AKHR) has seven transmembrane domains (TMDs), and its structure and function are similar to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) in vertebrates. However, there is a dearth of information on other components of the AKHR signaling pathway and how it functions in the interaction between insect hosts and parasitoids. In this study, we cloned and analyzed the multifunctional Ostrinia furnacalis AKHR (OfAKHR) cDNA (GenBank accession number MF797868). OfAKHR has a 2206 bp full-length cDNA, which includes an open reading frame containing 1194 bp. OfAKHR contains the typical seven TMDs, and a "DRY" motif. OfAKHR has the highest relative expression in the fat body and the fifth instar larvae. The results revealed that ApoLpⅢ, PPO2, GS, TPS, Cecropin, and Moricin decreased the transcription levels from 48 to 72 h after the knockdown of OfAKHR expression by dsOfAKHR injection in the fourth instar O. furnacalis larvae. The parasitization of Macrocentrus cingulum selectively upregulated the expression levels of nutrition metabolism and immune-related genes in parasitized O. furnacalis larvae, stimulated lysozyme activity, and obviously raised the concentrations of triglyceride and trehalose in the hemolymph of O. furnacalis larvae. However, they inhibited the activities of PO and trehalase. This study is conducive to a deeper cognition of the roles of OfAKHR in nutrition and immune homeostasis, coevolution, and coexistence between parasitic wasps and hosts. It also sheds light on the potential as the target of pest control reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libao Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Oceanology & Marine Fisheries, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaoyang Han
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuzhong Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Honglun Bi
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Congjing Feng
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Ramírez-Sotelo U, García-Carnero LC, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Gómez-Gaviria M, Mora-Montes HM. An ELISA-based method for Galleria mellonella apolipophorin-III quantification. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17117. [PMID: 38500532 PMCID: PMC10946395 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian models, such as murine, are used widely in pathophysiological studies because they have a high degree of similarity in body temperature, metabolism, and immune response with humans. However, non-vertebrate animal models have emerged as alternative models to study the host-pathogen interaction with minimal ethical concerns. Galleria mellonella is an alternative model that has proved useful in studying the interaction of the host with either bacteria or fungi, performing drug testing, and assessing the immunological response to different microorganisms. The G. mellonella immune response includes cellular and humoral components with structural and functional similarities to the immune effectors found in higher vertebrates, such as humans. An important humoral effector stimulated during infections is apolipophorin III (apoLp-III), an opsonin characterized by its lipid and carbohydrate-binding properties that participate in lipid transport, as well as immunomodulatory activity. Despite some parameters, such as the measurement of phenoloxidase activity, melanin production, hemocytes counting, and expression of antimicrobial peptides genes are already used to assess the G. mellonella immune response to pathogens with different virulence degrees, the apoLp-III quantification remains to be a parameter to assess the immune response in this invertebrate. Here, we propose an immunological tool based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that allows apoLp-III quantification in the hemolymph of larvae challenged with pathogenic agents. We tested the system with hemolymph coming from larvae infected with Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix globosa, and Sporothrix brasiliensis. The results revealed significantly higher concentrations of apoLp-III when each microbial species was inoculated, in comparison with untouched larvae, or inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline. We also demonstrated that the apoLp-III levels correlated with the strains' virulence, which was already reported. To our knowledge, this is one of the first attempts to quantify apoLp-III, using a quick and easy-to-use serological technique.
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Sułek M, Kordaczuk J, Mak P, Śmiałek-Bartyzel J, Hułas-Stasiak M, Wojda I. Immune priming modulates Galleria mellonella and Pseudomonas entomophila interaction. Antimicrobial properties of Kazal peptide Pr13a. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1358247. [PMID: 38469316 PMCID: PMC10925678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1358247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Galleria mellonella larvae repeatedly infected with Pseudomonas entomophila bacteria re-induced their immune response. Its parameters, i.e. the defence activities of cell-free hemolymph, the presence and activity of antimicrobial peptides, and the expression of immune-relevant genes were modulated after the re-challenge in comparison to non-primed infected larvae, resulting in better protection. No enhanced resistance was observed when the larvae were initially infected with other microorganisms, and larvae pre-infected with P. entomophila were not more resistant to further infection with other pathogens. Then, the peptide profiles of hemolymph from primed- and non-primed larvae infected with P. entomophila were compared by quantitative RP-HPLC (Reverse Phase - High Performance Liquid Chromatography). The level of carbonic anhydrase, anionic peptide-1, proline peptide-2, and finally, unknown so far, putative Kazal peptide Pr13a was higher in the primed infected animals than in the larvae infected with P. entomophila for the first time. The expression of the Pr13a gene increased two-fold after the infection, but only in the primed animals. To check whether the enhanced level of Pr13a could have physiological significance, the peptide was purified to homogeneity and checked for its defence properties. In fact, it had antibacterial activity: at the concentration of 15 µM and 7.5 µM it reduced the number of P. entomophila and Bacillus thuringiensis CFU, respectively, to about 40%. The antibacterial activity of Pr13a was correlated with changes observed on the surface of the peptide-treated bacteria, e.g. surface roughness and adhesion force. The presented results bring us closer to finding hemolymph constituents responsible for the effect of priming on the immune response in re-infected insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Sułek
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Kordaczuk
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Śmiałek-Bartyzel
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Hułas-Stasiak
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojda
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Kordaczuk J, Sułek M, Mak P, Śmiałek-Bartyzel J, Hułas-Stasiak M, Wojda I. Defence response of Galleria mellonella larvae to oral and intrahemocelic infection with Pseudomonasentomophila. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 147:104749. [PMID: 37279831 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report differences in the course of infection of G. mellonella larvae with P. entomophila via intrahemocelic and oral routes. Survival curves, larval morphology, histology, and induction of defence response were investigated. Larvae injected with 10 and 50 cells of P. entomophila activated a dose-dependent immune response, which was manifested by induction of immune-related genes and dose-dependent defence activity in larval hemolymph. In contrast, after the oral application of the pathogen, antimicrobial activity was detected in whole hemolymph of larvae infected with the 103 but not 105 dose in spite of the induction of immune response manifested as immune-relevant gene expression and defence activity of electrophoretically separated low-molecular hemolymph components. Among known proteins induced after the P. entomophila infection, we identified proline-rich peptide 1 and 2, cecropin D-like peptide, galiomycin, lysozyme, anionic peptide 1, defensin-like peptide, and a 27 kDa hemolymph protein. The expression of the lysozyme gene and the amount of protein in the hemolymph were correlated with inactivity of hemolymph in insects orally infected with a higher dose of P. entomophila, pointing to its role in the host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kordaczuk
- Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Immunobiology, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Sułek
- Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Immunobiology, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Mak
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Śmiałek-Bartyzel
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Kraków, Poland; Jagiellonian University, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Hułas-Stasiak
- Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojda
- Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Immunobiology, Lublin, Poland.
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You J, Park J, Choi D, Yun J, Choi H, Lee IH. Implant-associated biofilm infection established in an experimental Galleria mellonella model. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:104670. [PMID: 36796467 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The study reports in vivo biofilm infection implemented in an insect model. We mimicked implant-associated biofilm infections in Galleria mellonella larvae using toothbrush bristles and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In vivo biofilm formation on bristle was achieved by sequentially injecting a bristle and MRSA into the larval hemocoel. It was found that biofilm formation was in progress without any external sign of infection in most of the bristle-bearing larvae for 12 h after MRSA inoculation. Whereas the activation of the prophenoloxidase system did not affect the preformed in vitro MRSA biofilms, an antimicrobial peptide interfered with in vivo biofilm formation when injected into bristle-bearing larvae infected with MRSA. Finally, our confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis revealed that the biomass of the in vivo biofilm is greater compared to that of the in vitro biofilm and harbors a distribution of dead cells, which might be bacteria and/or host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hanbyeul Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
| | - In Hee Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, South Korea; Research Institute for Basic Science, Hoseo University, Asan City, Chungnam, South Korea.
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Serrano I, Verdial C, Tavares L, Oliveira M. The Virtuous Galleria mellonella Model for Scientific Experimentation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:505. [PMID: 36978373 PMCID: PMC10044286 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The first research on the insect Galleria mellonella was published 85 years ago, and the larva is now widely used as a model to study infections caused by bacterial and fungal pathogens, for screening new antimicrobials, to study the adjacent immune response in co-infections or in host-pathogen interaction, as well as in a toxicity model. The immune system of the G. mellonella model shows remarkable similarities with mammals. Furthermore, results from G. mellonella correlate positively with mammalian models and with other invertebrate models. Unlike other invertebrate models, G. mellonella can withstand temperatures of 37 °C, and its handling and experimental procedures are simpler. Despite having some disadvantages, G. mellonella is a virtuous in vivo model to be used in preclinical studies, as an intermediate model between in vitro and mammalian in vivo studies, and is a great example on how to apply the bioethics principle of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) in animal experimentation. This review aims to discuss the progress of the G. mellonella model, highlighting the key aspects of its use, including experimental design considerations and the necessity to standardize them. A different score in the "cocoon" category included in the G. mellonella Health Index Scoring System is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Serrano
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Verdial
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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Mani K, Vitenberg T, Ben-Mordechai L, Schweitzer R, Opatovsky I. Comparative untargeted metabolic analysis of natural- and laboratory-reared larvae of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 266:110851. [PMID: 37001582 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the metabolic composition of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae from natural populations (Ruhama: R and She'ar Yashuv: S) and from a laboratory-reared colony (C) using untargeted metabolomics analysis. The results revealed significant over-accumulation of metabolites from phenylalanine and purine metabolism and biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, and arginine in both natural populations, and enriched pathway analysis, compared to the laboratory-reared colony. In addition, we found accumulation of glutathione metabolism and aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis related metabolites in R, and linoleic acid and tryptophan metabolism related metabolites in S. Moreover, we found down-accumulation of metabolites belonging to alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism in both natural populations: amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism only in the R population and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism only in the S population. Overall, the results suggest that the naturally growing larvae require large quantities of metabolites from aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan) for defense against pathogens under natural conditions e.g., melanization. In addition, glutathione metabolites help the BSF to survive under oxidative stress. Further study of the functional metabolomics of naturally growing and laboratory-reared larvae could provide a platform for better understanding of BSF larval survival mechanisms in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Mani
- Laboratory of Insect Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, 1 Tarshish Street, P.O.B. 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, 1220800, Israel
| | - Tzach Vitenberg
- Laboratory of Insect Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, 1 Tarshish Street, P.O.B. 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Lilach Ben-Mordechai
- Laboratory of Insect Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, 1 Tarshish Street, P.O.B. 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, 1220800, Israel
| | - Ron Schweitzer
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Itai Opatovsky
- Laboratory of Insect Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, 1 Tarshish Street, P.O.B. 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, 1220800, Israel.
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Xiao Z, Yao X, Bai S, Wei J, An S. Involvement of an Enhanced Immunity Mechanism in the Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in Lepidopteran Pests. INSECTS 2023; 14:151. [PMID: 36835720 PMCID: PMC9965922 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is the safest, economically successful entomopathogen to date. It is extensively produced in transgenic crops or used in spray formulations to control Lepidopteran pests. The most serious threat to the sustainable usage of Bt is insect resistance. The resistance mechanisms to Bt toxins depend not only on alterations in insect receptors, but also on the enhancement of insect immune responses. In this work, we review the current knowledge of the immune response and resistance of insects to Bt formulations and Bt proteins, mainly in Lepidopteran pests. We discuss the pattern recognition proteins for recognizing Bt, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and their synthetic signaling pathways, the prophenoloxidase system, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nodulation, encapsulation, phagocytosis, and cell-free aggregates, which are involved in immune response reactions or resistance to Bt. This review also analyzes immune priming, which contributes to the evolution of insect resistance to Bt, and puts forward strategies to improve the insecticidal activity of Bt formulations and manage insect resistance, targeting the insect immune responses and resistance.
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Loulou A, Mastore M, Caramella S, Bhat AH, Brivio MF, Machado RAR, Kallel S. Entomopathogenic potential of bacteria associated with soil-borne nematodes and insect immune responses to their infection. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280675. [PMID: 36689436 PMCID: PMC10045567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil-borne nematodes establish close associations with several bacterial species. Whether they confer benefits to their hosts has been investigated in only a few nematode-bacteria systems. Their ecological function, therefore, remains poorly understood. In this study, we isolated several bacterial species from rhabditid nematodes, molecularly identified them, evaluated their entomopathogenic potential on Galleria mellonella larvae, and measured immune responses of G. mellonella larvae to their infection. Bacteria were isolated from Acrobeloides sp., A. bodenheimeri, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Oscheius tipulae, and Pristionchus maupasi nematodes. They were identified as Acinetobacter sp., Alcaligenes sp., Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter sp., Kaistia sp., Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Morganella morganii subsp. morganii, Klebsiella quasipneumoniae subsp. quasipneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All bacterial strains were found to be highly entomopathogenic as they killed at least 53.33% G. mellonella larvae within 72h post-infection, at a dose of 106 CFU/larvae. Among them, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Enterobacter sp., Acinetobacter sp., and K. quasipneumoniae subsp. quasipneumoniae were the most entomopathogenic bacteria. Insects strongly responded to bacterial infection. However, their responses were apparently little effective to counteract bacterial infection. Our study, therefore, shows that bacteria associated with soil-borne nematodes have entomopathogenic capacities. From an applied perspective, our study motivates more research to determine the potential of these bacterial strains as biocontrol agents in environmentally friendly and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameni Loulou
- Department of Plant Health and Environment, Laboratory of Bio-Aggressor and Integrated Protection in Agriculture, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maristella Mastore
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Laboratory of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Sara Caramella
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Laboratory of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Aashaq Hussain Bhat
- Faculty of Sciences, Experimental Biology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Francesco Brivio
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Laboratory of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Ricardo A. R. Machado
- Faculty of Sciences, Experimental Biology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sadreddine Kallel
- Department of Plant Health and Environment, Laboratory of Bio-Aggressor and Integrated Protection in Agriculture, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
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Petronio Petronio G, Pietrangelo L, Cutuli MA, Magnifico I, Venditti N, Guarnieri A, Abate GA, Yewhalaw D, Davinelli S, Di Marco R. Emerging Evidence on Tenebrio molitor Immunity: A Focus on Gene Expression Involved in Microbial Infection for Host-Pathogen Interaction Studies. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1983. [PMID: 36296259 PMCID: PMC9611967 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the scientific community's interest in T. molitor as an insect model to investigate immunity and host-pathogen interactions has considerably increased. The reasons for this growing interest could be explained by the peculiar features of this beetle, which offers various advantages compared to other invertebrates models commonly used in laboratory studies. Thus, this review aimed at providing a broad view of the T. molitor immune system in light of the new scientific evidence on the developmental/tissue-specific gene expression studies related to microbial infection. In addition to the well-known cellular component and humoral response process, several studies investigating the factors associated with T. molitor immune response or deepening of those already known have been reported. However, various aspects remain still less understood, namely the possible crosstalk between the immune deficiency protein and Toll pathways and the role exerted by T. molitor apolipoprotein III in the expression of the antimicrobial peptides. Therefore, further research is required for T. molitor to be recommended as an alternative insect model for pathogen-host interaction and immunity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Petronio Petronio
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Laura Pietrangelo
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Marco Alfio Cutuli
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Irene Magnifico
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Noemi Venditti
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio Guarnieri
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Getnet Atinafu Abate
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos P.O. Box 269, Ethiopia
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 307, Ethiopia
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 378, Ethiopia
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Marco
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
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12
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Identification and Functional Characterization of Toxoneuron nigriceps Ovarian Proteins Involved in the Early Suppression of Host Immune Response. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020144. [PMID: 35206718 PMCID: PMC8876978 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The endophagous parasitoid Toxoneuron nigriceps (Viereck) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of the larval stages of the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) injects the egg, the venom, the calyx fluid, which includes a Polydnavirus (T. nigriceps BracoVirus: TnBV) and the Ovarian Proteins (OPs) into the host body during oviposition. The host metabolism and immune system are disrupted prematurely shortly after parasitization by the combined action of the TnBV, venom, and OPs. OPs are involved in the early suppression of host immune response, before TnBV infects and expresses its genes in the host tissues. In this work, we evaluated the effect of HPLC fractions deriving from in toto OPs. Two fractions caused a reduction in hemocyte viability and were subsequently tested to detect changes in hemocyte morphology and functionality. The two fractions provoked severe oxidative stress and actin cytoskeleton disruption, which might explain the high rate of hemocyte mortality, loss of hemocyte functioning, and hence the host’s reduced hemocyte encapsulation ability. Moreover, through a transcriptome and proteomic approach we identify the proteins of the two fractions: eight proteins were identified that might be involved in the observed host hemocyte changes. Our findings will contribute to a better understanding of the secreted ovarian components and their role in parasitoid wasp strategy for evading host immune responses.
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13
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Ménard G, Rouillon A, Cattoir V, Donnio PY. Galleria mellonella as a Suitable Model of Bacterial Infection: Past, Present and Future. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:782733. [PMID: 35004350 PMCID: PMC8727906 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.782733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing interest for Galleria mellonella larvae as an infection model is evidenced by the number of papers reporting its use, which increases exponentially since the early 2010s. This popularity was initially linked to limitation of conventional animal models due to financial, technical and ethical aspects. In comparison, alternative models (e.g. models using Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster or G. mellonella) were cheap, simple to use and not limited by ethical regulation. Since then, similar results have been established with G. mellonella model comparatively to vertebrates, and it is more and more often used as a robust model per se, not only as an alternative to the murine model. This review attempts to summarize the current knowledge supporting the development of this model, both on immunological and microbiological aspects. For that, we focus on investigation of virulence and new therapies for the most important pathogenic bacteria. We also discuss points out directions for standardization, as well as recent advances and new perspectives for monitoring host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Ménard
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, INSERM, Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine (BRM), service de Bactériologie Hygiène-Hospitalière (SB2H), UMR_S 1230, Rennes, France
| | - Astrid Rouillon
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine (BRM), UMR_S 1230, Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Cattoir
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, INSERM, Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine (BRM), service de Bactériologie Hygiène-Hospitalière (SB2H), UMR_S 1230, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Donnio
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, INSERM, Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine (BRM), service de Bactériologie Hygiène-Hospitalière (SB2H), UMR_S 1230, Rennes, France
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14
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Pinto CPG, Walker AA, Robinson SD, Chin YKY, King GF, Rossi GD. Venom composition of the endoparasitoid wasp Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and functional characterization of a major venom peptide. Toxicon 2021; 202:1-12. [PMID: 34547307 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Endoparasitoid wasps use complex biochemical arsenals to suppress the normal humoral and cellular immune responses of their hosts in order to transform them into a suitable environment for development of their eggs and larvae. Venom injected during oviposition is a key component of this arsenal, but the functions of individual venom toxins are still poorly understood. Furthermore, there has been little investigation of the potential biotechnological use of these venom toxins, for example for control of agricultural pests. The endoparasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a biocontrol agent reared in biofactories and released extensively in Brazil to control the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). The objectives of this work were to reveal venom components produced by C. flavipes and explore the function of a major venom peptide, Cf4. Using a combined proteomic/transcriptomic approach, we identified 38 putative venom toxins including both linear and disulfide-rich peptides, hydrolases, protease inhibitors, apolipophorins, lipid-binding proteins, and proteins of the odorant binding families. Because of its high abundance in the venom, we selected Cf4, a 33-residue peptide with three disulfide bonds, for synthesis and further characterization. We found that synthetic Cf4 reduced the capacity of D. saccharalis hemocytes to encapsulate foreign bodies without any effect on phenoloxidase activity, consistent with a role in disruption of the cellular host immune response. Feeding leaves coated with Cf4 to neonate D. saccharalis resulted in increased mortality and significantly reduced feeding compared to caterpillars fed untreated leaves, indicating that Cf4 is a potential candidate for insect pest control through ingestion. This study adds to our knowledge of endoparasitoid wasp venoms composition, host regulation mechanisms and their biotechnological potential for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro P G Pinto
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Andrew A Walker
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Samuel D Robinson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yanni K-Y Chin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Guilherme D Rossi
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
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15
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Huang XW, Xu MN, Zheng HX, Wang ML, Li L, Zeng K, Li DD. Pre-exposure to Candida glabrata protects Galleria mellonella against subsequent lethal fungal infections. Virulence 2021; 11:1674-1684. [PMID: 33200667 PMCID: PMC7714416 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1848107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Commensal fungi are an important part of human microbial community, among which Candida albicans and Candida glabrata are two common opportunistic pathogens. Unlike the high pathogenicity of C. albicans, C. glabrata is reported to show low pathogenicity to the host. Here, by using a Galleria mellonella infection model, we were able to confirm the much lower virulence of C. glabrata than C. albicans. Interestingly, pre-exposure to live C. glabrata (LCG) protects the larvae against subsequent various lethal fungal infections, including C. albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Inconsistently, heat-inactivated C. glabrata (HICG) pre-exposure can only protect against C. albicans or C. tropicalis re-infection, but not C. neoformans. Mechanistically, LCG or HICG pre-exposure enhanced the fungicidal activity of hemocytes against C. albicans or C. tropicalis. Meanwhile, LCG pre-exposure enhanced the humoral immunity by modulating the expression of fungal defending proteins in the cell-free hemolymph, which may contribute to the protection against C. neoformans. Together, this study suggests the important role of C. glabrata in enhancing host immunity, and demonstrates the great potential of G. mellonella model in studying the innate immune responses against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Nian Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Xin Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Lei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - De-Dong Li
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Central Laboratory, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
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16
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Yang Y, Ye X, Dang C, Cao Y, Hong R, Sun YH, Xiao S, Mei Y, Xu L, Fang Q, Xiao H, Li F, Ye G. Genome of the pincer wasp Gonatopus flavifemur reveals unique venom evolution and a dual adaptation to parasitism and predation. BMC Biol 2021; 19:145. [PMID: 34315471 PMCID: PMC8314478 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hymenoptera comprise extremely diverse insect species with extensive variation in their life histories. The Dryinidae, a family of solitary wasps of Hymenoptera, have evolved innovations that allow them to hunt using venom and a pair of chelae developed from the fore legs that can grasp prey. Dryinidae larvae are also parasitoids of Auchenorrhyncha, a group including common pests such as planthoppers and leafhoppers. Both of these traits make them effective and valuable for pest control, but little is yet known about the genetic basis of its dual adaptation to parasitism and predation. Results We sequenced and assembled a high-quality genome of the dryinid wasp Gonatopus flavifemur, which at 636.5 Mb is larger than most hymenopterans. The expansion of transposable elements, especially DNA transposons, is a major contributor to the genome size enlargement. Our genome-wide screens reveal a number of positively selected genes and rapidly evolving proteins involved in energy production and motor activity, which may contribute to the predatory adaptation of dryinid wasp. We further show that three female-biased, reproductive-associated yellow genes, in response to the prey feeding behavior, are significantly elevated in adult females, which may facilitate the egg production. Venom is a powerful weapon for dryinid wasp during parasitism and predation. We therefore analyze the transcriptomes of venom glands and describe specific expansions in venom Idgf-like genes and neprilysin-like genes. Furthermore, we find the LWS2-opsin gene is exclusively expressed in male G. flavifemur, which may contribute to partner searching and mating. Conclusions Our results provide new insights into the genome evolution, predatory adaptation, venom evolution, and sex-biased genes in G. flavifemur, and present genomic resources for future in-depth comparative analyses of hymenopterans that may benefit pest control. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01081-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinhai Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunshen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu H Sun
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Shan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Le Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huamei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Growth and Development Regulation of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences and Resource Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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17
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Sheehan G, Margalit A, Sheehan D, Kavanagh K. Proteomic profiling of bacterial and fungal induced immune priming in Galleria mellonella larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 131:104213. [PMID: 33662378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Some insects display immunological priming as a result of elevated humoral and cellular responses which give enhanced survival against subsequent infection. The humoral immune response of Galleria mellonella larvae following pre-exposure to heat killed Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicans cells was determined by quantitative mass spectrometry in order to assess the relationship between the humoral immune response and resistance to subsequent bacterial or fungal infection. Larvae pre-exposed to heat killed S. aureus showed increased resistance to subsequent bacterial and fungal infection. Larvae displayed an increased hemocyte density (14.08 ± 2.14 × 106 larva-1 (p < 0.05) compared to the PBS injected control [10.41 ± 1.67 × 106 larva-1]) and increased abundance of antimicrobial proteins (cecropin-D-like peptide (+22.23 fold), hdd11 (+12.61 fold) and prophenol oxidase activating enzyme 3 (+5.96 fold) in response to heat killed S. aureus. Larvae pre-exposed to heat killed C. albicans cells were resistant to subsequent fungal infection but not bacterial infection and showed a reduced hemocyte density (6.01 ± 1.63 × 106 larva-1 (p < 0.01) and increased abundance of hdd11 (+32.73 fold) and moricin-like peptide C1 (+16.76 fold). While immune priming is well recognised in G. mellonella larvae the results presented here indicate distinct differences in the response of larvae following exposure to heat killed bacterial and fungal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Sheehan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Anatte Margalit
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - David Sheehan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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18
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Pinos D, Andrés-Garrido A, Ferré J, Hernández-Martínez P. Response Mechanisms of Invertebrates to Bacillus thuringiensis and Its Pesticidal Proteins. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:e00007-20. [PMID: 33504654 PMCID: PMC8549848 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive use of chemical insecticides adversely affects both environment and human health. One of the most popular biological pest control alternatives is bioinsecticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis This entomopathogenic bacterium produces different protein types which are toxic to several insect, mite, and nematode species. Currently, insecticidal proteins belonging to the Cry and Vip3 groups are widely used to control insect pests both in formulated sprays and in transgenic crops. However, the benefits of B. thuringiensis-based products are threatened by insect resistance evolution. Numerous studies have highlighted that mutations in genes coding for surrogate receptors are responsible for conferring resistance to B. thuringiensis Nevertheless, other mechanisms may also contribute to the reduction of the effectiveness of B. thuringiensis-based products for managing insect pests and even to the acquisition of resistance. Here, we review the relevant literature reporting how invertebrates (mainly insects and Caenorhabditis elegans) respond to exposure to B. thuringiensis as either whole bacteria, spores, and/or its pesticidal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pinos
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ascensión Andrés-Garrido
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Juan Ferré
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Patricia Hernández-Martínez
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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19
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Wang Y, Zhou Q, Zhang H, Qin L, Huang B. Immunotranscriptome analysis of Plutella xylostella reveals differences in innate immune responses to low- and high-virulence Beauveria bassiana strain challenges. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1070-1080. [PMID: 33015931 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entomopathogenic fungi have developed multiple strategies to overcome the immune defenses of their target insects, whereas insect pests have devised various defense mechanisms to combat fungal infection. However, differences in the molecular mechanisms of the innate immune defense strategies of insects upon infection with different fungal strains from the same species have not been reported. RESULTS Two Beauveria bassiana strains were obtained that significantly varied in their pathogenicity but were comparable in terms of growth, conidial yield, and cuticle penetration. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response of Plutella xylostella infected with these two strains, RNA-Seq was performed 48 h after infection. A total of 1027 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and more than 200 DEGs were enriched in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathways involved in disease response, revealing differences in the immune response of P. xylostella to different B. bassiana infections at 48 h. Twenty-eight of the DEGs were related to innate immune functions, such as pathogen recognition, immune system activation and antimicrobial reactions. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated gene silencing assays showed that PxApoLIII and PxCSP played critical roles in the P. xylostella immune response. PxApoLIII was expressed at higher levels during infection with the high-virulence strain, whereas PxCSP showed the opposite expression pattern during infection with the low-virulence strain, indicating that PxApoLIII and PxCSP might participate in P. xylostella innate immune defense against high- and low-virulence B. bassiana strains. CONCLUSION The present findings demonstrate that strains of a single species of pathogenic fungi that differ in virulence can induce the expression of different genes in P. xylostella. These results advance our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying fungi-pest interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiumei Zhou
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, The First Affliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hanghang Zhang
- Nanling Forestry Technology Center, Nanling Forestry Bureau, Nanling, China
| | - Li Qin
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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20
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Sheehan G, Tully L, Kavanagh KA. Candida albicans increases the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus during polymicrobial infection of Galleria mellonella larvae. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2020; 166:375-385. [PMID: 32068530 PMCID: PMC7377259 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study detailed the responses of Galleria mellonella larvae to disseminated infection caused by co-infection with Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Doses of C. albicans (1×105 larva-1) and S. aureus (1×104 larva-1) were non-lethal in mono-infection but when combined significantly (P<0.05) reduced larval survival at 24, 48 and 72 h relative to larvae receiving S. aureus (2×104 larva-1) alone. Co-infected larvae displayed a significantly higher density of S. aureus larva-1 compared to larvae infected solely with S. aureus. Co-infection resulted in dissemination throughout the host and the appearance of large nodules. Co-infection of larvae with C. albicans and S. aureus (2×104 larva-1) resulted in an increase in the density of circulating haemocytes compared to that in larvae infected with only S. aureus. Proteomic analysis of co-infected larval haemolymph revealed increased abundance of proteins associated with immune responses to bacterial and fungal infection such as cecropin-A (+45.4-fold), recognition proteins [e.g. peptidoglycan-recognition protein LB (+14-fold)] and proteins associated with nodule formation [e.g. Hdd11 (+33.3-fold)]. A range of proteins were also decreased in abundance following co-infection, including apolipophorin (-62.4-fold), alpha-esterase 45 (-7.7-fold) and serine proteinase (-6.2-fold). Co-infection of larvae resulted in enhanced proliferation of S. aureus compared to mono-infection and an immune response showing many similarities to the innate immune response of mammals to infection. The utility of G. mellonella larvae for studying polymicrobial infection is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Sheehan
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Laura Tully
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Kevin A Kavanagh
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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21
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Yang F, Zhu B, Liu J, Liu Y, Jiang C, Sheng Q, Qiu J, Nie Z. The effect of acetylation on the protein stability of BmApoLp-III in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 29:104-111. [PMID: 31390480 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation is an important, reversible posttranslational modification to a protein. In a previous study, we found that there were a large number of acetylated sites in various nutrient storage proteins of the silkworm haemolymph. In this study, we confirmed that acetylation can affect the stability of nutrient storage protein Bombyx mori apolipophorin-III (BmApoLp-III). First, the expression of BmApoLp-III could be upregulated when BmN cells were treated with the deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat (LBH589); similarly, the expression was downregulated when the cells were treated with the acetylase inhibitor C646. Furthermore, the increase in acetylation by LBH589 could inhibit the degradation and improve the accumulation of BmApoLp-III in BmN cells treated with cycloheximide and MG132 respectively. Moreover, we found that an increase in acetylation could decrease the ubiquitination of BmApoLp-III and vice versa; therefore, we predicted that acetylation could improve the stability of BmApoLp-III by competing for ubiquitination and inhibiting the protein degradation pathway mediated by ubiquitin. Additionally, BmApoLp-III had an antiapoptosis function that increased after LBH589 treatment, which might have been due to the improved protein stability after acetylation. These results have laid the foundation for further study on the mechanism of acetylation in regulating the storage and utilization of silkworm nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yang
- College of Life Sciences and medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - B Zhu
- College of Life Sciences and medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - J Liu
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, China
| | - Y Liu
- Zhejiang Economic & Trade Polytechnic, Hangzhou, China
| | - C Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Q Sheng
- College of Life Sciences and medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - J Qiu
- College of Life Sciences and medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Z Nie
- College of Life Sciences and medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Guerrieri CG, Pereira MF, Galdino ACM, Dos Santos ALS, Elias WP, Schuenck RP, Spano LC. Typical and Atypical Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Are Both Virulent in the Galleria mellonella Model. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1791. [PMID: 31456762 PMCID: PMC6700222 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an emerging pathotype responsible for acute and persistent diarrhea. It can be classified as typical and atypical strains, respectively, based on the presence or absence of the AggR regulon, suggesting a higher virulence for typical EAEC. This study aims to evaluate in the Galleria mellonella model if there are differences in the virulence profiles among clinical strains of typical and atypical EAEC, prototype strains EAEC C1096, 042 and its aggR mutant. The clinical EAEC strains (n = 20) were analyzed for the presence of 22 putative virulence factors of EAEC or extraintestinal E. coli by PCR, as well as phenotypic characteristics of virulence (enzymes, siderophore, and biofilm). The survival of the larvae was analyzed after inoculation of 104-107 CFU/larva; the monitoring of bacterial growth in vivo and hemocyte quantification was determined after inoculation of the prototype strains (105 CFU/larva) at different periods after infection. The strains of typical and atypical EAEC presented the same virulence profile for the larva, regardless of the amount or type of genes and phenotypic aspects of virulence analyzed. In addition, the EAEC 042 aggR mutant strain showed a significant reduction in the mortality of the inoculated larvae compared to the wild-type strain. In conclusion, the results obtained herein demonstrate that the virulence of EAEC seems to be related to the AggR regulon, but not exclusively, and atypical EAEC strains may be as virulent as typical ones in vivo in the G. mellonella model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gastaldi Guerrieri
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Gastroenteritis, Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Monalessa Fábia Pereira
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Gastroenteritis, Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Anna Clara Milesi Galdino
- Laboratory of Advanced Studies of Emerging and Resistant Microorganisms, Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luis Souza Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Advanced Studies of Emerging and Resistant Microorganisms, Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Pinto Schuenck
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Gastroenteritis, Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Liliana Cruz Spano
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Gastroenteritis, Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
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Sheehan G, Garvey A, Croke M, Kavanagh K. Innate humoral immune defences in mammals and insects: The same, with differences ? Virulence 2019; 9:1625-1639. [PMID: 30257608 PMCID: PMC7000196 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1526531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect immune response demonstrates many similarities to the innate immune response of mammals and a wide range of insects is now employed to assess the virulence of pathogens and produce results comparable to those obtained using mammals. Many of the humoral responses in insects and mammals are similar (e.g. insect transglutaminases and human clotting factor XIIIa) however a number show distinct differences. For example in mammals, melanization plays a role in protection from solar radiation and in skin and hair pigmentation. In contrast, insect melanization acts as a defence mechanism in which the proPO system is activated upon pathogen invasion. Human and insect antimicrobial peptides share distinct structural and functional similarities, insects produce the majority of their AMPs from the fat body while mammals rely on production locally at the site of infection by epithelial/mucosal cells. Understanding the structure and function of the insect immune system and the similarities with the innate immune response of mammals will increase the attractiveness of using insects as in vivo models for studying host – pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Sheehan
- a Department of Biology , Maynooth University , Maynooth , Ireland
| | - Amy Garvey
- a Department of Biology , Maynooth University , Maynooth , Ireland
| | - Michael Croke
- a Department of Biology , Maynooth University , Maynooth , Ireland
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- a Department of Biology , Maynooth University , Maynooth , Ireland
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Harith Fadzilah N, Abdul-Ghani I, Hassan M. Proteomics as a tool for tapping potential of entomopathogens as microbial insecticides. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 100:e21520. [PMID: 30426561 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biopesticides are collective pest control harnessing the knowledge of the target pest and its natural enemies that minimize the risks of synthetic pesticides. A subset of biopesticides; bioinsecticides, are specifically used in controlling insect pests. Entomopathogens (EPMs) are micro-organisms sought after as subject for bioinsecticide development. However, lack of understanding of EPM mechanism of toxicity and pathogenicity slowed the progress of bioinsecticide development. Proteomics is a useful tool in elucidating the interaction of entomopathogenic fungi, entomopathogenic bacteria, and entomopathogenic virus with their target host. Collectively, proteomics shed light onto insect host response to EPM infection, mechanism of action of EPM's toxic proteins and secondary metabolites besides characterizing secreted and membrane-bound proteins of EPM that more precisely describe relevant proteins for host recognition and mediating pathogenesis. However, proteomics requires optimized protein extraction methods to maximize the number of proteins for analysis and availability of organism's genome for a more precise protein identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Idris Abdul-Ghani
- Centre for Insect Systematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maizom Hassan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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25
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Sharma L, Marques G. Fusarium, an Entomopathogen-A Myth or Reality? Pathogens 2018; 7:E93. [PMID: 30487454 PMCID: PMC6314043 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fusarium species has diverse ecological functions ranging from saprophytes, endophytes, and animal and plant pathogens. Occasionally, they are isolated from dead and alive insects. However, research on fusaria-insect associations is very limited as fusaria are generalized as opportunistic insect-pathogens. Additionally, their phytopathogenicity raises concerns in their use as commercial biopesticides. Insect biocontrol potential of Fusarium is favored by their excellent soil survivability as saprophytes, and sometimes, insect-pathogenic strains do not exhibit phytopathogenicity. In addition, a small group of fusaria, those belonging to the Fusarium solani species complex, act as insect mutualists assisting in host growth and fecundity. In this review, we summarize mutualism and pathogenicity among fusaria and insects. Furthermore, we assert on Fusarium entomopathogenicity by analyzing previous studies clearly demonstrating their natural insect-pathogenicity in fields, and their presence in soils. We also review the presence and/or production of a well-known insecticidal metabolite beauvericin by different Fusarium species. Lastly, some proof-of-concept studies are also summarized, which demonstrate the histological as well as immunological changes that a larva undergoes during Fusarium oxysporum pathogenesis. These reports highlight the insecticidal properties of some Fusarium spp., and emphasize the need of robust techniques, which can distinguish phytopathogenic, mutualistic and entomopathogenic fusaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lav Sharma
- CITAB-Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000⁻801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Guilhermina Marques
- CITAB-Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000⁻801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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Pereira TC, de Barros PP, Fugisaki LRDO, Rossoni RD, Ribeiro FDC, de Menezes RT, Junqueira JC, Scorzoni L. Recent Advances in the Use of Galleria mellonella Model to Study Immune Responses against Human Pathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040128. [PMID: 30486393 PMCID: PMC6308929 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of invertebrates for in vivo studies in microbiology is well established in the scientific community. Larvae of Galleria mellonella are a widely used model for studying pathogenesis, the efficacy of new antimicrobial compounds, and immune responses. The immune system of G. mellonella larvae is structurally and functionally similar to the innate immune response of mammals, which makes this model suitable for such studies. In this review, cellular responses (hemocytes activity: phagocytosis, nodulation, and encapsulation) and humoral responses (reactions or soluble molecules released in the hemolymph as antimicrobial peptides, melanization, clotting, free radical production, and primary immunization) are discussed, highlighting the use of G. mellonella as a model of immune response to different human pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Cristine Pereira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Pimentel de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Ruano de Oliveira Fugisaki
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Rodnei Dennis Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Felipe de Camargo Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Teles de Menezes
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
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27
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Temperature stress and insect immunity. J Therm Biol 2017; 68:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Wojda I. Immunity of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:342-357. [PMID: 26847724 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of insect immune mechanisms provides important information concerning innate immunity, which in many aspects is conserved in animals. This is one of the reasons why insects serve as model organisms to study virulence mechanisms of human pathogens. From the evolutionary point of view, we also learn a lot about host-pathogen interaction and adaptation of organisms to conditions of life. Additionally, insect-derived antibacterial and antifungal peptides and proteins are considered for their potential to be applied as alternatives to antibiotics. While Drosophila melanogaster is used to study the genetic aspect of insect immunity, Galleria mellonella serves as a good model for biochemical research. Given the size of the insect, it is possible to obtain easily hemolymph and other tissues as a source of many immune-relevant polypeptides. This review article summarizes our knowledge concerning G. mellonella immunity. The best-characterized immune-related proteins and peptides are recalled and their short characteristic is given. Some other proteins identified at the mRNA level are also mentioned. The infectious routes used by Galleria natural pathogens such as Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana are also described in the context of host-pathogen interaction. Finally, the plasticity of G. mellonella immune response influenced by abiotic and biotic factors is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Wojda
- Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
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29
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Dhawan R, Gupta K, Kajla M, Kakani P, Choudhury TP, Kumar S, Kumar V, Gupta L. Apolipophorin-III Acts as a Positive Regulator of Plasmodium Development in Anopheles stephensi. Front Physiol 2017; 8:185. [PMID: 28439240 PMCID: PMC5383653 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipophorin III (ApoLp-III) is a well-known hemolymph protein having a functional role in lipid transport and immune responses of insects. Here we report the molecular and functional characterization of Anopheles stephensi Apolipophorin-III (AsApoLp-III) gene. This gene consists of 679 nucleotides arranged into two exons of 45 and 540 bp that give an ORF encoding 194 amino acid residues. Excluding a putative signal peptide of the first 19 amino acid residues, the 175-residues in mature AsApoLp-III protein has a calculated molecular mass of 22 kDa. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the divergence of mosquitoes (Order Diptera) ApoLp-III from their counterparts in moths (Order: Lepidoptera). Also, it revealed a close relatedness of AsApoLp-III to ApoLp-III of An. gambiae. AsApoLp-III mRNA expression is strongly induced in Plasmodium berghei infected mosquito midguts suggesting its crucial role in parasite development. AsApoLp-III silencing decreased P. berghei oocysts numbers by 7.7 fold against controls. These effects might be due to the interruption of AsApoLp-III mediated lipid delivery to the developing oocysts. In addition, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), an antiplasmodial gene, is also highly induced in AsApoLp-III silenced midguts suggesting that this gene acts like an agonist and protects Plasmodium against the mosquito immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rini Dhawan
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India
| | - Kuldeep Gupta
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India
| | - Mithilesh Kajla
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India
| | - Parik Kakani
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India
| | - Tania P Choudhury
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Bansi Lal UniversityBhiwani, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India
| | - Lalita Gupta
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India.,Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Bansi Lal UniversityBhiwani, India
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30
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Read HM, Mills G, Johnson S, Tsai P, Dalton J, Barquist L, Print CG, Patrick WM, Wiles S. The in vitro and in vivo effects of constitutive light expression on a bioluminescent strain of the mouse enteropathogen Citrobacter rodentium. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2130. [PMID: 27366640 PMCID: PMC4924136 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescent reporter genes, such as those from fireflies and bacteria, let researchers use light production as a non-invasive and non-destructive surrogate measure of microbial numbers in a wide variety of environments. As bioluminescence needs microbial metabolites, tagging microorganisms with luciferases means only live metabolically active cells are detected. Despite the wide use of bioluminescent reporter genes, very little is known about the impact of continuous (also called constitutive) light expression on tagged bacteria. We have previously made a bioluminescent strain of Citrobacter rodentium, a bacterium which infects laboratory mice in a similar way to how enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) infect humans. In this study, we compared the growth of the bioluminescent C. rodentium strain ICC180 with its non-bioluminescent parent (strain ICC169) in a wide variety of environments. To understand more about the metabolic burden of expressing light, we also compared the growth profiles of the two strains under approximately 2,000 different conditions. We found that constitutive light expression in ICC180 was near-neutral in almost every non-toxic environment tested. However, we also found that the non-bioluminescent parent strain has a competitive advantage over ICC180 during infection of adult mice, although this was not enough for ICC180 to be completely outcompeted. In conclusion, our data suggest that constitutive light expression is not metabolically costly to C. rodentium and supports the view that bioluminescent versions of microbes can be used as a substitute for their non-bioluminescent parents to study bacterial behaviour in a wide variety of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Read
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Grant Mills
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Johnson
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Tsai
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Bioinformatics Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James Dalton
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand
| | - Lars Barquist
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Cristin G Print
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Bioinformatics Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand
| | - Wayne M Patrick
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand; Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Siouxsie Wiles
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand
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31
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Flores-Villegas AL, Cabrera-Bravo M, Toriello C, Bucio-Torres MI, Salazar-Schettino PM, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Survival and immune response of the Chagas vector Meccus pallidipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) against two entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria fumosorosea. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:176. [PMID: 27012246 PMCID: PMC4806461 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease is a key health problem in Latin America and is caused and transmitted by Trypanosoma cruzi and triatomine bugs, respectively. Control of triatomines has largely relied on the use pyrethroids, which has proved to be ineffective in the long term. Alternatively, the use of entomopathogenic fungi has been implemented to control triatomine bugs. These fungi are highly efficient as they induce a reduction in immune response on insects. Meccus pallidipennis is the main triatomine vector of Chagas disease in Mexico. In this work we investigated the effects of two entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria fumosorosea, on M. pallidipennis nymphs in terms of insect survival and immune response. METHODS We had an infected and a control group for each fungal species and assessed: a) insect survival during 30 days; and, b) phenoloxidase (PO) and prophenoloxidase (proPO; two key traits in insect immune response) at 24, 48, 96 and 144 h. For survival we used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis while for immune response we used factorial, repeated-measures ANOVA for each fungal species. RESULTS Animals treated with M. anisopliae died sooner than animals treated with I. fumosorosea. Infected animals showed lower PO and proPO values than sham individuals, with a clear decrease in these parameters at 24 h with no further changes after this time. CONCLUSIONS Our study widens the possibility of entomopathogenic fungi being used for triatomine control. The negative effect on PO and proPO seems mediated by a down-regulation of the triatomine immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Laura Flores-Villegas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, Mexico
| | - Margarita Cabrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, Mexico
| | - Conchita Toriello
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, Mexico
| | - Martha I Bucio-Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, Mexico
| | - Paz María Salazar-Schettino
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, Mexico.
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
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Tsai CJY, Loh JMS, Proft T. Galleria mellonella infection models for the study of bacterial diseases and for antimicrobial drug testing. Virulence 2016; 7:214-29. [PMID: 26730990 PMCID: PMC4871635 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1135289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth or honeycomb moth) has been introduced as an alternative model to study microbial infections. G. mellonella larvae can be easily and inexpensively obtained in large numbers and are simple to use as they don't require special lab equipment. There are no ethical constraints and their short life cycle makes them ideal for large-scale studies. Although insects lack an adaptive immune response, their innate immune response shows remarkable similarities with the immune response in vertebrates. This review gives a current update of what is known about the immune system of G. mellonella and provides an extensive overview of how G. mellonella is used to study the virulence of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, the use of G. mellonella to evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobial agents and experimental phage therapy are also discussed. The review concludes with a critical assessment of the current limitatons of G. mellonella infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Jia-Yun Tsai
- a Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology , School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.,b Maurice Wilkins Center, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Jacelyn Mei San Loh
- a Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology , School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.,b Maurice Wilkins Center, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Thomas Proft
- a Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology , School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.,b Maurice Wilkins Center, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
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Ptaszyńska AA, Borsuk G, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Cytryńska M, Małek W. Are commercial probiotics and prebiotics effective in the treatment and prevention of honeybee nosemosis C? Parasitol Res 2015; 115:397-406. [PMID: 26437644 PMCID: PMC4700093 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (a commercial probiotic) and inulin (a prebiotic) on the survival rates of honeybees infected and uninfected with Nosema ceranae, the level of phenoloxidase (PO) activity, the course of nosemosis, and the effect on the prevention of nosemosis development in bees. The cells of L. rhamnosus exhibited a high rate of survival in 56.56 % sugar syrup, which was used to feed the honeybees. Surprisingly, honeybees fed with sugar syrup supplemented with a commercial probiotic and a probiotic + prebiotic were more susceptible to N. ceranae infection, and their lifespan was much shorter. The number of microsporidian spores in the honeybees fed for 9 days prior to N. ceranae infection with a sugar syrup supplemented with a commercial probiotic was 25 times higher (970 million spores per one honeybee) than in a control group fed with pure sucrose syrup (38 million spores per one honeybee). PO activity reached its highest level in the hemolymph of this honeybee control group uninfected with N. ceranae. The addition of probiotics or both probiotics and prebiotics to the food of uninfected bees led to the ~2-fold decrease in the PO activity. The infection of honeybees with N. ceranae accompanied an almost 20-fold decrease in the PO level. The inulin supplemented solely at a concentration of 2 μg/mL was the only administrated factor which did not significantly affect honeybees’ survival, the PO activity, or the nosemosis infection level. In conclusion, the supplementation of honeybees’ diet with improperly selected probiotics or both probiotics and prebiotics does not prevent nosemosis development, can de-regulate insect immune systems, and may significantly increase bee mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta A Ptaszyńska
- Department of Botany and Mycology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka st., 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Borsuk
- Department of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Biology and Animal Breeding, University of Life Sciences, 13 Akademicka st., 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka st., 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka st., 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wanda Małek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka st., 20-033, Lublin, Poland
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Muñoz-Gómez A, Corredor M, Benítez-Páez A, Peláez C. Development of quantitative proteomics using iTRAQ based on the immunological response of Galleria mellonella larvae challenged with Fusarium oxysporum microconidia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112179. [PMID: 25379782 PMCID: PMC4224417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Galleria mellonella has emerged as a potential invertebrate model for scrutinizing innate immunity. Larvae are easy to handle in host-pathogen assays. We undertook proteomics research in order to understand immune response in a heterologous host when challenged with microconidia of Fusarium oxysporum. The aim of this study was to investigate hemolymph proteins that were differentially expressed between control and immunized larvae sets, tested with F. oxysporum at two temperatures. The iTRAQ approach allowed us to observe the effects of immune challenges in a lucid and robust manner, identifying more than 50 proteins, 17 of them probably involved in the immune response. Changes in protein expression were statistically significant, especially when temperature was increased because this was notoriously affected by F. oxysporum 104 or 106 microconidia/mL. Some proteins were up-regulated upon immune fungal microconidia challenge when temperature changed from 25 to 37°C. After analysis of identified proteins by bioinformatics and meta-analysis, results revealed that they were involved in transport, immune response, storage, oxide-reduction and catabolism: 20 from G. mellonella, 20 from the Lepidoptera species and 19 spread across bacteria, protista, fungi and animal species. Among these, 13 proteins and 2 peptides were examined for their immune expression, and the hypothetical 3D structures of 2 well-known proteins, unannotated for G. mellonella, i.e., actin and CREBP, were resolved using peptides matched with Bombyx mori and Danaus plexippus, respectively. The main conclusion in this study was that iTRAQ tool constitutes a consistent method to detect proteins associated with the innate immune system of G. mellonella in response to infection caused by F. oxysporum. In addition, iTRAQ was a reliable quantitative proteomic approach to detect and quantify the expression levels of immune system proteins and peptides, in particular, it was found that 104 microconidia/mL at 37°C over expressed many more proteins than other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Muñoz-Gómez
- Grupo Interdisciplinario de Estudios Moleculares (GIEM), Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Genetic and Biochemistry of Microorganisms group (GEBIOMIC), Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Bioinformatic Analysis Group (GABi), Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Biotecnología, CIDBIO, Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Corredor
- Genetic and Biochemistry of Microorganisms group (GEBIOMIC), Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Alfonso Benítez-Páez
- Bioinformatic Analysis Group (GABi), Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Biotecnología, CIDBIO, Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia
| | - Carlos Peláez
- Grupo Interdisciplinario de Estudios Moleculares (GIEM), Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
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Galleria mellonella apolipophorin III – an apolipoprotein with anti-Legionella pneumophila activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2689-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zdybicka-Barabas A, Mak P, Jakubowicz T, Cytryńska M. Lysozyme and defense peptides as suppressors of phenoloxidase activity in Galleria mellonella. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 87:1-12. [PMID: 25044335 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The prophenoloxidase (proPO) cascade supplies quinones and other reactive compounds for melanin formation, protein cross-linking, hemolymph coagulation, and killing of microbial invaders as well as parasites. The high cytotoxicity of the generated compounds requires a strict control of the activation of the proPO system and phenoloxidase (PO) activity to minimize damage to host tissues and cells. The PO activity in hemolymph of Escherichia coli challenged Galleria mellonella larvae increased, with a temporal drop 1 h after the challenge, reaching the highest level 24 h after the challenge. In the present study, a potential role of G. mellonella defense peptides and lysozyme in controlling the proPO system was investigated. The effects of purified defense peptides (anionic peptides 1 and 2, cecropin D-like peptide, Galleria defensin, proline-rich peptides 1 and 2) and lysozyme were analyzed. Four compounds, namely lysozyme, Galleria defensin, proline-rich peptide 1, and anionic peptide 2, decreased the hemolymph PO activity considerably, whereas the others did not affect the enzyme activity level. Our results indicate that these hemolymph factors could play multiple and distinct roles in the insect immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Andrejko M, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Cytryńska M. Diverse effects of Galleria mellonella infection with entomopathogenic and clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 115:14-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Noh JY, Patnaik BB, Tindwa H, Seo GW, Kim DH, Patnaik HH, Jo YH, Lee YS, Lee BL, Kim NJ, Han YS. Genomic organization, sequence characterization and expression analysis of Tenebrio molitor apolipophorin-III in response to an intracellular pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes. Gene 2013; 534:204-17. [PMID: 24200961 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) is a well-known hemolymph protein having a functional role in lipid transport and immune response of insects. We cloned full-length cDNA encoding putative apoLp-III from larvae of the coleopteran beetle, Tenebrio molitor (TmapoLp-III), by identification of clones corresponding to the partial sequence of TmapoLp-III, subsequently followed with full length sequencing by a clone-by-clone primer walking method. The complete cDNA consists of 890 nucleotides, including an ORF encoding 196 amino acid residues. Excluding a putative signal peptide of the first 20 amino acid residues, the 176-residue mature apoLp-III has a calculated molecular mass of 19,146Da. Genomic sequence analysis with respect to its cDNA showed that TmapoLp-III was organized into four exons interrupted by three introns. Several immune-related transcription factor binding sites were discovered in the putative 5'-flanking region. BLAST and phylogenetic analyses reveal that TmapoLp-III has high sequence identity (88%) with Tribolium castaneum apoLp-III but shares little sequence homologies (<26%) with other apoLp-IIIs. Homology modeling of Tm apoLp-III shows a bundle of five amphipathic alpha helices, including a short helix 3'. The 'helix-short helix-helix' motif was predicted to be implicated in lipid binding interactions, through reversible conformational changes and accommodating the hydrophobic residues to the exterior for stability. Highest level of TmapoLp-III mRNA was detected at late pupal stages, albeit it is expressed in the larval and adult stages at lower levels. The tissue specific expression of the transcripts showed significantly higher numbers in larval fat body and adult integument. In addition, TmapoLp-III mRNA was found to be highly upregulated in late stages of L. monocytogenes or E. coli challenge. These results indicate that TmapoLp-III may play an important role in innate immune responses against bacterial pathogens in T. molitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Noh
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamisi Tindwa
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Won Seo
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongray Howrelia Patnaik
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan City 336-745 Republic of Korea
| | - Bok Luel Lee
- National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Jangjeon Dong, Kumjeong Ku, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Jung Kim
- Division of Applied Entomology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development, 61th, Seodun-dong, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 441-853, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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Wojda I, Taszłow P. Heat shock affects host-pathogen interaction in Galleria mellonella infected with Bacillus thuringiensis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:894-905. [PMID: 23834825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report that Galleria mellonella larvae exposed to heat shock was more resistant to infection with entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis. The insects were exposed to a temperature of 40°C for 30 min directly before injection of vegetative bacterial cells. It appeared that the kinetics of the immune response was affected in heat-shocked animals. The infection-induced antimicrobial activity of larval hemolymph was stronger in shocked animals in comparison to the non-shocked ones. Hemolymph proteins of molecular weight below 10 kDa, corresponding to the size of antimicrobial peptides, were responsible for this activity. Furthermore, the transcription level of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides: cecropin, gallerimycin, and galiomycin was increased in the fat bodies of insects exposed to heat shock before infection. On the contrary, the heat-shock treatment did not enhance expression of the metalloproteinase inhibitor-IMPI in the infected animals. The difference in the amount of antimicrobial peptides and, consequently, in the defense activity of insect hemolymph, persisted after the action of bacterial metalloproteinases, which are well-known virulence factors. Furthermore, peptides with antimicrobial activity in the hemolymph of infected larvae pre-exposed to heat shock appeared to be more resistant to proteolytic degradation both in vitro and in vivo. Our results point to the mechanism of cross-protection of thermal stress toward innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Wojda
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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Contreras E, Rausell C, Real MD. Tribolium castaneum Apolipophorin-III acts as an immune response protein against Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Ba toxic activity. J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 113:209-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractInsects are good models for studying the innate immune response. We report that Galleria mellonella larvae infected with entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki show changes in the level of Hsp90. Our experimental approach was to pre-treat larvae with the Hsp90-binding compound, 17-DMAG, before infection with B. thuringiensis. We show that pre-treated animals display a higher level of immune response. This was mainly manifested by enhanced action of their hemolymph directed toward living bacteria as well as lysozyme activity digesting bacterial peptidoglycan. The observed phenomenon was due to the higher activity of antimicrobial peptides which, in contrast to healthy animals, was detected in the hemolymph of the immunestimulated larvae. Finally, the physiological significance of our observation was highlighted by the fact that G. mellonella pre-treated with 17-DMAG showed a prolonged survival rate after infection with B. thuringiensis than the control animals. Our report points to a role for Hsp90 in the immune response of G. mellonella after infection with B. thuringiensis at the optimal growth temperature.
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An insecticidal protein from Xenorhabdus ehlersii stimulates the innate immune response in Galleria mellonella. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 29:1705-11. [PMID: 23529358 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The bacteria Xenorhabdus spp. are entomopathogenic symbionts that can produce several toxic proteins that interfere with the immune system of insects. Recently, we purified the insecticidal protein XeGroEL from Xenorhabdus ehlersii and discovered that injection of XeGroEL into larvae of Galleria mellonella triggers strong immune responses. In this study, we determined the level of induction of several immune-responsive proteins that were secreted into the hemolymph using comparative proteomic analyses of hemolymph proteins from XeGroEL-challenged larvae. Additionally, quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analyses demonstrated increased transcriptional rates of immune-related genes at 5 h post-challenge with purified XeGroEL. Our results help to understand anti-microbial immune responses in G. mellonella, suggesting that the immune system recognizes exogenous proteins and pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
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Malik ZA, Amir S, Venekei I. SERINE proteinase like activity in apolipophorin III from the hemolymph of desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 80:26-41. [PMID: 22499434 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) has been known as a lipid transport protein of insects. Recent studies indicated the involvement of apoLp-III in immune reactions and in the control of cell destruction, but no enzymatic activity has so far been detected. In the present study, a protease from the hemolymph of Schistocerca gregaria was purified to homogeneity and its enzymatic activity was examined. Identity as chymotrypsin-like proteinase was established by its high affinity toward bulky aromatic substrates and its catalytic specificity for amide or ester bonds on the synthetic substrates, Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Xaa-AMC (where Xaa was Phe, Tyr, Trp, and Lys, and AMC is 7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin) and thiolbenzyl ester substrate Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-SBzl. The sensitivity for serine protease and chymotrypsin-specific covalent inhibitors, PMSF, TPCK, and noncovalent inhibitors SGCI, showed that it is a chymotrypsin-like proteinase. It showed its maximum activity at pH 8.0 and 55°C for the hydrolysis of Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Tyr-AMC. According to similarities in the amino terminal sequence, molar mass (19 kDa) and retention on reversed-phase analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column, this protein is S. gregaria homologue of Locusta migratoria apoLp-III. Our data suggest that apoLp-III also has an inherent proteolytic activity. Results indicated that S. gregaria apoLp-III is a good catalyst and could be used as a biotechnological tool in food processing and in agricultural biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar A Malik
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Shi H, Zeng H, Yang X, Zhao J, Chen M, Qiu D. An insecticidal protein from Xenorhabdus ehlersii triggers prophenoloxidase activation and hemocyte decrease in Galleria mellonella. Curr Microbiol 2012; 64:604-10. [PMID: 22477033 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The bacteria Xenorhabdus spp. are entomopathogenic symbionts that can produce several toxic proteins that interfere the immune system of insects. We purified an insecticidal protein from Xenorhabdus ehlersii, and designated it as XeGroEL with an estimated molecular mass of ~58 kDa. Galleria mellonella larva injected with XeGroEL presented prophenoloxidase activation and hemocyte decrease. XeGroEL can kill G. mellonella larva in 48 h with an LD(50) of 0.76 ± 0.08 μg/larva. Our results demonstrate that X. ehlersii possesses a toxic XeGroEL protein acting as a potential factor to activate proPO in host insect, which also provides a meaningful hypothesis to understand the interaction between nematode-symbiotic bacteria and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaixing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Han B, Li C, Zhang L, Fang Y, Feng M, Li J. Novel royal jelly proteins identified by gel-based and gel-free proteomics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:10346-10355. [PMID: 21854061 DOI: 10.1021/jf202355n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Royal jelly (RJ) plays an important role in caste determination of the honeybee; the genetically same female egg develops into either a queen or worker bee depending on the time and amount of RJ fed to the larvae. RJ also has numerous health-promoting properties for humans. Gel-based and gel-free proteomics approaches and high-performance liquid chromatography-chip quadruple time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry were applied to comprehensively investigate the protein components of RJ. Overall, 37 and 22 nonredundant proteins were identified by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and gel-free analysis, respectively, and 19 new proteins were found by these two proteomics approaches. Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) were identified as the principal protein components of RJ, and proteins related to carbohydrate metabolism such as glucose oxidase, α-glucosidase precursor, and glucose dehydrogenase were also successfully identified. Importantly, the 19 newly identified proteins were mainly classified into three functional categories: oxidation-reduction (ergic53 CG6822-PA isoform A isoform 1, Sec61 CG9539-PA, and ADP/ATP translocase), protein binding (regucalcin and translationally controlled tumor protein CG4800-PA isoform 1), and lipid transport (apolipophorin-III-like protein). These new findings not only significantly increase the RJ proteome coverage but also help to provide new knowledge of RJ for honeybee biology and potential use for human health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100093, China
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Zdybicka-Barabas A, Januszanis B, Mak P, Cytryńska M. An atomic force microscopy study of Galleria mellonella apolipophorin III effect on bacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:1896-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Involvement of apolipophorin III in antibacterial defense of Galleria mellonella larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 158:90-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gupta L, Noh JY, Jo YH, Oh SH, Kumar S, Noh MY, Lee YS, Cha SJ, Seo SJ, Kim I, Han YS, Barillas-Mury C. Apolipophorin-III mediates antiplasmodial epithelial responses in Anopheles gambiae (G3) mosquitoes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15410. [PMID: 21072214 PMCID: PMC2970580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipophorin-III (ApoLp-III) is known to play an important role in lipid transport and innate immunity in lepidopteran insects. However, there is no evidence of involvement of ApoLp-IIIs in the immune responses of dipteran insects such as Drosophila and mosquitoes. Methodology/Principal Findings We report the molecular and functional characterization of An. gambiae apolipophorin-III (AgApoLp-III). Mosquito ApoLp-IIIs have diverged extensively from those of lepidopteran insects; however, the predicted tertiary structure of AgApoLp-III is similar to that of Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm). We found that AgApoLp-III mRNA expression is strongly induced in the midgut of An. gambiae (G3 strain) mosquitoes in response to Plasmodium berghei infection. Furthermore, immunofluorescence stainings revealed that high levels of AgApoLp-III protein accumulate in the cytoplasm of Plasmodium-invaded cells and AgApoLp-III silencing increases the intensity of P. berghei infection by five fold. Conclusion There are broad differences in the midgut epithelial responses to Plasmodium invasion between An. gambiae strains. In the G3 strain of An. gambiae AgApoLp-III participates in midgut epithelial defense responses that limit Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Gupta
- Mosquito Immunity and Vector Competence Unit, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ju Young Noh
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Seung Han Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Mosquito Immunity and Vector Competence Unit, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mi Young Noh
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine and Frontier Inje Research for Science and Technology, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Sung-Jae Cha
- Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sook Jae Seo
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Iksoo Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- * E-mail: (YSH); (CB-M)
| | - Carolina Barillas-Mury
- Mosquito Immunity and Vector Competence Unit, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YSH); (CB-M)
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Brivio MF, Mastore M, Nappi AJ. A pathogenic parasite interferes with phagocytosis of insect immunocompetent cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:991-998. [PMID: 20457179 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis activity of hemocytes of the host Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) was modulated by the infection of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae (Rahbditida) and was found to be correlated with the opsonization of bacteria by hemolymph factors. The presence of nematodes resulted in a significative decrease in phagocytosis of bacteria by host hemocytes, both in in vivo and in in vitro assays. Host interacting proteins (HIPs), which appear to function as opsonic factors and are essential to perform immune responses, were removed by S. feltiae from host hemolymph, by means of its epicuticle binding properties. Host humoral factors sequestered by the parasite have been identified by monodimensional and 2D electrophoretic analysis. The data suggest that S. feltiae, living in association with symbiontic bacteria (Xenorhabdus nematophilus), develop an immune suppressive strategy to support its bacteria, which diminished the effectiveness of immunological surveillance by the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio F Brivio
- Lab of Comparative Immunology, DBSF, University of Insubria, via JH Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, Italy.
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Kim CH, Shin YP, Noh MY, Jo YH, Han YS, Seong YS, Lee IH. An insect multiligand recognition protein functions as an opsonin for the phagocytosis of microorganisms. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:25243-50. [PMID: 20519517 PMCID: PMC2919087 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.134940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterize a novel pathogen recognition protein obtained from the lepidopteran Galleria mellonella. This protein recognizes Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, and Candida albicans via specific binding to lipopolysaccharides, lipoteichoic acid, and beta-1,3-glucan, respectively. As a multiligand receptor capable of coping with a broad variety of invading pathogens, it is constitutively produced in the fat body, midgut, and integument but not in the hemocytes and is secreted into the hemolymph. The protein was confirmed to be relevant to cellular immune response and to further function as an opsonin that promotes the uptake of invading microorganisms into hemocytes. Our data reveal that the mechanism by which a multiligand receptor recognizes microorganisms contributes substantially to their phagocytosis by hemocytes. A better understanding of an opsonin with the required repertoire for detecting diverse invaders might provide us with critical insights into the mechanisms underlying insect phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Han Kim
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Asan City, Chungnam 336-795, South Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Shin
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Asan City, Chungnam 336-795, South Korea
| | - Mi Young Noh
- the Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-257, South Korea, and
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- the Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-257, South Korea, and
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- the Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-257, South Korea, and
| | - Yeon Sun Seong
- the Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, South Korea
| | - In Hee Lee
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Asan City, Chungnam 336-795, South Korea
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