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Zhu Y, Furukawa S. Effects of two transglutaminases on innate immune responses in the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38988132 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TGase) is a key enzyme that mediates hemolymph coagulation and is thought to contribute to the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms in invertebrates. The objective of this study was to elucidate the involvement of TGase in insect immune responses via functional analysis of this enzyme in the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata, using recombinant proteins and RNA interference technique. We identified two TGase genes, mystgase1 and mystgase2, in Mythimna separata and found that both genes are expressed in all surveyed tissues in M. separata larvae. Significant changes were induced in hemocytes following Escherichia coli injection. Injection of Gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus luteus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens) into larvae triggered a time-specific induction of both mystgase1 and mystgase2 in hemocytes. Recombinant MysTGase1 and MysTGase2 proteins bound to both E. coli and M. luteus, localizing within bacterial clusters and resulting in agglutination in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The hemocytes of larvae injected with recombinant MysTGase1 or MysTGase2 exhibited enhanced phagocytic ability against E. coli, improved in vivo bacterial clearance, and increased resistance to S. marcescens, decreasing larval mortality rate. Conversely, RNA interference targeting mystgase1 or mystgase2 significantly reduced hemocyte phagocytic capability, decreased bacterial clearance, and increased susceptibility to S. marcescens infection, thereby increasing larval mortality rate. The findings of this study are anticipated to expand our understanding of the function of TGases within insect immune responses and may contribute to developing new pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Seiichi Furukawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhan L, Jiang X, Tang X. Comprehensive review for non-coding RNAs: From mechanisms to therapeutic applications. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 224:116218. [PMID: 38643906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are an assorted collection of transcripts that are not translated into proteins. Since their discovery, ncRNAs have gained prominence as crucial regulators of various biological functions across diverse cell types and tissues, and their abnormal functioning has been implicated in disease. Notably, extensive research has focused on the relationship between microRNAs (miRNAs) and human cancers, although other types of ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are also emerging as significant contributors to human disease. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of our current knowledge regarding the roles of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in cancer and other major human diseases, particularly cancer, cardiovascular, neurological, and infectious diseases. Moreover, we discuss the potential utilization of ncRNAs as disease biomarkers and as targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanJun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223005, China
| | - Lijuan Zhan
- College of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223005, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- College of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223005, China.
| | - Xiaozhu Tang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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3
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Zhong S, Ma X, Jiang Y, Qiao Y, Zeng M, Huang L, Huang G, Zhao Y, Chen X. MicroRNA sequencing analysis reveals injury-induced immune responses of Scylla paramamosain against cheliped autotomy. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109055. [PMID: 37666314 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
During pond culture or intensive culture system of crabs (mainly Eriocheir sinensis, Portunus trituberculatus and Scylla paramamosain), high-density farming has typically contributed to a higher limb autotomy level in juvenile animals, especially in S. paramamosain which has a high level of cannibalism. Due to the high limb autotomy level, the survival and growth rates in S. paramamosain farming are restricted, which limit the growth of the mud crab farming industry. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate a series of biological processes including innate immune responses by post-transcriptional suppression of their target genes. MiRNAs are believed to be crucial for innate immune process of host wound healing. Many miRNAs have been verified to be required in host immune responses to repair wound and to defense pathogen after tissue damage. However, to our best knowledge, the miRNAs functions of crustacean innate immune reactions against injury induced by limb autotomy have not been studied yet. Here in this study, for the first time, miRNAs involved in the S. paramamosain immune reactions against injury induced by cheliped autotomy were obtained by high-throughput sequencing. A total of 575 miRNAs (518 known miRNAs and 57 novel predicted miRNAs) were obtained, of which 141 differentially expressed microRNAs (93 up-regulated microRNAs and 48 down-regulated microRNAs) were revealed to be modified against cheliped autotomy, and the qPCR results of randomly selected miRNAs confirmed the expression patterns in the miRNAs sequencing data. Numerous immune-related target genes associated with innate immune system were mediated by miRNAs to induce host humoral immune and cellular immune defense to minimize acute physical damage. Furthermore, the genes expression in hemolymph coagulation and melanization pathways, as well as Toll and Imd signaling pathways were mediated by miRNAs to activate host immune responses including melanization and antimicrobial peptides for rapid wound healing and killing invaded pathogens. These results will help to understand injury-induced immune responses in crabs and to develop an effective control strategy of autotomy rate in crabs farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengping Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Oceanology Co., Ltd., Beihai, 536000, China.
| | - Xiaowan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, 536000, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Oceanology Co., Ltd., Beihai, 536000, China
| | - Ying Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, 536000, China
| | - Mengqing Zeng
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Oceanology Co., Ltd., Beihai, 536000, China
| | - Lianghua Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Guoqiang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, 530200, China.
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Kumar V, Roy S, Behera BK, Das BK. Heat Shock Proteins (Hsps) in Cellular Homeostasis: A Promising Tool for Health Management in Crustacean Aquaculture. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1777. [PMID: 36362932 PMCID: PMC9699388 DOI: 10.3390/life12111777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are a family of ubiquitously expressed stress proteins and extrinsic chaperones that are required for viability and cell growth in all living organisms. These proteins are highly conserved and produced in all cellular organisms when exposed to stress. Hsps play a significant role in protein synthesis and homeostasis, as well as in the maintenance of overall health in crustaceans against various internal and external environmental stresses. Recent reports have suggested that enhancing in vivo Hsp levels via non-lethal heat shock, exogenous Hsps, or plant-based compounds, could be a promising strategy used to develop protective immunity in crustaceans against both abiotic and biotic stresses. Hence, Hsps as the agent of being an immune booster and increasing disease resistance will present a significant advancement in reducing stressful conditions in the aquaculture system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bijay Kumar Behera
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India
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Yan Y, Ramakrishnan A, Estévez-Lao TY, Hillyer JF. Transglutaminase 3 negatively regulates immune responses on the heart of the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6715. [PMID: 35468918 PMCID: PMC9038791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune and circulatory systems of insects are functionally integrated. Following infection, immune cells called hemocytes aggregate around the ostia (valves) of the heart. An earlier RNA sequencing project in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, revealed that the heart-associated hemocytes, called periostial hemocytes, express transglutaminases more highly than hemocytes elsewhere in the body. Here, we further queried the expression of these transglutaminase genes and examined whether they play a role in heart-associated immune responses. We found that, in the whole body, injury upregulates the expression of TGase2, whereas infection upregulates TGase1, TGase2 and TGase3. RNAi-based knockdown of TGase1 and TGase2 did not alter periostial hemocyte aggregation, but knockdown of TGase3 increased the number of periostial hemocytes during the early stages of infection and the sequestration of melanin by periostial hemocytes during the later stages of infection. In uninfected mosquitoes, knockdown of TGase3 also slightly reduced the number of sessile hemocytes outside of the periostial regions. Taken altogether, these data show that TGase3 negatively regulates periostial hemocyte aggregation, and we hypothesize that this occurs by negatively regulating the immune deficiency pathway and by altering hemocyte adhesion. In conclusion, TGase3 is involved in the functional integration between the immune and circulatory systems of mosquitoes.
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Zhu J, Shao Y, Chen K, Zhang W, Li C. A transglutaminase 2-like gene from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus mediates coelomocytes autophagy. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:602-612. [PMID: 34742899 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGases) are widely known to play critical roles in innate immunity, in particular, TGase2, which involves in autophagy process to help degrade protein aggregates under stressful conditions in mammals. Nevertheless, the function of the TGase2 counterpart whether involves in invertebrate autophagy is largely unknown. In this study, a novel TGase2-like homologous gene from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (named as AjTGase2-like) was cloned using RACE technology and its biological functions were also investigated. The AjTGase2-like gene encoded a peptide of 750 amino acids with the representative domains of Transglut_N domain, TGc domain, and two Transglut_C domains, which exhibited highly conservative with vertebrate TGase2. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis both supported that AjTGase2-like belonged to a new member of TGase2 subfamily. AjTGase2-like was pervasively expressed in all examined tissues, with the largest transcription in muscle, followed by respiratory trees, and intestine. After immersion infection with Vibrio splendidus, the mRNA and protein levels of AjTGase2-like were both significantly induced and reached the highest levels at 24 h, indicating AjTGase2-like plays a key role in immune response. Further functional analysis showed that the ubiquitinated protein level was significantly increased by 1.65-fold (p < 0.01) after silencing of AjTGase2-like, and the protein levels of AjLC3-II/I and AjBeclin1 were both obviously decreased by 0.49-fold (p < 0.01) and 0.64-fold (p < 0.01) at the same time, while the authophagy receptor of Ajp62 was signally up-regulated by 1.40-fold (p < 0.01) under same condition. Moreover, the immunofluorescence signals of AjLC3 and Ajp62 were consistent with their protein levels, suggesting knockdown of AjTGase2-like causes a blockage in autophagy. More importantly, the AjLC3 positive signal was not increased after adding with chloroquine in the case of AjTGase2-like interference, indicating AjTGase2-like might play pivotal role in the early step of autophagosome formation. Besides, our results showed that the fluorescence signal of AjTGase2-like was largely co-localized with Ajp62 around the cytoplasm in vivo, and rAjp62 could directly combine with rAjTGase2-like in vitro, indicating AjTGase2-like interacts with Ajp62 during autophagy. Overall, our findings supported that AjTGase2-like served as a positive regulator in sea cucumber authophay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Yina Shao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
| | - Kaiyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
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7
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Zhao X, Liu L, Zhou W, Cai Q, Huang Q. Roles of selenoprotein T and transglutaminase in active immunization against entomopathogenic fungi in the termite Reticulitermes chinensis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 125:104085. [PMID: 32634432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Active immunization can protect individuals from infectious diseases in social insects. It is well established that trace elements are essential to the host immune system, but the related gene functions in insect social immunity are unknown. Here, we found that the levels of three free elements (Se, Ca and Cr) and selenoprotein T (SELT) expression were significantly decreased in the termite Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder during active immunization against the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin. Thus, we further explored the role of the SELT gene in the active immunization of termites. After SELT was significantly silenced by RNAi, the nestmates of fungus-contaminated termites exhibited reduced antifungal activity and increased mortality, along with increased expression of the immune genes transglutaminase (TG) and transferrin (Tsf), indicating that the active immunization of termites was disrupted by SELT silencing. Moreover, the TG-knockdown nestmates of fungus-contaminated termites significantly decreased grooming behavior, antifungal activity and survival, despite the upregulation of SELT expression, also suggesting that the active immunization of termites was disrupted by the silencing of TG. These findings demonstrated that both SELT gene and TG gene play important roles in driving active immunization against the entomopathogenic fungus M. anisopliae in R. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingying Zhao
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Long Liu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Cai
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qiuying Huang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
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8
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Tran NT, Wan W, Kong T, Tang X, Zhang D, Gong Y, Zheng H, Ma H, Zhang Y, Li S. SpTGase plays an important role in the hemolymph clotting in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:326-336. [PMID: 30974215 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TGase) is important in blood coagulation, a conserved immunological defense mechanism among invertebrates. This study is the first report of the TGase in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) (SpTGase) with a 2304 bp ORF encoding 767 amino acids (molecular weight 85.88 kDa). SpTGase is acidic, hydrophilic, stable and thermostable, containing three transglutaminase domains, one TGase/protease-like homolog domain (TGc), one integrin-binding motif (Arg270, Gly271, Asp272) and three catalytic sites (Cys333, His401, Asp424) within the TGc. Neither a signal peptide nor a transmembrane domain was found, and the random coil is dominant in the secondary structure of SpTGase. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relation between SpTGase to its homolog EsTGase 1 from Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Expression of SpTGase was investigated using qRT-PCR (1) in eight tissues from healthy mud crabs, with the highest expression in hemocytes, and (2) in response to various immune challenges (Vibrio parahaemolyticus, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Poly I:C infection), revealing a major up-regulation in hemocytes, skin, and hepatopancreas during the 96-h post injection. The recombinant SpTGase showed a capacity of agglutination activities on both Gram-negative bacteria and yeast. SpTGase was found to directly interact with another important blood coagulation component clip domain serine protease (SpcSP). Moreover, knockdown of SpTGase resulted in a decreased expression of both clotting protein precursor (SppreCP) and SpcSP and an increase of duration time in the blood coagulation. Taken together, the findings of this study suggest SpTGase play an important role in the hemolymph clotting in mud crab S. paramamosain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Weisong Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Tongtong Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Xixiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Daimeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Huaiping Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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Wan ZC, Li D, Li XJ, Zhu YT, Gao TH, Li WW, Wang Q. B52 promotes alternative splicing of Dscam in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:460-469. [PMID: 30685464 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
B52 is a member of the classical serine/arginine (SR)-rich proteins, which are phylogenetically conserved and play significant roles in mRNA maturation, including alternative splicing. In the present study, the docking site, selector sequences and locus control region of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (EsDscam) were identified. Alternative splicing of Dscam is essential to generate different isoforms. We also isolated and characterised the B52 gene from E. sinensis (EsB52). The 876 bp open reading frame of EsB52 encodes a 291 amino acid residue polypeptide, and EsB52 has two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) at the N-terminus and an arginine/serine-rich domain at the C-terminus. Each RRM contains two degenerate short submotifs, RNP-1 and RNP2. Analysis of tissue distribution revealed that EsB52 mRNA expression was widespread in all tested tissues, and especially high in brain and hemocytes. In hemocytes, EsB52 was upregulated significantly after stimulation with pathogen-associated molecular patterns and bacteria. Furthermore, EsB52 RNAi decreased the number of Ig7 inclusion in mRNA rather than Ig2 or Ig3. Taken together, these findings suggest that EsB52 acts as an alternative splicing activator of EsDscam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Cheng Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - You-Ting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Heng Gao
- Institute of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Ruan Z, Wan Z, Yang L, Li W, Wang Q. JAK/STAT signalling regulates antimicrobial activities in Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:491-501. [PMID: 30253180 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signalling pathway plays a significant role in immune responses to pathogens. In invertebrates, three core components (Domeless, Hopscotch and STAT92E) of the JAK/STAT pathway were first identified in Drosophila melanogaster. In the present study, we report the cloning and characterisation of DOME, JAK and STAT from Eriocheir sinensis. EsDOME, EsJAK and EsSTAT are 1299, 1110 and 794 amino acid proteins encoded by 4200, 3333 and 2385 bp open reading frames, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that all three share specific domains with corresponding functions. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that all three components were highly expressed in various tissues including the gill, hepatopancreas and hemocytes. Moreover, EsDOME, EsJAK and EsSTAT were upregulated significantly in hemocytes after bacterial challenge. In addition, the JAK/STAT signalling pathway positively regulates antimicrobial peptide expression during the antibacterial immune response. Thus, the JAK/STAT pathway plays a critical role in bacterial immune responses in E. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechao Ruan
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhicheng Wan
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Lv Z, Song X, Xu J, Jia Z, Yang B, Jia Y, Qiu L, Wang L, Song L. The modulation of Smac/DIABLO on mitochondrial apoptosis induced by LPS in Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:587-598. [PMID: 30336283 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis is well studied as the major mechanism of physiological cell death in vertebrates. In the present study, a second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac)/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein (IAP) with low pI protein (DIABLO) (designated as CgSmac) was identified from oyster Crassostrea gigas. The open reading frame of CgSmac was of 966 bp nucleotides encoding a predicted polypeptide of 321 amino acids with a conserved Smac/DIABLO domain containing a potential IAP-binding motif of VMPV. CgSmac proteins were distributed in hemocytes and co-localized with mitochondria. Western blotting analysis revealed that CgSmac proteins mainly existed in the dimer form in hemocytes, and the monomeric precursors and mature monomers were also detected. After lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, the mRNA expression of CgSmac in hemocytes was significantly up-regulated and peaked at 6 h (12.26-fold, p < 0.05), and the protein level of its dimers was significantly up-regulated at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h, while that of CgSmac monomers was up-regulated at 6 h, 12 h and down-regulated at 24 h, 48 h. The decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential indicated that the occurrence of early stage of apoptosis in primary cultured hemocytes was induced by LPS, and RNA interference (RNAi) of CgSmac could not rescue this decrease. The caspase-3 activity in primary cultured hemocytes was significantly suppressed after RNAi of CgSmac. Correspondingly, the total apoptotic rate of primary cultured hemocytes was also significantly suppressed in dsCgSmac + LPS group (31.57%) compared to dsEGFP + LPS group (40.27%, p < 0.05), which in turn demonstrated the conserved pro-apoptotic function of CgSmac. Furthermore, the early apoptotic rate (10.4% vs. 8.5%, p < 0.05) was significantly higher in dsCgSmac + LPS group than that of dsEGFP + LPS group, while the necrosis (7.7% vs. 10.0%, p < 0.05) and late apoptotic rates (13.4% vs. 21.9%, p < 0.05) were lower in dsCgSmac + LPS group than those of dsEGFP + LPS group. Collectively, CgSmac could activate mitochondrial apoptosis pathway by promoting caspase-3 activity in oyster hemocytes against exogenous LPS invasion. These results provided new insights on oyster apoptosis and the immune defense mechanisms in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiachao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunke Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology& Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology& Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Yang L, Ruan Z, Li X, Li L, Wang Q, Li W. NEDD8-conjugated Cullin4 positive regulates antimicrobial peptides expression in Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:1041-1049. [PMID: 30381265 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in numerous cellular processes, such as signal transduction, autophagy, cell cycle control, embryogenesis, and regulation of immune response. Neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated 8 (NEDD8) is a ubiquitin-like protein that activates Cullin-RING ligases and modifies substrates via neddylation. However, there is limited information on how neddylation regulates innate immunity in crustaceans. In the present study, we identified the evolutionarily conserved NEDD8 with the ubiquitin homologue domain in the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), named it EsNEDD8. Then, we analyzed the expression patterns and cellular location of its substrate, EsCullin4. qRT-PCR showed that both EsNEDD8 and EsCullin4 were widely expressed in all the selected tissues, and EsCullin4 was significantly upregulated in hemocytes after bacterial stimulation. Moreover, silencing of EsCullin4 significantly suppressed the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the hemocytes after bacterial stimulation, and inhibition of EsCullin4 neddylation by treatment with the NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924 significantly inhibited the expression of the AMPs. Thus, the results show that EsNEDD8-modified EsCullin4 could control antimicrobial activities via regulation of AMPs expression in the Chinese mitten crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defence & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zechao Ruan
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defence & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejie Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defence & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defence & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defence & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weiwei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defence & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Lv Z, Qiu L, Liu Z, Wang W, Chen H, Jia Y, Jia Z, Jiang S, Wang L, Song L. Molecular characterization of a cathepsin L1 highly expressed in phagocytes of pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 89:152-162. [PMID: 30144489 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin L1 (CTSL1) is a lysosomal cysteine protease with a papain-like structure. It is known to be implicated in multiple processes of immune response against pathogen infection based on the proteolytic activity. In the present study, a CTSL1 homologue (designated as CgCTSL1) was identified from Crassostrea gigas. It contained a typically single Pept_C1 domain with three conserved catalytically essential residues (Gln25, His135 and Asn178). The mRNA of CgCTSL1 was ubiquitously expressed in oyster tissues with the highest expression level in important immune tissues such as gill and hemocytes. CgCTSL1 proteins were mainly detected in gill and hepatopancreas by immunohistochemistry. Recombinant CgCTSL1 (rCgCTSL1) exhibited proteolytic activity to cleave the substrate Ac-FR-amino-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin (AFC) in a dose-dependent manner, and the inhibitor could reduce its proteolytic activity. After the interference of CgCTSL1 mRNA, the proteolytic activity of oyster hemocytes was significantly down-regulated with the released AFC fluorescence value decreasing from 375.84 to 179.21 (p < 0.05). Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the expression of CgCTSL1 protein was higher in phagocytes with the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) value of 21,187 (4.13-fold, p < 0.01) compared to the MFI value of 5,130 in non-phagocytic hemocytes. The further confocal analysis demonstrated that the actively phagocytic hemocytes with green bead signals were co-localized with stronger CgCTSL1 positive signals. The mRNA expression levels of CgCTSL1 in phagocyte-like sub-populations of granulocytes and semi-granulocytes were 298.12-fold (p < 0.01) and 2.75-fold (p < 0.01) of that in agranulocytes, respectively. Western blotting analysis of the hemocyte proteins revealed that CgCTSL1 was relatively abundant in granulocytes and semi-granulocytes compared to that in agranulocytes. These results collectively suggested that CgCTSL1, a CTSL1 homologue highly expressed in phagocyte-like hemocytes, was possibly involved in cellular immune response dependent on its conserved proteolytic activity, which might provide clues for the divergence between phagocytes and non-phagocytic hemocytes as well as the identification of promising molecular markers for phagocytes in oyster C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yunke Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Sirikharin R, Söderhäll I, Söderhäll K. Characterization of a cold-active transglutaminase from a crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:546-549. [PMID: 29960064 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TGase) from signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and its activity at low temperatures was studied. TGase is an abundant protein in the hematopoietic (HPT) cells and this tissue was used for TGase enzyme preparation. The optimal temperature and pH for the activity of crayfish TGase were determined. We found that TGase activity at 4 °C showed nearly the same activity as at a temperature of 22 °C. TGase activity from crayfish was compared with guinea pig liver TGase activity at 4 °C and the crayfish TGase displayed a higher activity while guinea pig liver TGase had a very low activity at this low temperature. By comparing kinetic parameters to guinea pig liver TGase, the results showed that a high activity of crayfish TGase was due to a decreasing Km value for pentylamine as a substrate, while it did not affect the kcat value (at 22 °C). The amino acid sequences of a krill and a crayfish TGase, which both are cold adapted, do not give any clue to why these two enzymes are cold-adapted. These results demonstrate that crayfish TGase is adapted to have significant activity at low temperatures and since crayfish are living in quite cold waters this is an interesting adaptation of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchanok Sirikharin
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 75326, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irene Söderhäll
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 75326, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 75326, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Wang S, Zhu Y, Li X, Wang Q, Li J, Li W. Fatty acid binding protein regulate antimicrobial function via Toll signaling in Chinese mitten crab. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 63:9-17. [PMID: 28131672 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are members of the lipid binding protein superfamily and play crucial role in fatty acid transport and lipid metabolism. In macrophages, Adipocyte-type FABP is an important mediator of inflammation. However, the immune functions of FABPs in invertebrates are not well understood; here, we obtained the gene structure of Eriocheir sinensis FABP 3 and FABP 9 (EsFABP 3 and EsFABP 9), and compared with EsFABP 10. The mRNA expression profiles show that all three FABPs were significantly up-regulated in hemocytes after being challenged with bacteria. Of the three, EsFABP 3 was the most stable and also the most highly up-regulated. Further studies showed that knockdown of EsFABP 3 led to higher bacterial counts in the hemocyte culture medium and a significant decrease in the mRNA expression of some antimicrobial peptides following bacterial stimulation. Moreover, a subcellular study demonstrated that EsFABP 3 can affect nuclear translocation of the dorsal after Gram-positive bacterial stimulation in hemocytes. These findings support the notion that EsFABP 3 could inhibit bacterial proliferation by regulating antimicrobial peptides expression via the Toll signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichuang Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youting Zhu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejie Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayao Li
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weiwei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Lerner A, Aminov R, Matthias T. Transglutaminases in Dysbiosis As Potential Environmental Drivers of Autoimmunity. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:66. [PMID: 28174571 PMCID: PMC5258703 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-glutamine γ-glutamyltransferases (transglutaminases, Tgs) belong to the class of transferases. They catalyze the formation of an isopeptide bond between the acyl group at the end of the side chain of protein- or peptide-bound glutamine residues and the first order 𝜀-amine groups of protein- or peptide-bound lysine. The Tgs are considered to be universal protein cross-linkers, and they play an essential role in a number of human diseases. In this review, we discuss mainly the bacterial Tgs in terms of the functionality of the enzymes and a potential role they may play in bacterial survival. Since microbial transglutaminases (mTgs) are functionally similar to the human homologs, they may be involved in the human disease provocation. We suggest here a potential involvement of Tgs in the pathologies such as autoimmune diseases. In this hypothesis, the endogenous mTgs that are secreted by the gut microbiota, especially in a dysbiotic configuration, are potential drivers of systemic autoimmunity, via the enzymatic posttranslational modification of peptides in the gut lumen. These mTg activities directed toward cross-linking of naïve proteins can potentially generate neo-epitopes that are not only immunogenic but may also activate some immune response cascades leading to the pathological autoimmune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa, Israel; AESKU.KIPP InstituteWendelsheim, Germany
| | - Rustam Aminov
- Gastroenterology Division, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
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Zhu YT, Zhang X, Wang SC, Li WW, Wang Q. Antimicrobial functions of EsLecH, a C-type lectin, via JNK pathway in the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 61:225-235. [PMID: 27068761 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs) are pattern recognition proteins that play significant roles in the innate immune system by identifying and eliminating pathogens. Here, we have reported a CTL (EsLecH) from the Chinese mitten crab that can bind to microorganisms and regulate antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression via the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. EsLecH was found to have an N-terminal signal peptide and a single carbohydrate recognition domain. The EsLecH transcript was detected abundantly in various tissues, and it was significantly upregulated in hemocytes after challenging with lipopolysaccharides and bacteria. Recombinant (r)EsLecH could bind to microorganisms, but at different levels. Ca(2+) significantly increased rEsLecH binding affinity to microorganisms. Furthermore, growth inhibition by rEsLecH increased with increasing rEsLecH levels. Knockdown of EsLecH was accompanied by a significant reduction in AMP expression and JNK phosphorylation; AMP expression was reduced with JNK silencing and can not rescued by rEsLecH when absence of JNK. These results indicate that EsLecH could regulate AMPs via JNK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ting Zhu
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, PR China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, PR China
| | - Shi-Chuang Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, PR China.
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, PR China.
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