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Xia J, Ge C, Yao H. Antimicrobial peptides: An alternative to antibiotic for mitigating the risks of Antibiotic resistance in aquaculture. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118619. [PMID: 38442817 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of antibiotics increases the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in various matrices and poses the potential risk of ARG transmission, garnering global attention. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a promising novel category of antimicrobials that may address the urgent issue of antibiotic resistance. Here, a zebrafish cultivation assay in which zebrafish were fed a diet supplemented with AMP (Cecropin A) or antibiotics was conducted to determine the effects of the intervention on the microorganisms and antibiotic resistance spectrum in zebrafish gut samples. Cecropin A treatment decreased the α-diversity of the microbiota. Moreover, NMDS (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) results revealed that the β-diversity in the microbiota was more similar between the control (CK) and Cecropin A samples than between the antibiotic treatment groups. The absolute quantity of ARGs in the AMP treatment was less than that observed in the antibiotic treatment. The findings indicated that FFCH7168, Chitinibacter and Cetobacterium were the most significant biomarkers detected in the CK, Cecropin A and antibiotic treatments, respectively. Although the use of antibiotics notably enhanced the occurrence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, the application of Cecropin A did not lead to this phenomenon. The results indicated that the application of AMPs can effectively manage and control ARGs in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Chaorong Ge
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Huaiying Yao
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, PR China.
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2
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Mehraj I, Hamid A, Gani U, Iralu N, Manzoor T, Saleem Bhat S. Combating Antimicrobial Resistance by Employing Antimicrobial Peptides: Immunomodulators and Therapeutic Agents against Infectious Diseases. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2023-2035. [PMID: 38533844 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of multiple-drug-resistant pathogens poses a formidable challenge to conventional antimicrobial treatments. The inability of potent antibiotics to combat these "superbugs" underscores the pressing need for alternative therapeutic agents. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent an alternative class of antibiotics. AMPs are essential immunomodulatory molecules that are found in various organisms. They play a pivotal role in managing microbial ecosystems and bolstering innate immunity by targeting and eliminating invading microorganisms. AMPs also have applications in the agriculture sector by combating animal as well as plant pathogens. AMPs can be exploited for the targeted therapy of various diseases and can also be used in drug-delivery systems. They can be used in synergy with current treatments like antibiotics and can potentially lead to a lower required dosage. AMPs also have huge potential in wound healing and regenerative medicine. Developing AMP-based strategies with improved safety, specificity, and efficacy is crucial in the battle against alarming global microbial resistance. This review will explore AMPs' increasing applicability, their mode of antimicrobial activity, and various delivery systems enhancing their stability and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insha Mehraj
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 05466, India
| | - Aflaq Hamid
- Department of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 05466, India
| | - Ubaid Gani
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 05466, India
| | - Nulevino Iralu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 05466, India
| | - Tasaduq Manzoor
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 05466, India
| | - Sahar Saleem Bhat
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 05466, India
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Liao G, Wang S, Wang Z, Zhang C, Li Z, Yang H, Zhou A, Xie S, Fan L, Wang M, Zou J, Zeng F. Characterization, Expression, and Functional Analysis of the Northern Snakehead (Channa argus) Hepcidin. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023:10.1007/s12602-023-10195-y. [PMID: 38048025 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepcidin, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), is a well-conserved molecule present in various species such as fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals. It exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and holds a significant role in the innate immune system of host organisms. The northern snakehead (Channa argus) has become a valuable freshwater fish in China and Asia. In this investigation, the cDNA encoding the hepcidin gene of northern snakehead was cloned and named caHep. The amino acid sequences and protein structure of caHep are similar to those of hepcidins from other fish. The eukaryotic expression product of the caHep gene showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Scanning electron microscope analysis indicated that the caHep peptide inhibited bacterial growth by damaging their cell membranes. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection induced significant expression of caHep, implying the involvement of caHep in the innate immune response of northern snakeheads. This investigation showed that the caHep peptide is potentially a robust antibacterial drug against bacterial diseases in aquaculture animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Liao
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shulan Wang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zimo Wang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chaonan Zhang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zicong Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huirong Yang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Zhongshan Innovation Center of South China Agricultural University, Zhongshan, 528400, China
| | - Aiguo Zhou
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaolin Xie
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lanfen Fan
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Meifang Wang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jixing Zou
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Fang Zeng
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Zhongshan Innovation Center of South China Agricultural University, Zhongshan, 528400, China.
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4
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Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Du X, Cao Z, Wu Y, Liu C, Sun Y. Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms of TroHepc2-22, a Derived Peptide of Hepcidin2 from Golden Pompano ( Trachinotus ovatus). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119251. [PMID: 37298202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin, a cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptide, has a highly conserved gene structure in teleosts, and it plays an essential role in host immune response against various pathogenic bacteria. Nonetheless, few studies on the antibacterial mechanism of hepcidin in golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) have been reported. In this study, we synthesized a derived peptide, TroHepc2-22, from the mature peptide of T. ovatus hepcidin2. Our results showed that TroHepc2-22 has superior antibacterial abilities against both Gram-negative (Vibrio harveyi and Edwardsiella piscicida) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae) bacteria. Based on the results of a bacterial membrane depolarization assay and propidium iodide (PI) staining assay in vitro, TroHepc2-22 displayed antimicrobial activity by inducing the bacterial membrane depolarization and changing the bacterial membrane permeability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) visualization illustrated that TroHepc2-22 brought about membrane rupturing and the leakage of the cytoplasm for the bacteria. In addition, TroHepc2-22 was verified to have hydrolytic activity on bacterial genomic DNA in view of the results of the gel retardation assay. In terms of the in vivo assay, the bacterial loads of V. harveyi in the tested immune tissues (liver, spleen, and head kidney) were significantly reduced in T. ovatus, revealing that TroHepc2-22 significantly enhanced the resistance against V. harveyi infection. Furthermore, the expressions of immune-related genes, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), IL-6, Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1), and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) were significantly increased, indicating that TroHepc2-22 might regulate inflammatory cytokines and activate immune-related signaling pathways. To summarize, TroHepc2-22 possesses appreciable antimicrobial activity and plays a vital role in resisting bacterial infection. The observation of our present study unveils the excellent application prospect of hepcidin as a substitute for antibiotics to resist pathogenic microorganisms in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengshi Zhang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yongcan Zhou
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572022, China
| | - Xiangyu Du
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572022, China
| | - Zhenjie Cao
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572022, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Applications of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as an alternative to antibiotic use in aquaculture: a mini-review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The use of antibiotics for the control of infections has not only been banned by FDA for use in food-producing animals, but also several countries have prohibited their use in aquaculture because of several reasons such as the occurrence of antibiotic-tolerant microorganisms, accumulation of antibiotic residues in fish and shrimp flesh, and aquatic environmental effluence concerns. These issues have led researchers and aquaculture scientists to conduct several studies to find antibiotic alternatives. Numerous substitutes have been evaluated, such as probiotics, synbiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, phytogenics, essential oils, and several others. Results show that these supplements demonstrate proven efficacy in enhancing immune responses, reducing mortalities resulting from experimental infections, and reducing antibiotic usage in medicated aquafeed. Nonetheless, using antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to control fish diseases and be used as antibiotic alternatives is a promising and interesting research topic. AMPs are a vital class of small peptides that could stimulate the innate immune system against challenging pathogens and also possess significant potent defensive responses against a variety of infectious and non-infectious pathogenic agents, including bacteria, parasites, fungi, and viruses. Regarding their source origin, AMPs can be classified into six main types: mammalian-, amphibian-, insect-, aquatic-, plant-, and microorganism-derived AMPs. On account of their unique structure, they can display an essential function in therapeutic strategies against infectious diseases affecting fish and shrimp. Reports showed several kinds of AMPs had a wide spectrum of antimicrobial properties. These effects are besides their prominent immunostimulatory functions. Thus, they may be considered a functional alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture. This article provides information on the current knowledge about the modes of action, sources, classification, functions, and potential applications for the development of aquatic animal health. The information included in this context will be valuable to enhance the sustainability of aquaculture.
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Zhu QY, Chen RY, Yu J, Ding GH, Seah RWX, Chen J. Antimicrobial peptide hepcidin contributes to restoration of the intestinal flora after Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Acrossocheilus fasciatus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 263:109486. [PMID: 36216305 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin is a cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptide that serves an important role in the immunity system of fishes. It exhibits antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antitumor activities. However, the exact role of fish hepcidin in the regulation of the intestinal flora still remains a mystery. In our study, we sequenced and characterized hepcidin from the liver of Acrossocheilus fasciatus. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that A. fasciatus hepcidin and Gobiocypris rarus hepcidin were the most closely related, and both belonged to the fish HAMP1 cluster. Studies conducted on in vivo tissue distribution showed that the expression of hepcidin was highest in healthy A. fasciatus liver. Aeromonas hydrophila infection was confirmed by the increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and bacterial loads in A. fasciatus tissues. After A. hydrophila infection, hepcidin expression significantly increased in the liver, spleen, and head kidney. In vitro antibacterial assays showed that hepcidin exhibits strong broad spectrum antibacterial activity. Furthermore, we examined the regulatory effect of hepcidin on the intestinal flora and found that A. fasciatus hepcidin restored the reduced diversity and compositional changes in intestinal flora caused by A. hydrophila infection. Our results suggest that hepcidin could regulate the intestinal flora in fishes; however, the underlying mechanisms need to be explored in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-Yin Zhu
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Ru-Yi Chen
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Jing Yu
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Guo-Hua Ding
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Rachel Wan Xin Seah
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China.
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7
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Serna-Duque JA, Cuesta A, Sánchez-Ferrer Á, Esteban MÁ. Two duplicated piscidin genes from gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) with different roles in vitro and in vivo. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:730-739. [PMID: 35835383 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
From the discovery of pleurocidin in skin mucus of winter flounder, many new related sequences have been found, forming a fish-exclusive family of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) called piscidin. Their mature peptides have a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and can be involved in the innate immune response. In the present work, two paralogous tripartite piscidin genes are formally described for the first time in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), an important marine farmed fish. Gene synteny and protein phylogeny clearly indicated a massive pisc gene expansion in a cluster of the chromosome 22 as well as a special evolution of piscidin in gilthead seabream compared to the rest of piscidins studied in other fish species. Despite being highly similar genes, they show totally different expression patterns in tissues and head-kidney leucocytes under both naïve and Vibrio/nodavirus-stimulated conditions. Moreover, these paralogous genes coded very different proteins according to their physicochemical properties. In this way, these piscidin genes have distinct roles not only related to their microbicide activity but also to their immune modulation. In addition, the present study improves the knowledge of duplication of AMP genes and adaptative diversification of teleost immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon A Serna-Duque
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Álvaro Sánchez-Ferrer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Huo HJ, Yang TZ, Gao CB, Cao M, Xue T, Fu Q, Li C. Molecular characterization, antibacterial activity and mechanism analyzation of three different piscidins from black rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:104394. [PMID: 35283164 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sebastes schlegelii (black rockfish) is a popular and economically important fish species in aquaculture. However, disease outbreaks have hindered the development of its cultivation. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a group of important components in fish innate immune system, that are active in the first line of defense against pathogens. The piscidin family, which are a group of fish-specific AMPs, have been isolated in a part of teleost but still poorly understood in S. schlegelii. In this study, three piscidin genes (Ss-piscidin1, 2, 3) are identified in S. schlegelii and their antibacterial activities and related mechanisms are analyzed. Three Ss-piscidins have conserved signal peptides but highly variable mature peptides and prodomains, and their mature regions all have predicted amphipathic and α-helical structures. Phylogenetic analysis shows that three Ss-piscidins cluster with different fish piscidin sequences into three sister clades, which correspond to three groups of fish piscidin family, respectively. Ss-piscidins have constitutive expressions in different tissues of healthy fish and enhanced expressions after Aeromonas salmonicida challenge. All three piscidins exhibit antibacterial activities, and are able to enhance bacterial membrane permeability and change bacterial morphology to different degrees, with a positive correlation observed among these activities. This suggests that three peptides exert their antibacterial activity through a "membrane-attack" mechanism. Moreover, hemolytic activities of three piscidins are also analyzed, and Ss-piscidin1, with low hemolytic ability and high antibacterial activity, is considered to be a possible candidate template for design of AMP drugs. Results in this study can promote a better understanding of immune responses in black rockfish and facilitate the future development of strategies in fish disease control in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jun Huo
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Tian Zhen Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Cheng Bin Gao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Min Cao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
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9
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Woods C, Woolley L, Partridge G, Chen M, Haney EF, Hancock REW, Buller N, Currie A. Assessing the Activity of Antimicrobial Peptides Against Common Marine Bacteria Located in Rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) Cultures. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 14:620-629. [PMID: 35612776 PMCID: PMC9246773 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Rotifers are used as the first feed for marine fish larvae and are grown in large cultures that have high loads of organic matter and heterotrophic bacteria; these bacteria are passed on to the developing fish larvae and can potentially lead to bacterial infections. A modified minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) protocol for antimicrobial peptides was used to determine the potency of ten antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in artificial seawater relevant to a rotifer culture (salinity of 25‰) against common marine pathogens. All of the AMPs had antimicrobial activity against the bacterial isolates when the salt concentration was approximately zero. However, in high salt concentrations, the majority of the AMPs had an MIC value greater than 65 µg mL−1 in artificial seawater (25‰). The only exceptions were 2009 (32.5 µg mL−1) and 3002 (32.5 µg mL−1) against Vibrio rotiferianus and Tenacibaculum discolor, respectively. The selected synthetic AMPs were not effective at reducing the bacterial load in brackish salt concentrations of a typical commercial rotifer culture (25‰).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Woods
- College of Science, Murdoch University, Engineering & Education, HealthPerth, WA, Australia. .,Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Fremantle, Perth, WA, 6160, Australia.
| | - Lindsey Woolley
- College of Science, Murdoch University, Engineering & Education, HealthPerth, WA, Australia.,Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Fremantle, Perth, WA, 6160, Australia
| | - Gavin Partridge
- College of Science, Murdoch University, Engineering & Education, HealthPerth, WA, Australia.,Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Fremantle, Perth, WA, 6160, Australia
| | - Mengqi Chen
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Fremantle, Perth, WA, 6160, Australia
| | - Evan F Haney
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nicky Buller
- College of Science, Murdoch University, Engineering & Education, HealthPerth, WA, Australia.,Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Fremantle, Perth, WA, 6160, Australia
| | - Andrew Currie
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
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10
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Lu J, Zhang Y, Wu J, Wang J. Intervention of antimicrobial peptide usage on antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:128154. [PMID: 34979393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) widely exist in diverse matrices to pose potential risks and attract global attention. This study performed tilapia-cultivation experiment to discuss the intervention of antimicrobial peptide usage on antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture by analyzing 29 target ARGs in water, residue, and fish muscle samples. The sul1 gene was the dominant ARG in most of samples while absolute abundances of total ARGs were in the range of 1.5 × 102-2.3 × 107 copies/mL in water samples and 2.1 × 108-3.9 × 109 copies/g in the residue and fish muscle samples. Compared with antibiotic treatment, the cecropin treatment could significantly reduce the absolute abundance of ARGs and intI1 in all samples. Proteobacteria were the dominant phylum for most of samples while Aeromonas/Cetobacterium served as the dominant genus for samples with antibiotic/cecropin treatment. Network analysis showed that cecropin treatment could significantly reduce occurrence of multi-drug resistant bacteria and the correlation between genera and ARGs. Results of partial least squares structural equation modeling which was used to discuss the influential factors of ARGs exhibited that antibiotics could increase ARGs, further proving that cecropin peptide could effectively reduce ARGs in aquaculture. This study will provide important information on controlling ARGs in aquaculture in terms of antimicrobial peptide application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, People's Republic of China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wu
- Yantai Research Institute, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai 264006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, People's Republic of China
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11
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Liu E, Huang T, Gu W, Wang G, Dong F, Ma H, Zhang L, He X, Yao Z, Jiao W, Li C, Wang B, Xu G. Molecular characterization and antibacterial immunity functional analysis of the antimicrobial peptide hepcidin from Coregonus ussuriensis berg. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:78-86. [PMID: 35051564 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are immune system molecules existing in different organisms including mollusks, crustaceans and vertebrates. Hepcidins are a group of cysteine rich antimicrobial peptides, which plays an important role in fish response to a variety of pathogens. In this study, we cloned and identified Hepcidin from the Coregonus ussuriensis Berg, and its functions in vivo and in vitro was investigated. Our results showed that, CuHepc contains a 267 bp coding sequence (CDS) region that encodes 88 putative amino acids with a molecular weight of 9.77 kD. Hepcidin transcripts were most abundant in the liver of healthy C. ussuriensis Berg. The synthesized Hepcidin peptide exhibited a wide range of antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro, and the results of in vivo bacterial attack assays showed that the CuHepc gene was differentially up-regulated in the six tissues investigated after infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. To analyze the changes in protein levels in C. ussuriensis, we generated Hepc polyclonal antibodies in rabbits and verified that the protein expression was increased after bacterial infection with Western blot assay. MIC assay results showed a geometric mean value of 5.513 μM for CuHepc peptide. In the in vivo experiment, immune-related genes IL-10, NF-κB, TLR3 were up-regulated post-infection CuHepc peptide in liver and intestine. Finally, CuHepc peptide reduced the tissues microbial load compared to infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. The above results indicate that Hepc plays a role in the immune response of C. ussuriensis to exogenous disturbances, indicate that CuHepc might act a candidate for modulation of the innate immune system in C. ussuriensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Tianqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Wei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Gaochao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Fulin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Haibing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Lanlan Zhang
- Heilongjiang Fisheries Technology Extension Center, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xianchen He
- Heilongjiang Aquatic Animal Resource Conservation Center, Harbin, PR China
| | - Zuochun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Wenlong Jiao
- Gansu Fisheries Research Institute, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Xinjiang Tianyun Organic Agriculture Limited Liability Company, Yili, PR China
| | - Bingqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Gefeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, PR China.
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12
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Zhang QY, Yan ZB, Meng YM, Hong XY, Shao G, Ma JJ, Cheng XR, Liu J, Kang J, Fu CY. Antimicrobial peptides: mechanism of action, activity and clinical potential. Mil Med Res 2021; 8:48. [PMID: 34496967 PMCID: PMC8425997 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-021-00343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of bacterial infections is becoming a major clinical challenge due to the rapid evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria. As an excellent candidate to overcome antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are produced from the synthetic and natural sources demonstrate a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity with the high specificity and low toxicity. These peptides possess distinctive structures and functions by employing sophisticated mechanisms of action. This comprehensive review provides a broad overview of AMPs from the origin, structural characteristics, mechanisms of action, biological activities to clinical applications. We finally discuss the strategies to optimize and develop AMP-based treatment as the potential antimicrobial and anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yu Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 928, Street 2, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 928, Street 2, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue-Ming Meng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 928, Street 2, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Hong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 928, Street 2, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Shao
- Department of Oncology, The 903rd Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun-Jie Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 928, Street 2, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xu-Rui Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 928, Street 2, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 555 Mission Bay Blvd. South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jian Kang
- Oncogenic Signaling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Cai-Yun Fu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 928, Street 2, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China.
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13
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Ramírez C, Rojas R, Romero J. Partial Evaluation of Autochthonous Probiotic Potential of the Gut Microbiota of Seriola lalandi. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:672-682. [PMID: 31077007 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Seriola lalandi is an economically important species that is globally distributed in temperate and subtropical marine waters. Aquaculture production of this species has had problems associated with intensive fish farming, such as disease outbreaks or nutritional deficiencies causing high mortality. Intestinal microbiota are involved in many processes that benefit a host, such as disease control, stimulation of the immune response, and the promotion of nutrient metabolism. The aim of this study is to evaluate the in vitro probiotic properties of bacteria isolated from the intestinal content of wild Seriola lalandi. The probiotic potential was evaluated in terms of (i) the antimicrobial activity against vibrios causing outbreaks in farmed fish; (ii) the ability to stimulate genes related to an innate immune response in fish; and (iii) antibiotic resistance. Nineteen isolates identified as Pseudomonas, Shewanella, Psychrobacter, and Acinetobacter showed antimicrobial activity and significant relative expression of cytokines, serum amyloid A protein (SAA), hepcidin, and lysozyme. A positive correlation was observed between the levels of expression and the bacterial load after 24 h of exposure. Pseudomonas isolates showed a level of antibiotic resistance. In conclusion, isolates of the genera Shewanella, Psychrobacter, and Acinetobacter could serve as potential probiotics in S. lalandi culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Doctorado en Acuicultura, Programa Cooperativo Universidad de Chile, Universidad Católica del Norte, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patobiología Acuática, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Jaime Romero
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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14
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Qiao Y, Ma X, Zhang M, Zhong S. Cerocin, a novel piscidin-like antimicrobial peptide from black seabass, Centropristis striata. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 110:86-90. [PMID: 33348038 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides, which are crucial effectors of innate immunity, are a promising substitute for antibiotics. The piscidin family is a group of fish-derived antimicrobial peptides that have potent antimicrobial activity and participate in the innate immune response. Here we describe a novel piscidin-like peptide called cerocin from the black sea bass (Centropristis striata), which is a highly valued marine teleost in both commercial and recreational fisheries worldwide. The full-length cDNA of cerocin consists of 567 base pairs, including 5' and 3' untranslated regions of 61 and 209 base pairs, respectively. The active peptide consists of 20 amino acids that form an amphipathic α-helix structure. Cerocin showed highest identity with the cardinalfish (Ostorhinchus fasciatus) piscidin (52%). Phylogenetic tree demonstrated that the cerocin clustered with dicentracin of Liparis tanakae and Perca flavescens. It showed tissue-specific distribution patterns and was predominantly expressed in the gill. After challenge with Vibrio harveyi, C. striata showed time- and tissue-dependent expression of the cerocin gene. Finally, a cerocin peptide was synthesized, and it exerted broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against a number of bacterial strains, especially Gram-positive pathogens. Analysis of the killing kinetics revealed that the cerocin peptide had a rapid bactericidal effect on the bacteria. Collectively, these data suggest that the piscidin-like cerocin might play a vital role in the immune response of C. striata, and further studies of this gene may provide insight into the innate immune system of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qiao
- Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, 536000, China
| | - Xiaowan Ma
- Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, 536000, China.
| | - Man Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Shengping Zhong
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
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15
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Portelinha J, Duay SS, Yu SI, Heilemann K, Libardo MDJ, Juliano SA, Klassen JL, Angeles-Boza AM. Antimicrobial Peptides and Copper(II) Ions: Novel Therapeutic Opportunities. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2648-2712. [PMID: 33524257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of new pathogens and multidrug resistant bacteria is an important public health issue that requires the development of novel classes of antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a promising platform with great potential for the identification of new lead compounds that can combat the aforementioned pathogens due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and relatively low rate of resistance emergence. AMPs of multicellular organisms made their debut four decades ago thanks to ingenious researchers who asked simple questions about the resistance to bacterial infections of insects. Questions such as "Do fruit flies ever get sick?", combined with pioneering studies, have led to an understanding of AMPs as universal weapons of the immune system. This review focuses on a subclass of AMPs that feature a metal binding motif known as the amino terminal copper and nickel (ATCUN) motif. One of the metal-based strategies of hosts facing a pathogen, it includes wielding the inherent toxicity of copper and deliberately trafficking this metal ion into sites of infection. The sudden increase in the concentration of copper ions in the presence of ATCUN-containing AMPs (ATCUN-AMPs) likely results in a synergistic interaction. Herein, we examine common structural features in ATCUN-AMPs that exist across species, and we highlight unique features that deserve additional attention. We also present the current state of knowledge about the molecular mechanisms behind their antimicrobial activity and the methods available to study this promising class of AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Portelinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Searle S Duay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Chemistry Department, Adamson University, 900 San Marcelino Street, Ermita, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Seung I Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Kara Heilemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - M Daben J Libardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Samuel A Juliano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Jonathan L Klassen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Alfredo M Angeles-Boza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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16
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Chen J, Jiang W, Xu YW, Chen RY, Xu Q. Sequence analysis of hepcidin in barbel steed (Hemibarbus labeo): QSHLS motif confers hepcidin iron-regulatory activity but limits its antibacterial activity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103845. [PMID: 32888968 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fish hepcidin genes are generally classified into two groups: hamp1-and hamp2-type isoforms. Hamp1-type hepcidin exhibits iron regulatory and antimicrobial activity, while hamp2-type shows a unique role in the immune response against various pathogens. An iron-regulatory motif exists at the N-terminus of hamp1-type hepcidin; however, the functional effect of this motif in fish is not well understood. Here, cDNA of the barbel steed (Hemibarbus labeo) hepcidin gene was cloned and sequenced. The predicted amino acid sequence comprised a signal peptide, a prodomain, and a mature peptide. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that barbel steed hepcidin belongs to the fish HAMP1 cluster and is closely related to Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) hepcidin. Barbel steed hepcidin is constitutively expressed in healthy fish tissues, predominantly in the liver. Following iron dextran treatment or Aeromonas hydrophila infection, expression of barbel steed hepcidin increased significantly in tested tissues. In vivo administration of intact hepcidin mature peptide (hep25) significantly and dose-dependently reduced ferroportin 1 expression, while truncated hepcidin mature peptide (hep20) lacking a QSHLS motif had no such effect. In vitro treatment of barbel steed monocytes/macrophages with hep25, but not hep20, increased the labile iron pool levels. Hep25 and hep20 conferred antibacterial activity only against A. hydrophila and Vibrio vulnificus, with greater activity of the latter at low concentrations. Neither hep25 nor hep20 impaired the cell membrane integrity of A. hydrophila, but could hydrolyze its genomic DNA; lack of a QSHLS motif enables hep20 to have a better hydrolytic effect. In summary, we identified an iron-regulatory motif in a fish species and demonstrated that this motif confers hamp1-type hepcidin iron-regulatory activity, but attenuates its antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China.
| | - Wei Jiang
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Ya-Wen Xu
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Ru-Yi Chen
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Qian Xu
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China
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17
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Hu Y, Kurobe T, Liu X, Zhang YA, Su J, Yuan G. Hamp Type-1 Promotes Antimicrobial Defense via Direct Microbial Killing and Regulating Iron Metabolism in Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella). Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060825. [PMID: 32481513 PMCID: PMC7356000 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin is an antimicrobial peptide and regulator of iron homeostasis which has two isoforms in most fishes and some mammals. Previous studies have reported that the two hepcidin isoforms have different roles. Hamp type-1 plays a regulatory role in iron metabolism and hamp type-2 mostly performs an antimicrobial role. In this study, we found that Ctenopharyngodon idella (C. idella) have only one hepcidin isoform (hamp type-1), which showed both broad-spectrum antibacterial and iron regulatory functions. C. idella hepcidin mature peptide (hepcidin-25) and truncated peptide (hepcidin-20) exhibited bactericidal activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in a dose-dependent manner in part through membrane rupture and binding to bacterial genomic DNA. The data from challenge tests demonstrated that the administration of hepcidin-25 significantly reduced mortality rates of C. idella by A. hydrophila infection, probably due to direct bactericidal activities of the peptide and a reduction of iron content in the fish serum. In addition, a comparison between hepcidin-20 and -25 suggests that the N terminal 5 amino acids play a critical role in reducing iron content in fish serum. Our findings revealed an important role of hamp type-1 in maintaining iron homeostasis and fighting against bacterial infections, suggesting the hepcidin has implications for the prevention and control of bacterial infection in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhen Hu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.H.); (X.L.); (Y.-A.Z.); (J.S.)
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tomofumi Kurobe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.H.); (X.L.); (Y.-A.Z.); (J.S.)
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.H.); (X.L.); (Y.-A.Z.); (J.S.)
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.H.); (X.L.); (Y.-A.Z.); (J.S.)
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gailing Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.H.); (X.L.); (Y.-A.Z.); (J.S.)
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-27-87285211
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18
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Amparyup P, Charoensapsri W, Samaluka N, Chumtong P, Yocawibun P, Imjongjirak C. Transcriptome analysis identifies immune-related genes and antimicrobial peptides in Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:403-413. [PMID: 32081810 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) is one of the most widely cultivated ornamental fish in global trade. However, transcriptomic data, which can reveal valuable genetic data for disease control and prevention, are extremely limited for this species. In this study, whole-body transcriptome sequencing of juvenile betta fish generated 4.457 GB of clean data and a total of 71,775 unigenes using the Illumina HiSeq4000 platform. These unigenes were functionally classified using 7 functional databases, yielding 45,316 NR (63.14%), 47,287 NT (65.88%), 39,105 Swiss-Prot (54.48%), 16,492 COG (22.98%), 37,694 KEGG (52.52%), 4,506 GO (6.28%), and 35,374 Interpro (49.28%) annotated unigenes. Furthermore, we also detected 13,834 SSRs distributed on 10,636 unigenes and 49,589 predicted CDSs. Based on KEGG analysis, five innate immune pathways (997 unigenes) were reported, including the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, complement and coagulation cascades, toll-like receptor signaling pathway, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway and cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway. Moreover, four antimicrobial peptide (AMP) families (hepcidin, piscidin, LEAP-2, and defensins) from the betta fish transcriptome were also identified. Additionally, cDNA and genomic DNA of two β-defensins was successfully isolated from four betta fish species. RT-PCR analysis showed that BsBD1 transcripts were most abundant in the muscle and kidney and BsBD2 transcripts were most abundant in the gill. The genomic organization showed that the BD1 and BD2 genes consisted of three exons and two introns according to the GT-AG rule. Most importantly, this is the first report of the betta fish whole-body transcriptome obtained by high-throughput sequencing. Our transcriptomic data and the discovery of betta fish AMPs should promote a better understanding of molecular immunology for disease prevention for further ornamental fish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piti Amparyup
- Marine Biotechnology Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Walaiporn Charoensapsri
- Marine Biotechnology Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nusree Samaluka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Parichat Chumtong
- Marine Biotechnology Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Patchari Yocawibun
- Marine Biotechnology Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chanprapa Imjongjirak
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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19
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Cortázar-Chinarro M, Meyer-Lucht Y, Van der Valk T, Richter-Boix A, Laurila A, Höglund J. Antimicrobial peptide and sequence variation along a latitudinal gradient in two anurans. BMC Genet 2020; 21:38. [PMID: 32228443 PMCID: PMC7106915 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While there is evidence of both purifying and balancing selection in immune defense genes, large-scale genetic diversity in antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), an important part of the innate immune system released from dermal glands in the skin, has remained uninvestigated. Here we describe genetic diversity at three AMP loci (Temporin, Brevinin and Palustrin) in two ranid frogs (Rana arvalis and R. temporaria) along a 2000 km latitudinal gradient. We amplified and sequenced part of the Acidic Propiece domain and the hypervariable Mature Peptide domain (~ 150-200 bp) in the three genes using Illumina Miseq and expected to find decreased AMP genetic variation towards the northern distribution limit of the species similarly to studies on MHC genetic patterns. RESULTS We found multiple loci for each AMP and relatively high gene diversity, but no clear pattern of geographic genetic structure along the latitudinal gradient. We found evidence of trans-specific polymorphism in the two species, indicating a common evolutionary origin of the alleles. Temporin and Brevinin did not form monophyletic clades suggesting that they belong to the same gene family. By implementing codon evolution models we found evidence of strong positive selection acting on the Mature Peptide. We also found evidence of diversifying selection as indicated by divergent allele frequencies among populations and high Theta k values. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that AMPs are an important source of adaptive diversity, minimizing the chance of microorganisms developing resistance to individual peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cortázar-Chinarro
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Yvonne Meyer-Lucht
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden.,Centre for Paleogenetics Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom Van der Valk
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alex Richter-Boix
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anssi Laurila
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jacob Höglund
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden
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An insight into piscidins: The discovery, modulation and bioactivity of greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili, piscidin. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:378-388. [PMID: 31450183 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play an important role in the innate immune response of vertebrates by creating a hostile environment for any invading pathogens. Piscidins are potent teleost specific AMPs, which have a broad spectrum activity. We have identified a novel piscidin active peptide, in the greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili, that consists of 25 aa, which forms an amphipathic helix with distinct hydrophobic and positively charged regions. Following homology and phylogenetic analysis the greater amberjack piscidin was deemed to belong to the group 3 family of piscidins. Piscidin was expressed constitutively at immune sites, with transcript level highest in the spleen and gut, at an intermediate level in the gills and lowest in the head kidney. Following in vivo stimulation with PAMPs (poly I:C, LPS and flagellin) piscidin transcript level increased in gills in response to flagellin, in gut and spleen in response to poly I:C, and in head kidney in response to poly I:C, LPS and flagellin. Head kidney and spleen cells were then isolated from greater amberjack and incubated with each of the PAMPs for 4, 12 and 24 h. Piscidin expression was unchanged at 4 and 12 h post PAMP stimulation in head kidney cells but at 24 h transcript level was markedly upregulated compared to control (unstimulated) cells, especially with the bacterial PAMPs. In contrast, spleen cells upregulated piscidin expression by 4 h post stimulation with poly I:C and flagellin, and remained upregulated to 24 h with flagellin exposure, but had returned to baseline levels by 12 h using poly I:C. To determine if piscidin expression could be modulated by diet, greater amberjack were fed diets supplemented with MOS and cMOS for 30 days when transcript level was determined. It was found that MOS supplemented diets increased expression in the spleen, cMOS supplemented diets upregulated transcript levels in the gills and head kidney, whilst a diet containing both MOS and cMOS upregulated transcript in the gut, when compared to fish fed the control diet. Finally, a synthetic greater amberjack piscidin was produced and showed bacteriostatic activity against a number of bacterial strains, including both Gram positive and Gram negative fish pathogens.
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Yi Y, Lv Y, You X, Chen J, Bian C, Huang Y, Xu J, Deng L, Shi Q. High throughput screening of small immune peptides and antimicrobial peptides from the Fish-T1K database. Genomics 2019; 111:215-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Hepcidin, belonging to the β-defensin family, was isolated for the first time from plasma and human urine. It is a cationic peptide, rich in cysteine bound with four disulfide bridges, which plays a major role in innate immunity and iron homeostasis. Some vertebrate species have multiple hepcidin homolog genes and each contains only one copy that functions as an iron regulator except hepcidin sequences in the pigeon (Columba livia). The aim of this chapter is to investigate the molecular evolution of several hepcidin gene from searches of the literature and public genomic databases from 17 different species, all among the vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Boumaiza
- Laboratoire d'ingénierie des protéines et des molécules bioactives, Institut Nationale des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (I.N.S.A.T.), Tunis, Tunisie.
| | - Sondes Abidi
- Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université Carthage, Zarzouna, Tunisie
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23
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Chen J, Nie L, Chen J. Mudskipper (Boleophthalmus pectinirostris) Hepcidin-1 and Hepcidin-2 Present Different Gene Expression Profile and Antibacterial Activity and Possess Distinct Protective Effect against Edwardsiella tarda Infection. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019; 10:176-185. [PMID: 29151250 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hepcidins are small cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides that play an important role in fish immunity against pathogens. Most fish species have two or more hepcidin homologs that have distinct functions. This study investigated the immune functions of mudskipper (Boleophthalmus pectinirostris) hepcidin-1 (BpHep-1) and hepcidin-2 (BpHep-2) in vitro and in vivo. Upon infection with Edwardsiella tarda, the expression of BpHep-1 and BpHep-2 mRNA in immune tissues was significantly upregulated, but the expression profiles were different. Chemically synthesized BpHep-1 and BpHep-2 mature peptides exhibited selective antibacterial activity against various bacterial species, and BpHep-2 exhibited a stronger antibacterial activity and broader spectrum than BpHep-1. BpHep-1 and BpHep-2 both inhibited the growth of E. tarda in vitro, with the latter being more effective than the former. In addition, both peptides induced hydrolysis of purified bacterial genomic DNA (gDNA) or gDNA in live bacteria. In vivo, an intraperitoneal injection of 1.0 μg/g BpHep-2 significantly improved the survival rate of mudskippers against E. tarda infection compared with 0.1 μg/g BpHep-2 or 0.1 and 1.0 μg/g BpHep-1. Similarly, only BpHep-2 treatment effectively reduced the tissue bacterial load in E. tarda-infected mudskippers. Furthermore, treatment with 1.0 or 10.0 μg/ml BpHep-2 promoted the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of mudskipper monocytes/macrophages (MO/MФ). However, only the highest dose (10.0 μg/ml) of BpHep-1 enhanced phagocytosis, and BpHep-1 exerted no obvious effects on bactericidal activity. In conclusion, BpHep-2 is a stronger bactericide than BpHep-1 in mudskippers, and acts not only by directly killing bacteria but also through an immunomodulatory function on MO/MФ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Li Nie
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China. .,Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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24
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Liu ZM, Chen J, Lv YP, Hu ZH, Dai QM, Fan XL. Molecular characterization of a hepcidin homologue in starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) and its synergistic interaction with antibiotics. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:45-51. [PMID: 30195905 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepcidins are small cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides that play an important role in host immunity against pathogenic organisms. Most fish hepcidins exert bactericidal activities against a wide range of pathogens. In this study, we identified a cDNA sequence encoding a hepcidin homologue (PsHepcidin) in the starry flounder Platichthys stellatus. The predicted amino acid sequence of PsHepcidin comprises a signal peptide and a prodomain, which are followed by the mature peptide. Sequence analysis revealed that PsHepcidin belongs to the fish HAMP2 cluster and that it is closely related to mudskipper hepcidin-2. Expression of PsHepcidin mRNA was detected in all examined immune-related tissues, with the highest transcript levels being found in the liver. In response to lipopolysaccharide treatment, PsHepcidin was significantly up-regulated in the liver, kidney, and spleen in a time-dependent manner. Chemically synthesized mature peptides of PsHepcidin were found to exhibit broad antimicrobial activity in vitro. We also investigated the combined effect of PsHepcidin and conventional antibiotics and found that these combinations showed synergistic effects against most of the examined bacterial strains. Collectively, the results of this study indicate that PsHepcidin exhibits potent antibacterial activity both independently and when used in combination with conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ming Liu
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Yao-Ping Lv
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China.
| | - Ze-Hui Hu
- Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Qing-Min Dai
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Xiao-Li Fan
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
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25
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Angulo C, Alamillo E, Hirono I, Kondo H, Jirapongpairoj W, Perez-Urbiola JC, Reyes-Becerril M. Class B CpG-ODN2006 is highly associated with IgM and antimicrobial peptide gene expression through TLR9 pathway in yellowtail Seriola lalandi. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:71-82. [PMID: 29567135 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the TLR9 gene from yellowtail (Seriola lalandi) and evaluate its functional activity using the class B Cytosine-phosphate-guanine-oligodeoxynucleotide2006 (CpG-ODN2006) in an in vivo experiment after one-week immunostimulation. The gene expressions of TLR9, Immunoglobulin M (IgM), antimicrobial peptides and cytokines were evaluated by real time PCR, and humoral immune parameters were analyzed in serum. The TLR9 nucleotide sequence from yellowtail was obtained using the whole-genome shotgun sequencing method and bioinformatics tools. The yellowtail full-length cDNA sequence of SlTLR9 was 3789 bp in length, including a 66-bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR), a 3'-UTR of 528 bp, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 3192 bp translatable to 1064 amino acid showing a high degree of similarity with the counterparts of other fish species and sharing common structural architecture of the TLR family, including LRR domains, one C-terminal LRR region, and a TIR domain. Gene expression studies revealed the constitutive expression of TLR9 mRNA in all analyzed tissues; the highest levels were observed in intestine, liver and spleen where they play an important role in the fish immune system. The expression levels of TLR9 after B class CpG-ODN2006 (the main TLR9-agonist) was significantly up-regulated in all analyzed tissues, with the high expression observed in spleen followed by intestine and skin. The CpG-B has been shown as a potent B cell mitogen, and interestingly, IgM mRNA transcript was up-regulated in spleen and intestine, which was highly correlated with TLR9 after CpG-ODN2006 stimulation. The antimicrobial peptides, piscidin and NK-lysine, were up-regulated in spleen and gill after CpG-ODN2006 injection with a high correlation (r ≥ 0.82) with TLR9 gene expression. Cytokine genes were up-regulated in spleen, intestine and skin after CpG-ODN was compared with the control group. No significant correlation was observed between TLR9 and IL-1β, TNF-α and Mx gene expressions. The results showed that CpG-ODN2006 intraperitoneal injection enhanced lysozyme, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in serum and demonstrated that CpG-ODN2006 can induce a specific immune response via TLR9 in which IgM and antimicrobial peptides must have an important role in the defense mechanisms against infections in yellowtail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Angulo
- Grupo de Inmunología y Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
| | - Erika Alamillo
- Grupo de Inmunología y Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kondo
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Walissara Jirapongpairoj
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Juan Carlos Perez-Urbiola
- Grupo de Inmunología y Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
| | - Martha Reyes-Becerril
- Grupo de Inmunología y Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico.
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