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Hada A, Li L, Kandel A, Jin Y, Xiao Z. Characterization of Bovine Intraepithelial T Lymphocytes in the Gut. Pathogens 2023; 12:1173. [PMID: 37764981 PMCID: PMC10535955 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraepithelial T lymphocytes (T-IELs), which constitute over 50% of the total T lymphocytes in the animal, patrol the mucosal epithelial lining to defend against pathogen invasion while maintaining gut homeostasis. In addition to expressing T cell markers such as CD4 and CD8, T-IELs display T cell receptors (TCR), including either TCRαβ or TCRγδ. Both humans and mice share similar T-IEL subsets: TCRγδ+, TCRαβ+CD8αα+, TCRαβ+CD4+, and TCRαβ+CD8αβ+. Among these subsets, human T-IELs are predominantly TCRαβ+ (over 80%), whereas those in mice are mostly TCRγδ+ (~60%). Of note, the majority of the TCRγδ+ subset expresses CD8αα in both species. Although T-IELs have been extensively studied in humans and mice, their profiles in cattle have not been well examined. Our study is the first to characterize bovine T-IELs using flow cytometry, where we identified several distinct features. The percentage of TCRγδ+ was comparable to that of TCRαβ+ T-IELs (both ~50% of CD3+), and the majority of bovine TCRγδ+ T-IELs did not express CD8 (CD8-) (above 60%). Furthermore, about 20% of TCRαβ+ T-IELs were CD4+CD8αβ+, and the remaining TCRαβ+ T-IELs were evenly distributed between CD4+ and CD8αβ+ (~40% of TCRαβ+ T-IELs each) with no TCRαβ+CD8αα+ identified. Despite these unique properties, bovine T-IELs, similar to those in humans and mice, expressed a high level of CD69, an activation and tissue-retention marker, and a low level of CD62L, a lymphoid adhesion marker. Moreover, bovine T-IELs produced low levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IFNγ and IL17A, and secreted small amounts of the immune regulatory cytokine TGFβ1. Hence, bovine T-IELs' composition largely differs from that of human and mouse, with the dominance of the CD8- population among TCRγδ+ T-IELs, the substantial presence of TCRαβ+CD4+CD8αβ+ cells, and the absence of TCRαβ+CD8αα+ T-IELs. These results provide the groundwork for conducting future studies to examine how bovine T-IELs respond to intestinal pathogens and maintain the integrity of the gut epithelial barrier in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhengguo Xiao
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.H.); (L.L.); (A.K.); (Y.J.)
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SATO T, SEKIGUCHI M, MATSUMOTO A, SHIMADA K, IWANAGA M, IKEZAWA M, HANAFUSA Y, SHIBAHARA T. Bovine abortion and necrotic placentitis by Aspergillus terreus. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:342-345. [PMID: 35022361 PMCID: PMC8983276 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 31-month-old Japanese Black cow (Bos taurus) aborted at 5 months of gestation with no clinical symptoms. Histopathological examination of the placenta and fetus revealed severe necrotic placentitis associated with numerous irregular degenerative fungi and inflammatory cells. Regular filamentous fungi were also detected, without inflammatory response in the fetal digestive and respiratory organs. Both fungi had aleurioconidia and septa in the placenta and fetal organs and immunohistochemically stained with antibodies against Aspergillus spp. Aspergillus terreus was isolated from the fetal lung and abomasal contents as confirmed using mycological and molecular methods. This is the first immunohistochemical, morphological, and molecular identification of A. terreus in bovine placenta and aborted fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro SATO
- Chiba Prefectural Chuou Livestock Hygiene Service Office, Chiba, Japan
| | - Maki SEKIGUCHI
- Chiba Prefectural Chuou Livestock Hygiene Service Office, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsuko MATSUMOTO
- Chiba Prefectural Chuou Livestock Hygiene Service Office, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kaho SHIMADA
- Chiba Prefectural Chuou Livestock Hygiene Service Office, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mikuya IWANAGA
- Fukushima Prefectural Chuou Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka IKEZAWA
- Division of Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuko HANAFUSA
- Division of Zoonosis Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki SHIBAHARA
- Division of Hygiene Management Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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ISASHIKI Y, OHASHI Y, IMATAKE S, BAAKHTARI M, RAMAH A, KIDA T, YANAGITA T, YASUDA M. Studies on the immune status of calves with chronic inflammation and thymus atrophy. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:734-742. [PMID: 35400674 PMCID: PMC9246677 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ where the primary T cell repertoire is generated.
Thymus atrophy is induced by various conditions, including infectious diseases,
glucocorticoid treatment, and poor breeding management. Cattle with thymus atrophy tend to
exhibit weak calf syndrome, a condition in which approximately half of neonates die
shortly after birth. Calves with thymus atrophy that survive the first month typically
contract chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we analyzed the populations of the
peripheral blood mononuclear cells and thymocytes in calves with thymus atrophy. In
addition, we evaluated polarization of master gene and cytokine mRNA expression in
peripheral blood CD4+ cells in the calves. The population of
CD4+CD8+ cells in thymus of the calves with thymus atrophy was
lower than that of control calves. IL10 mRNA expression in peripheral
blood CD4+ cells of calves with thymus atrophy was significantly lower than
that of control calves. TBX21 mRNA expression in peripheral
CD4+ cells of thymus atrophy calves was tended to be higher than that of the
control group. In addition, FOXP3 mRNA expression in peripheral
CD4+ cells of the thymus atrophy calves was tended to be lower than that of
the control calves. Thymus atrophy calves exhibited chronic inflammatory disease leading,
in severe situations, to conditions such as pneumonia with caseous necrosis. These severe
inflammatory responses likely are due to decreases in IL10 mRNA
expression, impairing control of macrophages, one of the main cell fractions of natural
immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi ISASHIKI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Yuki OHASHI
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | - Shoichiro IMATAKE
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | - Mahmoud BAAKHTARI
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | - Amany RAMAH
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | - Tetsuo KIDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Tenya YANAGITA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Masahiro YASUDA
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki
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Ludwig L, Egan R, Baquero M, Mansz A, Plattner BL. WC1 + and WC1 neg γδ T lymphocytes in intestinal mucosa of healthy and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis-infected calves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 216:109919. [PMID: 31446207 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces such as the gastrointestinal tract, and skin are the front line of host defence and immunity against many pathogens. Gamma delta (γδ) T lymphocytes preferentially localize to the mucosal surfaces in several species including cattle, and are thought to play crucial roles in immunosurveillance and host defence, particularly against mycobacteria. Many γδ T cells are present in young calves, which is the period when calves are thought to be initially exposed to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map). The role of mucosal γδ T cells in cattle, especially during host-pathogen interactions during early pre-clinical phases of infectious disease remains unclear. The purposes of this study were to investigate and characterize WC1+ and WC1neg γδ T cell subsets in various segments of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of young calves, and then to examine γδ T cell subsets in the distal small intestine of calves after experimental intestinal Map infection by direct Peyer's patch inoculation. We show that in healthy calves, the relative proportion of γδ T cells is constant throughout the GI mucosa, though the ileum has significantly more γδ T cells. In the distal intestine, γδ T cells are mainly WC1neg and primarily located within the lamina propria of the jejunum and ileum. In Map-infected intestine, there are higher numbers of γδ T cells in the lamina propria and a greater proportion of WC1+ cells within the epithelial layer compared to control calves. While WC1neg γδ T cells preferentially localize to the distal small intestine of healthy calves, WC1+ γδ T cells are increased in the intestinal mucosa during Map infection, which is suggestive of effector cell function. Further, spectral microscopy and flow cytometry in tandem will lead to improved understanding of the functions of these cells during health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latasha Ludwig
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rebecca Egan
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Monica Baquero
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amanda Mansz
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brandon L Plattner
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Azizi AFN, Miyazaki R, Yumito T, Ohashi Y, Uno S, Miyajima U, Kumamoto M, Uchiyama S, Yasuda M. Effect of maternal supplementation with seaweed powder on immune status of liver and lymphoid organs of piglets. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:8-12. [PMID: 29142150 PMCID: PMC5797852 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the effect of maternal supplementation with seaweed powder (SWP) on the immune status of piglets. Sows were supplementary fed SWP from 85-days of gestation until delactation.
Forty-days old piglets were euthanized and lymphocyte subsets were analyzed. The results showed a significantly higher relative population of CD4+CD8+ T cells in the thymus, lymph node, tonsil
(P<0.05), peripheral blood mononuclear cells, spleen and liver (P<0.01) of piglets derived from treated sows. A higher relative population of CD8+ T cells was also
observed in the liver and spleen (P<0.05) of the piglets. The data suggested the enhancing effects of maternal supplementation with SWP on immune status of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Farid Nikmal Azizi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ryoko Miyazaki
- Miyazaki Livestock Research Institute Kawaminami Branch Swine Station, Miyazaki 889-1301, Japan
| | - Takeru Yumito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Susumu Uno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Umi Miyajima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Mayu Kumamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Shinji Uchiyama
- Miyazaki Livestock Research Institute Kawaminami Branch Swine Station, Miyazaki 889-1301, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yasuda
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Abubakar M, Manzoor S, Ahmed A. Interplay of foot and mouth disease virus with cell-mediated and humoral immunity of host. Rev Med Virol 2017; 28. [PMID: 29282795 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a communicable disease of cloven hoofed animals, resulting in major economic losses during disease outbreaks. Like other members of the Picornaviridae FMDV has a relatively short infectious cycle; initiation of infection and dissemination, with production of infectious virions occurs in less than a week. The components of innate immunity as well as cell-mediated and humoral immunity play a crucial role in control of FMDV. However, it has been shown in vitro using a mouse model that FMDV has evolved certain mechanisms to counteract host immune responses ensuring its survival and spread. The viral leader proteinase, L pro, deters interferon beta (IFN-β) mRNA synthesis, thus, inhibiting host cell translation. Another viral proteinase, 3C pro, disrupts host cell transcription by cleaving histone H3. A transient lymphopenia in swine as a consequence of FMDV infection has also been observed, but the mechanism involved and viral protein(s) associated with this process are not clearly understood. In this review, we have covered the interaction of FMDV with different immune cells including lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells and their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Afshan Ahmed
- FAO FMD Project (GCP/PAK/123/USA), Islamabad, Pakistan
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7
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Nantz MP, Rowe CA, Muller C, Creasy R, Colee J, Khoo C, Percival SS. Consumption of cranberry polyphenols enhances human γδ-T cell proliferation and reduces the number of symptoms associated with colds and influenza: a randomized, placebo-controlled intervention study. Nutr J 2013; 12:161. [PMID: 24330619 PMCID: PMC3878739 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our main objective was to evaluate the ability of cranberry phytochemicals to modify immunity, specifically γδ-T cell proliferation, after daily consumption of a cranberry beverage, and its effect on health outcomes related to cold and influenza symptoms. Methods The study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel intervention. Subjects drank a low calorie cranberry beverage (450 ml) made with a juice-derived, powdered cranberry fraction (n = 22) or a placebo beverage (n = 23), daily, for 10 wk. PBMC were cultured for six days with autologous serum and PHA-L stimulation. Cold and influenza symptoms were self-reported. Results The proliferation index of γδ-T cells in culture was almost five times higher after 10 wk of cranberry beverage consumption (p <0.001). In the cranberry beverage group, the incidence of illness was not reduced, however significantly fewer symptoms of illness were reported (p = 0.031). Conclusions Consumption of the cranberry beverage modified the ex vivo proliferation of γδ-T cells. As these cells are located in the epithelium and serve as a first line of defense, improving their function may be related to reducing the number of symptoms associated with a cold and flu. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
NCT01398150.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan S Percival
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Box 110370, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Cell mediated innate responses of cattle and swine are diverse during foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection: a unique landscape of innate immunity. Immunol Lett 2013; 152:135-43. [PMID: 23727070 PMCID: PMC7112845 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing the innate immunity can protect domestic animals from viruses. Innate immune cells have potential capacity to afford protection against infection. Understanding the innate and adaptive immunity will aid rational vaccine design.
Pathogens in general and pathogenic viruses in particular have evolved a myriad of mechanisms to escape the immune response of mammalian species. Viruses that cause acute disease tend to bear characteristics that make them very contagious, as survival does not derive from chronicity of infection, but spread of disease throughout the herd. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is one of the most contagious viruses known. Upon infection of susceptible species, cloven-hoofed animals, the virus proliferates rapidly and causes a vesicular disease within 2–4 days. Disease symptoms resolve by 10 days to 2 weeks and in most cases, virus can no longer be detected. Periods of fever and viremia are usually brief, 1–3 days. In vivo control of virus infection and clearance of the virus during and following acute infection is of particular interest. The interaction of this virus with cells mediating the early, innate immune response has been analyzed in a number of recent studies. In most reports, the virus has a distinct inhibitory effect on the response of cells early in infection. Here we review these new data and discuss the dynamics of the interaction of virus with different cell types mediating the immune response to infection.
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Plattner BL, Huffman EL, Hostetter JM. Gamma-delta T-cell responses during subcutaneous Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis challenge in sensitized or naive calves using matrix biopolymers. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:630-7. [PMID: 23051915 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812463404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a model to explore the early immune response against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) infection in the bovine calf using subcutaneously placed liquid gel matrix biopolymer (matrigel) containing live Map. Matrigel rapidly polymerizes in vivo, retains recruited cellular infiltrates and soluble immune mediators, and can be rapidly removed 48 hours later and depolymerized for analysis. In this study, we examined early host immune events at matrigel/Map sites; recruited cells were evaluated by histopathology and flow cytometry, and cytokines were measured by flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Luminex bead immunoassay. Our results demonstrate earlier recruitment of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells to matrigel/Map challenge sites compared to CD4+ T cells. We also show that significantly more γδ T cells were recruited to matrigel/Map sites postinfection day 7 compared to postinfection day 30 and that these cells produced significant amounts of the cytokine interferon gamma. We also provide evidence that peripheral blood-derived γδ T-cell subsets in cattle differentially generate interferon gamma, suggesting distinct roles for these cells. These data provide unique insight into initial antimycobacterial host cellular immune responses following Map infection in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Plattner
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Fries P, Popowych YI, Guan LL, Beskorwayne T, Potter A, Babiuk L, Griebel PJ. Mucosal dendritic cell subpopulations in the small intestine of newborn calves. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1040-1051. [PMID: 21527286 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal dendritic cell development in the newborn is poorly understood despite evidence that distinct DC subpopulations populate individual mucosal surfaces. Therefore, we investigated DC phenotype and distribution in the small intestine of newborn calves. DC phenotype was analyzed using flow cytometry and DC distribution was investigated with immunohistochemistry. Purification of CD11c(Hi)MHC Class II(+) cells confirmed CD11c defined myeloid cells and a comparison of neonatal blood and intestine revealed distinct mucosal DC subpopulations. CD11c(Hi)CD14(+) cells were significantly more abundant in newborn ileum versus jejunum and CD335(+) NK cells were the only lymphoid population significantly different in ileum versus jejunum. Immunohistochemistry revealed unique patterns of myeloid cell distribution within the mucosal epithelium, lamina propria, and submucosa. CD11c(+) cells were present within the jejunal but absent from the ileal intraepithelial compartment. In contrast, CD11b(+) cells were present within the ileal but absent from the jejunal intraepithelial compartment. In conclusion, the neonatal small intestine is populated by diverse myeloid subpopulations and significant differences in regional distribution are established early in life. These observations may have significant implications for the response of the newborn to both commensal microflora and enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fries
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Hassan MM, El-Aleem SA, Hammouda GA, Shaban I. Histological, immunohistochemical, and morphometric study on the postnatal development of Peyerʼs patches in albino rat. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF HISTOLOGY 2011; 34:198-207. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ehx.0000396502.60108.fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Toka FN, Kenney MA, Golde WT. Rapid and transient activation of γδ T cells to IFN-γ production, NK cell-like killing, and antigen processing during acute virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4853-61. [PMID: 21383249 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are the majority peripheral blood T cells in young cattle. The role of γδ T cells in innate responses against infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus was analyzed on consecutive 5 d following infection. Before infection, bovine WC1(+) γδ T cells expressed a nonactivated phenotype relative to CD62L, CD45RO, and CD25 expression and did not produce IFN-γ ex vivo. Additionally, CD335 expression was lacking and no spontaneous target cell lysis could be detected in vitro, although perforin was detectable at a very low level. MHC class II and CD13 expression were also lacking. Following infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus, expression of CD62L and CD45RO was greatly reduced on WC1(+) γδ T cells, and unexpectedly, CD45RO expression did not recover. A transient increase in expression of CD25 correlated with production of IFN-γ. Expression of CD335 and production of perforin were detected on a subset of γδ T cells, and this correlated with an increased spontaneous killing of xenogeneic target cells. Furthermore, increased MHC class II expression was detected on WC1(+) γδ T cells, and these cells processed protein Ags. These activities are rapidly induced, within 3 d, and wane by 5 d following infection. All of these functions, NK-like killing, Ag processing, and IFN-γ production, have been demonstrated for these cells in various species. However, these results are unique in that all these functions are detected in the same samples of WC1(+) γδ T cells, suggesting a pivotal role of these cells in controlling virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix N Toka
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
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Kudahl AB, Ostergaard S, Sørensen JT, Nielsen SS. A stochastic model simulating paratuberculosis in a dairy herd. Prev Vet Med 2006; 78:97-117. [PMID: 17112610 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (PTB) causes severe economic losses to farmers and the infection has very complex effects (many indirect) on the production of a dairy herd. These indirect effects have not or only briefly been described by earlier PTB-simulation models, and therefore they were included in a new model called PTB-Simherd. Our aim was to develop the basis for a decision-support tool which can predict herd-specific production-related effects from introduction of different control strategies against PTB. The PTB-Simherd is a dynamic, stochastic, and mechanistic Monte-Carlo model simulating a dairy herd including young stock. Paratuberculosis and relevant control strategies against this infection were built into an existing herd simulation model. The model simulates epidemiological and production related consequences of PTB and control strategies against it in the herd. It also reflects indirect effects of PTB and control strategies through effects on replacements and herd demographics. Every animal in the herd is specified with biological parameters (including PTB state and test results) and it is updated in weekly time-steps. Management is specified at herd level with 353 parameters of which 78 are related to PTB. To demonstrate the basic characteristics of the model, scenarios with varying infection risks (sensitivity analyses) plus scenarios with seven different control strategies in two herds with good and poor reproduction were simulated for 10 years. Breaking of infection routes turned out to be the only strategy predicted to reduce the true prevalence of PTB in a herd. Supplementing this strategy with test-&-cull strategies had limited effect on prevalence and using test-&-cull alone just delayed the increase in prevalence. The effects of different PTB-control strategies on the production (especially sale/purchase of heifers, feed consumption and prevalences of other diseases) were predicted to be affected by other conditions like heat-detection success, replacement% and herd demographics--which were again affected by PTB infection of the herd. These links and indirect effects of control strategies thus seem important to include when modeling and predicting effects of PTB control in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Braad Kudahl
- Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Foulum, Denmark.
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