1
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Abbas MN, Gul I, Khosravi Z, Amarchi JI, Ye X, Yu L, Siyuan W, Cui H. Molecular characterization, immune functions and DNA protective effects of peroxiredoxin-1 gene in Antheraea pernyi. Mol Immunol 2024; 170:76-87. [PMID: 38640818 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins are antioxidant proteins that detoxify peroxynitrite, hydrogen peroxide, and organic hydroperoxides, impacting various physiological processes such as immune responses, apoptosis, cellular homeostasis, and so on. In the present study, we identified and characterized peroxiredoxin 1 from Antheraea pernyi (thereafter designated as ApPrx-1) that encodes a predicted 195 amino acid residue protein with a 21.8 kDa molecular weight. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the mRNA level of ApPrx-1 was highest in the hemocyte, fat body, and midgut. Immune-challenged larval fat bodies and hemocytes showed increased ApPrx-1 transcript. Moreover, ApPrx-1 expression was induced in hemocytes and the whole body of A. pernyi following exogenous H2O2 administration. A DNA cleavage assay performed using recombinant ApPrx-1 protein showed that rApPrx-1 protein manifests the ability to protect supercoiled DNA damage from oxidative stress. To test the rApPrx-1 protein antioxidant activity, the ability of the rApPrx-1 protein to remove H2O2 was assessed in vitro using rApPrx-1 protein and DTT, while BSA + DDT served as a control group. The results revealed that ApPrx-1 can efficiently remove H2O2 in vitro. In the loss of function analysis, we found that ApPrx-1 significantly increased the levels of H2O2 in ApPrx-1-depleted larvae compared to the control group. We also found a significantly lower survival rate in the larvae in which ApPrx-1 was knocked down. Interestingly, the antibacterial activity was significantly higher in the ApPrx-1 depleted larvae, compared to the control. Collectively, evidence strongly suggests that ApPrx-1 may regulate physiological activities and provides a reference for further studies to validate the utility of the key genes involved in reliving oxidative stress conditions and regulating the immune responses of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Resource insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Isma Gul
- State Key Laboratory of Resource insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Zahra Khosravi
- State Key Laboratory of Resource insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Jemirade Ifejola Amarchi
- State Key Laboratory of Resource insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Xiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Resource insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Lang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Wu Siyuan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Resource insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China; Chongqing engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative medicine, Chongqing 400716, China.
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2
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Gul I, Abbas MN, Hussaini N, Kausar S, Wu S, Cui H. Peroxiredoxin-2 gene in Antheraea pernyi modulates immune functions and protect DNA damage. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128410. [PMID: 38029918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins have been shown to protect insects from oxidative damage and to play a role in the immune system. In the present study, we cloned and characterized the Antheraea pernyi peroxiredoxin 2 (ApPrx-2) gene, then assessed its functional roles. The ApPrx-2 gene has a 687 bp open reading frame that encodes a protein with 288 amino acid residues. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the mRNA levels of ApPrx-2 were highest in the hemocytes. Immune challenge assay revealed that ApPrx-2 transcription could be induced after microbial challenge. A DNA cleavage assay employing recombinant ApPrx-2 protein and a metal-catalyzed oxidation system showed that rApPrx-2 protein could protect supercoiled DNA against oxidative stress. The protein antioxidant activity of rApPrx-2 was examined, and it was found that rApPrx-2 exhibited a high level of antioxidant activity by removing H2O2. In addition, ApPrx-2 knockdown larvae had higher H2O2 levels and a lower survival rate when compared to controls. Interestingly, the antibacterial activity was significantly higher in ApPrx-2 depleted larvae compared with control. Overall, our findings indicate that ApPrx-2 may be involved in a range of physiological functions of A. pernyi, as it protects supercoiled DNA from oxidative stress and regulates antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isma Gul
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing 400716, China; Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Najibullah Hussaini
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Saima Kausar
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Siyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing 400716, China; Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China..
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3
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Mo W, Li Q, He X, Lu Z, Xu H, Zheng X, Guo J, Lu Y, Wang S. Identification and characterization of Prx5 and Prx6 in Chilo suppressalis in response to environmental stress. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:e22030. [PMID: 37282754 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant proteins, peroxiredoxins (Prxs), function to protect insects from reactive oxygen species-induced toxicity. In this study, two Prx genes, CsPrx5, and CsPrx6, were cloned and characterized from the paddy field pest, Chilo suppressalis, containing open reading frames of 570 and 672 bp encoding 189 and 223 amino acid polypeptides, respectively. Then, we investigated the influence of various stresses on their expression levels using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results showed expression of CsPrx5 and CsPrx6 in all developmental stages, with eggs having the highest level. CsPrx5 and CsPrx6 showed higher expression in the epidermis and fat body, and CsPrx6 also showed higher expression in midgut, fat body, and epidermis. Increasing concentrations of insecticides (chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) increased the expression levels of CsPrx5 and CsPrx6. In addition, the expression levels of CsPrx5 and CsPrx6 were almost markedly upregulated in larvae under temperature stress or fed by vetiver. Thus, CsPrx5 and CsPrx6 upregulation might increase the C. suppressalis defense response by reducing the impact of environmental stress, providing a better understanding of the relationship between environmental stresses and insect defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujia Mo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochan He
- Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, China
| | - Zhongxian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xusong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuping Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Technical Centre for Animal, Plant, and Food Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai Customs, Shanghai, China
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Liu Y, Zhu F, Shen Z, Moural TW, Liu L, Li Z, Liu X, Xu H. Glutaredoxins and thioredoxin peroxidase involved in defense of emamectin benzoate induced oxidative stress in Grapholita molesta. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 176:104881. [PMID: 34119223 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (Grxs) and thioredoxin peroxidases (Tpxs) are major antioxidant enzyme families involved in regulating cellular redox homeostasis and in defense of enhanced oxidative stress through scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the functions of these enzymes have not been reported in the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), a worldwide pest of stone and pome fruits. Here, we identified four new antioxidant genes, GmGrx, GmGrx3, GmGrx5, and GmTpx which were induced by exposure with emamectin benzoate, a commonly used biopesticide for G. molesta control. Other environmental factors (low and high temperatures, Escherichia coli and Metarhizium anisopliae) also significantly induced the expression of these genes. After GmGrx or GmTpx silenced by RNA interference (RNAi), the percentage of larval survival to emamectin benzoate were significantly decreased, demonstrating that GmGrx and GmTpx are involved in protecting G. molesta from stresses induced by emamectin benzoate. Furthermore, silenced GmGrx, GmGrx3, GmGrx5, or GmTpx significantly enhanced the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (except GmTpx) and peroxidase (POD), as well as the contents of hydrogen peroxide and metabolites ascorbate. Taken together, our results suggest that GmGrx, GmGrx3, GmGrx5, and GmTpx may play critical roles in antioxidant defense. Specially, GmGrx and GmTpx contribute to the defense of oxidative damage induced by exposure to emamectin benzoate through scavenging excessive ROS in G. molesta. Our findings provided a theoretical basis for understanding functions of insect glutaredoxin and peroxidase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Liu
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Fang Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Zhongjian Shen
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Timothy W Moural
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Lining Liu
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huanli Xu
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Pang R, Xing K, Yuan L, Liang Z, Chen M, Yue X, Dong Y, Ling Y, He X, Li X, Zhang W. Peroxiredoxin alleviates the fitness costs of imidacloprid resistance in an insect pest of rice. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001190. [PMID: 33844686 PMCID: PMC8062100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical insecticides have been heavily employed as the most effective measure for control of agricultural and medical pests, but evolution of resistance by pests threatens the sustainability of this approach. Resistance-conferring mutations sometimes impose fitness costs, which may drive subsequent evolution of compensatory modifier mutations alleviating the costs of resistance. However, how modifier mutations evolve and function to overcome the fitness cost of resistance still remains unknown. Here we show that overexpression of P450s not only confers imidacloprid resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, the most voracious pest of rice, but also leads to elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through metabolism of imidacloprid and host plant compounds. The inevitable production of ROS incurs a fitness cost to the pest, which drives the increase or fixation of the compensatory modifier allele T65549 within the promoter region of N. lugens peroxiredoxin (NlPrx) in the pest populations. T65549 allele in turn upregulates the expression of NlPrx and thus increases resistant individuals' ability to clear the cost-incurring ROS of any source. The frequent involvement of P450s in insecticide resistance and their capacity to produce ROS while metabolizing their substrates suggest that peroxiredoxin or other ROS-scavenging genes may be among the common modifier genes for alleviating the fitness cost of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Longyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhikun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangzhao Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Ling
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xionglei He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianchun Li
- Department of Entomology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XL); (WZ)
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (WZ)
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6
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Ouertani R, Ouertani A, Mahjoubi M, Bousselmi Y, Najjari A, Cherif H, Chamkhi A, Mosbah A, Khdhira H, Sghaier H, Chouchane H, Cherif A, Neifar M. New Plant Growth-Promoting, Chromium-Detoxifying Microbacterium Species Isolated From a Tannery Wastewater: Performance and Genomic Insights. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:521. [PMID: 32719777 PMCID: PMC7350417 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], widely generated by tannery activities, is considered among the most toxic substances and causes a serious damage for the environment and for human health. Interestingly, some microorganisms have a potential of bioremediation of chromium-contaminated wastewaters and soils through the reduction of Cr(VI) (soluble and harmful form) into Cr(III) (stable and non-toxic form). Here, we present the full genome sequence of a novel heavy-metal-resistant, plant growth-promoting bacterium (PGPB), Microbacterium metallidurans TL13, which was isolated from a Tunisian leather industry. The strain TL13 was resistant to many heavy metals, such as chromium, copper, nickel, cobalt, and arsenic. The 50% TL13 growth inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of HgCl2, CoCl2, K2Cr2O7, CuSO4, NiCl2, FeSO4, and Na2HAsO4 are 368, 445, 676, 1,590, 1,680, 4,403, and 7,007 mg/L, respectively, with the following toxicity order: HgCl2 > CoCl2 > K2Cr2O7 > CuSO4 > NiCl2 > FeSO4 > Na2HAsO4. This new strain was also able to promote the growth of the hybrid tomato (Elika F1) under chromium metal stress. Its whole genome sequence length was estimated to be 3,587,460 bp (3,393 coding sequences) with a G + C content of 70.7%. Functional annotation of the genome of TL13 revealed the presence of open reading frames (ORFs) involved in adaptation to metal stress, such as the chromate transport protein, cobalt–zinc–cadmium resistance protein, copper resistance protein, copper responsive transcriptional regulator, multidrug resistance transporters, arsenical resistance operon repressor, arsenate reductase, arsenic resistance protein, mercuric resistance operon regulatory protein, mercuric ion reductase, and organomercurial lyase. Moreover, genes for the production of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and thioredoxin reductase, which confer a higher tolerance to oxidative/metal stresses, were identified in TL13 genome. In addition, genes for heat shock tolerance, cold shock tolerance, glycine-betaine production, mineral phosphate solubilization, ammonia assimilation, siderophores, exopolysaccharides, polyketides, and lytic enzymes (cellulase, chitinase, and proteases) production that enable bacteria to survive biotic/abiotic stress and to promote plant growth and health were also revealed. Based on genome analysis and experimental approaches, strain TL13 appears to have evolved from various metabolic strategies and could play a role in ensuring sustainable environmental and agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Ouertani
- Univ. Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, MBA-LR03ES03, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Awatef Ouertani
- Univ. Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Mahjoubi
- Univ. Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Yosra Bousselmi
- Univ. Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Afef Najjari
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, MBA-LR03ES03, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hanene Cherif
- Univ. Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Asma Chamkhi
- Univ. Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Amor Mosbah
- Univ. Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Hechmi Khdhira
- Management Environment Responsible in Tanneries Mégisseries du Maghreb, TMM, Grombalia, Tunisia
| | - Haitham Sghaier
- Univ. Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.,Laboratory "Energy and Matter for Development of Nuclear Sciences" (LR16CNSTN02), National Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technology (CNSTN), Sidi Thabet Technopark, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Habib Chouchane
- Univ. Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Ameur Cherif
- Univ. Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Neifar
- Univ. Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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Zeng JY, Shi JH, Guo JX, Shi ZB, Zhang GC, Zhang J. Variation in the pH of experimental diets affects the performance of Lymantria dispar asiatica larvae and its gut microbiota. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 103:e21654. [PMID: 31916310 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To study dietary pH effects on Lymantria dispar asiatica larvae and provide a theoretical basis for its control in different forests, phosphate buffers (PBs) of pH 6, 7, and 8 were used to prepare experimental diets. The diet prepared with pH 6 PB was named as DPB6, with pH 8 PB as DPB8, and with pH 7 PB as DPB7 (control). The dietary pH was 5.00 in DPB6, 6.05 in control, and 6.50 in DPB8. After feeding on the diets with different pH values for 84 hr, fourth-instar caterpillars were randomly collected. Growth and various physiological traits were determined and 16S recombinant DNA sequencing was performed using the intestinal microflora of surviving larvae. Results showed that the mortality was 30% in DPB6, and 10% in DPB8, while no mortality was observed in control. The partial least squares discriminant analyses suggested that diets prepared with PB of different pH resulted in different food intake, amount of produced feces, weight gain, digestive enzyme activities, and antioxidant enzyme activities in larvae. Interestingly, both the highest weight gain and the lowest total antioxidant capacities were seen in control larvae. Results also showed that the larval gut microbiota community structure was significantly affected by dietary pH. Moreover, linear discriminant analysis effect size suggested that the family Acetobacteraceae in control, genus Prevotella in DPB8, and genus Lactococcus, family Flavobacteriaceae, family Mitochondria, and family Burkholderiaceae in DPB6 contributed to the diversity of the larval gut microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yong Zeng
- Department of Forest Protection, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiang-Hong Shi
- Department of Forest Protection, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jia-Xing Guo
- Department of Forest Protection, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhong-Bin Shi
- Department of Forest Protection, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Guo-Cai Zhang
- Department of Forest Protection, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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8
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Zeng J, Shi Z, Shi J, Guo J, Zhang G, Zhang J. Ambient temperature-mediated enzymic activities and intestinal microflora in Lymantria dispar larvae. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 102:e21597. [PMID: 31328829 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To understand how ambient temperature affect the gypsy moth larvae, and provide a theoretical basis for pest control in different environments. Fourth instar gypsy moth larvae were incubating for 3 hr at 15℃, 20℃, 25℃, 30℃, 35℃, and 40℃, respectively. Afterward, digestive and antioxidant enzyme activities, total antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microflora community were analyzed to reveal how the caterpillars respond to ambient temperature stress. Results showed that both digestive and antioxidant enzymes were regulated by the ambient temperature. The optimum incubation temperatures of protease, amylase, trehalase, and lipase in gypsy moth larvae were 30℃, 25℃, and 20℃, respectively. When the incubation temperature was deviated optimum temperatures, digestive enzyme activities would be downregulated depending on the extent of temperature stress. In addition, glutathione S-transferase, peroxidase, catalase, and polyphenol oxidase would be activated under a sufferable temperature stress, but superoxide dismutase and carboxylesterase (CarE) would be inhibited. In addition, results showed that the top two abundant phyla were Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. The phylum Firmicutes abundance was decreased and phylum Proteobacteria abundance was increased by ambient temperature stress. Moreover, it suggested that gypsy moth caterpillars at different ambient temperature mainly differed from each other by Escherichia-Shigella and Bifidobacterium in control, Acinetobacter in T15, and Lactobacillus in T40, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- JianYong Zeng
- School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - ZhongBin Shi
- School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - JianHong Shi
- School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - JiaXing Guo
- School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - GuoCai Zhang
- School of Forest, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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9
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Cheng J, Wang CY, Lyu ZH, Chen JX, Lin T. Identification and characterization of the catalase gene involved in resistance to thermal stress in Heortia vitessoides using RNA interference. J Therm Biol 2018; 78:114-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Shen ZJ, Liu YJ, Gao XH, Liu XM, Zhang SD, Li Z, Zhang QW, Liu XX. Molecular Identification of Two Thioredoxin Genes From Grapholita molesta and Their Function in Resistance to Emamectin Benzoate. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1421. [PMID: 30410444 PMCID: PMC6210739 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trxs), a member of the thioredoxin system, play crucial roles in maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis and protecting organisms against oxidative stress. In this study, we cloned and characterized two genes, GmTrx2 and GmTrx-like1, from Grapholita molesta. Sequence analysis showed that GmTrx2 and GmTrx-like1 had highly conserved active sites CGPC and CXXC motif, respectively, and shared high sequence identity with selected insect species. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results revealed that GmTrx2 was mainly detected at first instar, whereas GmTrx-like1 was highly concentrated at prepupa day. The transcripts of GmTrx2 and GmTrx-like1 were both highly expressed in the head and salivary glands. The expression levels of GmTrx2 and GmTrx-like1 were induced by low or high temperature, E. coli, M. anisopliae, H2O2, and pesticides (emamectin benzoate). We further detected interference efficiency of GmTrx2 and GmTrx-like1 in G. molesta larvae and found that peroxidase capacity, hydrogen peroxide content, and ascorbate content all increased after knockdown of GmTrx2 or GmTrx-like1. Furthermore, the hydrogen peroxide concentration was increased by emamectin benzoate and the sensitivity for larvae to emamectin benzoate was improved after GmTrx2 or GmTrx-like1 was silenced. Our results indicated that GmTrx2 and GmTrx-like1 played vital roles in protecting G. molesta against oxidative damage and also provided the theoretical basis for understanding the antioxidant defense mechanisms of the Trx system in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Xia Liu
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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11
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Cao Y, Yang Q, Tu XH, Li SG, Liu S. Molecular characterization of a typical 2-Cys thioredoxin peroxidase from the Asiatic rice borer Chilo suppressalis and its role in oxidative stress. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 99:e21476. [PMID: 29873106 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In insects, thioredoxin peroxidase (TPX) plays an important role in protecting against oxidative damage. However, studies on the molecular characteristics of TPXs in the Asiatic rice borer, Chilo suppressalis, are limited. In this work, a cDNA sequence (CsTpx3) encoding a TPX was identified from C. suppressalis. The deduced CsTPX3 protein shares high sequence identity and two positionally conserved cysteines with orthologs from other insect species, and was classified as a typical 2-Cys TPX. CsTpx3 was expressed most highly during the fifth-instar larval stage, and transcripts were most abundant in the midgut. Recombinant CsTPX3 protein expressed in Escherichia coli displayed the expected peroxidase activity by removing H2 O2 . Furthermore, CsTPX3 protected DNA from oxidative damage, and E. coli cells overexpressing CsTPX3 exhibited long-term resistance to oxidative stress. Exposure to various oxidative stressors, such as cold (8°C), heat (35°C), bacteria (E. coli), and two insecticides (chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin), significantly upregulated transcription of CsTpx3. However, exposure to abamectin had no such effect. Our results provide valuable information for future studies on the antioxidant mechanism in this insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qing Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Tu
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shi-Guang Li
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Su Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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12
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Song Z, Yin Y, Lin Y, Du F, Ren G, Wang Z. The bZIP transcriptional factor activator protein-1 regulates Metarhizium rileyi morphology and mediates microsclerotia formation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4577-4588. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8941-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Wang Q, Zhou Y, Chen K, Ju X. Identification and characterization of an atypical 2-cys peroxiredoxin from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 25:347-354. [PMID: 26969823 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) play an important role in the protection of insects against the toxicity of reactive oxygen species. Here, we identified and characterized a novel, atypical 2-cysteine (Cys) peroxiredoxin (BmPrx3) from an expressed sequence tag database in a lepidopteran insect, Bombyx mori. The BmPrx3 cDNA contained an open reading frame of 684 bp that encodes a 228-amino-acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of 25 kDa. Sequence comparison revealed that BmPrx3 belongs to the atypical 2-Cys Prxs. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that BmPrx3 can be detected in all tissues and developmental stages. Recombinant BmPrx3 purified from Escherichia coli exhibited antioxidant activity that removed hydrogen peroxide and protected DNA from oxidative damage. Disc diffusion and viability assays revealed that recombinant BmPrx3 increased bacterial survival under H2 O2 -mediated oxidative stress. In addition, quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that BmPrx3 transcription levels were significantly increased in response to various oxidative stresses. Furthermore, BmPrx3 transcription levels in the midgut were regulated by bacterial infection. Taken together, these results suggest that BmPrx3 acts as an antioxidant enzyme to protect the silkworm from various oxidative stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Zhou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - K Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - X Ju
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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14
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Knoops B, Argyropoulou V, Becker S, Ferté L, Kuznetsova O. Multiple Roles of Peroxiredoxins in Inflammation. Mol Cells 2016; 39:60-4. [PMID: 26813661 PMCID: PMC4749876 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a pathophysiological response to infection or tissue damage during which high levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are produced by phagocytes to kill microorganisms. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species serve also in the complex regulation of inflammatory processes. Recently, it has been proposed that peroxiredoxins may play key roles in innate immunity and inflammation. Indeed, peroxiredoxins are evolutionarily conserved peroxidases able to reduce, with high rate constants, hydrogen peroxide, alkyl hydroperoxides and peroxynitrite which are generated during inflammation. In this minireview, we point out different possible roles of peroxiredoxins during inflammatory processes such as cytoprotective enzymes against oxidative stress, modulators of redox signaling, and extracellular pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns. A better understanding of peroxiredoxin functions in inflammation could lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Knoops
- Group of Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institut des Sciences de la Vie (ISV), Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve,
Belgium
| | - Vasiliki Argyropoulou
- Group of Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institut des Sciences de la Vie (ISV), Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve,
Belgium
| | - Sarah Becker
- Group of Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institut des Sciences de la Vie (ISV), Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve,
Belgium
| | - Laura Ferté
- Group of Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institut des Sciences de la Vie (ISV), Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve,
Belgium
| | - Oksana Kuznetsova
- Group of Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institut des Sciences de la Vie (ISV), Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve,
Belgium
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15
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Zhang S, Shen Z, Li Z, Wu F, Zhang B, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Liu X. Identification of a thioredoxin peroxidase gene involved in resistance to nucleopolyhedrovirus infection in Helicoverpa armigera with RNA interference. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 82:17-27. [PMID: 26238928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin peroxidases (Tpxs) play a crucial role in protection against oxidative damage in several insect species. However, studies on the characteristics and functions of Tpxs in Helicoverpa armigera are lacking. In this study, a novel 2-Cys Tpx gene from H. armigera (HaTpx) was identified. Sequence analysis revealed that HaTpx is highly conserved and shares two catalysis regions (VCP) with other insect species. HaTpx mRNA was found to be expressed in an age-dependent manner and was ubiquitous in all tissues examined. Hormone treatment showed that the expression of HaTpx is clearly induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone but repressed by Juvenile hormone. Additionally, extreme temperature, ultraviolet light, mechanical injury, Escherichia coli, Metarhizium anisopliae, nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) infection, and H2O2 treatment markedly induced HaTpx gene expression. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in hemocytes and MDA concentrations in the hemolymph after NPV infection were evaluated, and the results indicated that NPV infection causes excessive ROS generation. After knockdown of HaTpx by RNA interference, the expression of three antioxidant genes (Cu/ZnSOD, Trx, and TrxR) was increased, whereas two antioxidant genes (CAT and GPX) showed decreased expression. Moreover, the susceptibility of H. armigera to NPV infection increased after HaTpx knockdown. These results indicated that HaTpx contributes to the susceptibility of H. armigera to NPV, and the results also provide a theoretical basis for a novel strategy for developing new chemicals and microbial pesticides that target HaTpx gene for controlling H. armigera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songdou Zhang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhongjian Shen
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengming Wu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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16
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Sequence analysis, expression profiles and function of thioredoxin 2 and thioredoxin reductase 1 in resistance to nucleopolyhedrovirus in Helicoverpa armigera. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15531. [PMID: 26502992 PMCID: PMC4621414 DOI: 10.1038/srep15531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The thioredoxin system, including NADPH, thioredoxin (Trx), and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), plays significant roles in maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis and protecting organisms against oxidative damage. In this study, the characteristics and functions of H. armigera HaTrx2 and HaTrxR1 were identified. Sequence analysis showed that HaTrx2 and HaTrxR1 were both highly conserved and shared high sequence identity with other insect counterparts. The mRNA of HaTrx2 was expressed the highest in 5th instar 96 h and was mainly detected in heads and epidermis. The expression of HaTrxR1 was highly concentrated in 5th instar 72 h and 96 h, and higher in malpighian tube, midgut and hemocyte than other examined tissues. HaTrx2 and HaTrxR1 were markedly induced by various types of stress. HaTrx2- or HaTrxR1-knockdown increased ROS production in hemocytes and also increased the lipid damage in NPV infected H. armigera larvae. Furthermore, interference with expression of HaTrx2 or HaTrxR1 transcripts in H. armigera larvae resulted in increased sensitivity to NPV infection and shortened LT50 values. Our findings indicated that HaTrx2 and HaTrxR1 contribute to the susceptibility of H. armigera to NPV and also provided the theoretical basis for the in-depth study of insect thioredoxin system.
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17
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Zhang Y, Lu Z. Peroxiredoxin 1 protects the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum from oxidative stress induced by Micrococcus luteus infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 127:115-21. [PMID: 25817695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROSs) are generated in organisms in response to infections caused by invading microbes. However, excessive ROSs will inflict oxidative damage on the host. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are antioxidative enzymes that may eliminate ROSs efficiently. In this study, ApPrx1 from the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum was cloned, and its function was investigated in vitro and in vivo. In the presence of DTT, recombinant ApPrx1 protein from Escherichia coli showed antioxidative activity by eliminating H2O2 effectively. The H2O2 levels were significantly higher in Micrococcus luteus-infected aphids than in uninfected aphids, and ApPrx1 expression was remarkably up-regulated when the aphids were infected with M. luteus or injected with H2O2. When ApPrx1 expression was reduced by dsRNA injection, the survival of the aphids decreased significantly after M. luteus infection. Knockdown of ApPrx1 decreased M. luteus loads inside the aphids 48h post-infection. While under infection conditions, the H2O2 levels were much higher in ApPrx1 knockdown aphids than in dsGFP-injected aphids, indicating that the decreased survival of the aphids was caused by increased oxidative stress. Taken together, our results reveal that ApPrx1 plays a protective role in oxidative stress caused by bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdong Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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18
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Zhang L, Lu Z. Expression, purification and characterization of an atypical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 24:203-212. [PMID: 25512182 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) play important roles in protecting organisms against damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we cloned a cDNA of Bombyx mori peroxiredoxin 5 (BmPrx5), which contained a 565-bp open reading frame for a 188-residue protein. Sequence analysis indicated that BmPrx5 belongs to the atypical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin family. Recombinant BmPrx5 purified from Escherichia coli showed antioxidant activity that removes H2 O2 and protects DNA from oxidative damage. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that the level of BmPrx5 mRNA in haemocytes increased early and decreased by 24 h after injection of H2 O2 whereas, in the fat body, the transcript level decreased at 6 h and increased at 12 h. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus infection resulted in higher levels of H2 O2 in the haemolymph and of BmPrx5 mRNA in haemocytes at 8 h postinfection. These data suggest that BmPrx5 acts as an antioxidant enzyme to protect the silkworm from oxidative damage induced by bacterial infection. Further study is needed to elucidate the exact role of BmPrx5 in the silkworm immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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