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Li Q, Zhang M, Qin S, Wen J, Shen X, Du Z. Dual oxidase 2 (duox 2) participates in the intestinal antibacterial innate immune responses of Procambarus clarkii by regulating ROS levels. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 153:105116. [PMID: 38101716 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Dual oxidase (Duox) a member of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) family can induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In vertebrates, the duox gene was indicated to be associated with the mucosal immunity. The roles of the duox gene in invertebrates were mainly studied in insects for the function of maintaining intestinal flora balance. In recent years, some studies have reported that Duox is involved in regulating the production of ROS and plays an important role in defending against the intestinal pathogen infection. However, the molecular mechanism has not been fully illuminated. In this study, a duox 2 involved in the production of H2O2 was identified for the first time in P. clarkii. Mature Pc-Duox 2 is a 7-transmembrane protein molecule that includes PHD, FAD, and NAD domains. Pc-duox 2 was mainly expressed in hemocytes and intestinal tissue. Its expression levels were obviously upregulated after intramuscular or oral infection with V. harveyi. In the RNAi assay, the upregulated trends of H2O2 and total ROS levels in crayfish intestine were significantly suppressed when Pc-duox 2 was knocked down. Compared with the slightly affected SOD activity, the upregulated CAT activity was suppressed more obviously in the crayfish intestine. Furthermore, Pc-duox 2 had an important effect on the maintenance of the structural stability of crayfish the intestine. Further research revealed that the knockdown of Pc-duox 2 could cause an obvious suppression in the upregulated levels of Toll signalling pathway-related genes, including Pc-toll 1, Pc-toll 3, Pc-dorsal, Pc-ALF 5, Pc-crustin 1, and Pc-lysozyme. Ultimately, these changes triggered the accelerated death of crayfish. Overall, we speculated that Pc-duox 2 played an important role in antibacterial innate immunity in the crayfish intestine by regulating the total ROS level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, 014010, China
| | - Mingda Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, 014010, China
| | - Shiyu Qin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, 014010, China
| | - Jing Wen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, 014010, China
| | - Xiuli Shen
- Library, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, 014010, China
| | - Zhiqiang Du
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, 014010, China.
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2
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Zhang S, Liu S, Liu H, Li H, Luo J, Zhang A, Ding Y, Ren T, Chen W. Stochastic Assembly Increases the Complexity and Stability of Shrimp Gut Microbiota During Aquaculture Progression. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:92-102. [PMID: 38165637 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-023-10279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiota of aquaculture species contributes to their food metabolism and regulates their health, which has been shown to vary during aquaculture progression of their hosts. However, limited research has examined the outcomes and mechanisms of these changes in the gut microbiota of hosts. Here, Kuruma shrimps from the beginning, middle, and late stages of aquaculture progression (about a time duration of 2 months between each stage) were collected and variations in the gut microbiota of Kuruma shrimp during the whole aquaculture process were examined. High-throughput sequencing demonstrated increases in the diversity and richness of the shrimp gut microbiota with aquaculture progression. In addition, the gut microbiota composition differed among cultural stages, with enrichment of Firmicutes, RF39, and Megamonas and a reduction in Proteobacteria in the mid-stage. Notably, only very few taxa were persistent in the shrimp gut microbiota during the whole aquaculture progression, while the number of taxa that specific to the end of aquaculture was high. Network analysis revealed increasing complexity of the shrimp gut microbiota during aquaculture progression. Moreover, the shrimp gut microbiota became significantly more stable towards the end of aquaculture. According to the results of neutral community model, contribution of stochastic processes for shaping the shrimp gut microbiota was elevated along the aquaculture progression. This study showed substantial variations in shrimp gut microbiota during aquaculture progression and explored the underlying mechanisms regulating these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Zhang
- Dalian Ocean Development Affairs Service, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Dalian Ocean Development Affairs Service, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Hui Li
- Dalian Ocean Development Affairs Service, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Dalian Sun Asia Tourism Holding Co. Ltd., Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Aili Zhang
- Dalian Ocean School, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Yinpeng Ding
- Dalian Ocean Development Affairs Service, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Tongjun Ren
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Dalian Ocean Development Affairs Service, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China.
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Ji Y, Gao B, Zhao D, Wang Y, Zhang L, Wu H, Xie Y, Shi Q, Guo W. Involvement of Sep38β in the Insecticidal Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis against Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2321-2333. [PMID: 38206329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are associated with insect immunity, tissue repair, and the insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Here, a p38 MAPK family gene (Sep38β) was identified from Spodoptera exigua. Among the developmental stages, the transcription level of Sep38β was the highest in egg, followed by that in prepupa and pupa. Sep38β expression peaked in Malpighian tubules and the hemolymph of fifth instar larvae. Knockdown of Sep38β or injection of SB203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor) significantly downregulated the SeDUOX expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in the midgut, accounting for deterioration of the midgut to scavenge pathogens and enhancement of Bt insecticidal activity. In conclusion, all the results demonstrate that Sep38β regulates the immune-related ROS level in the insect midgut, which suppresses the insecticidal activity of Bt against S. exigua by 17-22%. Our study highlights that Sep38β is essential for insect immunity and the insecticidal activity of Bt to S. exigua and is a potential target for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ji
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Han Wu
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yifan Xie
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiuyu Shi
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Zheng Z, Liu S, Lin Z, Aweya JJ, Zheng Z, Zhao Y, Chen X, Li S, Zhang Y. Kruppel homolog 1 modulates ROS production and antimicrobial peptides expression in shrimp hemocytes during infection by the Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain that causes AHPND. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1246181. [PMID: 37711612 PMCID: PMC10497957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1246181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Shrimp aquaculture has been seriously affected by acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by a strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus that carries the Pir toxin plasmids (V. parahaemolyticus (AHPND)). In this study, the transcription factor, Kruppel homolog 1-like of Peneaus vannamei (PvKr-h1), was significantly induced in shrimp hemocytes after V. parahaemolyticus (AHPND) challenge, suggesting that PvKr-h1 is involved in shrimp immune response. Knockdown of PvKr-h1 followed by V. parahaemolyticus (AHPND) challenge increased bacterial abundance in shrimp hemolymph coupled with high shrimp mortality. Moreover, transcriptome and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that PvKr-h1 silencing followed by V. parahaemolyticus (AHPND) challenge dysregulated the expression of several antioxidant-related enzyme genes, such as Cu-Zu SOD, GPX, and GST, and antimicrobial peptide genes, i.e., CRUs and PENs, and reduced ROS activity and nuclear translocation of Relish. These data reveal that PvKr-h1 regulates shrimps' immune response to V. parahaemolyticus (AHPND) infection by suppressing antioxidant-related enzymes, enhancing ROS production and promoting nuclei import of PvRelish to stimulate antimicrobial peptide genes expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zheng
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Department of Reproductive Medicine, Luohu Clinical College of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Shangjie Liu
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Department of Reproductive Medicine, Luohu Clinical College of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Zhongyang Lin
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhihong Zheng
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhao
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning, China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
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Jia R, Dai X, Li Y, Yang X, Min X, Quan D, Liu P, Huang X, Ge J, Ren Q. Duox mediated ROS production inhibited WSSV replication in Eriocheir sinensis under short-term nitrite stress. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 260:106575. [PMID: 37196508 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite stress and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection are major problems threatening the sustainable and healthy development of Eriocheir sinensis. Some studies have found that nitrite stress can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas synthetic ROS plays a vital role in the signaling pathway. However, whether nitrite stress influences the infection of crabs by WSSV remains unclear. NADPH oxidases, including NOX1-5 and Duox1-2, are important for ROS production. In the present study, a novel Duox gene (designated as EsDuox) was identified from E. sinensis. The studies found that nitrite stress could increase the expression of EsDuox during WSSV infection and decrease the transcription of the WSSV envelope protein VP28. Moreover, nitrite stress could increase the production of ROS, and the synthesis of ROS relied on EsDuox. These results indicated a potential "nitrite stress-Duox activation-ROS production" pathway that plays a negative role in WSSV infection in E. sinensis. Further studies found that nitrite stress and EsDuox could promote the expression of EsDorsal transcriptional factor and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) during WSSV infection. Moreover, the synthesis of AMPs was positively regulated by EsDorsal in the process of WSSV infection under nitrite stress. Furthermore, EsDorsal played an inhibitory role in the replication of WSSV under nitrite stress. Our study reveals a new pathway for "nitrite stress-Duox activation-ROS production-Dorsal activation-AMP synthesis" that is involved in the defense against WSSV infection in E. sinensis during short-term nitrite stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jia
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoling Dai
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xintong Yang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiuwen Min
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Derun Quan
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jiachun Ge
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210017, China.
| | - Qian Ren
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China.
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6
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Lv X, Li S, Yu Y, Zhang X, Li F. Crustin Defense against Vibrio parahaemolyticus Infection by Regulating Intestinal Microbial Balance in Litopenaeus vannamei. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020130. [PMID: 36827171 PMCID: PMC9963704 DOI: 10.3390/md21020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Crustins are a kind of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) that exist in crustaceans. Some crustins do not have direct antimicrobial activity but exhibit in vivo defense functions against Vibrio. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not clear. Here, the regulatory mechanism was partially revealed along with the characterization of the immune function of a type I crustin, LvCrustin I-2, from Litopenaeus vannamei. LvCrustin I-2 was mainly detected in hemocytes, intestines and gills and was apparently up-regulated after Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Although the recombinant LvCrustin I-2 protein possessed neither antibacterial activity nor agglutinating activity, the knockdown of LvCrustin I-2 accelerated the in vivo proliferation of V. parahaemolyticus. Microbiome analysis showed that the balance of intestinal microbiota was impaired after LvCrustin I-2 knockdown. Further transcriptome analysis showed that the intestinal epithelial barrier and immune function were impaired in shrimp after LvCrustin I-2 knockdown. After removing the intestinal bacteria via antibiotic treatment, the phenomenon of impaired intestinal epithelial barrier and immune function disappeared in shrimp after LvCrustin I-2 knockdown. This indicated that the impairment of the shrimp intestine after LvCrustin I-2 knockdown was caused by the dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota. The present data suggest that crustins could resist pathogen infection through regulating the intestinal microbiota balance, which provides new insights into the functional mechanisms of antimicrobial peptides during pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjia Lv
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shihao Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Yang Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (F.L.)
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7
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Messina M, Iacumin L, Pascon G, Tulli F, Tibaldi E, Cardinaletti G. Effect of feed restriction and refeeding on body condition, digestive functionality and intestinal microbiota in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:169-189. [PMID: 36680627 PMCID: PMC9935662 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to investigate the influence of fasting and refeeding on body condition, gut physiology and microbiota in reared O. mykiss. Ninety-six fish were randomly allotted among three groups subjected to different feeding plan: C (control, fed for 5 weeks); R (restricted ration over 3 weeks followed by 2 weeks feeding); F (fasted over 3 weeks followed by 2 weeks feeding) in a well's fresh water flow-through rearing plan. Sampling occurred at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 days during the refeeding period. At day 0 and throughout the feeding period until day 14, the weight of the fish was significantly affected by the feeding restriction. Feed deprivation reduced significantly the viscerosomatic and hepatosomatic indexes. Brush border membrane enzymes' specific activity was modulated by feeding regimes until day 7, to level in all experimental groups at day 14. At the end of the restricted/fasted period, the microbiota of the C group was made up of 70% of Actinobacteria, 24% of Proteobacteria, 4.2% of Firmicutes and < 1% of Bacteroides, while the restricted and fasted group were characterized by a strong reduction of Actinobacteria, and a significant increase in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. The feed deprivation determined a dysbiosis, allowing the development of different commensal or pathogenic bacteria. In conclusion, the effects of 2 weeks of feed deprivation, excluding those related to body weight, are gradually mitigated by refeeding, which allows the restoration of digestive functions and a healthy intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Messina
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Lucilla Iacumin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giulia Pascon
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesca Tulli
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Emilio Tibaldi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Jiang HS, Lv LX, Wang JX. Anti-lipopolysaccharide factor D from kuruma shrimp exhibits antiviral activity. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:52-61. [PMID: 37073360 PMCID: PMC10077183 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-021-00113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs) exhibit a potent antimicrobial activity against a broad range of bacteria, filamentous fungi, and viruses. In previous reports, seven groups of ALFs (groups A-G) were identified in penaeid shrimp. Among them, group D showed negative net charges and weak antimicrobial activity. Whether this group has antiviral function is not clear. In this study, the ALF sequences of penaeid shrimp were analyzed, and eight groups of ALF family (groups A-H) were identified. The four ALFs including MjALF-C2, MjALF-D1, MjALF-D2, and MjALF-E2 from kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus were expressed recombinantly in Escherichia coli, and the antiviral activity was screened via injection of purified recombinant ALFs into shrimp following white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. Results showed that the expression of Vp28 (WSSV envelope protein) decreased significantly in the MjALF-D2-injected shrimp only. Therefore, MjALF-D2 was chosen for further study. Expression pattern analysis showed that MjAlf-D2 was upregulated in shrimp challenged by WSSV. The WSSV replication was detected in RNA, genomic DNA, and protein levels using VP28 and Ie1 (immediate-early gene of WSSV) as indicators in MjALF-D2-injected shrimp following WSSV infection. Results showed that WSSV replication was significantly inhibited compared with that in the rTRX- or PBS-injected control groups. After knockdown of MjAlf-D2 in shrimp by RNA interference, the WSSV replication increased significantly in the shrimp. All these results suggested that MjALF-D2 has an antiviral function in shrimp immunity, and the recombinant ALF-D2 has a potential application for viral disease control in shrimp aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Shan Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Li-Xia Lv
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
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9
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Du S, Chen W, Yao Z, Huang X, Chen C, Guo H, Zhang D. Enterococcus faecium are associated with the modification of gut microbiota and shrimp post-larvae survival. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:88. [PMID: 34952650 PMCID: PMC8710032 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics are widely used to promote host health. Compared to mammals and terrestrial invertebrates, little is known the role of probiotics in aquatic invertebrates. In this study, eighteen tanks with eight hundred of shrimp post-larvae individuals each were randomly grouped into three groups, one is shrimps administered with E. faecium as probiotic (Tre) and others are shrimps without probiotic-treatment (CK1: blank control, CK2: medium control). We investigated the correlations between a kind of commercial Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) powder and microbiota composition with function potentials in shrimp post-larvae gut. RESULTS We sequenced the 16S rRNA gene (V4) of gut samples to assess diversity and composition of the shrimp gut microbiome and used differential abundance and Tax4Fun2 analyses to identify the differences of taxonomy and predicted function between different treatment groups. The ingested probiotic bacteria (E. faecium) were tracked in gut microbiota of Tre and the shrimps here showed the best growth performance especially in survival ratio (SR). The distribution of SR across samples was similar to that in PCoA plot based on Bray-Curits and two subgroups generated (SL: SR < 70%, SH: SR ≥ 70%). The gut microbiota structure and predicted function were correlated with both treatment and SR, and SR was a far more important factor driving taxonomic and functional differences than treatment. Both Tre and SH showed a low and uneven community species and shorted phylogenetic distance. We detected a shift in composition profile at phylum and genus level and further identified ten OTUs as relevant taxa that both closely associated with treatment and SR. The partial least squares path model further supported the important role of relevant taxa related to shrimp survival ratio. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we found gut microbiota correlated to both shrimp survival and ingested probiotic bacteria (E. faecium). These correlations should not be dismissed without merit and will uncover a promising strategy for developing novel probiotics through certain consortium of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicong Du
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China. .,School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou, 325099, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou, 325099, China
| | - Haipeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Demin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China. .,School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Hong PP, Zhu XX, Yuan WJ, Niu GJ, Wang JX. Nitric Oxide Synthase Regulates Gut Microbiota Homeostasis by ERK-NF-κB Pathway in Shrimp. Front Immunol 2021; 12:778098. [PMID: 34925352 PMCID: PMC8678275 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.778098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex group of microorganisms that is not only closely related to intestinal immunity but also affects the whole immune system of the body. Antimicrobial peptides and reactive oxygen species participate in the regulation of gut microbiota homeostasis in invertebrates. However, it is unclear whether nitric oxide, as a key mediator of immunity that plays important roles in antipathogen activity and immune regulation, participates in the regulation of gut microbiota homeostasis. In this study, we identified a nitric oxide synthase responsible for NO production in the shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. The expression of Nos and the NO concentration in the gastrointestinal tract were increased significantly in shrimp orally infected with Vibrio anguillarum. After RNA interference of Nos or treatment with an inhibitor of NOS, L-NMMA, NO production decreased and the gut bacterial load increased significantly in shrimp. Treatment with the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside, increased the NO level and reduced the bacterial load significantly in the shrimp gastrointestinal tract. Mechanistically, V. anguillarum infection increased NO level via upregulation of NOS and induced phosphorylation of ERK. The activated ERK phosphorylated the NF-κB-like transcription factor, dorsal, and caused nuclear translocation of dorsal to increase expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) responsible for bacterial clearance. In summary, as a signaling molecule, NOS-produced NO regulates intestinal microbiota homeostasis by promoting AMP expression against infected pathogens via the ERK-dorsal pathway in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Hong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Xu Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen-Jie Yuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guo-Juan Niu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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11
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Portet A, Toulza E, Lokmer A, Huot C, Duval D, Galinier R, Gourbal B. Experimental Infection of the Biomphalaria glabrata Vector Snail by Schistosoma mansoni Parasites Drives Snail Microbiota Dysbiosis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051084. [PMID: 34070104 PMCID: PMC8158356 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-parasite interaction can result in a strong alteration of the host-associated microbiota. This dysbiosis can affect the fitness of the host; can modify pathogen interaction and the outcome of diseases. Biomphalaria glabrata is the snail intermediate host of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, the agent of human schistosomiasis, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. Here, we present the first study of the snail bacterial microbiota in response to Schistosoma infection. We examined the interplay between B. glabrata, S. mansoni and host microbiota. Snails were infected and the microbiota composition was analysed by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing approach. We demonstrated that the microbial composition of water did not affect the microbiota composition. Then, we characterised the Biomphalaria bacterial microbiota at the individual scale in both naive and infected snails. Sympatric and allopatric strains of parasites were used for infections and re-infections to analyse the modification or dysbiosis of snail microbiota in different host-parasite co-evolutionary contexts. Concomitantly, using RNAseq, we investigated the link between bacterial microbiota dysbiosis and snail anti-microbial peptide immune response. This work paves the way for a better understanding of snail/schistosome interaction and should have critical consequences in terms of snail control strategies for fighting schistosomiasis disease in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Portet
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France; (A.P.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (D.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France; (A.P.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (D.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Ana Lokmer
- Laboratory of Eco-Anthropology UMR 7206 CNRS-MNHN-Paris 7, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Camille Huot
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France; (A.P.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (D.D.); (R.G.)
| | - David Duval
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France; (A.P.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (D.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Richard Galinier
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France; (A.P.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (D.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France; (A.P.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (D.D.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Li C, Hong PP, Yang MC, Zhao XF, Wang JX. FOXO regulates the expression of antimicrobial peptides and promotes phagocytosis of hemocytes in shrimp antibacterial immunity. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009479. [PMID: 33798239 PMCID: PMC8046353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Invertebrates rely on innate immunity, including humoral and cellular immunity, to resist pathogenic infection. Previous studies showed that forkhead box transcription factor O (FOXO) participates in mucosal immune responses of mammals and the gut humoral immune regulation of invertebrates. However, whether FOXO is involved in systemic and cellular immunity regulation in invertebrates remains unknown. In the present study, we identified a FOXO from shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) and found that it was expressed at relatively basal levels in normal shrimp, but was upregulated significantly in shrimp challenged by Vibrio anguillarum. FOXO played a critical role in maintaining hemolymph and intestinal microbiota homeostasis by promoting the expression of Relish, the transcription factor of the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway for expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in shrimp. We also found that pathogen infection activated FOXO and induced its nuclear translocation by reducing serine/threonine kinase AKT activity. In the nucleus, activated FOXO directly regulated the expression of its target Amp and Relish genes against bacterial infection. Furthermore, FOXO was identified as being involved in cellular immunity by promoting the phagocytosis of hemocytes through upregulating the expression of the phagocytotic receptor scavenger receptor C (Src), and two small GTPases, Rab5 and Rab7, which are related to phagosome trafficking to the lysosome in the cytoplasm. Taken together, our results indicated that FOXO exerts its effects on homeostasis of hemolymph and the enteric microbiota by activating the IMD pathway in normal shrimp, and directly or indirectly promoting AMP expression and enhancing phagocytosis of hemocytes against pathogens in bacteria-infected shrimp. This study revealed the different functions of FOXO in the mucosal (local) and systemic antibacterial immunity of invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Pan-Pan Hong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ming-Chong Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
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13
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Yang HT, Huang YH, Yang GW. Mini review: immunologic functions of dual oxidases in mucosal systems of vertebrates. BRAZ J BIOL 2020; 80:948-956. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.208749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Mucosal epithelial cells act as the first immunologic barrier of organisms, and contact directly with pathogens. Therefore, hosts must have differential strategies to combat pathogens efficiently. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), as a kind of oxidizing agents, participates in the early stage of killing pathogens quickly. Recent reports have revealed that dual oxidase (DUOX) plays a key role in mucosal immunity. And the DUOX is a transmembrane protein which produces ROS as their primary enzymatic products. This process is an important pattern for eliminating pathogens. In this review, we highlight the DUOX immunologic functions in the respiratory and digestive tract of vertebrates.
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Yang Q, Sun Z, Zhou Y, Tran NT, Zhang X, Lin Q, Zhou C, Zhang Y, Li S. SpATF2 participates in maintaining the homeostasis of hemolymph microbiota by regulating dual oxidase expression in mud crab. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:252-261. [PMID: 32497727 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Activating transcription factors 2 (ATF2) is a transcription factor of the members of ATF/CREB family that is phosphorylated and activated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in responding to the stimulation of stimuli. In present study, SpATF2 from mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) was identified and studied. The open reading frame of SpATF2 with 2136 bp in length encodes a protein with 711 amino acids. The SpATF2 protein includes the putative zinc finger domain in the N-terminus and bZIP type DNA-binding domain in the C-terminal. Tissue distribution of SpATF2 transcripts showed that SpATF2 was ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues of the untreated mud crabs, with the highest expression levels in muscle and hepatopancreas. The transcriptional level of SpATF2 was up-regulated in the hemocytes after Vibrio parahemolyticus or WSSV infection. Reporter gene assays indicated that SpATF2 could activate the expression of dual oxidase (SpDuox1) in S. paramamosain. The RNA interference (RNAi) of SpATF2 significantly decreased the expression of SpDuox1, and consequently reduced reactive oxygen species production thereby significantly increased the bacterial load in the hemolymph of mud crabs. Similarly, significant reduction in bacterial clearance of hemolymph was observed after the V. parahemolyticus infection in SpATF2 knockdown mud crabs. This study showed that SpATF2 played a vital role in maintaining homeostasis of the hemolymph microbiota through regulating the expression of dual oxidase of mud crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Yang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zaiqiao Sun
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yanlian Zhou
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Xusheng Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Qi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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15
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Kakani P, Kajla M, Choudhury TP, Gupta L, Kumar S. Anopheles stephensi Dual Oxidase Silencing Activates the Thioester-Containing Protein 1 Pathway to Suppress Plasmodium Development. J Innate Immun 2019; 11:496-505. [PMID: 30928970 DOI: 10.1159/000497417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the dual oxidase (Duox) gene in the major Indian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi, which regulates the generation of reactive oxygen species. The AsDuox gene encodes for a 1,475-amino-acid transmembrane protein that contains an N-terminal noncytoplasmic heme peroxidase domain, a calcium-binding domain, seven transmembrane domains, and a C-terminal cytoplasmic NADPH domain. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that A. stephensi Duox protein is highly conserved and shares 97-100% amino acid identity with other anopheline Duoxes. AsDuox is expressed in all the developmental stages of A. stephensi and the pupal stages revealed relatively higher expressions. The Duox gene is induced in Plasmodium-infected mosquito midguts, and RNA interference-mediated silencing of this gene suppressed parasite development through activation of the thioester-containing protein 1 pathway. We propose that this highly conserved anopheline Duox, being a Plasmodium agonist, is an excellent target to control malaria parasite development inside the insect host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parik Kakani
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Vidya Vihar Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Mithilesh Kajla
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Vidya Vihar Campus, Pilani, India.,National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Tania Pal Choudhury
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Vidya Vihar Campus, Pilani, India
| | - Lalita Gupta
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Vidya Vihar Campus, Pilani, India.,Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Vidya Vihar Campus, Pilani, India, .,Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani, India,
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16
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Sun Z, Hao S, Gong Y, Zhang M, Aweya JJ, Tran NT, Zhang Y, Ma H, Li S. Dual oxidases participate in the regulation of hemolymph microbiota homeostasis in mud crab Scylla paramamosain. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 89:111-121. [PMID: 30107250 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dual oxidases (DUOXs) were originally identified as NADPH oxidases (NOXs), found to be associated with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production at the plasma membrane and crucial in host biological processes. In this study, SpDUOX1 and SpDUOX2 of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) were identified and studied. Both SpDUOX1 and SpDUOX2 are transmembrane proteins, including an N-signal peptide region and a peroxidase homology domain in the extracellular region, transmembrane regions, and three EF (calcium-binding region) domains, a FAD-binding domain, and a NAD binding domain in the intracellular region. The SpDUOXs were expressed in all tissues examined, but mainly in hepatopancreas, heart, and mid-intestine. The expression of the SpDUOXs in the hemolymph of mud crabs was up-regulated after challenge with Vibrio parahemolyticus or LPS. RNA interference (RNAi) of the SpDUOXs resulted in reduced ROS production in hemolymph. The bacterial count increased in the hemolymph of mud crabs injected with SpDUOX1 or SpDUOX2-RNAi, while the bacterial clearance ability of hemolymph significantly reduced. At the phylum level, the phyla Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were significantly increased, while Proteobacteria were significantly reduced following SpDUOX2 knockdown. There was a significant increase in the relative abundance of the genera Marinomonas, Pseudoalteromonas, Shewanella, and Hydrogenoph in SpDUOX2 depleted mud crabs compared with the controls. Our current findings therefore indicated that SpDUOXs might play important roles in maintaining the homeostasis in the hemolymph microbiota of mud crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiqiao Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Shufeng Hao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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17
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Zhang C, Pang Y, Zhang Q, Huang G, Xu M, Tang B, Cheng Y, Yang X. Hemolymph transcriptome analysis of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) with intact, left cheliped autotomy and bilateral eyestalk ablation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:266-275. [PMID: 30010018 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the pond culture of Eriocheir sinensis, high limb-autotomy seriously affects the quality and culture's economic efficiency. Based on our previous studies, limb autotomy can induce the changes of hematological immune response in E. sinensis hemolymph. Eyestalk ablation can accelerate the regeneration of limbs after autotomy. To detect the important functional genes related to the hematological molecular immunity of E. sinensis, we compared and analyzed the hemolymph transcriptome data of the intact crab, left cheliped autotomized crabs and bilateral eyestalk ablation crabs with high-throughput sequencing techniques. The results showed that the three groups obtained 62 172 414, 68 143 682, and 67 811 618 clean reads, respectively. A total of 9567 differentially expressed genes were obtained by multiple comparison of the three groups' libraries. Gene ontology (GO) functional classification analysis shows that the differential genes belong to 42 categories of biological process, cellular components and molecular function. The differentially expressed genes in the three libraries were enriched to 344 specific KEGG metabolic pathways by KEGG enrichment analysis, such as the up-regulated gene (dual oxidase (Duox), tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein (YWHAQ)) in MAPK signaling pathway, the up-regulated gene (aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH 1)) and down-regulated gene (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2 (UGT 2)) in metabolism of the xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 pathway, the down-regulated gene (actin gene (AG), heat shock protein 90 (HSP 90)) in fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis pathway. To verify the expression levels of DEGs identified by RNA-Seq, the above six hematological immune-related genes were selected for qRT-PCR validation, the qRT-PCR results were consistent with the DEGs results. Our research obtained abundant E. sinensis hemolymph transcriptome information by RNA-Seq, which provides multi-level information for the cloning of novel genes and the study of hemolymph molecular immunology mechanisms of E. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Pang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Genyong Huang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minjie Xu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boping Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Ocean and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China
| | - Yongxu Cheng
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
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18
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Li B, Gou M, Han J, Yuan X, Li Y, Li T, Jiang Q, Xiao R, Li Q. Proteomic analysis of buccal gland secretion from fasting and feeding lampreys ( Lampetra morii). Proteome Sci 2018; 16:9. [PMID: 29796011 PMCID: PMC5964706 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-018-0137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that lamprey buccal glands contain some regulators related to anticoagulation, nociception, and immune responses due to the blood sucking habit. Regrettably, the protein expression profile in the buccal glands of feeding lampreys has never been reported yet. The present study was performed in order to further identify more proteins which are closely associated with lamprey feeding process. Methods 2D-PAGE, NanoLC–MS/MS with higher resolution, Ensembl lamprey and NCBI protein databases, as well as western blot was used to compare the proteomics of buccal gland secretion from China northeast lampreys (Lampetra morii) which had been fed for 0, 10, and 60 min, respectively. Results In the present study, the number of identified protein species in the buccal glands of feeding groups (60 min) was increased significantly, nearly ten times of that in the fasting group. During the feeding stage, novel proteins emerged in the buccal gland secretion of lampreys. According to gene ontology (GO) analysis and function predictions, these proteins were summarized and discussed based on their potential roles during feeding process. Furthermore, some of the identified proteins were confirmed to express during the feeding time of lampreys. Conclusion When lampreys attack host fishes to suck blood and flesh, their buccal glands could secrete enough proteins to suppress blood coagulation, nociception, oxidative stress, immune response, as well as other adverse effects encountered during their parasitic lives. The present study would provide clues to clarify the feeding mechanism of the bloodsucking lampreys. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12953-018-0137-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- 1School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China.,2Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Gou
- 1School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China.,2Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Han
- 1School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China.,2Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Yuan
- 1School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China.,2Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Li
- 1School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China.,2Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China
| | - Tiesong Li
- 1School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China.,2Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Jiang
- 1School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China.,2Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Xiao
- 1School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China.,2Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwei Li
- 1School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China.,2Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 People's Republic of China
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19
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Silveira AS, Matos GM, Falchetti M, Ribeiro FS, Bressan A, Bachère E, Perazzolo LM, Rosa RD. An immune-related gene expression atlas of the shrimp digestive system in response to two major pathogens brings insights into the involvement of hemocytes in gut immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:44-50. [PMID: 29042192 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Much of our current knowledge on shrimp immune system is restricted to the defense reactions mediated by the hemocytes and little is known about gut immunity. Here, we have investigated the transcriptional profile of immune-related genes in different organs of the digestive system of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. First, the tissue distribution of 52 well-known immune-related genes has been assessed by semiquantitative analysis in the gastrointestinal tract (foregut, midgut and hindgut) and in the hepatopancreas and circulating hemocytes of shrimp stimulated or not with heat-killed bacteria. Then, the expression levels of 18 genes from key immune functional categories were quantified by fluorescence-based quantitative PCR in the midgut of animals experimentally infected with the Gram-negative Vibrio harveyi or the White spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Whereas the expression of some genes was induced at 48 h after the bacterial infection, any of the analyzed genes showed to be modulated in response to the virus. Whole-mount immunofluorescence assays confirmed the presence of infiltrating hemocytes in the intestines, indicating that the expression of some immune-related genes in gut is probably due to the migratory behavior of these circulating cells. This evidence suggests the participation of hemocytes in the delivery of antimicrobial molecules into different portions of the digestive system. Taken all together, our results revealed that gut is an important immune organ in L. vannamei with intimate association with hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Silveira
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriel M Matos
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Falchetti
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabio S Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Albert Bressan
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Evelyne Bachère
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interactions-Hosts-Pathogens-Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 080, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Luciane M Perazzolo
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafael D Rosa
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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20
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Yang HT, Zou SS, Zhai LJ, Wang Y, Zhang FM, An LG, Yang GW. Pathogen invasion changes the intestinal microbiota composition and induces innate immune responses in the zebrafish intestine. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:35-42. [PMID: 28964859 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Numerous bacteria are harbored in the animal digestive tract and are impacted by several factors. Intestinal microbiota homeostasis is critical for maintaining the health of an organism. However, how pathogen invasion affects the microbiota composition has not been fully clarified. The mechanisms for preventing invasion by pathogenic microorganisms are yet to be elucidated. Zebrafish is a useful model for developmental biology, and studies in this organism have gradually become focused on intestinal immunity. In this study, we analyzed the microbiota of normal cultivated and infected zebrafish intestines, the aquarium water and feed samples. We found that the predominant bacteria in the zebrafish intestine belonged to Gammaproteobacteria (67%) and that feed and environment merely influenced intestinal microbiota composition only partially. Intestinal microbiota changed after a pathogenic bacterial challenge. At the genus level, the abundance of some pathogenic intestinal bacteria increased, and these genera included Halomonas (50%), Pelagibacterium (3.6%), Aeromonas (2.6%), Nesterenkonia (1%), Chryseobacterium (3.4‰), Mesorhizobium (1.4‰), Vibrio (1‰), Mycoplasma (0.7‰) and Methylobacterium (0.6‰) in IAh group. However, the abundance of some beneficial intestinal bacteria decreased, and these genera included Nitratireductor (0.8‰), Enterococcus (0.8‰), Brevundimonas (0.7‰), Lactococcus (0.7‰) and Lactobacillus (0.4‰). Additionally, we investigated the innate immune responses after infection. ROS levels in intestine increased in the early stages after a challenge and recovered subsequently. The mRNA levels of antimicrobial peptide genes lectin, hepcidin and defensin1, were upregulated in the intestine after pathogen infection. These results suggested that the invasion of pathogen could change the intestinal microbiota composition and induce intestinal innate immune responses in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ting Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Song-Song Zou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Fu-Miao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Li-Guo An
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Gui-Wen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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21
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Qi C, Wang L, Liu M, Jiang K, Wang M, Zhao W, Wang B. Transcriptomic and morphological analyses of Litopenaeus vannamei intestinal barrier in response to Vibrio paraheamolyticus infection reveals immune response signatures and structural disruption. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:437-450. [PMID: 28889014 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei has been greatly impacted by Vibrio infection. In this study, we investigated the intestinal barrier response of L vannamei following challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus E1, by examining morphological changes and transcriptome expression levels. A total of 16,4420 unigenes were obtained from RNAseq data after quality control and assembly, and 4646 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified following Vibrio challenge, of which 2469 unigenes were significantly up-regulated and 2177 were significantly down-regulated. DEGs were determined to be involved in various physical, chemical and immunological intestinal barrier functions, including peritrophin, cytoskeleton and cell junction, pattern recognition receptors, antimicrobial peptide and immune signaling pathways, serine protease/protease inhibitor and prophenoloxidase system, apoptosis and phagocytosis, and antioxidant systems. Fifteen DEGs were randomly selected for validation by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and showed results consistent with the RNA-seq data. Intestinal epithelial cell morphology was also affected by Vibrio challenge, showing epithelial detachment, nuclear pyknosis, and destruction of cell junctions. These results improve our current understanding of the intestinal barrier function in the shrimp response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Keyong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Baojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Feng XW, Huo LJ, Sun JJ, Xu JD, Niu GJ, Wang JX, Shi XZ. Myeloid leukemia factor functions in anti-WSSV immune reaction of kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:416-425. [PMID: 28916357 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid leukemia factor (MLF) plays an important role in development, cell cycle, myeloid differentiation, and regulates the RUNX transcription factors. However, the function of MLF in immunity is still unclear. In this study, an MLF was identified and characterized in kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus, and named as MjMLF. The full-length cDNA of MjMLF contained 1111 nucleotides, which had an opening reading frame of 816 bp encoding a protein of 272 amino acids with an MLF1-interacting protein domain. MjMLF could be ubiquitously detected in different tissues of shrimp at the transcriptional level. The expression pattern analysis showed that MjMLF could be upregulated in shrimp hemocytes and hepatopancreas after white spot syndrome virus challenge. The RNA interference and protein injection assay showed that MjMLF could inhibit WSSV replication in vivo. Flow cytometry assay showed that MjMLF could induce hemocytes apoptosis which functioned in the shrimp antiviral reaction. All the results suggested that MjMLF played an important role in the antiviral immune reaction of kuruma shrimp. The research indicated that MjMLF might function as a novel regulator to inhibit WSSV replication in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wu Feng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Li-Jie Huo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Jie-Jie Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Ji-Dong Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Guo-Juan Niu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Xiu-Zhen Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.
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