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Shi C, Tang Z, Jin Z, Huang S, Xu X, Qu C, Lin TH. Characterization of DmToll and DmToll7 homologue in Litopenaeus vannamei based on structure analysis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 158:105209. [PMID: 38838948 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize invading pathogens and activate downstream signaling pathways. The number of 10 Tolls is found in Litopenaeus vannamei but have not yet been identified as the corresponding Toll homologue of model animal. In this study, we predicted the three-dimensional (3D) structures of 10 LvTolls (LvToll1-10) with AlphaFold2 program. The per-residue local distance difference test (pLDDT) scores of LvTolls showed the predicted structure of LvTolls had high accuracy (pLDDT>70). By structural analysis, 3D structures of LvToll2 and LvToll3 had high similarity with Drosophila melanogaster Toll and Toll7, respectively. 3D structure of LvToll7 and LvToll10 were not similar to that of other LvTolls. Moreover, we also predicted that LvSpätzle4 had high structural similarity to DmSpätzle. There were 9 potential hydrogen bonds in LvToll2-LvSpätzle4 complex. Importantly, co-immunoprecipitation assay showed that LvToll2 could bind with LvSpätzle4. Collectively, this study provides new insight for researching invertebrate immunity by identifying the protein of model animal homologue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Zhuyun Tang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zhixin Jin
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China; Department of Basic Medical Science, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
| | - Xiuyue Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
| | - Chen Qu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
| | - Ta-Hui Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Department of Basic Medical Science, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China.
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2
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Wei Z, Zhang M, Chen Y, Hu H, Zhao X, Zheng Y, Tran NT, Feng H, Zeng C, Li S. Spätzle maintains homeostasis of hemolymph microbiota in Scylla paramamosain through Toll2. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109385. [PMID: 38242262 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The Toll pathway is crucial for innate immune responses in organisms (including Drosophila and mammals). The Spätzle protein outside of cells acts as a ligand for Toll receptors, enabling the transfer of signals from outside the cell to the inside. However, the function of Spätzle in the immune system of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) remains unclear. This research discovered a novel Spätzle gene (Sp-Spz) in mud crab, which showed extensive expression in all the tissues that were examined. The RNA interference exhibited the correlation between Sp-Spz and the anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs). Knockdown of Sp-Spz decreased the expression of Sp-Toll2 but not Sp-Toll1. In Drosophila Schneider 2 cells, Sp-Spz was found interacted with Sp-Toll2. Moreover, the depletion of Sp-Spz caused the separation of hepatic lobules from the basement membrane, resulting in the disruption of the structural coherence of hepatopancreatic cells. Additionally, the knockdown of Sp-Spz resulted in changes to the composition of the hemolymph microbiota, specifically affecting the proportions of different phylum and family levels. The findings indicated that Sp-Spz may promote the synthesis of ALFs via Sp-Toll2, thereby influencing the homeostasis of microbiota in the hemolymph. In this study, novel insights into mud crab immunity are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Wei
- Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Hang Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Xinshan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yuqing Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Haipeng Feng
- Department of Pathology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, China.
| | - Chong Zeng
- Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, China.
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China.
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Zhang Y, Zhang P, Ni M, Zhou B, Bai Y, Zheng J, Cui Z. Spätzle, a signaling molecule that interacts with pathogen-associated molecules and Toll-like receptor in Portunus trituberculatus. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:17-25. [PMID: 36336152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Spätzle is a crucial ligand for Toll-like receptor (TLR) that triggers the activation of TLR signal pathway in insects. In this study, open reading frames (ORFs) of two spätzles were cloned from Portunus trituberculatus (PtSpz1 and PtSpz2). Both of PtSpzs contained the typical cystine-knot domain of spätzle. Tissue distribution analysis showed that both of PtSpzs were predominantly expressed in the gills. Transcriptional levels of the two PtSpzs in hemocytes and gill rapidly increased at 3 h and 6 h post Vibrio alginolyticus challenge, respectively. The two PtSpzs could bind to several pathogen-associated molecules including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and envelope proteins of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Moreover, the two PtSpzs could directly interact with the extracellular leucine-rich repeats (LRR) domain of TLR. This study revealed that spätzle could interact with pathogen-associated molecules and TLR of host, which may be two important steps for spätzle to deliver signals into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Mengqi Ni
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Yunhui Bai
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Jinbin Zheng
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China.
| | - Zhaoxia Cui
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
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Xu R, Zhai Y, Yang J, Tong Y, He P, Jia R. Combined dynamic transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses revealed the effects of trans-vp28 gene Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 on the hepatopancreas of Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:28-37. [PMID: 35842114 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Litopenaeus vannamei is the most important shrimp species throughout the world. However, diseases are increasing with the development of the industry, so enhancing the immunity of shrimp is of great significance. In this study, 1800 shrimp were divided into two groups randomly: the control group (N, feed with brine shrimp flake) and the experimental group (M, feed with mutant of Synechocystis sp. cells) (300 shrimp/group/replication) and each trial was conducted in triplicates. After immunization, sixty shrimp (with three replicates of twenty) were collected at 0 h in group N and 24, 72, and 144 h in group M, respectively, and the hepatopancreas were isolated for transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis. Transcriptome data revealed that compared with group N, genes related to antimicrobial peptides, cytoskeleton remodeling, detoxification, apoptosis, blood coagulation, immune defense, and antioxidant systems were differentially expressed in group M. In addition, combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis revealed that some immune-related differential genes or differential metabolites were consistently expressed in both omics. All the above results indicated that trans-vp28 gene Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 could improve the immunity of L. vannamei. This is the first report of the integration of dynamic transcriptomics combined with metabolomics to study the effect of trans-vp28 gene Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 in the hepatopancreas of L. vannamei and provided important information about the defense and immune mechanisms used by invertebrates against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihang Xu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yufeng Zhai
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jia Yang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yupei Tong
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Peimin He
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Rui Jia
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Nie X, Dai X, Zhao Y, Xu H, Han Z, Jia R, Ren Q, Huang X. Identification of three novel Spätzle genes in Eriocheir sinensis and their roles during white spot syndrome virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:168-180. [PMID: 35921935 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Proteins of Spätzle family play an essential role in innate immunity in invertebrates by activating the Toll pathway to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides. However, little is known about the function of Spätzle in in the immune response of the Chinese mitten crab. In the present study, three novel Spätzle genes (named as EsSpz1, EsSpz2, and EsSpz3) were identified from Eriocheir sinensis. The genome structure of EsSpz1 contains two exons and an intron. Three Spätzle proteins all contain a Pfam Spaetzle domain. In the evolution, EsSpz1-3 cluster with other Spätzle proteins from crustaceans. EsSpz1-3 were widely distributed in multiple immune tissues. The expression levels of EsSpz1-3 in the intestine were remarkably upregulated after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge. The knockdown of EsSpz1-3 remarkably decreased the expressions of crustins and anti-lipopolysaccharide factors during WSSV infection. Moreover, EsSpz1-3 silencing remarkably increased the expression of WSSV envelope protein VP28. These findings suggest that new-found EsSpz1-3 in E. sinensis could promote the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides and inhibit the expression of VP28 during WSSV infection. Our study indicates that EsSpz1-3 in E. sinensis may participate in the innate immune defenses against WSSV by inducing the expression of antimicrobial peptides. This study provides new knowledge for the function of Spätzle in the antiviral immune defense in crustacean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximei Nie
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoling Dai
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Zhengxiao Han
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Qian Ren
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China.
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China.
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Liu B, Wang H, Jiang Z, Qin W, Zhou C, Huang X, Huang Y, Ren Q. Identification of four Spätzle genes (MnSpz1, MnSpz2, MnSpz2-isoform, and MnSpz3) and their roles in the innate immunity of Macrobrachium nipponense. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:104254. [PMID: 34478777 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spätzle, an extracellular ligand of the Toll receptor, is involved in the innate immunity of crustaceans. In this study, four Spätzle genes were cloned from Macrobrachium nipponense and designed as MnSpz1, MnSpz2, MnSpz2-isoform, and MnSpz3. The coding region of the four Spätzle genes all contained one intron and two exons, and they were predicted to be produced by gene duplication based on sequence similarities and phylogenetic tree. The predicted MnSpz1, MnSpz2, and MnSpz3 proteins all contained a signal peptide and a Spätzle domain. No signal peptide but a Spätzle domain existed in MnSpz2-isoform because of frameshift mutation caused by 50 bp nucleotide deletion compared with MnSpz2. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis showed that MnSpz1, MnSpz2, and MnSpz3 were expressed in all the detected tissues of M. nipponense, and MnSpz2 was found to be the major isoform in the heart, gills, stomach, and intestine. After stimulation by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, or White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the expression levels of MnSpz1, MnSpz2, and MnSpz3 changed. Given the high similarities among MnSpz1-3, RNA interference (RNAi) using dsRNA of MnSpz1 inhibited the expression of the three Spätzle genes (MnSpz1, MnSpz2 and MnSpz3). Silencing of MnSpz1-3 down-regulated the expression levels of nine antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes in M. nipponense. After Knockdown of MnSpzs, the number of V. parahaemolyticus, S. aureus and WSSV copies in M. nipponense increased significantly in vivo. Our results suggest that Spätzles are involved in the innate immunity of M. nipponense. The expansion of MnSpz genes through gene duplication is beneficial to enhance the innate immune defense ability of M. nipponense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beixiang Liu
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Zuosheng Jiang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Chengxiang Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Ying Huang
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Ren
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China.
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Bae YM, Jo YH, Patnaik BB, Kim BB, Park KB, Edosa TT, Keshavarz M, Kojour MAM, Lee YS, Han YS. Tenebrio molitor Spätzle 1b Is Required to Confer Antibacterial Defense Against Gram-Negative Bacteria by Regulation of Antimicrobial Peptides. Front Physiol 2021; 12:758859. [PMID: 34867464 PMCID: PMC8637286 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.758859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the ultimate line of defense against invading pathogens in insects. Unlike in the mammalian model, in the insect model, invading pathogens are recognized by extracellular receptors, which activate the Toll signaling pathway through an extracellular serine protease cascade. In the Toll-NF-κB pathway, the extracellular spätzle protein acts as a downstream ligand for Toll receptors in insects. In this study, we identified a novel Spätzle isoform (TmSpz1b) from RNA sequencing database of Tenebrio molitor. TmSpz1b was bioinformatically analyzed, and functionally characterized for the antimicrobial function by RNA interference (RNAi). The 702 bp open reading frame of TmSpz1b encoded a putative protein of 233 amino acid residues. A conserved cystine-knot domain with seven cysteine residues in TmSpz1b was involved in three disulfide bridges and the formation of a spätzle dimer. TmSpz1b was mostly expressed in the hemocytes of T. molitor late instar larvae. The mRNA expression of TmSpz1b was highly induced in the hemocytes after Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans stimulation of T. molitor larvae. TmSpz1b silenced larvae were significantly more susceptible to E. coli infection. In addition, RNAi-based functional assay characterized TmSpz1b to be involved in the positive regulation of antimicrobial peptide genes in hemocytes and fat bodies. Further, the TmDorX2 transcripts were downregulated in TmSpz1b silenced individuals upon E. coli challenge suggesting the relationship to Toll signaling pathway. These results indicate that TmSpz1b is involved in the T. molitor innate immunity, causes the sequestration of Gram-negative bacteria by the regulatory action of antimicrobial peptides, and enhances the survival of T. molitor larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Bae
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- Department of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, India
| | - Bo Bae Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ki Beom Park
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Tariku Tesfaye Edosa
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.,Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Maryam Keshavarz
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology-Zoology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maryam Ali Mohammadie Kojour
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Ou J, Chen H, Liu Q, Bian Y, Luan X, Jiang Q, Ji H, Wang Z, Lv L, Dong X, Zhao W, Zhang Q. Integrated transcriptome analysis of immune-related mRNAs and microRNAs in Macrobrachium rosenbergii infected with Spiroplasma eriocheiris. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:651-669. [PMID: 34742900 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Macrobrachium rosenbergii (M. rosenbergii), is a major aquaculture species in China and Southeast Asia. However, infection with Spiroplasma eriocheiris (S. eriocheiris) has caused huge economic losses to the cultivation of M. rosenbergii. Currently, there are few reports on the immune response mechanism of M. rosenbergii that are infected with S. eriocheiris. To clarify the immune response mechanism of M. rosenbergii infected with S. eriocheiris, the key immune genes which respond to the infection with the pathogen and the regulation of related microRNAs (miRNAs) on them were identified. In this study, the mRNA and miRNA transcriptome of hepatopancreas of M. rosenbergii at different infection stages were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing and qRT-PCR. In the mRNA transcriptome, 27,703 and 33,402 genes were expressed in healthy and susceptible M. rosenbergii, respectively. By digital gene-expression profiling analysis, 23,929 and 24,325 genes were expressed, and 223 and 373 genes were significantly up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. A total of 145 key genes related to Toll, IMD, JAK/STAT and MAPK were excavated from the transcriptome. In the miRNA transcriptome, 549 miRNAs (Conserved: 41, PN-type: 83, PC-type: 425) were sequenced, of which 87 were significantly up-regulated and 23 were significantly down-regulated. Among the related immune pathways, there are 259 miRNAs involved in the regulation of target genes in the Toll and IMD pathways, 231 JAK/STAT pathways and 122 MAPK pathways. qRT-PCR differential detection of immune-related miRNAs and mRNAs showed that 22 miRNAs with significant differences (P < 0.05) such as mro-miR-100, PC-mro-3p-27 and PN-mro-miR-316 had corresponding regulatory relationships with 22 important immune genes such as TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, MyD88, Pelle and Relish in different stages after infection. In this study, the immune genes and related regulatory miRNAs of M. rosenbergii in response to S. eriocheiris infection were obtained. The results can provide basic data to further reveal the immune defense mechanism of M. rosenbergii against S. eriocheiris infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Ou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunxia Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Luan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Qicheng Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Zisheng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Linlan Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuexing Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Weihong Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Qihuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
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9
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TmSpz-like Plays a Fundamental Role in Response to E. coli but Not S. aureus or C. albican Infection in Tenebrio molitor via Regulation of Antimicrobial Peptide Production. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910888. [PMID: 34639230 PMCID: PMC8509142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cystine knot protein Spätzle is a Toll receptor ligand that modulates the intracellular signaling cascade involved in the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated regulation of antimicrobial peptide (AMP)-encoding genes. Spätzle-mediated activation of the Toll pathway is critical for the innate immune responses of insects against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. In this study, the open reading frame (ORF) sequence of Spätzle-like from T. molitor (TmSpz-like) identified from the RNA sequencing dataset was cloned and sequenced. The 885-bp TmSpz-like ORF encoded a polypeptide of 294 amino acid residues. TmSpz-like comprised a cystine knot domain with six conserved cysteine residues that formed three disulfide bonds. Additionally, TmSpz-like exhibited the highest amino acid sequence similarity with T. castaneum Spätzle (TcSpz). In the phylogenetic tree, TmSpz-like and TcSpz were located within a single cluster. The expression of TmSpz-like was upregulated in the Malpighian tubules and gut tissues of T. molitor. Additionally, the expression of TmSpz-like in the whole body and gut of the larvae was upregulated at 24 h post-E. coli infection. The results of RNA interference experiments revealed that TmSpz-like is critical for the viability of E. coli-infected T. molitor larvae. Eleven AMP-encoding genes were downregulated in the E. coli-infected TmSpz-like knockdown larvae, which suggested that TmSpz-like positively regulated these genes. Additionally, the NF-κB-encoding genes (TmDorX1, TmDorX2, and TmRelish) were downregulated in the E. coli-infected TmSpz-like knockdown larvae. Thus, TmSpz-like plays a critical role in the regulation of AMP production in T. molitor in response to E. coli infection.
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10
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Muhammad A, Habineza P, Wang X, Xiao R, Ji T, Hou Y, Shi Z. Spätzle Homolog-Mediated Toll-Like Pathway Regulates Innate Immune Responses to Maintain the Homeostasis of Gut Microbiota in the Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:846. [PMID: 32523559 PMCID: PMC7261851 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spätzle (Spz) is a dimeric ligand that responds to the Gram-positive bacterial or fungal infection by binding Toll receptors to induce the secretion of antimicrobial peptides. However, whether the Toll-like signaling pathway mediates the innate immunity of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus to modulate the homeostasis of gut microbiota has not been determined. In this study, we found that a Spz homolog, RfSpätzle, is a secretory protein comprising a signal peptide and a conservative Spz domain. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that RfSpätzle was significantly induced to be expressed in the fat body and gut by the systemic and oral infection with pathogenic microbes. The expression levels of two antimicrobial peptide genes, RfColeoptericin and RfCecropin, were downregulated significantly by RfSpätzle knockdown, indicating that their secretion is under the regulation of the RfSpätzle-mediated signaling pathway. After being challenged by pathogenic microbes, the cumulative mortality rate of RfSpätzle-silenced individuals was drastically increased as compared to that of the controls. Further analysis indicated that these larvae possessed the diminished antibacterial activity. Moreover, RfSpätzle knockdown altered the relative abundance of gut bacteria at the phylum and family levels. Taken together, these findings suggest that RfSpätzle is involved in RPW immunity to confer protection and maintain the homeostasis of gut microbiota by mediating the production of antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Prosper Habineza
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinghong Wang
- Guizhou Institute of Biology, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tianliang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhanghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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11
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TmSpz4 Plays an Important Role in Regulating the Production of Antimicrobial Peptides in Response to Escherichia coli and Candida albicans Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051878. [PMID: 32182940 PMCID: PMC7084639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spätzle family proteins activate the Toll pathway and induce antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production against microbial infections. However, the functional importance of Tmspätzle4 (TmSpz4) in the immune response of Tenebrio molitor has not been reported. Therefore, here, we have identified and functionally characterized the role of TmSpz4 against bacterial and fungal infections. We showed that TmSpz4 expression was significantly induced in hemocytes at 6 h post-injection with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. TmSpz4 knock-down significantly reduced larval survival against E. coli and C. albicans. To understand the reason for the survivability difference, the role of TmSpz4 in AMP production was examined in TmSpz4-silenced larvae following microbe injection. The AMPs that are active against Gram-negative bacteria, including TmTenecin-2, TmTenecin-4, TmAttacin-1a, TmDefensin-2, and TmCecropin-2, were significantly downregulated in response to E. coli in TmSpz4-silenced larvae. Similarly, the expression of TmTenecin-1, TmTenecin-3, TmThaumatin-like protein-1 and -2, TmDefensin-1, TmDefensin-2, and TmCecropin-2 were downregulated in response to C. albicans in TmSpz4-silenced larvae. In addition, the transcription factor NF-κB (TmDorX1 and TmDorX2) expression was significantly suppression in TmSpz4-silenced larvae. In conclusion, these results suggest that TmSpz4 plays a key role in regulating immune responses of T. molitor against to E. coli and C. albicans.
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12
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Pan XT, Li TT, Yang CH, Ren Q, Zhang XW. A toll receptor is involved in antibacterial defense in the oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:583-589. [PMID: 31247321 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the activation of innate immune response in animals. In this study, we identified a TLR from the oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense (MnToll1) and investigated its functions in immunity. The MnToll1 protein shares similar structural characteristics with other known Toll family proteins. MnToll1 transcripts are broadly distributed in all of the examined tissues, and its expression level was significantly up-regulated by bacterial challenge. RNAi-mediated knockdown of MnToll1 significantly impaired the survivability of Vibrio-challenged prawns. RNAi experiments also revealed that the expression of several antimicrobial peptide genes were regulated by MnToll1. Moreover, we found the extracellular region of MnToll1 could directly bind to bacteria and bacterial glycoconjugates. These findings suggest that MnToll1 function as a pattern recognition receptor to recognize invading pathogen and initiate downstream gene expression, to participate in antibacterial defense of M. nipponense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Tong Pan
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Cong-Hui Yang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Qian Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
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13
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Li C, Wang S, He J. The Two NF-κB Pathways Regulating Bacterial and WSSV Infection of Shrimp. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1785. [PMID: 31417561 PMCID: PMC6683665 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of diseases ordinarily results from the disruption of the balance and harmony between hosts and pathogens. Devoid of adaptive immunity, shrimp rely largely on the innate immune system to protect themselves from pathogenic infection. Two nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways, the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathways, are generally regarded as the major regulators of the immune response in shrimp, which have been extensively studied over the years. Bacterial infection can be recognized by Toll and IMD pathways, which activate two NF-κB transcription factors, Dorsal and Relish, respectively, to eventually lead to boosting the expression of various antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In response to white-spot-syndrome-virus (WSSV) infection, these two pathways appear to be subverted and hijacked to favor viral survival. In this review, the recent progress in elucidating microbial recognition, signal transduction, and effector regulation within both shrimp Toll and IMD pathways will be discussed. We will also highlight and discuss the similarities and differences between shrimps and their Drosophila or mammalian counterparts. Understanding the interplay between pathogens and shrimp NF-κB pathways may provide new opportunities for disease-prevention strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Zhuhai, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Zhuhai, China.,School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Zhuhai, China.,School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Huang Y, Zhang G, Ren Q. Molecular Characterization of Two Toll Receptors in Hyriopsis cumingii and Their Potential Roles in Antibacterial Response. Front Physiol 2019; 10:952. [PMID: 31404151 PMCID: PMC6672746 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolls/Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in innate immunity by detecting the invading microbes and subsequently activating downstream signaling cascades. In this study, two new molluscan Toll members (designed as HcToll6 and HcToll7) were identified from triangle-shell pearl mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii). The obtained HcToll6 full-length cDNA was 3207 bp consisting of a 2223 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded a peptide of 740 amino acids. HcToll7 cDNA is a 3216 bp molecule that contains an ORF of 2139 bp encoding a protein of 712 amino acids. The deduced HcToll6 and HcToll7 proteins share two common structures: extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains and intracellular Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. Quantitative real-time PCR results showed that HcToll6 and HcToll7 were mainly expressed in the hepatopancreas and the gills, and they responded rapidly to bacterial stimulation. RNA interference by dsRNA results revealed that HcToll6 and HcToll7 RNAi strongly decreased the expression of lysozyme (HcLyso) and defensin (HcDef) in the gills of RNAi-treated mussels with Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge. As a pattern recognition receptor, the prokaryotic expressed the recombinant LRR domains of HcToll6 and HcToll7 (rHcToll6-LRR and rHcToll7-LRR) could bind to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and had a strong tendency to recognize lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PNG). rHcToll6-LRR and rHcToll7-LRR exhibited a significant in vitro bactericidal activity against V. parahaemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus. These findings provide useful information to characterize Tolls in mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China.,School of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze, China
| | - Guosong Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze, China
| | - Qian Ren
- Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, China.,College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Chen YH, He JG. Effects of environmental stress on shrimp innate immunity and white spot syndrome virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:744-755. [PMID: 30393174 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The shrimp aquaculture industry is plagued by disease. Due to the lack of deep understanding of the relationship between innate immune mechanism and environmental adaptation mechanism, it is difficult to prevent and control the diseases of shrimp. The shrimp innate immune system has received much recent attention, and the functions of the humoral immune response and the cellular immune response have been preliminarily characterized. The role of environmental stress in shrimp disease has also been investigated recently, attempting to clarify the interactions among the innate immune response, the environmental stress response, and disease. Both the innate immune response and the environmental stress response have a complex relationship with shrimp diseases. Although these systems are important safeguards, allowing shrimp to adapt to adverse environments and resist infection, some pathogens, such as white spot syndrome virus, hijack these host systems. As shrimp lack an adaptive immune system, immunization therapy cannot be used to prevent and control shrimp disease. However, shrimp diseases can be controlled using ecological techniques. These techniques, which are based on the innate immune response and the environmental stress response, significantly reduce the impact of shrimp diseases. The object of this review is to summarize the recent research on shrimp environmental adaptation mechanisms, innate immune response mechanisms, and the relationship between these systems. We also suggest some directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering in Guangdong Province/School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Jian-Guo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering in Guangdong Province/School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
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16
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Li C, Weng S, He J. WSSV-host interaction: Host response and immune evasion. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:558-571. [PMID: 30352263 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As invertebrates, shrimps rely on multiple innate defense reactions, including humoral immunity and cellular immunity to recognize and eliminate various invaders, such as viruses. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) causes the most prevalent and devastating viral disease in penaeid shrimps, which are the most widely cultured species in the coastal waters worldwide. In the last couple of decades, studies about WSSV implicate a dual role of the immune system in protecting shrimps against the infection; these studies also explore on the pathogenesis of WSSV infection. Herein, we review our current knowledge of the innate immune responses of shrimps to WSSV, as well as the molecular mechanisms used by this virus to evade host immune responses or actively subvert them for its own benefit. Deciphering the interactions between WSSV and the shrimp host is paramount to understanding the mechanisms that regulate the balance between immune-mediated protection and pathogenesis during viral infection and to the development of a safe and effective WSSV defensive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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17
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Chen YH, Lian YY, He HH, Yuan K, Zhang CZ, Yue GH, He JG. Functional characterization of an ER-stress responding Crustin gene in Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:541-550. [PMID: 30366090 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Shrimp in culture ponds are challenged by various pathogens as well as harsh water environment. The innate immune system and environmental stress response system of shrimp paly an important role in shrimp survival and growth. For remission the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress caused by environmental stress, unfolded protein response (UPR) may reduce the synthesis of most proteins, including great mass of immune factors, which could weaken the immune function of shrimp. Therefore, how cells keep appropriate amount of immune factor synthesis under such a situation is critical important for shrimp health and growth. In this study, we cloned a new Crustin gene (LvCruU) from Litopenaeus vannamei. We showed that LvCruU has antibacterial activity, and reducing its expression would increase the cumulative mortality of L. vannamei upon the Vibrio parahemolyticus infection. In addition, we found that promoter activity of LvCruU was enhanced not only by the deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor-1 (Deaf1), but also by activating transcription factor 3 (LvATF3) of shrimp UPR. Real-time RT-PCR showed that LvCruU and LvATF3 both were induced upon UPR activation. And moreover, in Thapsigargin plus dsLvCruU injection test, we showed that down-regulation of LvCruU increased the cumulative mortality of V. parahemolyticus-infected shrimp under ER-stress. These results suggest that LvCruU work as a downstream effector of UPR, and contribute to antimicrobic immune response upon ER-stress in L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hong Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
| | - Yu-Ying Lian
- Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering in Guangdong Province/School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol/MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Hong-Hui He
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol/MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Chao-Zheng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 160 QunXian Road, Guangzhou, 511430, PR China
| | - Gen-Hua Yue
- Molecular Population Genetics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Jian-Guo He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering in Guangdong Province/School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol/MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
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18
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Vaniksampanna A, Longyant S, Charoensapsri W, Sithigorngul P, Chaivisuthangkura P. Molecular isolation and characterization of a spätzle gene from Macrobrachium rosenbergii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:441-450. [PMID: 30308293 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spätzle protein is an extracellular ligand of Toll receptor in Toll signaling pathway involved in the embryonic dorsoventral patterning and in the innate immunity. In this study, a spätzle gene of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (MrSpz) was isolated and characterized. The open reading frame of MrSpz consisted of 747 nucleotides encoding 248 amino acid residues containing a signal peptide and C-terminal spätzle activated domain. MrSpz shared high similarity to spätzle of Fenneropenaeus chinensis (FcSpz) at 92% identity and Marsupenaeus japonicus (MjSpz) at 83% identity. Phylogenetic analysis was performed and the results revealed that MrSpz was a member of the clade containing LvSpz3 of Litopenaeus vannamei, FcSpz and Penaeus monodon spätzle protein. The expression distribution at transcriptional level in various tissues of normal prawn revealed that the MrSpz was detected in gills, heart and hepatopancreas while no expression was observed in hemocyte, muscle and stomach. In the Aeromonas caviae challenged prawn, the expression level of MrSpz in hemocyte was increased gradually at 6, 12 and 24 h post-injection. Furthermore, in MrSpz knocked down prawn injected with Aeromonas caviae, the mortality rate were higher than that of non-related dsRNA group and control group. These results suggest that MrSpz protein may play a key role in the innate immunity of M. rosenbergii, especially in response to Gram-negative bacteria A. caviae invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siwaporn Longyant
- Department of Biology, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Animal, Plant and Parasite Biotechnology, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Charoensapsri
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paisarn Sithigorngul
- Department of Biology, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Animal, Plant and Parasite Biotechnology, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Parin Chaivisuthangkura
- Department of Biology, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Animal, Plant and Parasite Biotechnology, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand.
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19
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Tassanakajon A, Rimphanitchayakit V, Visetnan S, Amparyup P, Somboonwiwat K, Charoensapsri W, Tang S. Shrimp humoral responses against pathogens: antimicrobial peptides and melanization. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:81-93. [PMID: 28501515 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diseases have caused tremendous economic losses and become the major problem threatening the sustainable development of shrimp aquaculture. The knowledge of host defense mechanisms against invading pathogens is essential for the implementation of efficient strategies to prevent disease outbreaks. Like other invertebrates, shrimp rely on the innate immune system to defend themselves against a range of microbes by recognizing and destroying them through cellular and humoral immune responses. Detection of microbial pathogens triggers the signal transduction pathways including the NF-κB signaling, Toll and Imd pathways, resulting in the activation of genes involved in host defense responses. In this review, we update the discovery of components of the Toll and Imd pathways in shrimp and their participation in the regulation of shrimp antimicrobial peptide (AMP) synthesis. We also focus on a recent progress on the two most powerful and the best-studied shrimp humoral responses: AMPs and melanization. Shrimp AMPs are mainly cationic peptides with sequence diversity which endues them the broad range of activities against microorganisms. Melanization, regulated by the prophenoloxidase activating cascade, also plays a crucial role in killing and sequestration of invading pathogens. The progress and emerging research on mechanisms and functional characterization of components of these two indispensable humoral responses in shrimp immunity are summarized and discussed. Interestingly, the pattern recognition protein (PRP) crosstalk is evidenced between the proPO activating cascade and the AMP synthesis pathways in shrimp, which enables the innate immune system to build up efficient immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Vichien Rimphanitchayakit
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Suwattana Visetnan
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Piti Amparyup
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kunlaya Somboonwiwat
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Charoensapsri
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sureerat Tang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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Sun JJ, Xu S, He ZH, Shi XZ, Zhao XF, Wang JX. Activation of Toll Pathway Is Different between Kuruma Shrimp and Drosophila. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1151. [PMID: 28979261 PMCID: PMC5611483 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Toll pathway is essential for inducing an immune response to defend against bacterial invasion in vertebrates and invertebrates. Although Toll receptors and the transcription factor Dorsal were identified in different shrimp, relatively little is known about how the Toll pathway is activated or the function of the pathway in shrimp antibacterial immunity. In this study, three Tolls (Toll1–3) and the Dorsal were identified in Marsupenaeus japonicus. The Toll pathway can be activated by Gram-positive (G+) and Gram-negative (G−) bacterial infection. Unlike Toll binding to Spätzle in Drosophila, shrimp Tolls could directly bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns from G+ and G− bacteria, resulting in Dorsal translocation into nucleus to regulate the expression of different antibacterial peptides (AMPs) in the clearance of infected bacteria. These findings suggest that shrimp Tolls are pattern recognition receptors and the Toll pathway in shrimp is different from the Drosophila Toll pathway but identical with the mammalian Toll-like receptor pathway in its activation and antibacterial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Jie Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Sen Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhong-Hua He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiu-Zhen Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Cai S, Huang Y, Wang B, Jian J, Xu Y. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) participates in peroxinectin gene expression in Fenneropenaeus penicillatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:193-201. [PMID: 28315393 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is an important cytoplasm signal adaptor that mediates signals activated by tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily and the Interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor (IL-1/TLR) superfamily. In the study, the full-length cDNA of a TRAF6 homolog (FpTRAF6) was identified from Fenneropenaeus penicillatus. The full-length cDNA of FpTRAF6 is 2033 bp long, with an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative protein of 594 amino acids, including a RING type Zinc finger, two TRAF-type Zinc fingers, and a conserved C-terminal meprin and TRAF homology (MATH) domain. The overall amino acid sequence identity between FpTRAF6 and other TRAF6s ranged from 62.7 to 94.1% for crustaceans and from 45.6 to 59.3% for mollusca. Real-time qRT-PCR indicated that FpTRAF6 was constitutively expressed in various tissues of F. penicillatus. The temporal expression patterns of FpTRAF6 mRNA were different in the different tissues after microbial challenge. FpTRAF6 was downregulated in the heart, no obvious changes in the gill, intestine and hemocytes, and upregulated in other tested tissues after WSSV challenge. After V. alginolyticus injection, FpTRAF6 was downregulated in the heart and intestine, upregulated in the gill, lymphoid organ and hematopoietic organ, and no obvious changes in other tested tissues. RNAi assay was carried out to investigate the function of FpTRAF6. The results showed that silencing FpTRAF6 gene could inhibit peroxinectin expression in vivo, and enhance the sensitivity of shrimps to WSSV and V. alginolyticus challenge, suggesting FpTRAF6 could play a positive role against bacterial and viral pathogens. In conclusion, the results of the study provide some insights into the function of FpTRAF6 in activating TLRs signaling pathway and the host defense against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghu Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Yucong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jichang Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Youhou Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Qinzhou University, Qinzhou, China.
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