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He L, Mao M, Zhao L, Li Q, Zhuang Z, Wang X, Huang H, Wang Q, Yan Q. A novel small non-coding RNA 562 mediates the virulence of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida by regulating the expression of fliP, a key component of flagella T3SS. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109752. [PMID: 38977112 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is a vital pathogen that poses a substantial risk to aquaculture. Small RNAs (sRNAs) are non-coding regulatory molecules capable of sensing environmental changes and modulating virulence-associated signaling pathways, such as the assembly of flagella. However, the relevant researches on P. plecoglossicida are an urgent need. Here, we report a novel sRNA, sRNA562, which has potential to regulate the post-transcriptional of fliP, a key component of the lateral flagellar type III secretion system. In this study, the effects of sRNA562 on the virulence of P. plecoglossicida and its role in regulating the pathogenic process were investigated through the use of a constructed sRNA562 deletion strain. The deletion of sRNA562 resulted in an up-regulation of fliP in P. plecoglossicida, and leading to increased swarming motility and enhanced the ability of biofilm formation, adhesion and chemotaxis. Subsequent artificial infection experiment demonstrated that the deletion of sRNA562 increased the virulence of P. plecoglossicida towards hybrid grouper, as evidenced by a reduction in survival rate, elevation of tissue bacterial load, and the exacerbation of histopathological damage. Further studies have found that the deletion of sRNA562 lead to an up-regulation of fliP expression during hybrid grouper infection, thereby enhancing bacterial swarming ability and ultimately heightening pathogenicity, leading to a dysregulated host response to infection, tissue damage and eventually death. Our work revealed a sRNA that exerts negative regulation on the expression of lateral flagella in P. plecoglossicida, thereby impacting its virulence. These findings provide a new perspective on the virulence regulation mechanism of P. plecoglossicida, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding in the field of pathogenicity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Meiqin Mao
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Lingmin Zhao
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Qi Li
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Zhixia Zhuang
- College of Environment and Public Health, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen, Fujian 361024, China
| | - Xiaoru Wang
- College of Environment and Public Health, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen, Fujian 361024, China
| | - Huabin Huang
- College of Environment and Public Health, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen, Fujian 361024, China
| | - Qiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Haosi Marine Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Qingpi Yan
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China.
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Ali NSM, Ngalimat MS, Saad MZ, Azmai MNA, Salleh A, Zulperi Z, Md Yasin IS. Expression of immuno-transcriptome response in red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) hindgut following vaccination with feed-based bivalent vaccine. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13943. [PMID: 38481095 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Streptococcosis and aeromoniasis are the main obstacles to sustainable tilapia production. Vaccination offered an effective method to control microbial infections. Previously, a feed-based bivalent vaccine (FBBV) containing killed whole organisms of Streptococcus agalactiae and Aeromonas hydrophila mixed with 10% palm oil was successfully developed, which provided good protection against streptococcosis and aeromoniasis in Oreochromis sp. However, the mechanisms of immunities in vaccinated fish still need clarification. Here, the hindgut transcriptome of vaccinated and control fish was determined, as the gut displays higher affinity towards antigen uptake and nutrient absorption. The efficacy of FBBV to improve fish immunity was evaluated according to the expression of immune-related genes in the vaccinated fish hindgut throughout the 8-week experimental period using RT-qPCR. The vaccinated fish hindgut at week 6 was further subjected to transcriptomic analysis due to the high expression of immune-related genes and contained killed whole organisms. Results demonstrated the expression of immune-related genes was in correlation with the presence of killed whole organisms in the vaccinated fish hindgut. Transcriptomic analysis has allowed the prediction of robust immune-related pathways, including innate and adaptive immunological responses in vaccinated fish hindgut than control fish. Pathways related to the regulation of lipid metabolism and modulation of the immune system were also significantly enriched (p ≤ .05). Overall, results offer a fundamental study on understanding the immunological response in Oreochromis sp. following vaccination with the FBBV pellet and support further application to prevent bacterial diseases in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Shidaa Mohd Ali
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Syazwan Ngalimat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zamri Saad
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Annas Salleh
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zarirah Zulperi
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ina Salwany Md Yasin
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Jones EM, Cain KD. An Introduction to Relevant Immunology Principles with Respect to Oral Vaccines in Aquaculture. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2917. [PMID: 38138061 PMCID: PMC10745647 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines continue to play an enormous role in the progression of aquaculture industries worldwide. Though preventable diseases cause massive economic losses, injection-based vaccine delivery is cost-prohibitive or otherwise impractical for many producers. Most oral vaccines, which are much cheaper to administer, do not provide adequate protection relative to traditional injection or even immersion formulas. Research has focused on determining why there appears to be a lack of protection afforded by oral vaccines. Here, we review the basic immunological principles associated with oral vaccination before discussing the recent progress and current status of oral vaccine research. This knowledge is critical for the development and advancement of efficacious oral vaccines for the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth D. Cain
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA;
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Wang Y, Wang W, Chen W, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Yang D. Characterization of ccl20a.3 and ccl20l as gene markers for Th17 cell in turbot. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109005. [PMID: 37604262 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
T-helper 17 lymphocytes (Th17) are the most common inflammatory cells identified in mammals. However, the identification of Th17 cells and the clarification of their function in teleost fish remain largely unknown. In this study, we took advantage of the single-cell RNA sequencing-based immune cell atlas that was identified in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), and revealed two chemokine-related genes, ccl20a.3 and ccl20l, that were specifically expressed in Th17 cells. Moreover, through immuno-fluorescence analysis, we found that CCL20a.3 or CCL20l was co-expressed with the classical makers in Th17 cells, including IL17a/f1 and IL22. Furthermore, through a Th17 lineage-specific transcription factor RORc inhibitor GSK805 treatment, we found that the expression of ccl20a.3 and ccl20l was significantly impaired, compared with other T cell markers. Besides, we also found that ccl20a.3 and ccl20l exhibited the same dynamic response with the classical markers that were identified in Th17 cells during bacterial infection. Taken together, these results provide potential gene markers for better understanding of the dynamic immune responses of Th17 cells in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Weijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dahai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Han H, He N, Pan E, Tan X, Yang Z, Li X, Shi D, Dong J. Disruption of the intestinal barrier by avermectin in carp involves oxidative stress and apoptosis and leads to intestinal inflammation. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 195:105531. [PMID: 37666586 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Avermectin (AVM) is a widely used insecticide. Due to its sensitive toxicity to aquatic organisms, the toxicology of AVM on fish intestines remains unclear. Here, we established a 96 h AVM acute toxicity model to explore the effects of AVM on the intestinal tract of carp. The 96 h LC50 of carps exposed to AVM was 24.04 μg/L, 12.02 μg/L was selected as the high-dose group and 3.005 μg/L was selected as the low-dose group. After 96 h of exposure, intestinal tissues were collected and subsequently analyzed for histopathology, the activities of antioxidant oxidases (CAT, SOD, GSH-Px), and the expression of mRNA associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Our study showed that AVM exposure caused intestinal damage in carp, decreased the expression of the tight junction protein gene, activated oxidative stress, induced apoptosis, and induced intestinal inflammation in carp. Therefore, we demonstrated that AVM exposure compromised the integrity of the intestinal barrier in carp, activated oxidative stress, induced endogenous apoptosis, and induced intestinal inflammatory responses. These results indicate that AVM, as a drug-sensitive to aquatic organisms, has a much more complex toxic effect on the fish intestinal tract, which provides a new perspective for studying the toxicology of AVM on the fish intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairui Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Nana He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Enzhuang Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xuelian Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Zuwang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xueqing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Dahua Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Jingquan Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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Suwanbumrung D, Wongkhieo S, Keaswejjareansuk W, Dechbumroong P, Kamble MT, Yata T, Kitiyodom S, Rodkhum C, Thompson KD, Namdee K, Pirarat N. Oral delivery of a Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) using a novel cationic-based nanoemulsion containing bile salts. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:108913. [PMID: 37393062 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is one of Thailand's most important pathogens in tilapia aquaculture. Vaccination is a very effective method for protecting fish against disease in aquaculture. Oral vaccination is an interesting route for vaccine delivery as it mimics the pathogenesis of S. agalactiae and provides convenient administration for mass vaccination of fish. Moreover, gut mucosal immunity is associated with a mucus layer on the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a novel cationic-based nanoemulsion vaccine containing bile salts (NEB) coated by chitosan (CS) and determined its physicochemical characterization, morphology, in vitro mucoadhesive property, permeability, and acid-base tolerance. In addition, the efficacy of NEB-CS as an oral vaccination for Nile tilapia was evaluated in order to investigate the innate immune response and protection against S. agalactiae. The groups of fish consisted of: (1) deionized water as a non-vaccinated control (Control); (2) an inactivated vaccine formulated from formalin-killed bacteria (IB); and (3) a novel cationic-based nanoemulsion vaccine containing bile salts (NEB) coated by chitosan (CS). The control, IB, and NEB-CS were incorporated into commercial feed pellets and fed to Nile tilapia. In addition, we evaluated the serum bactericidal activity (SBA) for 14 days post-vaccination (dpv) and protective efficacy for 10 days post-challenge, respectively. The mucoadhesiveness, permeability, and absorption within the tilapia intestine were also assessed in vivo. The NEB-CS vaccine appeared spherical, with the nanoparticles having a size of 454.37 nm and a positive charge (+47.6 mV). The NEB-CS vaccine had higher levels of mucoadhesiveness and permeability than the NEB (p < 0.05). The relative percentage survival (RPS) of IB and NEB-CS, when administered orally to fish, was 48% and 96%, respectively. Enhanced SBA was noted in the NEB-CS and IB vaccine groups compared to the control group. The results demonstrate that a feed-based NEB-CS can improve the mucoadhesiveness, permeability, and protective efficacy of the vaccine, and appear to be a promising approach to protecting tilapia in aquaculture against streptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharacha Suwanbumrung
- Wildlife, Exotic and Aquatic Animal Pathology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sudthirak Wongkhieo
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wisawat Keaswejjareansuk
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Piroonrat Dechbumroong
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Manoj Tukaram Kamble
- Wildlife, Exotic and Aquatic Animal Pathology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Yata
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirikorn Kitiyodom
- Wildlife, Exotic and Aquatic Animal Pathology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Center of Excellence in Fish Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Katawut Namdee
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Nopadon Pirarat
- Wildlife, Exotic and Aquatic Animal Pathology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Løkka G, Gamil AAA, Evensen Ø, Kortner TM. Establishment of an In Vitro Model to Study Viral Infections of the Fish Intestinal Epithelium. Cells 2023; 12:1531. [PMID: 37296652 PMCID: PMC10252704 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are still a major concern for the aquaculture industry. For salmonid fish, even though breeding strategies and vaccine development have reduced disease outbreaks, viral diseases remain among the main challenges having a negative impact on the welfare of fish and causing massive economic losses for the industry. The main entry port for viruses into the fish is through mucosal surfaces including that of the gastrointestinal tract. The contradictory functions of this surface, both creating a barrier towards the external environment and at the same time being responsible for the uptake of nutrients and ion/water regulation make it particularly vulnerable. The connection between dietary components and viral infections in fish has been poorly investigated and until now, a fish intestinal in vitro model to investigate virus-host interactions has been lacking. Here, we established the permissiveness of the rainbow trout intestinal cell line RTgutGC towards the important salmonid viruses-infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), salmonid alphavirus (subtype 3, SAV3) and infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV)-and explored the infection mechanisms of the three different viruses in these cells at different virus to cell ratios. Cytopathic effect (CPE), virus replication in the RTgutGC cells, antiviral cell responses and viral effects on the barrier permeability of polarized cells were investigated. We found that all virus species infected and replicated in RTgutGC cells, although with different replication kinetics and ability to induce CPE and host responses. The onset and progression of CPE was more rapid at high multiplicity of infection (MOI) for IPNV and SAV3 while the opposite was true of ISAV. A positive correlation between the MOI used and the induction of antiviral responses was observed for IPNV while a negative correlation was detected for SAV3. Viral infections compromised barrier integrity at early time points prior to observations of CPE microscopically. Further, the replication of IPNV and ISAV had a more pronounced effect on barrier function than SAV3. The in vitro infection model established herein can thus provide a novel tool to generate knowledge about the infection pathways and mechanisms used to surpass the intestinal epithelium in salmonid fish, and to study how a virus can potentially compromise gut epithelial barrier functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro Løkka
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (A.A.A.G.); (Ø.E.); (T.M.K.)
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Jia Z, Feng J, Yuan G, Xiao H, Dang H, Zhang Y, Chen K, Zou J, Wang J. The Meteorin-like cytokine is upregulated in grass carp after infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:104632. [PMID: 36608897 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Meteorin-like (Metrnl) is a novel immune regulatory factor or adipokine which is mainly produced by activated macrophages. In teleost fish, two homologs are present. In this study, monoclonal antibodies were prepared against recombinant grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Ci) Metrnl-a in mice and characterized by Western blotting, flow cytometry and immunofluorescent microscopy. In grass carp infected with Aeromonus hydrophila (A. hydrophila), the cells expressing CiMetrnl-a markedly increased in the gills, head kidney and intestine. In the inflamed intestine caused by A. hydrophila infection, the CiMetrnl-a producing cells were detected mainly in the mucosal layer of anterior, middle and posterior segments. Consistently, qRT-PCR analysis showed that the mRNA expression of CiMetrnl-a was markedly induced. Our results suggest that CiMetrnl-a is involved in regulating intestine inflammation caused by bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jianhua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Gaoliang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Hehe Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Huifeng Dang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Kangyong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China
| | - Junya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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9
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Xiao H, Yun S, Huang W, Dang H, Jia Z, Chen K, Zhao X, Wu Y, Shi Y, Wang J, Zou J. IL-4/13 expressing CD3γ/δ + T cells regulate mucosal immunity in response to Flavobacterium columnare infection in grass carp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108586. [PMID: 36740082 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL) 4 and 13 are signature cytokines orchestrating Th2 immune response. Teleost fish have two homologs, termed IL-4/13A and IL-4/13B, and have been functionally characterized. However, what cells express IL-4/13A and IL-4/13B has not been investigated in fish. In this work, the recombinant IL-4/13A and IL-4/13B proteins of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were produced in the Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells and purified. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the recombinant CiIL-4/13A and CiIL-4/13B proteins were prepared and characterized. Western blotting analysis showed that the CiIL-4/13A and CiIL-4/13B mAbs could specifically recognize the recombinant proteins expressed in the E. coli cells and HEK293T cells and did not cross-react with each other. Confocal microscopy revealed that the CiIL-4/13A+ and CiIL-4/13B+ cells were present in the gills, intestine and spleen and could be upregulated in fish infected with Flavobacterium columnare (F. columnare). Interestingly, the cells expressing CiIL-4/13A and CiIL-4/13B were mostly CD3γ/δ+ cells. The CD3γ/δ+/IL-4/13A+ and CD3γ/δ+/IL-4/13B+ cells were significantly upregulated in the gill filaments and the intestinal mucosa after F. columnare infection. Our results imply that the CD3γ/δ+/IL-4/13A+ and CD3γ/δ+/IL-4/13B+ cells are important for homeostasis and the regulation of mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehe Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Shengran Yun
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Wenji Huang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Huifeng Dang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Kangyong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yaxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yanjie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Junya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China.
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10
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Cao M, Xue T, Huo H, Zhang X, Wang NN, Yan X, Li C. Spatial transcriptomes and microbiota reveal immune mechanism that respond to pathogen infection in the posterior intestine of Sebastes schlegelii. Open Biol 2023; 13:220302. [PMID: 36974664 PMCID: PMC9944294 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestine is a site of immune cell priming at birth. Therefore, spatial transcriptomes were performed to define how the transcriptomic landscape was spatially organized in the posterior intestine of Sebastes schlegelii following Edwardsiella piscicida infection. In the healthy condition, we identified a previously unappreciated molecular regionalization of the posterior intestine. Following bacterial infection, most immune-related genes were identified in mucosa layer. Moreover, investigation of immune-related genes and genes in immune-related KEGG pathways based on spatial transcriptomes shed light on which sections of these genes are in the posterior intestine. Meanwhile, the high expression of genes related to regeneration also indicated that the posterior intestine was responding to the invasion of pathogens by constantly proliferating new cells. In addition, the increasing microbiota communities indicated that these bacteria maintained posterior intestine integrity and shaped the mucosal immune system. Taken together, spatial transcriptomes and microbiota compositions have significant implications for understanding the immune mechanism that responds to E. piscicida infection in the posterior intestine of S. schlegelii, which also provides a theoretical basis for the spatial distribution of immune genes and changes in bacterial flora in other teleosts in the process of resisting pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijun Huo
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Ning Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Yan
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
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11
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Zhu R, Wu XQ, Zhao XY, Qu ZH, Quan YN, Lu MH, Liu ZY, Wu LF. Taurine can improve intestinal function and integrity in juvenile Rhynchocypris lagowskii Dybowski fed high-dose glycinin. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 129:127-136. [PMID: 36055559 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the protective effect and the regulatory mechanism of taurine on growth inhibition and intestinal damage induced by glycinin in juvenile Rhynchocypris lagowskii Dybowski. The control diets had no glycinin and taurine, the glycinin diets contained only 80 g/kg glycinin, and the glycinin + taurine diets contained 80 g/kg glycinin+10 g/kg taurine. Juvenile Rhynchocypris lagowskii Dybowski (4.65 ± 0.03 g/tail) were respectively fed with these 3 diets for 8 weeks. The results showed that glycinin significantly decreased the final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, protein efficiency rate, feed efficiency rate and feeding rate of fish compared with the control group (P < 0.05). While taurine supplementation improved the growth performance and feed efficiency, but final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate of the glycinin + taurine group were still significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the glycinin group, taurine supplementation significantly increased whole-body and muscle crude protein content, and hepatopancreas and intestinal protease activities (P < 0.05). Distal intestinal villous dysplasia and mucosal damage, and increased intestinal mucosal permeability were observed in the glycinin group, while taurine supplementation alleviated these adverse effects. Usefully, taurine supplementation could also partially restore the impaired immune function and antioxidant capacity of fish fed glycinin diets. Compared with the glycinin group, taurine supplementation down-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA levels, and up-regulated anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β mRNA levels. Furthermore, taurine partially reversed the reduction of antioxidant genes Nrf2、HO-1, CAT and GPx mRNA levels in distal intestine induced by glycinin. Concluded, 80 g/kg glycinin led to intestinal damage, digestive dysfunction and increased intestinal mucosal permeability in juvenile Rhynchocypris lagowskii Dybowski, and these adverse effects were ultimately manifested in growth inhibition. But taurine supplementation could partially mitigate the negative effects induced by glycinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xue-Qin Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xue-Yuan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zi-Hui Qu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 130119, China
| | - Ya-Nan Quan
- Jingyuetan Reservoir Management Office, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ming-Hui Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zong-Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Li-Fang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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12
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Baharum SN, Mayalvanan Y, Natnan ME, Azizan KA, Bunawan H, Him NRN, Low CF, Chong CM. LC-qTOF-MS analysis of fish immune organs reveals the distribution of amino acids in response to metabolic adaptation of the survival phenotype in grouper against Vibrio infection. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:206. [PMID: 35935547 PMCID: PMC9349327 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epinephelus fuscoguttatus is economically crucial to various Southeast Asia countries where they are reared in fish farms to meet the demand for supply. However, a systemic infectious disease known as vibriosis has steadily and extensively affected the fish farming industry. The disease is caused by Vibrio spp., which are pathogenic gram-negative bacteria. This study focused on understanding the host's metabolic adaptation against Vibrio vulnificus infection, which features a survival phenotype, by profiling the metabolites in grouper fingerlings that survived the experimental infection. Mapping of the pathways is crucial to explain the roles of metabolites in fish immunity. A solvent extraction method was used on the grouper's immune organs (gills, liver and spleen) prior to Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-qTOF-MS) analysis. The metabolites identified in fingerlings that survived experimental infections were mostly amino acids (primary metabolites). Glutamine (0.44%), alanine (0.68%), phenylalanine (2.63%) and tyrosine (2.60%) were highly abundant in survived-infected gills. Aspartic acid (13.57%) and leucine (4.01%) were highly abundant in the livers of the survived-infected fish and lysine was highly abundant in both gills (2.94%) and liver (3.64%) of the survived-infected fish. Subsequent bioinformatics analysis revealed the involvement of the identified functional amino acids in various immune-related pathways. The current findings facilitate the comprehension of the metabolic adaptation of grouper fingerlings that exhibited a survival phenotype against Vibrio infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03269-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syarul Nataqain Baharum
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi, 43600 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Yosmetha Mayalvanan
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi, 43600 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Maya Erna Natnan
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi, 43600 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Kamalrul Azlan Azizan
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi, 43600 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Hamidun Bunawan
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi, 43600 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nik Raikhan Nik Him
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, 40450 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Chen-Fei Low
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi, 43600 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Chou-Min Chong
- Aquaculture Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor Malaysia
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13
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Petit J, de Bruijn I, Goldman MRG, van den Brink E, Pellikaan WF, Forlenza M, Wiegertjes GF. β-Glucan-Induced Immuno-Modulation: A Role for the Intestinal Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Common Carp. Front Immunol 2022; 12:761820. [PMID: 35069532 PMCID: PMC8770818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation of fish with β-glucans has been commonly associated with immunomodulation and generally accepted as beneficial for fish health. However, to date the exact mechanisms of immunomodulation by β-glucan supplementation in fish have remained elusive. In mammals, a clear relation between high-fibre diets, such as those including β-glucans, and diet-induced immunomodulation via intestinal microbiota and associated metabolites has been observed. In this study, first we describe by 16S rRNA sequencing the active naive microbiota of common carp intestine. Based on the abundance of the genus Bacteroides, well known for their capacity to degrade and ferment carbohydrates, we hypothesize that common carp intestinal microbiota could ferment dietary β-glucans. Indeed, two different β-glucan preparations (curdlan and MacroGard®) were both fermented in vitro, albeit with distinct fermentation dynamics and distinct production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Second, we describe the potential immunomodulatory effects of the three dominant SCFAs (acetate, butyrate, and propionate) on head kidney leukocytes, showing effects on both nitric oxide production and expression of several cytokines (il-1b, il-6, tnfα, and il-10) in vitro. Interestingly, we also observed a regulation of expression of several gpr40L genes, which were recently described as putative SCFA receptors. Third, we describe how a single in vivo oral gavage of carp with MacroGard® modulated simultaneously, the expression of several pro-inflammatory genes (il-1b, il-6, tnfα), type I IFN-associated genes (tlr3.1, mx3), and three specific gpr40L genes. The in vivo observations provide indirect support to our in vitro data and the possible role of SCFAs in β-glucan-induced immunomodulation. We discuss how β-glucan-induced immunomodulatory effects can be explained, at least in part, by fermentation of MacroGard® by specific bacteria, part of the naive microbiota of common carp intestine, and how a subsequent production of SFCAs could possibly explain immunomodulation by β-glucan via SCFA receptors present on leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Petit
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Irene de Bruijn
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology-The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mark R G Goldman
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Erik van den Brink
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wilbert F Pellikaan
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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14
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Lee PT, Yamamoto FY, Low CF, Loh JY, Chong CM. Gut Immune System and the Implications of Oral-Administered Immunoprophylaxis in Finfish Aquaculture. Front Immunol 2022; 12:773193. [PMID: 34975860 PMCID: PMC8716388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal immune system plays an important role in immune homeostasis regulation. It regulates the symbiotic host-microbiome interactions by training and developing the host's innate and adaptive immunity. This interaction plays a vital role in host defence mechanisms and at the same time, balancing the endogenous perturbations of the host immune homeostasis. The fish gastrointestinal immune system is armed with intricate diffused gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs) that establish tolerance toward the enormous commensal gut microbiome while preserving immune responses against the intrusion of enteric pathogens. A comprehensive understanding of the intestinal immune system is a prerequisite for developing an oral vaccine and immunostimulants in aquaculture, particularly in cultured fish species. In this review, we outline the remarkable features of gut immunity and the essential components of gut-associated lymphoid tissue. The mechanistic principles underlying the antigen absorption and uptake through the intestinal epithelial, and the subsequent immune activation through a series of molecular events are reviewed. The emphasis is on the significance of gut immunity in oral administration of immunoprophylactics, and the different potential adjuvants that circumvent intestinal immune tolerance. Comprehension of the intestinal immune system is pivotal for developing effective fish vaccines that can be delivered orally, which is less labour-intensive and could improve fish health and facilitate disease management in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Tsang Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Fernando Y Yamamoto
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Chen-Fei Low
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Jiun-Yan Loh
- Centre of Research for Advanced Aquaculture (CORAA), UCSI University, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Chou-Min Chong
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory (AquaHealth), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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15
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Holen E, Austgulen MH, Espe M. RNA form baker's yeast cultured with and without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modulates gene transcription in an intestinal epithelial cell model, RTgutGC from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:397-408. [PMID: 34687880 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate if the intestinal RTgutGC cell line could be suitable for research on dietary ingredients and their function as modulators of inflammation during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced stress. The RTgutGC cells cultured together with RNA from baker's yeast, reached confluency after 72 h. The cells were grown in either compete L-15 (CM) or nutrient deprived L-15 (DM). Then, the RTgutGC cells were exposed to LPS or RNA from baker's yeast, either alone, or in combination, in CM or DM. All cultures were harvested following LPS challenge for 48 h and 72 h. LPS induced transcription of Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), Interleukin -8 (IL-8), Toll like receptor 3 (TLR3), interferon regulating factor 3 (irf3), Nuclear factor ĸβ (NFĸβ), one of the multidrug transporters, ABCC2, and glutamine synthase 1 (GLS01) in RTgutGC cells at one or both sampling points (48 h and/or 72 h post LPS challenge). RNA from baker's yeast in culture alone, (cultured 120 h and 144 h with RTgutGC cells and harvested at the respective LPS sampling points) induced transcription of INF1, TNFα and ticam/trif, not induced by LPS. In addition, RNA from baker's yeast affected IL-1β, TLR3, irf3 and NFĸβ, comparable to the responses triggered by LPS. RNA from baker's yeast alone did not affect ABCC2 or GLS01 transcriptions in this set up. So, LPS and RNA from baker's yeast affects distinct but also common gene transcripts in this intestinal cell line. Culturing RTgutGC cells in DM, adding a combination of LPS and RNA from baker's yeast, reduced IL-1β transcription compared to cells grown in CM, 48 h and 72 h post LPS challenge. Also, in RTgutGC cells, grown in DM, the LPS induced transcription of ABCC2 declined, measured 48 h post LPS challenge. Possibly indicating that optimal transcription of IL-1β and ABBC2 in RTgutGC cells, cultured over time, requires access of adequate nutrients under stressful condition. RNA from baker's yeast induced INF1 transcription in the RTgutGC cells, regardless if the medium was complete or deprived of nutrients. However, culturing RTgutGC cells in DM enriched with RNA from baker's yeast for a longer period of time (120 h, 144 h), seemed beneficial for INF1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Holen
- Institute of Marine Research, Postbox 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Marit Espe
- Institute of Marine Research, Postbox 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
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16
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Alves APC, Pereira RT, Rosa PV. Morphology of the digestive system in carnivorous freshwater dourado Salminus brasiliensis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:1222-1235. [PMID: 34085710 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The digestive system of teleost shows remarkable functional and morphological diversity. In this study, the digestive tract and accessory organs of dourado Salminus brasiliensis are characterized using anatomical, histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. The existence of taste buds bordered by microridges in the oesophagus of dourado was recorded for the first time, thus showing that the species drives food intake by either swallowing or rejecting the food item. The Y-shaped stomach of dourado consisted of cardiac, cecal and pyloric regions with tubular gastric glands registered solely in the cardiac and cecal segments. The intestine is a short N-shaped tube with two loops, an intestinal coefficient of 0.73. The structure of pyloric caeca is similar to that of the intestine wall, comprising tunica mucosa, tela submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa layers. Histochemical analyses revealed an increased incidence of goblet cells from the midgut to the hindgut segment. A well-developed enteric plexus of scattered nerve cell and fibres are found along the digestive tract, and the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactive neurons and fibres were identified in the myenteric plexus from the oesophagus to the hindgut. The exocrine pancreas appears diffuse in the mesentery around the stomach, intestine and also reaches the liver, and the endocrine pancreas is organized as a few islets of Langerhans. The liver comprises three distinct, asymmetric lobes, and the portal triad arrangement was registered in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica P C Alves
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, UFLA, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Raquel T Pereira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, UFLA, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Priscila V Rosa
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, UFLA, Lavras, Brazil
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17
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Attaya A, Veenstra K, Welsh MD, Ahmed M, Torabi-Pour N, Saffie-Siebert S, Yoon S, Secombes CJ. In vitro evaluation of novel (nanoparticle) oral delivery systems allow selection of gut immunomodulatory formulations. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 113:125-138. [PMID: 33746060 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oral delivery is the most convenient way to vaccinate cultured fish, however it is still problematic, primarily due to a lack of a commercially valid vaccine vehicle to protect the antigen against gastric degradation and ensure its uptake from the intestine. With the goal of advancing the potential to vaccinate orally, this study evaluates a novel silicon nanoparticle-based vehicle (VacSaf carrier). Aeromonas salmonicida antigens were formulated with the VacSaf carrier using different preparation methods to generate dry powder and liquid formulations. Twelve formulations were first subjected to an in vitro evaluation where the A. salmonicida bacterin conjugated to VacSaf carriers were found superior at inducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in primary leucocyte cultures and the macrophage/monocyte cell line RTS-11 compared with A. salmonicida bacterin alone. This was especially apparent after exposure to acid conditions to mimic stomach processing. One formulation (FD1) was taken forward to oral delivery using two doses and two administration schedules (5 days vs 10 days, the latter 5 days on, 5 days off, 5 days on), and the transcript changes of immune genes in the intestine (pyloric caeca, midgut and hindgut) and spleen were evaluated by qPCR and serum IgM was measured by ELISA. The VacSaf carrier alone was shown to be safe for use in vivo, in that no side-effects were seen, but it did induce expression of some cytokines, and may have value as an oral adjuvant candidate. The FD1 bacterin formulation was effective at inducing a range of cytokines associated with innate and adaptive immunity, mainly in the pyloric caeca, compared to A. salmonicida bacterin alone (which had almost no effect), and confirms the immune competence of this gut region following appropriate oral vaccination. These results reveal that in vitro screening of formulations for oral delivery has value and can be used to assess the most promising formulations to test further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Attaya
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Kimberly Veenstra
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Michael D Welsh
- Sisaf Ltd, Unit 15A the Innovation Centre, Catalyst Inc., Queen's Island, Belfast BT3 9DT, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Sisaf Ltd, Unit 15A the Innovation Centre, Catalyst Inc., Queen's Island, Belfast BT3 9DT, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nessim Torabi-Pour
- Sisaf Ltd, Unit 15A the Innovation Centre, Catalyst Inc., Queen's Island, Belfast BT3 9DT, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Suzanne Saffie-Siebert
- Sisaf Ltd, Unit 15A the Innovation Centre, Catalyst Inc., Queen's Island, Belfast BT3 9DT, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sohye Yoon
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK.
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18
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Lammel T, Thit A, Cui X, Mouneyrac C, Baun A, Valsami-Jones E, Sturve J, Selck H. Dietary uptake and effects of copper in Sticklebacks at environmentally relevant exposures utilizing stable isotope-labeled 65CuCl 2 and 65CuO NPs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143779. [PMID: 33279190 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) accumulating in sediment can be taken up by invertebrates that serve as prey for fish. Thus, it is likely that the latter are exposed to CuO NPs via the gut. However, to this day it is unknown if CuO NPs can be taken up via the gastrointestinal tract and if and in which tissues/organs they accumulate. To address this knowledge gap, we synthesized CuO NPs enriched in the stable isotope 65Cu and incorporated them at low concentration (5 μg 65Cu g-1 ww food) into a practical diet prepared from worm homogenate, which was then fed to Three-spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) for 16 days. For comparison, fish were exposed to a diet spiked with a 65CuCl2 solution. Background Cu and newly taken up 65Cu in fish tissues/organs including gill, stomach, intestine, liver, spleen, gonad and carcass and feces were quantified by ICP-MS. In addition, expression levels of genes encoding for proteins related to Cu uptake, detoxification and toxicity (ctr-1, gcl, gr, gpx, sod-1, cat, mta and zo-1) were measured in selected tissues using RT-qPCR. The obtained results showed that feces of fish fed 65CuO NP-spiked diet contained important amounts of 65Cu. Furthermore, there was no significant accumulation of 65Cu in any of the analyzed internal organs, though 65Cu levels were slightly elevated in liver. No significant modulation in gene expression was measured in fish exposed to 65CuO NP-spiked diet, except for metallothionein, which was significantly upregulated in intestinal tissue compared to control fish. Altogether, our results suggests that dietary absorption efficiency of CuO NPs, their uptake across the gastrointestinal barrier into the organism, and effects on Cu-related genes is limited at low, environmentally relevant exposure doses (0.2 μg 65Cu -1 fish ww day-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lammel
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Amalie Thit
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark
| | - Xianjin Cui
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anders Baun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Sturve
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henriette Selck
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark
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19
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Early immune response in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) after immunization with oral vaccine. Mol Cell Probes 2021; 56:101708. [PMID: 33636281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2021.101708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been used in the field of biomedicine as antigen carriers and adjuvants for protective antigens. In the present study, an oral nanovaccine against Vibrio alginolyticus was prepared employing MSNs as carriers. The uptake of the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) antigens in the intestine of large yellow croaker was evaluated using an immunohistochemistry assay. Additionally, the effects of the nanovaccine on the early immune response in large yellow croaker were investigated via oral vaccination. The presence of the antigens was detected in the mucosa and lamina propria of the foregut, midgut, and hindgut of large yellow croaker at 3 h following oral immunization. The expression levels of cytokines (i.e., lysozyme, IFN-γ, IFITM, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13) in the intestine, spleen, and head kidney tissues of large yellow croaker before and after the immune challenge were determined via RT-qPCR assay. The obtained results revealed that the expression levels of lysozyme, IFN-γ, IFITM, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 in the intestine and head kidney of the vaccinated large yellow croaker, as well as the expression of lysozyme, IL-1β, and IL-10 in the spleen, exhibited time-dependent oscillation regulation patterns. Notably, the nanovaccine immunization could induce early (6 h) and high expression of IFN-γ in the spleen and kidney tissues after the bacterial infection. The current study supplements the available data on the early immune response to fish nanovaccines. It also provides a valuable theoretical basis for the future development of large yellow croaker oral vaccines.
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20
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Efficacy of Feed-Based Formalin-Killed Vaccine of Streptococcus iniae Stimulates the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissues and Immune Response of Red Hybrid Tilapia. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010051. [PMID: 33466950 PMCID: PMC7830294 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Red hybrid tilapia were fed a formalin-killed oral Streptococcus iniae vaccine (FKV) in the present study was assessed. Three hundred Red hybrid tilapia 80 ± 10 g were divided into five groups (1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, and Cx), each consisting of 60 fish. Fish from Groups 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B were fed with FKV over different periods of administration, while Group 2B was the only group of fish to receive an oral booster vaccination on day 14- and 21-days post-vaccination (dpv). Group Cx was fed with normal pellets containing no vaccine as a control group. At four weeks post-vaccination (wpv), all fish were experimentally infected with S. iniae. Groups 2A and 2B had the lowest level of mortalities following vaccination (45% and 30%, respectively) compared to Groups 1A and 1B (80% and 55%, respectively), while the level of mortalities in Group Cx was 100%. All vaccinated groups showed a significant increase in anti-S. iniae IgM levels (p < 0.05) in serum, mucus, and gut-lavage, while Group Cx did not (p > 0.05) and all fish in this group died by five weeks post-infection. In conclusion, fish fed with the S. iniae FKV had a greater level of protection against S. iniae, with increased specific antibody response to the vaccine and there was also evidence of GALT stimulation by the vaccine.
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21
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Bjørgen H, Li Y, Kortner TM, Krogdahl Å, Koppang EO. Anatomy, immunology, digestive physiology and microbiota of the salmonid intestine: Knowns and unknowns under the impact of an expanding industrialized production. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:172-186. [PMID: 32979510 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increased industrialized production of salmonids challenges aspects concerning available feed resources and animal welfare. The immune system plays a key component in this respect. Novel feed ingredients may trigger unwarranted immune responses again affecting the well-being of the fish. Here we review our current knowledge concerning salmon intestinal anatomy, immunity, digestive physiology and microbiota in the context of industrialized feeding regimes. We point out knowledge gaps and indicate promising novel technologies to improve salmonid intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håvard Bjørgen
- Section of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yanxian Li
- Nutrition and Health Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond M Kortner
- Nutrition and Health Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åshild Krogdahl
- Nutrition and Health Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erling Olaf Koppang
- Section of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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22
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Peñaranda DS, Bäuerl C, Tomás-Vidal A, Jover-Cerdá M, Estruch G, Pérez Martínez G, Martínez Llorens S. Intestinal Explant Cultures from Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata, L.) Allowed the Determination of Mucosal Sensitivity to Bacterial Pathogens and the Impact of a Plant Protein Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207584. [PMID: 33066515 PMCID: PMC7588912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between diet and intestinal health has been widely discussed, although in vivo approaches have reported limitations. The intestine explant culture system developed provides an advantage since it reduces the number of experimental fish and increases the time of incubation compared to similar methods, becoming a valuable tool in the study of the interactions between pathogenic bacteria, rearing conditions, or dietary components and fish gut immune response. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the total substitution of fish meal by plants on the immune intestinal status of seabream using an ex vivo bacterial challenge. For this aim, two growth stages of fish were assayed (12 g): phase I (90 days), up to 68 g, and phase II (305 days), up to 250 g. Additionally, in phase II, the effects of long term and short term exposure (15 days) to a plant protein (PP) diet were determined. PP diet altered the mucosal immune homeostasis, the younger fish being more sensitive, and the intestine from fish fed short-term plant diets showed a higher immune response than with long-term feeding. Vibrio alginolyticus (V. alginolyticus) triggered the highest immune and inflammatory response, while COX-2 expression was significantly induced by Photobacterium damselae subsp. Piscicida (P. damselae subsp. Piscicida), showing a positive high correlation between the pro-inflammatory genes encoding interleukin 1β (IL1-β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase 2(COX-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sánchez Peñaranda
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (A.T.-V.); (M.J.-C.); (G.E.); (S.M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9638-79434
| | - Christine Bäuerl
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) (Spanish National Research Council), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (C.B.); (G.P.M.)
| | - Ana Tomás-Vidal
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (A.T.-V.); (M.J.-C.); (G.E.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Miguel Jover-Cerdá
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (A.T.-V.); (M.J.-C.); (G.E.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Guillem Estruch
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (A.T.-V.); (M.J.-C.); (G.E.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Gaspar Pérez Martínez
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) (Spanish National Research Council), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (C.B.); (G.P.M.)
| | - Silvia Martínez Llorens
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (A.T.-V.); (M.J.-C.); (G.E.); (S.M.L.)
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23
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Sotomayor-Gerding D, Troncoso JM, Pino A, Almendras F, Diaz MR. Assessing the Immune Response of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) after the Oral Intake of Alginate-Encapsulated Piscirickettsia salmonis Antigens. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030450. [PMID: 32796725 PMCID: PMC7565443 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmon rickettsial septicaemia (SRS) is the infectious disease that produces the highest losses in the Chilean salmon industry. As a new strategy for the control of SRS outbreaks, in this study we evaluated the effect of alginate-encapsulated Piscirickettsia salmonis antigens (AEPSA) incorporated in the feed as an oral vaccine to induce the immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Fish were distributed into three vaccination groups (injectable, oral high dose, oral low dose). Feed intake and fish growth were recorded during the trial. The P. salmonis-specific IgM levels in blood plasma were measured by ELISA. Alginate microparticles containing the antigen were effectively incorporated in fish feed to produce the oral vaccine. Incorporation of AEPSA did not affect the palatability of the feed or the fish appetite. Furthermore, the oral vaccine did not have a negative effect on fish growth. Finally, the oral vaccine (high and low dose) produced an acquired immune response (IgM) similar to the injectable vaccine, generating a statistically significant increase in the IgM levels at 840-degree days for both experimental groups. These findings suggest that AEPSA incorporated in the feed can be an effective alternative to boost the immune response in Atlantic salmon (S. salar).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sotomayor-Gerding
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Correspondence: (D.S.-G.); (M.R.D.); Tel.: +56-45-2744240 (D.S.-G.); +56-45-2744232 (M.R.D.)
| | | | - Alejandro Pino
- Anasac Chile S.A., Veterinary Division, Almirante Pastene 300, Providencia 7500534, Santiago, Chile;
| | | | - Mónica Rubilar Diaz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Correspondence: (D.S.-G.); (M.R.D.); Tel.: +56-45-2744240 (D.S.-G.); +56-45-2744232 (M.R.D.)
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24
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Martín-Martín A, Simón R, Abós B, Díaz-Rosales P, Tafalla C. Rainbow trout mount a robust specific immune response upon anal administration of thymus-independent antigens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 109:103715. [PMID: 32325069 PMCID: PMC7242905 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the strong demand for orally-delivered fish vaccines and the deficient response of those currently available in the market, little is known about how teleost B cells differentiate to antibody secreting cells (ASCs) in response to antigens delivered to the intestinal mucosa. To fill this gap, in the current study, we have studied the dynamics of B cell differentiation in spleen and kidney of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) anally immunized with antigens catalogued in mammals as thymus dependent (TD) or thymus-independent (TI). Our results show that, in the absence of additional adjuvants, rainbow trout preferentially responded to a model TI antigen such as TNP-LPS (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl hapten conjugated to lipopolysaccharide). The anal administration of TNP-LPS elicited TNP-specific serum antibodies, and a significant increase in the number of total and TNP-specific ASCs in both spleen and kidney, being the kidney the site where most ASCs are found at later time points. In the spleen, a proliferative response of both IgM+ B and T cells was also clearly visible, while the proliferative response was weaker in the kidney. Finally, TNP-LPS also provoked a transcriptional regulation of some immune genes in the spleen and the intestine, including a decreased transcription of foxp3a and foxp3b in intestine that suggests a breach in tolerogenic responses in response to TI stimulation. These results contribute to a better understanding of how intestinal immunity is regulated in teleost and will aid in the future design of effective oral strategies for aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Martín-Martín
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Simón
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Abós
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Díaz-Rosales
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Abbate F, Guerrera MC, Levanti M, Laurà R, Germanà GP, Montalbano G, Cavallaro M, Germanà A. Morphology of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) tongue. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 49:686-694. [PMID: 32378253 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a freshwater and marine fish of the family Salmonidae, widely farmed in aquaculture facilities in several countries. The salmon are carnivorous, but in aquaculture, alternative foods have been experienced. It is well known that feeding in captivity should cause adaptation and modifications of the morphological characteristics of the oral cavity, especially of tongue; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate, by light, laser confocal and scanning electron microscopy, the morphological characteristics of the tongue dorsal surface, considering the importance of the correlations between feeding habits and the anatomy of the tongue. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrates the presence of caniniform teeth with oro-aboral orientation surrounded by numerous filiform papillae, single, fused or arranged in row. Oro-aborally, the papillae show an appearance like a rosette and they disappear at level of the root. Light and laser confocal microscopy demonstrates that the mucosa is covered by a non-keratinized stratified pavement epithelium with, in the deepest layer, the presence of a triangular structure whose apex is cranially directed and base facing aborally. In this structure, spindle-shaped cells are present, with a vimentin immunoreactivity, that for their characteristics could be adult mesenchymal stem cells. The obtained data could be useful not only for further studies on the nutrition, but it is interesting the detection of tissues typical of the embryo-fetal phase in the adult specimens tongue, thus giving a basis for studies of potential applications, if any, regarding cell therapies for different clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Abbate
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Maria Levanti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Laurà
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Mauro Cavallaro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Germanà
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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26
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Somamoto T, Nakanishi T. Mucosal delivery of fish vaccines: Local and systemic immunity following mucosal immunisations. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:199-207. [PMID: 31911291 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal organs of fishes are directly exposed to their aquatic environment, which is suited to the colonization and growth of microorganisms, and thus these barriers are considered to play an important role in maintaining homeostasis and preventing entry of invasive pathogens. Research on fish mucosal immunity have shown that mucosal organs such as gills, skin, intestines and olfactory organs harbor lymphoid cells, including T and B cells as well as dendritic-like cells. Findings related to immune responses following direct administration of antigens into the mucosal organs could help to shed light upon the development of fish mucosal vaccines. The present review highlights vaccine delivery via mucosal organs, in particular focusing on methods other than those of typical mucosal vaccine platforms, such as oral and immersion vaccines. In addition, we propose the hypothesis that mucosal tissues are important sites for generating cell-mediated immunity following vaccination with extracellular antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Somamoto
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Teruyuki Nakanishi
- Goto Aquaculture Institute Co., Ltd, Sayama City, Saitama, 350-1332, Japan
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27
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Bessho-Uehara M, Yamamoto N, Shigenobu S, Mori H, Kuwata K, Oba Y. Kleptoprotein bioluminescence: Parapriacanthus fish obtain luciferase from ostracod prey. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax4942. [PMID: 31934625 PMCID: PMC6949039 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax4942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Through their diet, animals can obtain substances essential for imparting special characteristics, such as toxins in monarch butterflies and luminescent substances in jellyfishes. These substances are typically small molecules because they are less likely to be digested and may be hard for the consumer to biosynthesize. Here, we report that Parapriacanthus ransonneti, a bioluminescent fish, obtains not only its luciferin but also its luciferase enzyme from bioluminescent ostracod prey. The enzyme purified from the fish's light organs was identical to the luciferase of Cypridina noctiluca, a bioluminescent ostracod that they feed upon. Experiments where fish were fed with a related ostracod, Vargula hilgendorfii, demonstrated the specific uptake of the luciferase to the fish's light organs. This "kleptoprotein" system allows an organism to use novel functional proteins that are not encoded in its genome and provides an evolutionary alternative to DNA-based molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Bessho-Uehara
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Environmental Biology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mori
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Graduate School of Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oba
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Environmental Biology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
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28
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Pereira RT, Nebo C, de Paula Naves L, Fortes-Silva R, Regina Cardoso de Oliveira I, Paulino RR, Drummond CD, Rosa PV. Distribution of goblet and endocrine cells in the intestine: A comparative study in Amazonian freshwater Tambaqui and hybrid catfish. J Morphol 2019; 281:55-67. [PMID: 31782555 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Goblet cells (GCs) and endocrine cells (ECs) play an important role in intestine physiology, and few studies currently exist for Amazonian fishes. This study aimed to quantify the distribution of GCs and ECs producing cholecystokinin-8 and neuropeptide Y, assessed by mucin histochemistry and peptides immunohistochemistry, in the intestine of two Amazonian species with different feeding habits Tambaqui (Colossosoma macropomum) and hybrid catfish (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum × Leiarius marmoratus), an omnivore and carnivore, respectively. A systematic literature review correlating feeding habit and GC and EC distribution was also included to contribute to the comparative study. The results of this study provided novel information about the gut cells of Tambaqui and hybrid catfish. Both, GCs and ECs can be found sweeping the entire intestine of Tambaqui and hybrid catfish although the cells can be more concentrated in certain segments. The GCs and ECs in Tambaqui were more uniformly distributed in the midgut segments (T1, T2, and T3). Unlike, in hybrid catfish GCs were more concentrated in the hindgut (C4) and ECs mainly in the two midgut segments (C1 and C2) of hybrid catfish. Based on the comparison between Tambaqui, hybrid catfish, and other fishes in the literature review, we suggest that cell distribution can be partially explained by feeding habits, carnivorous vs. omnivorous.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Nebo
- Institute of Studies of Humid Tropic, Federal University of South and Southeast of Pará (UNIFESSPA), Xinguara, Brazil
| | - Luciana de Paula Naves
- Department of Veterinary, University of José do Rosário Vellano (UNIFENAS), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Fortes-Silva
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition and Feeding Behavior (AquaUFRB), Federal University of Bahia UFRB, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | | | - Renan Rosa Paulino
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila Vieira Rosa
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Brazil
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29
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Miccoli A, Saraceni PR, Scapigliati G. Vaccines and immune protection of principal Mediterranean marine fish species. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:800-809. [PMID: 31580938 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review describes and summarizes the knowledge on established and experimental vaccines developed against viral and bacterial pathologies affecting the most important farmed marine finfish species present in the Mediterranean area, namely European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax, sea bream Sparus aurata, turbot Psetta maxima and meagre Argyrosomus regius. The diseases that have been recorded in seabass, sea bream and meagre are caused by bacteria Vibrio anguillarum, Photobacterium damselae, Tenacibaculum maritimum as well as by viruses such as Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy/Viral Nervous Necrosis and Lymphocystic disease. The main pathologies of turbot are instead bacteriosis provoked by Tenacibaculum maritimum, Aeromonas sp. and Vibrio anguillarum, and virosis by viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus. Some vaccines have been optimized and are now regularly available for the majority of the above-mentioned pathogens. A measurable immune protection has been conferred principally against Vibrio anguillarum, Photobacterium damselae sub. piscicida and VER/VNN.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miccoli
- Department for Innovative Biology, Agro-industry and Forestry, University of Tuscia. Largo Dell'Università, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - P R Saraceni
- Department for Innovative Biology, Agro-industry and Forestry, University of Tuscia. Largo Dell'Università, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - G Scapigliati
- Department for Innovative Biology, Agro-industry and Forestry, University of Tuscia. Largo Dell'Università, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
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Li M, Wang Y, Sun Y, Cui H, Zhu SJ, Qiu HJ. Mucosal vaccines: Strategies and challenges. Immunol Lett 2019; 217:116-125. [PMID: 31669546 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immunization has potential benefits over conventional parenteral immunization, eliciting immune defense in both mucosal and systemic tissue for protecting from pathogen invasion at mucosal surfaces. To provide a first line of protection at these entry ports, mucosal vaccines have been developed and hold a significant promise for reducing the burden of infectious diseases. However, until very recently, only limited mucosal vaccines are available. This review summarizes recent advances in selected aspects regarding mucosal vaccination, including appropriate administration routes, reasonable formulations, antigen-sampling and immune responses of mucosal immunity, and the strategies used to improve mucosal vaccine efficacy. Finally, the challenges of developing successful mucosal vaccines and the potential solutions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shu J Zhu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
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Huang T, Gu W, Wang B, Zhang Y, Cui L, Yao Z, Zhao C, Xu G. Identification and expression of the hepcidin gene from brown trout (Salmo trutta) and functional analysis of its synthetic peptide. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:243-253. [PMID: 30648626 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepcidin, a hepatic antimicrobial peptide, is a key player of the nonspecific immune system. The structure of hepcidin gene from brown trout (Bthepc) has been characterized at the molecular level. The 1158-bp mRNA generates a coding sequence (CDS) of 267 bp, which encodes an 88-amino acid protein. Molecular evolution analysis classified Bthepc to the family Salmonidae. Amino acid sequence homologies between Bthepc and hepcidin in other species such as Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo salar, and Hucho taimen were found to be 93.18%, 96.59%, and 92.05% respectively. The mature peptide and the signal peptide of Bthepc are made of 25 and 24 amino acids, respectively. Similar to the other species, eight conserved cysteines in the mature peptide of Bthepc are held together by four disulphide bonds. Expression profiling of Bthepc indicated its highest expression in the liver. Further, iron levels or inflammation did not induce the age-dependent expression of Bthepc. Bthepc mRNA expression analysis in six immune tissues (liver, gill, spleen, skin, head kidney and intestine) indicated different levels of increase when challenged with Aeromonas salmonicida and Aeromonas hydrophila. The antimicrobial activity of synthetic Bthepc to typical pathogens was verified in vitro. In addition, Bthepc showed moderate haemolytic activity to mammalian erythrocytes. The antimicrobial activity of Bthepc was attributed to the disruption of the bacterial outer membrane integrity, which was evident from our scanning electron microscopy results. In summary, hepcidin gene of brown trout was characterized, and its antimicrobial activity was verified on different levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqing Huang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Wei Gu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Bingqian Wang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yuyong Zhang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Lili Cui
- Yunnan Academy of Fishery Sciences, Kunming, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, PR China
| | - Zuochun Yao
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Gefeng Xu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China.
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Carlucci R, Mentino D, Semeraro D, Ricci P, Sion L, Scillitani G. Comparative histochemical analysis of intestinal glycoconjugates in the blunthead pufferfish Sphoeroides pachygaster and grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus (Teleostei: Tetraodontiformes). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 94:122-131. [PMID: 30628723 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The localization of intestinal glycoconjugates of the blunthead pufferfish Sphoeroides pachygaster and the grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus from the north-western Ionian Sea was analysed by histochemical methods (PAS, AB pH 2.5, HID) and lectin binding experiments (WGA, LFA, SBA, sialidase-SBA, PNA, sialidase-PNA, ConA, AAA, UEA-I, LTA) to assess how evolutionary loss of a functional stomach in S. pachygaster affects intestinal secretions relative to the B. capriscus, which retains the plesiomorphic gastric condition. Sphoeroides pachygaster had a lower content of acid mucins but more complex sialylation patterns than B. capriscus. GalNAc and GlcNAc residuals were present in both, but GalNAc residuals in S. pachygaster were subterminal to sialic acid. Balistes capriscus lacked galactosylated residuals and its enterocytes had a glycocalyx that differed in composition between the small intestine and the rectum and was missing from S. pachygaster. Functional and ecological implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Carlucci
- Department of Biology, Section of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Donatella Mentino
- Department of Biology, Section of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Semeraro
- Department of Biology, Section of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ricci
- Department of Biology, Section of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Letizia Sion
- Department of Biology, Section of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scillitani
- Department of Biology, Section of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Sayyaf Dezfuli B, Manera M, Bosi G, Merella P, DePasquale JA, Giari L. Description of epithelial granular cell in catshark spiral intestine: Immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure. J Morphol 2018; 280:205-213. [PMID: 30589112 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the histology of the spiral intestine of the blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus), a small shark distributed in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea basin. Entire digestive tracts of 10 G. melastomus were studied using histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural methods. Our studies identified a unique, large granular cell type in the intestinal epithelium. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the epithelial granular cell type made intimate contact, by means of junctional complexes, with adjacent epithelial and mucous cells. Several histochemical staining methods showed that the cytoplasmic granules were strongly eosinophilic. Immunostaining of intestinal sections revealed immunoreactivity of the granular cell to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) antibody. However, no reactivity to inducible-nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin IL-1β, lysozyme, serotonin 5-HT antibodies was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maurizio Manera
- Faculty of Biosciences, Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Bosi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Merella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Giari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Xu G, Huang T, Gu W, Zhang Y, Yao Z, Zhao C, Wang B. Characterization, expression, and functional analysis of the hepcidin gene from Brachymystax lenok. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 89:131-140. [PMID: 30125584 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepcidin, a cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptide, is an important effector molecule in the innate immune system. Recently, Brachymystax lenok has become to be a valuable cold-water fish in China, particularly as the wild resources are rapidly declining. In this study, the hepcidin gene of Brachymystax lenok (Blhepc) has been cloned. The 870-bp mRNA contains a coding sequence (CDS) of 267 bp that encodes 88 amino acid residues. Amino acid sequence identities of Blhepc with hepcidin in Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo salar, and Hucho taimen were found to be 93.18%, 89.77% and 93.18%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Blhepc was clustered in the family Salmonidae. The putative signal peptide and the mature peptide contained 24 and 25 amino acid residues, respectively. The RXXR motif for recruitment of propeptide convertase was identified upstream of the mature peptide of Blhepc by sequence analysis. The N-terminal amino acid residues of the mature Blhepc peptide were Q-SH-L, a structure involved in regulating iron metabolism. Eight conserved cysteine residues in the mature peptide were held together by four disulfide bonds. Expression profiling of Blhepc indicated its highest level in the liver; its expression was stronger in males than in similar-aged females. Moreover, its expression in the liver increased significantly with age. Expression of Blhepc in six immune tissues showed increase in various degrees when challenged with Aeromonas salmonicida and Aeromonas hydrophila. A synthetic Blhepc mature peptide was validated to have significant antimicrobial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and fungi in vitro. These results show that Blhepc may be an important component in the innate immunity of Brachymystax lenok, which could provide antimicrobial activities against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gefeng Xu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Tianqing Huang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Wei Gu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yuyong Zhang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Zuochun Yao
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Bingqian Wang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China.
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Yamamoto FY, Sutili FJ, Hume M, Gatlin DM. The effect of β-1,3-glucan derived from Euglena gracilis (Algamune ™ ) on the innate immunological responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1579-1588. [PMID: 30051484 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Algamune™ is a commercial additive produced from Euglena gracilis, providing a rich source of the β-1,3-glucan paramylon. Isolated kidney phagocytes of Nile tilapia were incubated with graded doses (0, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 μg/ml) of Algamune™ and purified paramylon to gauge their ability to elicit the production of reactive oxygen species. A linear response was observed for extracellular superoxide anion for both sources but only Algamune™ for intracellular superoxide anion. After corroborating the immunostimulant properties ex vivo, a feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the dietary supplementation of Algamune™ (0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of diet) for Nile tilapia. Fish were fed for 3 weeks, after which, fish were sampled for blood and head kidney phagocytes. The remaining fish were challenged with Streptococcus iniae. Macrophage extracellular superoxide anion production was significantly elevated in fish fed diets with 200 mg of Algamune™ kg-1 when compared to fish fed the basal diet. Even though the disease challenge did not show statistical differences, it is worth mentioning that fish fed intermediate doses of Algamune™ had lowest numerical mortality values. Therefore, Algamune™ was demonstrated to enhance some immunological responses of tilapia both in ex vivo and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Y Yamamoto
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas
| | - Fernando J Sutili
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Michael Hume
- Food, and Safety Research Unit, USDA, ARS, SPARC, College Station, Texas
| | - Delbert M Gatlin
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas
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Sheng X, Qian X, Tang X, Xing J, Zhan W. Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor Mediates Immune Excretion of Mucosal IgM-Antigen Complexes Across Intestinal Epithelium in Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus). Front Immunol 2018; 9:1562. [PMID: 30072985 PMCID: PMC6060246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) is one important player of mucosal defenses, but very little is known on pIgR-mediated immune excretion of the antigens that penetrate mucosal surface in fish. Previously, we cloned the pIgR of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and developed anti-pIgR antibody. In this study, the flounders were immunized intraperitoneally with the chicken ovalbumin (OVA) and the control protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) to elicit mucosal IgM antibody and pIgR response, and then challenged with OVA via caudal vein injection after the immunized OVA was absent from fish body at the fourth week after immunization. After OVA challenge, strong OVA-positive fluorescence signals were observed in lamina propria (LP) submucosa and epithelial cells of the hindgut at 30 min, increased proceeding toward the distal portion of intestinal folds, reached a peak at 2–3 h, and then weakened and disappeared at 12 h, indicating that the OVA rapidly diffused from bloodstream into LP submucosa and excreted across intestinal epithelium. Whereas in BSA-immunized and OVA-challenged control fish, the OVA was detected in LP submucosa but not in intestinal epithelium due to the lack of OVA-specific antibody. Accordingly, in intestinal epithelium, the transepithelial transport of OVA was confirmed by immunogold electron microscopy, and co-localization of OVA, IgM, and pIgR was illuminated by multiple-label immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and analyzed using Image J software. Furthermore, in gut mucus but not in serum, an ~800-kDa protein band showed IgM-positive, OVA-positive, and pIgR-positive simultaneously, and the OVA, together with IgM and secretory component (SC) of pIgR, could be immunoprecipitated by anti-OVA antibody, demonstrating the existence of SC–polymeric IgM–OVA complexes. All these results collectively revealed that the pIgR could transport mucosal IgM–OVA complexes from LP across intestinal epithelium into gut mucus via the transcytosis in flounder. These new findings provided direct evidences for pIgR-mediated immune excretion of IgM–antigen complexes, and better understanding the role of pIgR in mucosal immunity in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyu Qian
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Bjørgen H, Koppang EO, Gunnes G, Hordvik I, Moldal T, Kaldhusdal M, Dale OB. Ectopic epithelial cell clusters in salmonid intestine are associated with inflammation. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1031-1040. [PMID: 29572978 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An epizootic incidence of intestinal adenocarcinomas was reported in brood fish of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in 2009. The condition was associated with a specific diet inducing enteritis and morphological changes. Here, two field trials of fish up to slaughter size were initiated. In Trial 1, two different feed recipes were used. Feed I was predominantly based on marine ingredients, whereas plant ingredients were limited to soy protein concentrate and wheat. Feed II was lower in fishmeal and without soya protein, which was substituted with plant proteins from other sources. In Trial 2, a commercial feed (Feed III) was included. No macroscopic tumours were observed in 300 fish (Trial 1). At the end of both trials, samples from five different segments of the gastrointestinal tract of a total of 39 fish were investigated with morphological methods. Here, we show the presence of ectopic proliferating epithelial cells only occurring in inflamed intestine and predominantly in the second segment of the mid-intestine. Presence of ectopic epithelial cells in submucosal inflammatory foci may indicate early stages in tumorigenesis, but other possibilities such as proliferative enteric disorders cannot be excluded. Together with inflammation, carcinogenesis should be a focus of investigation in future feed trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bjørgen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - E O Koppang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Gunnes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - I Hordvik
- Institute of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - T Moldal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - O B Dale
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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Petit J, David L, Dirks R, Wiegertjes GF. Genomic and transcriptomic approaches to study immunology in cyprinids: What is next? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 75:48-62. [PMID: 28257855 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated by the introduction of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), a number of genomes of cyprinid fish species have been drafted, leading to a highly valuable collective resource of comparative genome information on cyprinids (Cyprinidae). In addition, NGS-based transcriptome analyses of different developmental stages, organs, or cell types, increasingly contribute to the understanding of complex physiological processes, including immune responses. Cyprinids are a highly interesting family because they comprise one of the most-diversified families of teleosts and because of their variation in ploidy level, with diploid, triploid, tetraploid, hexaploid and sometimes even octoploid species. The wealth of data obtained from NGS technologies provides both challenges and opportunities for immunological research, which will be discussed here. Correct interpretation of ploidy effects on immune responses requires knowledge of the degree of functional divergence between duplicated genes, which can differ even between closely-related cyprinid fish species. We summarize NGS-based progress in analysing immune responses and discuss the importance of respecting the presence of (multiple) duplicated gene sequences when performing transcriptome analyses for detailed understanding of complex physiological processes. Progressively, advances in NGS technology are providing workable methods to further elucidate the implications of gene duplication events and functional divergence of duplicates genes and proteins involved in immune responses in cyprinids. We conclude with discussing how future applications of NGS technologies and analysis methods could enhance immunological research and understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Petit
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lior David
- Department of Animal Sciences, R. H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ron Dirks
- ZF-screens B.V., J.H, Oortweg 19, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Ahmadivand S, Soltani M, Behdani M, Evensen Ø, Alirahimi E, Hassanzadeh R, Soltani E. Oral DNA vaccines based on CS-TPP nanoparticles and alginate microparticles confer high protection against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) infection in trout. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 74:178-189. [PMID: 28479343 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is the etiological agent of a contagious viral disease causing remarkable mortalities in different fish species. Despite the availability of commercial vaccines against IPN, the disease still constitutes one of the main threats to the aquaculture industry worldwide. In this study, we developed a DNA vaccine encoding the VP2 gene of IPNV and evaluated its ability to induce protective immunity in rainbow trout fry (3 g) at doses of 10 and 25 μg/fish and boosting with the same doses two weeks later through the oral route using chitosan/tripolyphosphate (CS-TPP) nanoparticles and alginate microparticles incorporated into fish feed. The distribution of the administered vaccines in different organs and transcription of VP2 gene were confirmed by RT-PCR assay at day 30 post boost-vaccination. Transcript levels of IFN-1, Mx-1, IgM, IgT and CD4 genes was dependent on vaccine dose and was significantly up-regulated in head kidney of all orally vaccinated fish groups compared to controls (pcDNA3.1). Cumulative mortalities post-challenge with virulent isolate of the virus were lower in the vaccinated fish and a relative percentage survival (RPS) of 59% and 82% were obtained for the 10 and 25 μg/fish pcDNA3.1-VP2 groups, respectively. Vaccination with the same amount of pcDNA3.1-VP2 encapsulated with CS-TPP nanoparticles resulted in RPS of 47 %and 70%, respectively. Detectable anti-IPNV antibodies were shown until 90 days postvaccination. The orally administrated vaccines significantly decreased VP4 transcripts thus contributing to reducing viral load in surviving fish on day 45 post-challenge. In conclusion, these results show good to high protection post-vaccination alongside with significant up-regulation of key immune genes and detectable levels of circulating antibodies after oral administration of the DNA vaccine formulated in CS-TPP nanoparticles and alginate microparticles in fish feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Ahmadivand
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Soltani
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran; Centre of Excellence of Aquatic Animal Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ehsan Alirahimi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Hassanzadeh
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Iran Veterinary Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ellahe Soltani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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40
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Rajan B, Løkka G, Koppang EO, Austbø L. Passive Immunization of Farmed Fish. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4195-4202. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Embregts CWE, Forlenza M. Oral vaccination of fish: Lessons from humans and veterinary species. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:118-37. [PMID: 27018298 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The limited number of oral vaccines currently approved for use in humans and veterinary species clearly illustrates that development of efficacious and safe oral vaccines has been a challenge not only for fish immunologists. The insufficient efficacy of oral vaccines is partly due to antigen breakdown in the harsh gastric environment, but also to the high tolerogenic gut environment and to inadequate vaccine design. In this review we discuss current approaches used to develop oral vaccines for mass vaccination of farmed fish species. Furthermore, using various examples from the human and veterinary vaccine development, we propose additional approaches to fish vaccine design also considering recent advances in fish mucosal immunology and novel molecular tools. Finally, we discuss the pros and cons of using the zebrafish as a pre-screening animal model to potentially speed up vaccine design and testing for aquaculture fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen W E Embregts
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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