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Valero Y, Chaves-Pozo E, Cuesta A. Fish HERC7: Phylogeny, Characterization, and Potential Implications for Antiviral Immunity in European Sea Bass. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7751. [PMID: 39062994 PMCID: PMC11277259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligases, key components of the ubiquitin proteasome system, orchestrate protein degradation through ubiquitylation and profoundly impact cellular biology. Small HERC E3 ligases (HERC3-6) have diverse functions in mammals, including roles in spermatogenesis, protein degradation, and immunity. Until now, only mammals' HERC3, HERC5, and HERC6 are known to participate in immune responses, with major involvement in the antiviral response. Interestingly, an exclusive HERC7 has been characterized in fish showing great molecular conservation and antiviral roles. Thus, this study identifies and characterizes the herc7 gene in the European sea bass teleost. The European sea bass herc7 gene and the putative protein show good conservation of the promoter binding sites for interferons and the RCC1 and HECT domains characteristic of HERC proteins, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis shows a unique cluster with the fish-exclusive HERC7 orthologues. During ontogeny, the herc7 gene is expressed from 3 days post-fertilization onwards, being constitutively and widely distributed in adult tissues. In vitro, stimulated leucocytes up-regulate the herc7 gene in response to mitogens and viruses, pointing to a role in the immune response. Furthermore, sea bass herc7 expression is related to the interferon response intensity and viral load in different tissues upon in vivo infection with red-grouper betanodavirus (RGNNV), suggesting the potential involvement of fish HERC7 in ISGylation-based antiviral activity, similarly to mammalian HERC5. This study broadens the understanding of small HERC proteins in fish species and highlights HERC7 as a potential contributor to the immune response in European sea bass, with implications for antiviral defense mechanisms. Future research is needed to unravel the precise actions and functions of HERC7 in teleost fish immunity, providing insights into direct antiviral activity and viral evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulema Valero
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (COMU-IEO), CSIC Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
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Valero Y, Souto S, Olveira JG, López-Vázquez C, Dopazo CP, Bandín I. Water-in-oil adjuvant challenges in fish vaccination: An experimental inactivated adjuvanted vaccine against betanodavirus infection in Senegalese sole. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13945. [PMID: 38523313 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The extensive growth of intensive fish farming has led to a massive spread of infectious diseases. Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is the causative agent of the viral encephalo- and retinopathy disease which has become a major threat for fish farming all over the globe. The devastating mortality rates recorded in disease outbreaks, especially when infected specimens are at early stages of development, have a high economic impact on the sector. Currently, vaccines are the most cost-effective preventing tool in the fight against viruses. Inactivated vaccines have the advantage of simplicity in their development at the same time as present the antigen in a similar manner than the natural infection in the host. Nevertheless, they usually trigger weaker immune responses needing adjuvants to boost their effectiveness. In this work, we have intraperitoneally vaccinated Senegalese sole juveniles (Solea senegalensis) with a previously designed inactivated vaccine against NNV based on binary ethylenimine (BEI), mixed or not with an oil-adjuvant. Our results demonstrated the potential activation of different immune pathways when the vaccine was administered alone compared to the oil-adjuvanted vaccine, both resulting in an equivalent partial improvement in survival following a NNV challenge. However, whilst the vaccine alone led to a significant increase in specific antibodies, in the adjuvanted version those antibodies were kept basal although with a slight improvement in their neutralization capacity. At transcriptional level, neither vaccine (adjuvanted or not) triggered the immune system activation during the vaccination period. However, after NNV infection, the BEI-inactivated vaccines alone and oil-adjuvanted both elicited the stimulation of antiviral responsive genes (rtp3, herc4), antigen presentation molecules (mhcii) and T-cell markers (cd8a) in the head-kidney. Additionally, the oil-adjuvanted vaccine appears to stimulate mediator cytokines (il6) and B-cell markers (ight and ighm). Surprisingly, when the adjuvant was administered alone, fish showed the highest survival rates concomitantly with a lack of NNV-IgM production, pointing to the possible induction of different immune pathways than the B-cell responses via antibodies by the adjuvant. Since this combined vaccine did not succeed in the full extension of protection against the pathogen, further studies should be performed focusing on unravelling the molecular mechanisms through which adjuvants trigger the immune response, both independently and when added to a vaccine antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulema Valero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Campus Vida, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sandra Souto
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Campus Vida, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José G Olveira
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Campus Vida, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen López-Vázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Campus Vida, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos P Dopazo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Campus Vida, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isabel Bandín
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Campus Vida, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Kembou-Ringert JE, Steinhagen D, Readman J, Daly JM, Adamek M. Tilapia Lake Virus Vaccine Development: A Review on the Recent Advances. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020251. [PMID: 36851129 PMCID: PMC9961428 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tilapia tilapinevirus (or tilapia lake virus, TiLV) is a recently emerging virus associated with a novel disease affecting and decimating tilapia populations around the world. Since its initial identification, TiLV has been reported in 17 countries, often causing mortalities as high as 90% in the affected populations. To date, no therapeutics or commercial vaccines exist for TiLV disease control. Tilapia exposed to TiLV can develop protective immunity, suggesting that vaccination is achievable. Given the important role of vaccination in fish farming, several vaccine strategies are currently being explored and put forward against TiLV but, a comprehensive overview on the efficacy of these platforms is lacking. We here present these approaches in relation with previously developed fish vaccines and discuss their efficacy, vaccine administration routes, and the various factors that can impact vaccine efficacy. The overall recent advances in TiLV vaccine development show different but promising levels of protection. The field is however hampered by the lack of knowledge of the biology of TiLV, notably the function of its genes. Further research and the incorporation of several approaches including prime-boost vaccine regimens, codon optimization, or reverse vaccinology would be beneficial to increase the effectiveness of vaccines targeting TiLV and are further discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Japhette E. Kembou-Ringert
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Correspondence: (J.E.K.-R.); (M.A.)
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - John Readman
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.E.K.-R.); (M.A.)
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Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV) Booster Vaccination Increases Senegalese Sole Survival and Enhances Immunoprotection. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010051. [PMID: 36611661 PMCID: PMC9817516 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A re-immunization programme has been tested to improve the protective response elicited in sole by a previously developed BEI-inactivated betanodavirus vaccine. The vaccine was prepared using a reassortant RGNNV/SJNNV strain which is highly pathogenic for sole, and vaccination assays were performed by intraperitoneal injection. Experimental design included a prime- and a booster-vaccination group, which consisted of individuals that received a second vaccine injection at 30 days post vaccination), and their respective controls. A month after prime/booster vaccination, fish were challenged by intramuscular injection with the homologous NNV strain. Samples were collected at different times post vaccination and post challenge to assess the immune response and viral replication. Booster dose enhanced the protection against NNV infection because a significant increase in survival was recorded when compared with prime-vaccinated individuals (relative percent survival 77 vs. 55). In addition, a clear decrease in viral replication in the brain of challenged sole was observed. During the immune induction period, no differences in IgM production were observed between prime- and booster-vaccinated fish, and the expression of the antigen presenting cells (APC)-related molecule MHC class II antigen was the only differential stimulation recorded in the re-immunized individuals. However, a significant upregulation of mhcII and the lymphocytes T helper (Th) marker cd4 was observed after the challenge in the booster-vaccinated group, suggesting these cells play a role in the protection conferred by the booster injection. In addition, after viral infection, re-immunized fish showed specific and neutralizing antibody production and overexpression of other immune-related genes putatively involved in the control of NNV replication.
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Li B, Chen J, Huang P, Weng T, Wen Y, Yang H, Liu Y, Xia L. Induction of attenuated Nocardia seriolae and their use as live vaccine trials against fish nocardiosis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:10-20. [PMID: 36162777 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nocardia seriolae, a Gram-positive facultative intercellular pathogen, has been identified as the causative agent of fish nocardiosis, causing substantial mortality and morbidity of a wide range of fish species. Looking into that fact, the effective vaccine against this pathogen is urgently needed to control the significant losses in aquaculture practices. In order to induct attenuated strains for developing the potential live vaccines, the mutagenic N. seriolae strain S-250 and U-20 were obtained from wild-type strain ZJ0503 through continuous passaging and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, respectively. Additionally, the biological characteristic, virulence, stability, mediating immune response and supplying protective efficacy to hybrid snakehead of the S-250 and U-20 strains were determined in the present study. The results showed that U-20 strain displayed dramatic changes in morphological characteristic and significant decreased in the virulence to hybrid snakehead, while that of S-250 strain had no obvious different in comparison to ZJ0503 strain. When hybrid snakehead were intraperitoneally injected with ZJ0503, S-250 and U-20 strains at their respective sub-clinical dosage, the non-specific immunity parameters (serum LYZ, POD, ACP, AKP and SOD activities), specific antibody (IgM) titers production and immune-related genes (CC1, CC2, IL-1β, IL-8, TNFα, IFNγ, MHCIα, MHCIIα, CD4, CD8α, TCRα and TCRβ) expression were up-regulated, indicating that they were able to trigger humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Furthermore, the protective efficacy in hybrid snakehead after vaccination with ZJ0503, S-250 and U-20 strains, in terms of relative percentage survival (RPS), were 28.85%, 56.89% and 89.65% respectively. Taken together, two attenuated N. seriolae strains S-250 and U-20 were obtained successfully and they could elicit strong immune response and supply protective efficacy to hybrid snakehead against N. seriolae, which suggested that these two attenuated strains were the potential candidates for live vaccine development to control fish nocardiosis in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianlin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.
| | - Pujiang Huang
- Shenzhen Fishery Development and Research Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingting Weng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiming Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Huiyuan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yansheng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqun Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.
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6
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Du Y, Hu X, Miao L, Chen J. Current status and development prospects of aquatic vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1040336. [PMID: 36439092 PMCID: PMC9684733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1040336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases are a significant impediment to aquaculture's sustainable and healthy growth. The aquaculture industry is suffering significant financial losses as a result of the worsening water quality and increasing frequency of aquatic disease outbreaks caused by the expansion of aquaculture. Drug control, immunoprophylaxis, ecologically integrated control, etc. are the principal control strategies for fish infections. For a long time, the prevention and control of aquatic diseases have mainly relied on the use of various antibiotics and chemical drugs. However, long-term use of chemical inputs not only increases pathogenic bacteria resistance but also damages the fish and aquaculture environments, resulting in drug residues in aquatic products, severely impeding the development of the aquaculture industry. The development and use of aquatic vaccines are the safest and most effective ways to prevent aquatic animal diseases and preserve the health and sustainability of aquaculture. To give references for the development and implementation of aquatic vaccines, this study reviews the development history, types, inoculation techniques, mechanisms of action, development prospects, and challenges encountered with aquatic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoman Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Liang Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Makesh M, Venkata Satyanarayana N, Selvamano S, Jayaprakash N, Bera A, Sukumaran K, Kailasam M. Nervous necrosis virus titration and antigen quantitation by indirect sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. J Virol Methods 2022; 305:114536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Padrós F, Caggiano M, Toffan A, Constenla M, Zarza C, Ciulli S. Integrated Management Strategies for Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) Disease Control in Marine Fish Farming in the Mediterranean. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030330. [PMID: 35335654 PMCID: PMC8955002 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) is the most important viral disease affecting farmed fish in the Mediterranean. VNN can affect multiple fish species in all production phases (broodstock, hatchery, nursery and ongrowing) and sizes, but it is especially severe in larvae and juvenile stages, where can it cause up to 100% mortalities. European sea bass has been and is still the most affected species, and VNN in gilthead sea bream has become an emerging problem in recent years affecting larvae and juveniles and associated to the presence of new nervous necrosis virus (NNV) reassortants. The relevance of this disease as one of the main biological hazards for Mediterranean finfish farming has been particularly addressed in two recent H2020 projects: PerformFISH and MedAID. The presence of the virus in the environment and in the farming systems poses a serious menace for the development of the Mediterranean finfish aquaculture. Several risks associated to the VNN development in farms have been identified in the different phases of the farming system. The main risks concerning VNN affecting gilthead seabream and European seabass have been identified as restocking from wild fish in broodstock facilities, the origin of eggs and juveniles, quality water supply and live food in hatcheries and nurseries, and infected juveniles and location of farms in endemic areas for on-growing sites. Due to the potential severe impact, a holistic integrated management approach is the best strategy to control VNN in marine fish farms. This approach should include continuous surveillance and early and accurate diagnosis, essential for an early intervention when an outbreak occurs, the implementation of biosecurity and disinfection procedures in the production sites and systematic vaccination with effective vaccines. Outbreak management practices, clinical aspects, diagnostic techniques, and disinfections methods are reviewed in detail in this paper. Additionally, new strategies are becoming more relevant, such as the use of genetic resistant lines and boosting the fish immune system though nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Padrós
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d’Ecologia and Servei de Diagnòstic Patològic en Peixos, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Anna Toffan
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy;
| | - Maria Constenla
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d’Ecologia and Servei de Diagnòstic Patològic en Peixos, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Carlos Zarza
- Health Department, Skretting Aquaculture Research Centre, P.O. Box 48, 4001 Stavanger, Norway;
| | - Sara Ciulli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences DIMEVET, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 47042 Cesenatico (FC), Italy;
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Mondal H, Thomas J. A review on the recent advances and application of vaccines against fish pathogens in aquaculture. AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL : JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN AQUACULTURE SOCIETY 2022; 30:1971-2000. [PMID: 35528247 PMCID: PMC9059915 DOI: 10.1007/s10499-022-00884-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Globally, aquaculture has faced serious economic problems due to bacterial, viral, and various other infectious diseases of different origins. Even though such diseases are being detected and simultaneously treated with several therapeutic and prophylactic methods, the broad-spectrum activity of vaccines plays a vital role as a preventive measure in aquaculture. However, treatments like use of antibiotics and probiotics seem to be less effective when new mutant strains develop and disease causing pathogens become resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Therefore, vaccines developed by using recent advanced molecular techniques can be considered as an effective way of treating disease causing pathogens in aquatic organisms. The present review emphasizes on the current advances in technology and future outlook with reference to different types of vaccines used in the aquaculture industries. Beginning with traditional killed/inactivated and live attenuated vaccines, this work culminates in the review of modern new generation ones including recombinant, synthetic peptides, mucosal and DNA, subunit, nanoparticle-based and plant-based edible vaccines, reverse vaccinology, and monovalent and polyvalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimanti Mondal
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - John Thomas
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
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Falco A, Bello-Perez M, Díaz-Puertas R, Mold M, Adamek M. Update on the Inactivation Procedures for the Vaccine Development Prospects of a New Highly Virulent RGNNV Isolate. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121441. [PMID: 34960187 PMCID: PMC8705346 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) caused by the nervous necrosis virus (NNV) affects a broad range of primarily marine fish species, with mass mortality rates often seen among larvae and juveniles. Its genetic diversification may hinder the effective implementation of preventive measures such as vaccines. The present study describes different inactivation procedures for developing an inactivated vaccine against a new NNV isolate confirmed to possess deadly effects upon the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), an important Mediterranean farmed fish species that is highly susceptible to this disease. First, an NNV isolate from seabass adults diagnosed with VNN was rescued and the sequences of its two genome segments (RNA1 and RNA2) were classified into the red-spotted grouper NNV (RGNNV) genotype, closely clustering to the highly pathogenic 283.2009 isolate. The testing of different inactivation procedures revealed that the virus particles of this isolate showed a marked resistance to heat (for at least 60 °C for 120 min with and without 1% BSA) but that they were fully inactivated by 3 mJ/cm2 UV-C irradiation and 24 h 0.2% formalin treatment, which stood out as promising NNV-inactivation procedures for potential vaccine candidates. Therefore, these procedures are feasible, effective, and rapid response strategies for VNN control in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Falco
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain; (M.B.-P.); (R.D.-P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Melissa Bello-Perez
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain; (M.B.-P.); (R.D.-P.)
| | - Rocío Díaz-Puertas
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain; (M.B.-P.); (R.D.-P.)
| | - Matthew Mold
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
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BEI Inactivated Vaccine Induces Innate and Adaptive Responses and Elicits Partial Protection upon Reassortant Betanodavirus Infection in Senegalese Sole. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050458. [PMID: 34064461 PMCID: PMC8147993 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV), the causative agent of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), is one of the most threatening viruses affecting marine and freshwater fish species worldwide. Senegalese sole is a promising fish species in Mediterranean aquaculture but also highly susceptible to NNV and VER outbreaks, that puts its farming at risk. The development of vaccines for aquaculture is one of best tools to prevent viral spread and sudden outbreaks, and virus inactivation is the simplest and most cost-effective method available. In this work, we have designed two inactivated vaccines based on the use of formalin or binary ethylenimine (BEI) to inactivate a reassortant NNV strain. After vaccination, the BEI-inactivated vaccine triggered the production of specific IgM-NNV antibodies and stimulated innate and adaptive immune responses at transcriptional level (rtp3, mx, mhcii and tcrb coding genes). Moreover, it partially improved survival after an NNV in vivo challenge, reducing the mid-term viral load and avoiding the down-regulation of immune response post-challenge. On the other hand, the formalin-inactivated vaccine improved the survival of fish upon infection without inducing the production of IgM-NNV antibodies and only stimulating the expression of herc4 and mhcii genes (in head-kidney and brain, respectively) during the vaccination period; this suggests that other immune-related pathways may be involved in the partial protection provoked. Although these vaccines against NNV showed encouraging results, further studies are needed to improve sole protection and to fully understand the underlying immune mechanism.
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Barsøe S, Toffan A, Pascoli F, Stratmann A, Pretto T, Marsella A, Er-Rafik M, Vendramin N, Olesen NJ, Sepúlveda D, Lorenzen N. Long-Term Protection and Serologic Response of European Sea Bass Vaccinated with a Betanodavirus Virus-Like Particle Produced in Pichia pastoris. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050447. [PMID: 34063318 PMCID: PMC8147411 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) causes high mortality and reduced growth in farmed European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in the Mediterranean. In the current studies, we tested a novel Pichia-produced virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine against VNN in European sea bass, caused by the betanodavirus “Red-Spotted Grouper Nervous Necrosis Virus” (RGNNV). European sea bass were immunized with a VLP-based vaccine formulated with different concentrations of antigen and with or without adjuvant. Antibody response was evaluated by ELISA and serum neutralization. The efficacy of these VLP-vaccine formulations was evaluated by an intramuscular challenge with RGNNV at different time points (1, 2 and 10 months post-vaccination) and both dead and surviving fish were sampled to evaluate the level of viable virus in the brain. The VLP-based vaccines induced an effective protective immunity against experimental infection at 2 months post-vaccination, and even to some degree at 10 months post-vaccination. Furthermore, the vaccine formulations triggered a dose-dependent response in neutralizing antibodies. Serologic response and clinical efficacy, measured as relative percent survival (RPS), seem to be correlated with the administered dose, although for the individual fish, a high titer of neutralizing antibodies prior to challenge was not always enough to protect against disease. The efficacy of the VLP vaccine could not be improved by formulation with a water-in-oil (W/O) adjuvant. The developed RGNNV-VLPs show a promising effect as a vaccine candidate, even without adjuvant, to protect sea bass against disease caused by RGNNV. However, detection of virus in vaccinated survivors means that it cannot be ruled out that survivors can transmit the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Barsøe
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU AQUA), Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (S.B.); (N.V.); (N.J.O.); (D.S.)
| | - Anna Toffan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy; (A.T.); (F.P.); (T.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Francesco Pascoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy; (A.T.); (F.P.); (T.P.); (A.M.)
| | | | - Tobia Pretto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy; (A.T.); (F.P.); (T.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Marsella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy; (A.T.); (F.P.); (T.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Mériem Er-Rafik
- National Center for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (DTU Nanolab), Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Niccolò Vendramin
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU AQUA), Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (S.B.); (N.V.); (N.J.O.); (D.S.)
| | - Niels J. Olesen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU AQUA), Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (S.B.); (N.V.); (N.J.O.); (D.S.)
| | - Dagoberto Sepúlveda
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU AQUA), Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (S.B.); (N.V.); (N.J.O.); (D.S.)
| | - Niels Lorenzen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU AQUA), Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (S.B.); (N.V.); (N.J.O.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Miccoli A, Manni M, Picchietti S, Scapigliati G. State-of-the-Art Vaccine Research for Aquaculture Use: The Case of Three Economically Relevant Fish Species. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:140. [PMID: 33578766 PMCID: PMC7916455 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades, the aquaculture sector has experienced a 527% growth, producing 82 million tons for a first sale value estimated at 250 billion USD. Infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites are the major causes of mortality and economic losses in commercial aquaculture. Some pathologies, especially those of bacterial origin, can be treated with commercially available drugs, while others are poorly managed. In fact, despite having been recognized as a useful preventive measure, no effective vaccination against many economically relevant diseases exist yet, such as for viral and parasitic infections. The objective of the present review is to provide the reader with an updated perspective on the most significant and innovative vaccine research on three key aquaculture commodities. European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were chosen because of their economic relevance, geographical distinctiveness, and representativeness of different culture systems. Scientific papers about vaccines against bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases will be objectively presented; their results critically discussed and compared; and suggestions for future directions given.
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Betanodavirus and VER Disease: A 30-year Research Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020106. [PMID: 32050492 PMCID: PMC7168202 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreaks of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), caused by nervous necrosis virus (NNV), represent one of the main infectious threats for marine aquaculture worldwide. Since the first description of the disease at the end of the 1980s, a considerable amount of research has gone into understanding the mechanisms involved in fish infection, developing reliable diagnostic methods, and control measures, and several comprehensive reviews have been published to date. This review focuses on host–virus interaction and epidemiological aspects, comprising viral distribution and transmission as well as the continuously increasing host range (177 susceptible marine species and epizootic outbreaks reported in 62 of them), with special emphasis on genotypes and the effect of global warming on NNV infection, but also including the latest findings in the NNV life cycle and virulence as well as diagnostic methods and VER disease control.
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Picard-Sánchez A, Estensoro I, Del Pozo R, Piazzon MC, Palenzuela O, Sitjà-Bobadilla A. Acquired protective immune response in a fish-myxozoan model encompasses specific antibodies and inflammation resolution. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:349-362. [PMID: 31067499 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The myxozoan parasite Enteromyxum leei causes chronic enteritis in gilthead sea bream (GSB, Sparus aurata) leading to intestinal dysfunction. Two trials were performed in which GSB that had survived a previous infection with E. leei (SUR), and naïve GSB (NAI), were exposed to water effluent containing parasite stages. Humoral factors (total IgM and IgT, specific anti-E. leei IgM, total serum peroxidases), histopathology and gene expression were analysed. Results showed that SUR maintained high levels of specific anti-E. leei IgM (up to 16 months), expressed high levels of immunoglobulins at the intestinal mucosa, particularly the soluble forms, and were resistant to re-infection. Their acquired-type response was complemented by other immune effectors locally and systemically, like cell cytotoxicity (high granzyme A expression), complement activity (high c3 and fucolectin expression), and serum peroxidases. In contrast to NAI, SUR displayed a post-inflammatory phenotype in the intestine and head kidney, characteristic of inflammation resolution (low il1β, high il10 and low hsp90α expression).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Picard-Sánchez
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Raquel Del Pozo
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - M Carla Piazzon
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Oswaldo Palenzuela
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain.
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Burgos-Aceves MA, Lionetti L, Faggio C. Multidisciplinary haematology as prognostic device in environmental and xenobiotic stress-induced response in fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 670:1170-1183. [PMID: 31018433 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The variations of haematological parameters hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, leukocyte and erythrocyte count have been used as pollution and physiological indicators of organic dysfunction in both environmental and aquaculture studies. These parameters are commonly applied as prognostic and diagnostic tools in fish health status. However, there are both extrinsic and intrinsic factors to consider when performing a blood test, because a major limitation for field researchers is that the "rules" for animal or human haematology do not always apply to wildlife. The main objective of this review is to show how some environmental and xenobiotic factors are capable to modulating the haematic cells. Visualizing the strengths and limitations of a haematological analysis in the health assessment of wild and culture fish. Finally, we point out the importance of the use of mitochondrial activities as part of haematological evaluations associated to environment or aquaculture stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Burgos-Aceves
- Departament of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Lillà Lionetti
- Departament of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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Gonzalez-Silvera D, Guardiola FA, Espinosa C, Chaves-Pozo E, Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A. Recombinant nodavirus vaccine produced in bacteria and administered without purification elicits humoral immunity and protects European sea bass against infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:458-463. [PMID: 30877059 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Viral necrosis virus (NNV) or nodavirus causes fish viral encephalopathy and retinopathy worldwide. In some cases, mortalities in aquaculture industry can reach up to 100%, some species being especially sensitive as is the case of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), one of the main cultured species in the Mediterranean, with the consequent economical loses. Development of new vaccines against NNV is in the spotlight though few researches have focused in European sea bass. In this study we have generated a recombinant NNV (rNNV) vaccine produced in Escherichia coli expressing the capsid protein and administered it to European sea bass juveniles by two different routes (intraperitoneal and oral). The last being considered non-stressful and desired for fish farming of small fish, which in fact are the most affected by NNV. Oral vaccine was composed of feed pellets containing the recombinant whole bacteria, and injected vaccine was composed of recombinant bacteria previously lysed. Our results revealed production of specific anti-NNV IgM following the two vaccination procedures, levels that were further increased in orally-vaccinated group after challenge with NNV. Genes related to interferon (IFN), T-cell and immunoglobulin markers were scarcely regulated in head-kidney (HK), gut or brain. Vaccination by either route elicited a relative survival response of 100% after NNV challenge. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a recombinant vaccine followed by no purification steps which resulted in a complete protection in European sea bass when challenged with NNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gonzalez-Silvera
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristóbal Espinosa
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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