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Taracena-Agarwal ML, Walter-Nuno AB, Bottino-Rojas V, Mejia APG, Xu K, Segal S, Dotson EM, Oliveira PL, Paiva-Silva GO. Juvenile Hormone as a contributing factor in establishing midgut microbiota for fecundity and fitness enhancement in adult female Aedes aegypti. Commun Biol 2024; 7:687. [PMID: 38839829 PMCID: PMC11153597 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the factors influencing mosquitoes' fecundity and longevity is important for designing better and more sustainable vector control strategies, as these parameters can impact their vectorial capacity. Here, we address how mating affects midgut growth in Aedes aegypti, what role Juvenile Hormone (JH) plays in this process, and how it impacts the mosquito's immune response and microbiota. Our findings reveal that mating and JH induce midgut growth. Additionally, the establishment of a native bacterial population in the midgut due to JH-dependent suppression of the immune response has important reproductive outcomes. Specific downregulation of AMPs with an increase in bacteria abundance in the gut results in increased egg counts and longer lifespans. Overall, these findings provide evidence of a cross-talk between JH response, gut epithelial tissue, cell cycle regulation, and the mechanisms governing the trade-offs between nutrition, immunity, and reproduction at the cellular level in the mosquito gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel L Taracena-Agarwal
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Entomology Department, Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Ana Beatriz Walter-Nuno
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Bottino-Rojas
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Kelsey Xu
- Entomology Department, Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Steven Segal
- Entomology Department, Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ellen M Dotson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pedro L Oliveira
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Gabriela O Paiva-Silva
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
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Taracena-Agarwal ML, Hixson B, Nandakumar S, Girard-Mejia AP, Chen RY, Huot L, Padilla N, Buchon N. The midgut epithelium of mosquitoes adjusts cell proliferation and endoreplication to respond to physiological challenges. BMC Biol 2024; 22:22. [PMID: 38281940 PMCID: PMC10823748 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematophagous mosquitoes transmit many pathogens that cause human diseases. Pathogen acquisition and transmission occur when female mosquitoes blood feed to acquire nutrients for reproduction. The midgut epithelium of mosquitoes serves as the point of entry for transmissible viruses and parasites. RESULTS We studied midgut epithelial dynamics in five major mosquito vector species by quantifying PH3-positive cells (indicative of mitotic proliferation), the incorporation of nucleotide analogs (indicative of DNA synthesis accompanying proliferation and/or endoreplication), and the ploidy (by flow cytometry) of cell populations in the posterior midgut epithelium of adult females. Our results show that the epithelial dynamics of post-emergence maturation and of mature sugar-fed guts were similar in members of the Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles genera. In the first three days post-emergence, ~ 20% of cells in the posterior midgut region of interest incorporated nucleotide analogs, concurrent with both proliferative activity and a broad shift toward higher ploidy. In mature mosquitoes maintained on sugar, an average of 3.5% of cells in the posterior midgut region of interest incorporated nucleotide analogs from five to eight days post-emergence, with a consistent presence of mitotic cells indicating constant cell turnover. Oral bacterial infection triggered a sharp increase in mitosis and nucleotide analog incorporation, suggesting that the mosquito midgut undergoes accelerated cellular turnover in response to damage. Finally, blood feeding resulted in an increase in cell proliferation, but the nature and intensity of the response varied by mosquito species and by blood source (human, bovine, avian or artificial). In An. gambiae, enterocytes appeared to reenter the cell cycle to increase ploidy after consuming blood from all sources except avian. CONCLUSIONS We saw that epithelial proliferation, differentiation, and endoreplication reshape the blood-fed gut to increase ploidy, possibly to facilitate increased metabolic activity. Our results highlight the plasticity of the midgut epithelium in mosquitoes' physiological responses to distinct challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Taracena-Agarwal
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA
| | - B Hixson
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA
| | - S Nandakumar
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA
| | - A P Girard-Mejia
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, 01015, Guatemala
| | - R Y Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA
| | - L Huot
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA
| | - N Padilla
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, 01015, Guatemala
| | - N Buchon
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA.
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Maya-Maldonado K, Cardoso-Jaime V, Hernández-Martínez S, Recio-Tótoro B, Bello-Garcia D, Hernández-Hernández FDLC, Lanz-Mendoza H. Plasmodium exposure alters midgut epithelial cell dynamics during the immune memory in Anopheles albimanus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 133:104424. [PMID: 35447160 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Immunological priming in insects is defined as a previous contact with non-virulent pathogens, which induces protection after a second virulent infection. The mechanism of this process is not well understood. We have observed midgut DNA synthesis (endoreplication) in Plasmodium berghei exposure mosquitoes (primed) and after the immune challenge, which could be an essential component of the priming response in the mosquito. Endoreplication requires cell cycle components re-direction to make multiple DNA copies. Therefore, it is fundamental to understand the role of cell cycle components in priming. Here, we analyzed the expression of the cyclins A, B, E, and AurkA, and the endoreplication components NOTCH and HNT in the mosquito Anopheles albimanus; after priming with non-infective Plasmodium berghei and challenged with an infective P. berghei. The overexpression of cell cycle elements occurred seven days after priming with a quick reduction 24 h after the challenge. Hnt and NOTCH overexpression occurred 24 h after priming. Antimicrobial peptide cecropin is quickly overexpressed after 24 h in primed mosquitoes, then is downregulated at day seven and overexpressed again after parasite challenge. We also found that DNA synthesis occurs in cells with different nuclear sizes, suggesting a change in midgut epithelial dynamics after Plasmodium exposure. Inhibition of DNA synthesis via cisplatin revealed that DNA synthesis is required for priming to limit Plasmodium infection. Our results indicate the importance of cell cycle components on DNA synthesis and Notch pathway during priming response in An. albimanus mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Maya-Maldonado
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, CP. 07360, Ciudad de México, México; Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Victor Cardoso-Jaime
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, CP. 07360, Ciudad de México, México; Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Salvador Hernández-Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Benito Recio-Tótoro
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Deane Bello-Garcia
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Fidel de la Cruz Hernández-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, CP. 07360, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
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Tikhe CV, Cardoso-Jaime V, Dong S, Rutkowski N, Dimopoulos G. Trypsin-like Inhibitor Domain (TIL)-Harboring Protein Is Essential for Aedes aegypti Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147736. [PMID: 35887084 PMCID: PMC9319116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-rich trypsin inhibitor-like domain (TIL)-harboring proteins are broadly distributed in nature but remain understudied in vector mosquitoes. Here we have explored the biology of a TIL domain-containing protein of the arbovirus vector Aedes aegypti, cysteine-rich venom protein 379 (CRVP379). CRVP379 was previously shown to be essential for dengue virus infection in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Gene expression analysis showed CRVP379 to be highly expressed in pupal stages, male testes, and female ovaries. CRVP379 expression is also increased in the ovaries at 48 h post-blood feeding. We used CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to generate two mutant lines of CRVP379 with mutations inside or outside the TIL domain. Female mosquitoes from both mutant lines showed severe defects in their reproductive capability; mutant females also showed differences in their follicular cell morphology. However, the CRVP379 line with a mutation outside the TIL domain did not affect male reproductive performance, suggesting that some CRVP379 residues may have sexually dimorphic functions. In contrast to previous reports, we did not observe a noticeable difference in dengue virus infection between the wild-type and any of the mutant lines. The importance of CRVP379 in Ae. aegypti reproductive biology makes it an interesting candidate for the development of Ae. aegypti population control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Vijay Tikhe
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (C.V.T.); (V.C.-J.); (S.D.); (N.R.)
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Victor Cardoso-Jaime
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (C.V.T.); (V.C.-J.); (S.D.); (N.R.)
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shengzhang Dong
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (C.V.T.); (V.C.-J.); (S.D.); (N.R.)
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Natalie Rutkowski
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (C.V.T.); (V.C.-J.); (S.D.); (N.R.)
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (C.V.T.); (V.C.-J.); (S.D.); (N.R.)
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence:
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Maya-Maldonado K, Cime-Castillo J, Maya-Lucas O, Argotte-Ramos R, Rodríguez MC, Lanz-Mendoza H. Transcriptome analysis uncover differential regulation in cell cycle, immunity, and metabolism in Anopheles albimanus during immune priming with Plasmodium berghei. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 120:104046. [PMID: 33600838 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In invertebrates, "immunological priming" is considered as the ability to acquire a protective (adaptive) immune response against a pathogen due to previous exposure to the same organism. To date, the mechanism by which this type of adaptive immune response originates in insects is not well understood. In the Anopheles albimanus - Plasmodium berghei model, a DNA synthesis that probably indicates an endoreplication process during priming induction has been evidenced. This work aimed to know the transcriptomic profile in the midguts of An. albimanus after priming induction. Our analysis indicates the participation of regulatory elements of the cell cycle in the immunological priming and points out the importance of the cell cycle regulation in the mosquito midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Maya-Maldonado
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jorge Cime-Castillo
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Otoniel Maya-Lucas
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research. University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rocio Argotte-Ramos
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Maria Carmen Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Hixson B, Taracena ML, Buchon N. Midgut Epithelial Dynamics Are Central to Mosquitoes' Physiology and Fitness, and to the Transmission of Vector-Borne Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:653156. [PMID: 33842397 PMCID: PMC8027260 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.653156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bretta Hixson
- Department of Entomology. Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Mabel Laline Taracena
- Department of Entomology. Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Nicolas Buchon
- Department of Entomology. Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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