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Ekblom C, Söderhäll K, Söderhäll I. An i-type lysozyme from a crustacean, Pacifastacus leniusculus, functions as a clot-destabilising enzyme. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 152:109769. [PMID: 39025167 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Lysozymes are hydrolytic enzymes, and they are ubiquitous among all living organisms. They are mostly associated with antibacterial properties through their muramidase activity, while other properties such as iso-peptidase activity are also common. Invertebrate-type (i-type) lysozymes include the enzyme Destabilase, which is present in the salivary secretions of the medicinal leach Hirundo medicinalis. Destabilase has the ability to hydrolyse the ε-(γ-glutamyl)-lysine iso-peptide bonds formed by transglutaminase in fibrin of vertebrate blood, thereby destabilising blood clots. We have identified an i-type lysozyme from the hemocytes of the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, which was found to be upregulated at the protein level in response to an injection of the β-1,3-glucan laminarin. Based on its sequence we predicted that this lysozyme would lack muramidase activity, and therefore we decided to determine its putative immune function. The P. leniusculus i-type lysozyme (Pl-ilys), is a protein with 159 amino acid residues, including a 29 residue signal peptide, with a predicted molecular weight of 16 kDa and a predicted pI of 5.6. It is expressed primarily in the hemocytes and to a lesser extent in the hematopoietic tissue. A recombinant mature Pl-ilys using an E. coli expression system was produced, and we could ascertain that this enzyme was deficient of muramidase activity. Moreover, no iso-peptidase activity could be detected against the substrate l-γ-glutamine-p-nitroanilide. Analysis of the conserved domains in Pl-ilys showed a putative destabilase domain, and thus we tested the clot dissolving activity of this enzyme. We could show that the purified P. leniusculus clotting protein which had been coagulated and clotted with transglutaminase was dissolved by the addition of Pl-ilys. Taken together our results indicate that Pl-ilys has a clot dissolving or destabilising activity in crustacean blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Ekblom
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irene Söderhäll
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
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2
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Mengal K, Kor G, Siino V, Buřič M, Kozák P, Levander F, Niksirat H. Quantification of proteomic profile changes in the hemolymph of crayfish during in vitro coagulation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 147:104760. [PMID: 37331675 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Hemolymph is the circulatory fluid that fills the body cavity of crustaceans, analogous to blood in vertebrates. Hemolymph coagulation, similar to blood clotting in vertebrates, plays a crucial role in wound healing and innate immune responses. Despite extensive studies on the clotting process in crustaceans, no comparative quantitative analysis of the protein composition of non-clotted and clotted hemolymph in any decapod has been reported. In this study, we used label-free protein quantification with high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify the proteomic profile of hemolymph in crayfish and quantify significant changes in protein abundances between non-clotted and clotted hemolymph. Our analysis identified a total of two-hundred and nineteen proteins in both hemolymph groups. Furthermore, we discussed the potential functions of the top most high and low-abundant proteins in hemolymph proteomic profile. The quantity of most of the proteins was not significantly changed during coagulation between non-clotted and clotted hemolymph, which may indicate that clotting proteins are likely pre-synthesized, allowing for a swift coagulation response to injury. Four proteins still showed abundance differences (p < 0.05, fold change>2), including C-type lectin domain-containing proteins, Laminin A chain, Tropomyosin, and Reverse transcriptase domain-containing proteins. While the first three proteins were down-regulated, the last one was up-regulated. The down-regulation of structural and cytoskeletal proteins may affect the process of hemocyte degranulation needed for coagulation, while the up-regulation of an immune-related protein might be attributed to the phagocytosis ability of viable hemocytes during coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kifayatullah Mengal
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Golara Kor
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Valentina Siino
- Lund University, Department of Immunotechnology, Medicon Village, House 406, 22387, Lund, Sweden
| | - Miloš Buřič
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kozák
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Fredrik Levander
- Lund University, Department of Immunotechnology, Medicon Village, House 406, 22387, Lund, Sweden; National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Science for Life Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, 223 87, Sweden
| | - Hamid Niksirat
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
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3
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Kor G, Mengal K, Buřič M, Kozák P, Niksirat H. Granules of immune cells are the source of organelles in the regenerated nerves of crayfish antennae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 137:108787. [PMID: 37141955 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration refers to the regrowing and replacing of injured or lost body parts. Crayfish antennae are nervous organs that are crucial for perceiving environmental signals. Immune cells (hemocytes) are responsible for neurogenesis in crayfish. Here, we used transmission electron microscopy to investigate at ultrastructural levels the potential roles of immune cells in nerve regeneration in crayfish antennae after amputation. The results showed that, while all three types of hemocytes were observed during nerve regeneration, granules of semi-granulocytes and granulocytes are the main sources of new organelles such as mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus and nerve fibres in the regenerated nerves of crayfish antennae. We describe the transformation of immune cell granules into different organelles in the regenerating nerve at ultrastructural levels. Also, we observed that the regeneration process speeds up after crayfish moulting. In conclusion, the granules are compacted packages of versatile materials carried by immune cells and can be converted into different organelles during nerve regeneration in crayfish antennae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golara Kor
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Kifayatullah Mengal
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buřič
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kozák
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Hamid Niksirat
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
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4
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Mengal K, Kor G, Kouba A, Kozák P, Niksirat H. Hemocyte coagulation and phagocytic behavior in early stages of injury in crayfish (Arthropoda: Decapoda) affect their morphology. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:104618. [PMID: 36526080 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Crustacean hemocytes are important mediators of immune functions such as coagulation and phagocytosis. We employed an in situ approach to investigate the ultrastructural behavior of hemocytes during coagulation and phagocytosis in the early stages after injury caused by leg amputation, using transmission electron microscopy technique in marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis. Hemocytes underwent drastic morphological changes during coagulation. The morphology of the cytoplasmic granules changed from electron-dense to electron-lucent forms in an expanding manner. The transformed granules containing amorphous electron-lucent material were observed to merge and discharge their contents into extracellular space for coagulation. We also observed that the contents of the nucleus participate in the process of coagulation. In addition, leg amputation induced extensive muscle degeneration and necrotic tissues were avidly taken up by the phagocytic hemocytes containing distinct phagosomes. Interestingly, we observed for the first time how the digested contents of phagocytized necrotic tissues are incorporated into granules and other cellular components that change the cell morphology by increasing the granularity of the hemocytes. Nevertheless, the degranulation of hemocytes during coagulation can also reduce their granularity. Given that morphological traits are important criteria for hemocyte classification, these morphological changes that occur during coagulation and phagocytosis must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kifayatullah Mengal
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Golara Kor
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Kouba
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kozák
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Hamid Niksirat
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
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5
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Söderhäll I, Söderhäll K. Blood cell formation in crustaceans. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:1335-1342. [PMID: 36216230 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In crustacean animals the hemocytes are key players in immunity and of crucial importance for the health of the animals. Hemocytes are mainly produced in the hematopoietic tissue and from there released into the circulation where they finally mature. In this review we summarize the latest findings about crustacean hemocyte formation. The role of the extracellular matrix and crosslinking enzyme transglutaminase is discussed. Moreover, important growth factors, transcriptional regulation and recent findings about inducers of hematopoiesis are covered. Finally, we discuss the use of different markers for classification of crustacean hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Söderhäll
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Söderhäll I, Fasterius E, Ekblom C, Söderhäll K. Characterization of hemocytes and hematopoietic cells of a freshwater crayfish based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. iScience 2022; 25:104850. [PMID: 35996577 PMCID: PMC9391574 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Crustaceans constitute a species-rich and ecologically important animal group, and their circulating blood cells (hemocytes) are of critical importance in immunity as key players in pathogen recognition, phagocytosis, melanization, and antimicrobial defense. To gain a better understanding of the immune responses to different pathogens, it is crucial that we identify different hemocyte subpopulations with different functions and gain a better understanding of how these cells are formed. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of isolated hematopoietic tissue (HPT) cells and hemocytes from the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus to identify hitherto undescribed hemocyte types in the circulation and show that the circulating cells are more diversified than previously recognized. In addition, we discovered cell populations in the HPT with clear precursor characteristics as well as cells involved in iron homeostasis, representing a previously undiscovered cell type. These findings may improve our understanding of hematopoietic stem cell regulation in crustaceans and other animals. Single-cell RNA sequencing of hematopoietic cell types reveals new cell types One cell type contains iron homeostasis-associated transcripts Hemocytes and hematopoietic cells differ in their transcript profiles Prophenoloxidase is only expressed in hemocytes
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Söderhäll
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 A, SE752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- Corresponding author
| | - Erik Fasterius
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Tomtebodavägen 23, SE171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Ekblom
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 A, SE752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 A, SE752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Zhan F, Tang X, Sobhy R, Li B, Chen Y. Structural and rheology properties of pea protein isolate‐stabilised emulsion gel: Effect of crosslinking with transglutaminase. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuchao Zhan
- College of Food Science & Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University) Ministry of Education Wuhan China
| | - Xiaomin Tang
- College of Food Science & Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Remah Sobhy
- College of Food Science & Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Agriculture Benha University Moshtohor Egypt
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science & Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University) Ministry of Education Wuhan China
| | - Yijie Chen
- College of Food Science & Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University) Ministry of Education Wuhan China
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8
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Recent insights into hematopoiesis in crustaceans. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 2:100040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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9
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Li F, Zheng Z, Li H, Fu R, Xu L, Yang F. Crayfish hemocytes develop along the granular cell lineage. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13099. [PMID: 34162929 PMCID: PMC8222279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the central role of hemocytes in crustacean immunity, the process of hemocyte differentiation and maturation remains unclear. In some decapods, it has been proposed that the two main types of hemocytes, granular cells (GCs) and semigranular cells (SGCs), differentiate along separate lineages. However, our current findings challenge this model. By tracking newly produced hemocytes and transplanted cells, we demonstrate that almost all the circulating hemocytes of crayfish belong to the GC lineage. SGCs and GCs may represent hemocytes of different developmental stages rather than two types of fully differentiated cells. Hemocyte precursors produced by progenitor cells differentiate in the hematopoietic tissue (HPT) for 3 ~ 4 days. Immature hemocytes are released from HPT in the form of SGCs and take 1 ~ 3 months to mature in the circulation. GCs represent the terminal stage of development. They can survive for as long as 2 months. The changes in the expression pattern of marker genes during GC differentiation support our conclusions. Further analysis of hemocyte phagocytosis indicates the existence of functionally different subpopulations. These findings may reshape our understanding of crustacean hematopoiesis and may lead to reconsideration of the roles and relationship of circulating hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Zaichao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Rongrong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Limei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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Bouallegui Y. A Comprehensive Review on Crustaceans' Immune System With a Focus on Freshwater Crayfish in Relation to Crayfish Plague Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667787. [PMID: 34054837 PMCID: PMC8155518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater crayfish immunity has received great attention due to the need for urgent conservation. This concern has increased the understanding of the cellular and humoral defense systems, although the regulatory mechanisms involved in these processes need updating. There are, however, aspects of the immune response that require clarification and integration. The particular issues addressed in this review include an overall description of the oomycete Aphanomyces astaci, the causative agent of the pandemic plague disease, which affects freshwater crayfish, and an overview of crustaceans' immunity with a focus on freshwater crayfish. It includes a classification system of hemocyte sub-types, the molecular factors involved in hematopoiesis and the differential role of the hemocyte subpopulations in cell-mediated responses, including hemocyte infiltration, inflammation, encapsulation and the link with the extracellular trap cell death pathway (ETosis). In addition, other topics discussed include the identity and functions of hyaline cells, the generation of neoplasia, and the emerging topic of the role of sessile hemocytes in peripheral immunity. Finally, attention is paid to the molecular execution of the immune response, from recognition by the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), the role of the signaling network in propagating and maintaining the immune signals, to the effector elements such as the putative function of the Down syndrome adhesion molecules (Dscam) in innate immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Bouallegui
- LR01ES14 Laboratory of Environmental Biomonitoring, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
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11
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Junkunlo K, Söderhäll K, Söderhäll I. Transglutaminase 1 and 2 are localized in different blood cells in the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:83-91. [PMID: 32479868 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we show that hemocytes in the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus express two different transglutaminases. We describe the sequence of a previously unknown TGase (Pl_TGase1) and named this as Pl_TGase2 and compared this sequence with similar sequences from other crustaceans. The catalytic core domain is similar to the previously described TGase in P. leniusculus, but Pl_TGase2 has significant differences in the N-terminal and C-terminal domains. Further, we show conclusive evidences that these different transglutaminases are specific for different hemocyte types so that Pl_TGase1 is expressed in the hematopoietic tissue and in the cytoplasm of semigranular hemocytes, while Pl_TGase2 is expressed in vesicles in the granular hemocytes. By in situ hybridization we show that both Pl_TGase1 and Pl_TGase2 mRNA are present only in a subset of the respective hemocyte population. This observation indicates that there may be different subtypes of semigranular as well as granular hemocytes which may have different specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingkamon Junkunlo
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 A, SE 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irene Söderhäll
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Sirikharin R, Söderhäll K, Söderhäll I. The N-terminal peptide generated after activation of prophenoloxidase affects crayfish hematopoiesis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 108:103687. [PMID: 32220618 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The circulating hemocytes of invertebrates are important mediators of immunity, and hemocyte homeostasis is of high importance for survival and health of crustaceans. The prophenoloxidase (proPO)-activating system is one of the most essential immune reactions, which can be activated by pattern recognition proteins from microorganisms. Activation of proPO by the proPO activating enzyme generates an N-terminal peptide, with cleavage site after Arg176, as well as the active enzyme phenoloxidase, which is the key enzyme for melanization. In the present study we demonstrate a role for the N-terminal proPO-peptide in hematopoiesis. Injection of this proPO-peptide increased the number of circulating hemocytes and especially granular hemocytes. We also show that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the anterior proliferative center was enhanced after proPO peptide injection, which is a prerequisite for rapid hemocyte release from the hematopoietic tissue. Moreover, this peptide had an effect on ROS production in in vitro cultured hematopoietic cells and induced spreading of these cells within 72 h. Taken together, our findings show a role of the N-terminal proPO peptide in stimulation of hematopoiesis in crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchanok Sirikharin
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 A, SE752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irene Söderhäll
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
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13
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Sirikharin R, Noonin C, Junkunlo K, Söderhäll K, Söderhäll I. Astakine1 forms protein complex in plasma. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:66-71. [PMID: 31465872 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Astakine 1 is a small cytokine-like peptide which is directly involved in hematopoiesis in crustaceans. Astakines are present in many different invertebrate groups primarily in arthropods. In this study we found that astakine1 was present as a high molecular weight (HMW) complex in plasma. It is known that calcium concentration are fluctuating in several crustaceans especially during the molting process. This HMW-complex was formed under low calcium concentrations in plasma and could be partially reversed provided calcium was added. The biological function of the naïve astakine1 and that in the HMW complex was about the same, but if the protein is to be isolated or studied for its function it is important to know about this property of astakine1 which may previously have hampered isolation and functional studies in other animals than freshwater crayfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchanok Sirikharin
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 A, SE752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chadanat Noonin
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 A, SE752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kingkamon Junkunlo
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 A, SE752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irene Söderhäll
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Li F, Xu L, Hui X, Huang W, Yang F. Directed differentiation of granular cells from crayfish hematopoietic tissue cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:28-35. [PMID: 30826415 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hemocytes are the major immune cells of crustaceans. New hemocyte production is required throughout the life cycle of these animals to maintain a functional immune system. The mechanism of crustacean hematopoiesis has just begun to be understood and new methods are needed for the investigation of this process. Here we report the directed differentiation of granular cells (GCs) from the hematopoietic tissue (HPT) cells of Cherax quadricarinatus in vitro. We started by providing the cultured HPT cells with different additives to induce possible differentiation. We found that crayfish muscle extract greatly promoted the physical status of the cells and induced the formation of refractile cytoplasmic granules. The transcription of marker genes and the production of functional prophenoloxidase further confirmed the formation of mature GCs. In our experiments, young GCs usually started to develop in ∼2 weeks post induction and over 60% of the cells became mature within 3-4 weeks. This is the first time that the fully differentiation of crustacean hemocytes is accomplished in vitro. It provides a powerful tool for in-depth study of crustacean hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Limei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xuan Hui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wanzhen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
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15
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Perdomo-Morales R, Montero-Alejo V, Perera E. The clotting system in decapod crustaceans: History, current knowledge and what we need to know beyond the models. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:204-212. [PMID: 30261301 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hemolymph coagulation is among the major arms of the humoral immune response in crustaceans. According to the current model, hemolymph clotting in decapod crustacean relies mostly on the polymerization of the plasmatic clotting protein (CP) which is directly promoted by calcium-depended transglutaminase (TGase) released from hemocytes upon microbial stimulus or injury. However, the type of hemocytes containing TGase, and hence how the TGase is released, might vary among species. Thus, we discourse here about possible mechanisms for clotting initiation. On the other hand, the initiation of coagulation reaction in the absence of microbial elicitors is poorly understood and seems to involve hemocytes lability, yet the mechanism remains unknown. A cellular clottable protein called coagulogen, different to the plasma CP, occurs in several species and could be related with the immune response, but the biological relevance of this protein is unknown. It is also demonstrated that the clotting response is actively involved in defense against pathogens. In addition, both TGase and the CP show pleiotropic functions, and although both proteins are relatively conserved, some of their physic-chemical properties vary significantly. The occurrence of differences in the clotting system in crustaceans is conceivable given the high number of species and their diverse ecology. Results from still non-studied decapods may provide explanation for some of the issues presented here from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Perdomo-Morales
- Center for Pharmaceuticals Research and Development. Ave. 26 No. 1605, Esq. Puentes Grandes. Plaza. 10600. La Habana. Cuba.
| | - Vivian Montero-Alejo
- Center for Pharmaceuticals Research and Development. Ave. 26 No. 1605, Esq. Puentes Grandes. Plaza. 10600. La Habana. Cuba
| | - Erick Perera
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Castellón, Spain
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16
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Sirikharin R, Söderhäll I, Söderhäll K. Characterization of a cold-active transglutaminase from a crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:546-549. [PMID: 29960064 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TGase) from signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and its activity at low temperatures was studied. TGase is an abundant protein in the hematopoietic (HPT) cells and this tissue was used for TGase enzyme preparation. The optimal temperature and pH for the activity of crayfish TGase were determined. We found that TGase activity at 4 °C showed nearly the same activity as at a temperature of 22 °C. TGase activity from crayfish was compared with guinea pig liver TGase activity at 4 °C and the crayfish TGase displayed a higher activity while guinea pig liver TGase had a very low activity at this low temperature. By comparing kinetic parameters to guinea pig liver TGase, the results showed that a high activity of crayfish TGase was due to a decreasing Km value for pentylamine as a substrate, while it did not affect the kcat value (at 22 °C). The amino acid sequences of a krill and a crayfish TGase, which both are cold adapted, do not give any clue to why these two enzymes are cold-adapted. These results demonstrate that crayfish TGase is adapted to have significant activity at low temperatures and since crayfish are living in quite cold waters this is an interesting adaptation of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchanok Sirikharin
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 75326, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irene Söderhäll
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 75326, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 75326, Uppsala, Sweden.
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17
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Noonin C. Involvement of Serotonin in crayfish hematopoiesis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 86:189-195. [PMID: 29778989 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a conserved monoamine neurotransmitter that has several physiological functions both in vertebrates and invertebrates. In addition to its well-known function in the central nervous system, 5-HT also participates in peripheral system. However, in crustaceans, the knowledge about peripheral functions of 5-HT is limited. In this study, a role of 5-HT in hematopoiesis in crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, was investigated. The presence of 5-HT in crayfish plasma and the effect of 5-HT injection on hemocyte number were examined. The effects of 5-HT on hematopoietic tissue (HPT) cell proliferation and secretion of the hematopoietic cytokine, astakine 1 (Ast 1) were determined in vitro. The results from this study suggest that 5-HT has no direct effect on HPT cell proliferation, but it participates in crayfish hematopoiesis through stimulating Ast 1 cytokine release from crayfish hemocytes, and thereby affects release of new hemocytes into the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadanat Noonin
- Department of Organismal Biology, Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
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18
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Junkunlo K, Söderhäll K, Söderhäll I. Clotting protein - An extracellular matrix (ECM) protein involved in crustacean hematopoiesis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:132-140. [PMID: 28943319 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic progenitor cells in crustaceans are organized in lobule-like structures surrounded by different types of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in a Hematopoietic tissue (HPT). Here we show that the clotting protein (CP) is part of the ECM in HPT and is secreted during HPT cell culture. The formation of a filamentous network of CP was observed in HPT cell culture. A high amount of CP protein was detected at the surfaces of undifferentiated cells (round-shaped) compared with migrating cells (spindle shaped). Co-localization of the CP protein and TGase activity was observed on the cell surface and filamentous network between cells. A role for CP together with collagen was revealed in a 3D culture in which a collagen-I matrix was immobilized with CP or supplemented with CP. The results showed possible functions of CP, collagen, TGase and the cytokine Ast1 in the regulation of HPT progenitor cell behavior. This is the first study to provide insight into the role of CP, which probably not only participates in clot formation but also functions as an ECM component protein controlling hematopoietic stem cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingkamon Junkunlo
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irene Söderhäll
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Junkunlo K, Söderhäll K, Noonin C, Söderhäll I. PDGF/VEGF-Related Receptor Affects Transglutaminase Activity to Control Cell Migration During Crustacean Hematopoiesis. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1449-1459. [PMID: 28805145 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor, a tyrosine kinase (TK) receptor whose ligand is PDGF, is crucial in the transduction of extracellular signals into cells and mediates numerous processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration. We demonstrate the important roles of a receptor TK related to the PDGF/VEGF family protein (PVR) in controlling hematopoietic progenitor cell migration by affecting extracellular transglutaminase (TGase) activity. Pl_PVR1, GenBank accession No. KY444650, is highly expressed in hemocytes and the hematopoietic tissue (HPT). Sunitinib malate was used to block the PVF/PVR downstream pathway in HPT cell culture. The addition of Sunitinib also caused the HPT cells to increase in size and begin spreading. An increase in extracellular TGase activity on the HPT cell membrane was observed in a dose-dependent manner after treatment with Sunitinib malate. The presence of crude Ast1 provided a combinatorial beneficial effect that enhanced the number of spreading cells after inhibition of the Pl_PVR downstream signaling cascade. In addition, an increased immunoreactivity for β-tubulin and elongation of β-tubulin filaments were found in Pl_PVR signaling-inhibited cells. The potential roles of PVF/PVR signaling in controlling progenitor cell activity during hematopoiesis in crayfish were investigated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingkamon Junkunlo
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chadanat Noonin
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irene Söderhäll
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
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