1
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Stefanelli G, Pili MP, Crifaci G, Capelli E, Beretta C, Riboldi EM, Billeci L, Cantiani C, Molteni M, Riva V. Pupillary responses for social versus non-social stimuli in autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 166:105872. [PMID: 39236834 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Pupillometry has gained attention as a valuable tool for assessing autonomic nervous system activity and studying phasic changes in pupil size to comprehend underlying neurocognitive mechanisms. However, knowledge regarding pupillary responses to social processing in autism is limited. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, examining research studies on pupil size changes that compare social and non-social stimuli in autism. Electronic searches were performed for articles up to September 2023 and relevant studies were evaluated following PRISMA guidelines. Out of 284 articles screened, 14 studies were eligible for systematic review. The results indicated that non-autistic individuals showed larger pupil size for social compared to non-social stimuli (g = 0.54; 95 % CI [0.25, 0.82]), whereas autistic individuals seemed to exhibit no differences between the two conditions. However, high heterogeneity was observed between studies in autistic populations, compromising interpretability. Despite such limitations, pupillary responses may constitute an objective physiological marker of social processing in autism. This review emphasizes the need for further investigations into pupillary responses in autism across different life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Stefanelli
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Child Psychopathology Unit, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
| | - Miriam Paola Pili
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Giulia Crifaci
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Child Psychopathology Unit, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
| | - Elena Capelli
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Child Psychopathology Unit, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
| | - Carolina Beretta
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Child Psychopathology Unit, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
| | - Elena Maria Riboldi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Child Psychopathology Unit, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
| | - Lucia Billeci
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IFC), Pisa, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cantiani
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Child Psychopathology Unit, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.
| | - Massimo Molteni
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Child Psychopathology Unit, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
| | - Valentina Riva
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Child Psychopathology Unit, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
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2
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Donenfeld J, Blaser E, Kaldy Z. The resolution of proactive interference in a novel visual working memory task: A behavioral and pupillometric study. Atten Percept Psychophys 2024:10.3758/s13414-024-02888-5. [PMID: 38898344 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Proactive interference (PI) occurs when previously learned information impairs memory for more recently learned information. Most PI studies have employed verbal stimuli, while the role of PI in visual working memory (VWM) has had relatively little attention. In the verbal domain, Johansson and colleagues (2018) found that pupil diameter - a real-time neurophysiological index of cognitive effort - reflects the accumulation and resolution of PI. Here we use a novel, naturalistic paradigm to test the behavioral and pupillary correlates of PI resolution for what-was-where item-location bindings in VWM. Importantly, in our paradigm, trials (PI vs. no-PI condition) are mixed in a block, and participants are naïve to the condition until they are tested. This design sidesteps concerns about differences in encoding strategies or generalized effort differences between conditions. Across three experiments (N = 122 total) we assessed PI's effect on VWM and whether PI resolution during memory retrieval is associated with greater cognitive effort (as indexed by the phasic, task-evoked pupil response). We found strong support for PI's detrimental effect on VWM (even with our spatially distributed stimuli), but no consistent link between interference resolution and effort during memory retrieval (this, even though the pupil was a reliable indicator that higher-performing individuals tried harder during memory encoding). We speculate that when explicit strategies are minimized, and PI resolution relies primarily on implicit processing, the effect may not be sufficient to trigger a robust pupillometric response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Donenfeld
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 William T. Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125-3393, USA.
| | - Erik Blaser
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 William T. Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125-3393, USA
| | - Zsuzsa Kaldy
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 William T. Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125-3393, USA
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3
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Calignano G, Girardi P, Altoè G. First steps into the pupillometry multiverse of developmental science. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:3346-3365. [PMID: 37442879 PMCID: PMC11133157 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Pupillometry has been widely implemented to investigate cognitive functioning since infancy. Like most psychophysiological and behavioral measures, it implies hierarchical levels of arbitrariness in preprocessing before statistical data analysis. By means of an illustrative example, we checked the robustness of the results of a familiarization procedure that compared the impact of audiovisual and visual stimuli in 12-month-olds. We adopted a multiverse approach to pupillometry data analysis to explore the role of (1) the preprocessing phase, that is, handling of extreme values, selection of the areas of interest, management of blinks, baseline correction, participant inclusion/exclusion and (2) the modeling structure, that is, the incorporation of smoothers, fixed and random effects structure, in guiding the parameter estimation. The multiverse of analyses shows how the preprocessing steps influenced the regression results, and when visual stimuli plausibly predicted an increase of resource allocation compared with audiovisual stimuli. Importantly, smoothing time in statistical models increased the plausibility of the results compared to those nested models that do not weigh the impact of time. Finally, we share theoretical and methodological tools to move the first steps into (rather than being afraid of) the inherent uncertainty of infant pupillometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Calignano
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Paolo Girardi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Venice, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Altoè
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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4
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Köster M, Hepach R. Preverbal infants' understanding of social norms. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2983. [PMID: 38316858 PMCID: PMC10844370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Social norms are foundational to human cooperation and co-existence in social groups. A crucial marker of social norms is that a behavior is not only shared, but that the conformity to the behavior of others is a basis for social evaluation (i.e., reinforcement and sanctioning), taking the is, how individuals usually behave, to an ought, how individuals should behave to be socially approved by others. In this preregistered study, we show that 11-month-old infants grasp this fundamental aspect about social norms already in their first year. They showed a pupillary surprise response for unexpected social responses, namely the disapproval and exclusion of an individual who showed the same behavior like others or the approval and inclusion of an individual who behaved differently. That preverbal infants link the conformity with others' behavior to social evaluations, before they respond to norm violations themselves, indicates that the foundations of social norm understanding lie in early infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Köster
- Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Sedanstraße 1, 93055, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Robert Hepach
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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5
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Dal Ben R. SHINE_color: Controlling low-level properties of colorful images. MethodsX 2023; 11:102377. [PMID: 37771500 PMCID: PMC10522894 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual perception combines top-down processes arising from participants individual histories, such as expectations and goals, and bottom-up processes that arise from visual stimuli properties, such as luminance and contrast. The precise control of low-level visual stimuli properties is essential when investigating visual perception. Without it, for instance, investigations of bottom-up processes are virtually impossible and investigations of top-down processes risk major confounds when testing and formulating hypotheses. The SHINE (spectrum, histogram, and intensity normalization and equalization) toolbox for MATLAB [1] allows precise control of images' Fourier amplitude spectra, the normalizing and scaling of luminance and contrast, and exact histogram specification optimized for perceptual visual quality. Following Willenbockel and Cols (2010) advices, here we present an adaptation of the SHINE toolbox, named SHINE_color, which extends SHINE functionalities by allowing the parametrical manipulation of low-level properties of both static and animated colorful images.•Parametric manipulation of low-level properties of colorful images•Spectrum, histogram, and intensity normalization and equalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Dal Ben
- Ambrose University, 150 Ambrose Circle SW, Calgary, AB T3H 0L5, Canada
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6
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Sirois S, Brisson J, Blaser E, Calignano G, Donenfeld J, Hepach R, Hochmann JR, Kaldy Z, Liszkowski U, Mayer M, Ross-Sheehy S, Russo S, Valenza E. The pupil collaboration: A multi-lab, multi-method analysis of goal attribution in infants. Infant Behav Dev 2023; 73:101890. [PMID: 37944367 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The rise of pupillometry in infant research over the last decade is associated with a variety of methods for data preprocessing and analysis. Although pupil diameter is increasingly recognized as an alternative measure of the popular cumulative looking time approach used in many studies (Jackson & Sirois, 2022), an open question is whether the many approaches used to analyse this variable converge. To this end, we proposed a crowdsourced approach to pupillometry analysis. A dataset from 30 9-month-old infants (15 girls; Mage = 282.9 days, SD = 8.10) was provided to 7 distinct teams for analysis. The data were obtained from infants watching video sequences showing a hand, initially resting between two toys, grabbing one of them (after Woodward, 1998). After habituation, infants were shown (in random order) a sequence of four test events that varied target position and target toy. Results show that looking times reflect primarily the familiar path of the hand, regardless of target toy. Gaze data similarly show this familiarity effect of path. The pupil dilation analyses show that features of pupil baseline measures (duration and temporal location) as well as data retention variation (trial and/or participant) due to different inclusion criteria from the various analysis methods are linked to divergences in findings. Two of the seven teams found no significant findings, whereas the remaining five teams differ in the pattern of findings for main and interaction effects. The discussion proposes guidelines for best practice in the analysis of pupillometry data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Sirois
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada.
| | - Julie Brisson
- Centre de Recherche sur les fonctionnements et dysfonctionnements psychologiques (EA7475), Université de Rouen Normandie, France
| | - Erik Blaser
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, USA
| | - Giulia Calignano
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Jamie Donenfeld
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, USA
| | - Robert Hepach
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Jean-Rémy Hochmann
- CNRS UMR5229 - Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Université Lyon 1, France
| | - Zsuzsa Kaldy
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, USA
| | - Ulf Liszkowski
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marlena Mayer
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sofia Russo
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Eloisa Valenza
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
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7
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Kibbe MM, Stahl AE. An object's categorizability impacts whether infants encode surface features into their object representations. INFANCY 2023; 28:958-972. [PMID: 37394971 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Infants encode the surface features of simple, unfamiliar objects (e.g., red triangle) and the categorical identities of familiar, categorizable objects (e.g., car) into their representations of these objects. We asked whether 16-18-month-olds ignore non-diagnostic surface features (e.g., color) in favor of encoding an object's categorical identity (e.g., car) when objects are from familiar categories. In Experiment 1 (n = 18), we hid a categorizable object inside an opaque box. In No Switch trials, infants retrieved the object that was hidden. In Switch trials, infants retrieved a different object: an object from a different category (Between-Category-Switch trials) or a different object from the same category (Within-Category-Switch trials). We measured infants' subsequent searching in the box. Infants' pattern of searching suggested that only infants who completed a Within-Category-Switch trial as their first Switch trial encoded objects' surface features, and an exploratory analysis suggested that infants who completed a Between-Category-Switch trial as their first Switch trial only encoded objects' categories. In Experiment 2 (n = 18), we confirmed that these results were due to objects' categorizability. These results suggest infants may tailor the way they encode categorizable objects depending on which object dimensions are perceived to be task relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Kibbe
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aimee E Stahl
- Department of Psychology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, USA
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8
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Király I, Oláh K, Kovács ÁM. Can 18-Month-Olds Revise Attributed Beliefs? Open Mind (Camb) 2023; 7:435-444. [PMID: 37637294 PMCID: PMC10449395 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful social interactions rely on flexibly tracking and revising others' beliefs. These can be revised prospectively, new events leading to new beliefs, or retrospectively, when realizing that an attribution may have been incorrect. However, whether infants are capable of such belief revisions is an open question. We tested whether 18-month-olds can revise an attributed FB into a TB when they learn that a person may have witnessed an event that they initially thought she could not see. Infants first observed Experimenter 1 (E1) hiding two objects into two boxes. Then E1 left the room, and the locations of the objects were swapped. Infants then accompanied Experimenter 2 (E2) to the adjacent room. In the FB-revised-to-TB condition, infants observed E1 peeking into the experimental room through a one-way mirror, whereas in the FB-stays-FB condition, they observed E1 reading a book. After returning to the experimental room E1 requested an object by pointing to one of the boxes. In the FB-stays-FB condition, most infants chose the non-referred box, congruently with the agent's FB. However, in the FB-revised-to-TB condition, most infants chose the other, referred box. Thus, 18-month-olds revised an already attributed FB after receiving evidence that this attribution might have been wrong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Király
- MTA-ELTE Social Minds Research Group, Psychology Institute, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Oláh
- MTA-ELTE Social Minds Research Group, Psychology Institute, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes M. Kovács
- Department of Cognitive Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary
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9
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Eschman B, Ross-Sheehy S. Visual Short-Term Memory Persists Across Multiple Fixations: An n-Back Approach to Quantifying Capacity in Infants and Adults. Psychol Sci 2023; 34:370-383. [PMID: 36608146 PMCID: PMC10152117 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221136509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual short-term memory (STM) is a foundational component of general cognition that develops rapidly during the first year of life. Although previous research has revealed important relations between overt visual fixation and memory formation, it is unknown whether infants can maintain distinct memories for sequentially fixated items or remember nonfixated array items. Participants (5-month-olds, 11-month-olds, and adults; n = 24 at each age) from the United States were tested in a passive change-detection paradigm with an n-back manipulation to examine memory for the last fixated item (one-back), second-to-last fixated item (two-back), or nonfixated item (change-other). Eye tracking was used to measure overt fixation while participants passively viewed arrays of colored circles. Results for all ages revealed convergent evidence of memory for up to two sequentially fixated objects (i.e., one-back, two-back), with moderate evidence for nonfixated array items (change-other). A permutation analysis examining change preference over time suggested that differences could not be explained by perseverative looking or location biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret Eschman
- Department of Psychology, The University of
Tennessee at Chattanooga
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10
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Cesana-Arlotti N, Varga B, Téglás E. The pupillometry of the possible: an investigation of infants' representation of alternative possibilities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210343. [PMID: 36314157 PMCID: PMC9620760 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Contrasting possibilities has a fundamental adaptive value for prediction and learning. Developmental research, however, has yielded controversial findings. Some data suggest that preschoolers might have trouble in planning actions that take into account mutually exclusive possibilities, while other studies revealed an early understanding of alternative future outcomes based on infants' looking behaviour. To better understand the origin of such abilities, here we use pupil dilation as a potential indicator of infants' representation of possibilities. Ten- and 14-month-olds were engaged in an object-identification task by watching video animations where three different objects with identical top parts moved behind two screens. Importantly, a target object emerged from one of the screens but remained in partial occlusion, revealing only its top part, which was compatible with a varying number of possible identities. Just as adults' pupil diameter grows monotonically with the amount of information held in memory, we expected that infants' pupil size would increase with the number of alternatives sustained in memory as candidate identities for the partially occluded object. We found that pupil diameter increased with the object's potential identities in 14- but not in 10-month-olds. We discuss the implications of these results for the foundation of humans' capacities to represent alternatives. This article is part of the theme issue 'Thinking about possibilities: mechanisms, ontogeny, functions and phylogeny'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Cesana-Arlotti
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Bálint Varga
- Department of Cognitive Science, Cognitive Development Center, Central European University, 1051 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ernő Téglás
- Department of Cognitive Science, Cognitive Development Center, Central European University, 1051 Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Pupillometry as a Window into Young Children's Sustained Attention. J Intell 2022; 10:jintelligence10040107. [PMID: 36412787 PMCID: PMC9680391 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence10040107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained attention is critical to cognition, social competence, and academic success. Importantly, sustained attention undergoes significant development over the early childhood period. Yet, how sustained attention fluctuates over time on task has not been clearly outlined, particularly in young children. In this study, we provide a first test of whether the pupillary response can be used as an indicator of moment-to-moment sustained attention over time on task in young children. Children aged 5 to 7 years (N = 41) completed a psychomotor vigilance task, where they were asked to press a button as fast as possible at the onset of a target stimulus. We measured reaction times over the course of the task, pupil size prior to target onset (baseline pupil size), and pupil size in response to target onset (task-evoked pupil size). The results showed a stereotypical vigilance decrement in children's response times: as time on task increased, reaction times increased. Critically, children's task-evoked pupil size decreased over time on task, while no such change was present in baseline pupil size. These results suggest that young children's waning sustained attention may be linked to a decrease in alertness while overall arousal is maintained. We discuss the importance of leveraging pupillometry to understand the mechanisms of sustained attention over individuals and development.
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12
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Kibbe MM, Applin JB. Tracking what went where across toddlerhood: Feature-location bound object representations in 2- to 3-year-olds' working memory. Child Dev 2022; 93:1713-1726. [PMID: 35716069 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments examined the development of the ability to encode, maintain, and update integrated representations of occluded objects' locations and featural identities in working memory across toddlerhood. Sixty-eight 28- to 40-month-old US toddlers (13 Asian or Pacific Islander, 6 Black, 48 White, 1 multiracial; 40 girls; tested between February 2015 and July 2017) tracked the locations of different color beads that were hidden simultaneously (Experiment 1) or sequentially (Experiment 2). Toddlers' ability to reliably store feature-location bound object representations in working memory varied as a function of age, memory load, and task demands. These results bridge a developmental gap between infancy and early childhood and provide new insights into sources of limitation and developmental change in children's early object representational capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Kibbe
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica B Applin
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Gori M, Campus C, Signorini S, Rivara E, Bremner AJ. Multisensory spatial perception in visually impaired infants. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5093-5101.e5. [PMID: 34555348 PMCID: PMC8612739 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Congenitally blind infants are not only deprived of visual input but also of visual influences on the intact senses. The important role that vision plays in the early development of multisensory spatial perception1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (e.g., in crossmodal calibration8, 9, 10 and in the formation of multisensory spatial representations of the body and the world1,2) raises the possibility that impairments in spatial perception are at the heart of the wide range of difficulties that visually impaired infants show across spatial,8, 9, 10, 11, 12 motor,13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and social domains.8,18,19 But investigations of early development are needed to clarify how visually impaired infants’ spatial hearing and touch support their emerging ability to make sense of their body and the outside world. We compared sighted (S) and severely visually impaired (SVI) infants’ responses to auditory and tactile stimuli presented on their hands. No statistically reliable differences in the direction or latency of responses to auditory stimuli emerged, but significant group differences emerged in responses to tactile and audiotactile stimuli. The visually impaired infants showed attenuated audiotactile spatial integration and interference, weighted more tactile than auditory cues when the two were presented in conflict, and showed a more limited influence of representations of the external layout of the body on tactile spatial perception.20 These findings uncover a distinct phenotype of multisensory spatial perception in early postnatal visual deprivation. Importantly, evidence of audiotactile spatial integration in visually impaired infants, albeit to a lesser degree than in sighted infants, signals the potential of multisensory rehabilitation methods in early development. Video abstract
Visually impaired infants have a distinct phenotype of audiotactile perception Infants with severe visual impairment (SVI) place more weight on tactile locations SVI infants show attenuated audiotactile spatial integration and interference SVI infants do not show an influence of body representations on tactile space
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gori
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano di Technologia, 16152 Genova, Italy.
| | - Claudio Campus
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano di Technologia, 16152 Genova, Italy
| | - Sabrina Signorini
- Centre of Child Neurophthalmology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Andrew J Bremner
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SB, UK
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14
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Fitch A, Thaker N, Kaldy Z. The role of redundant verbal labels in 8- and 10-month-olds' working memory. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 64:101617. [PMID: 34339921 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Verbal labels have been shown to help preverbal infants' performance on various cognitive tasks, such as categorization. Redundant labels also aid adults' visual working memory (WM), but it is not known if this linguistic benefit extends to preverbal infants' WM. In two eye-tracking studies, we tested whether 8- and 10-month-old infants' WM performance would improve with the presence of redundant labels in a Delayed Match Retrieval (DMR) paradigm that tested infants' WM for object-location bindings. Findings demonstrated that infants at both ages were unable to remember two object-location bindings when co-presented with labels at encoding. Moreover, infants who encoded the object-location bindings with labels were not significantly better than those who did so in silence. These findings are discussed in the context of label advantages in cognition and auditory dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nilam Thaker
- University of Massachusetts Boston, United States
| | - Zsuzsa Kaldy
- University of Massachusetts Boston, United States
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15
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Remembering nothing: Encoding and memory processes involved in representing empty locations. Mem Cognit 2021; 50:129-143. [PMID: 34282565 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-021-01205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has provided rich evidence that a set of visual objects can be encoded in isolation along with their exact coordinate positions as well as a global configuration that provides a network of interrelated spatial information. However, much less data is available on how unoccupied locations are encoded and maintained in memory. We tested this ability in adults using a novel paradigm that involved both empty and filled locations and required participants to monitor the addition or deletion of an item, which occurred 50% of the time. Crucially, a number of locations remained hidden to the participant-thus, information on the absence of an item at a location could not be inferred from the presence of items elsewhere. We used eye-tracking to measure the proportion of target looking during encoding and the amount of pupil dilation during memory retention. Participants looked significantly longer at filled compared with empty targets, and target looking during encoding only predicted accuracy in case of filled targets. Increased pupil dilation was observed in response to an increasing number of items, while pupil diameter was unaffected by the number of empty locations. In addition, participants made significantly more errors in the conditions that involved the representation of an empty location. Our findings support the view that human adults encode exact coordinates of items in memory. In contrast, we suggest that empty locations are represented as a property of the global configuration of items and empty space, and not as independent units of information.
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Csink V, Mareschal D, Gliga T. Does surprise enhance infant memory? Assessing the impact of the encoding context on subsequent object recognition. INFANCY 2021; 26:303-318. [PMID: 33405346 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A discrepancy between what was predicted and what is observed has been linked to increased looking times, changes in brain electrical activity, and increased pupil dilation in infants. These processes associated with heightened attention and readiness to learn might enhance the encoding and memory consolidation of the surprising object, as suggested by both the infant and the adult literature. We therefore investigated whether the presence of surprise during the encoding context enhances subsequent encoding and recognition memory processes for the items that violated infants' expectations. Seventeen-month-olds viewed 20 familiar objects, half of which were labeled correctly, while the other half were mislabeled. Subsequently, infants were presented with a silent recognition memory test where the previously labeled objects appeared along with new images. Pupil dilation was measured, with more dilated pupils indicating (1) surprise during those labeling events where the item was mislabeled and (2) successful retrieval processes during the memory test. Infants responded with more pupil dilation to mislabeling compared to correct labeling. Importantly, despite the presence of a surprise response during mislabeling, infants only differentiated between the previously seen and unseen items at the memory test, offering no evidence that surprise had facilitated the encoding of the mislabeled items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Csink
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK
| | - Denis Mareschal
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK
| | - Teodora Gliga
- School of Psychology, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Zhang F, Emberson LL. Using pupillometry to investigate predictive processes in infancy. INFANCY 2020; 25:758-780. [DOI: 10.1111/infa.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Zhang
- Department of Psychology Princeton University Princeton New Jersey USA
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Cheng C, Kaldy Z, Blaser E. Coding of featural information in visual working memory in 2.5-year-old toddlers. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2020; 55:100892. [PMID: 34305310 PMCID: PMC8297794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The number of objects that infants can remember in visual working memory (VWM) increases rapidly during the first few years of life (Kaldy & Leslie, 2005; Ross-Sheehy, Oakes, & Luck, 2003). However, less is understood about the representational format of VWM: whether storage is determined by fixed-precision memory slots, or the allocation of a limited continuous resource. In the current study, we adapted the Delayed Match Retrieval eye-tracking paradigm (Kaldy, Guillory, & Blaser, 2016), to test 2.5-year-old toddlers' ability to remember three object-location bindings when the to-be-remembered objects were all unique (Experiment 1) versus when they shared features such as color or shape (Experiment 2). 2.5-year-olds succeeded in Experiment 1, but only performed marginally better than chance in Experiment 2. Interestingly, when incorrect, participants in Experiment 2 were no more likely to select a decoy item that shared a feature with the target item. It seems that the increased similarity of to-be-remembered objects did not impair memory for the objects directly, but instead increased the likelihood of catastrophic forgetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cheng
- University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
- Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zsuzsa Kaldy
- University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Erik Blaser
- University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
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Werchan DM, Amso D. Top-down knowledge rapidly acquired through abstract rule learning biases subsequent visual attention in 9-month-old infants. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 42:100761. [PMID: 32072934 PMCID: PMC7242661 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual attention is an information-gathering mechanism that supports the emergence of complex perceptual and cognitive capacities. Yet, little is known about how the infant brain learns to direct attention to information that is most relevant for learning and behavior. Here we address this gap by examining whether learning a hierarchical rule structure, where there is a higher-order feature that organizes visual inputs into predictable sequences, subsequently biases 9-month-old infants' visual attention to the higher-order visual feature. In Experiment 1, we found that individual differences in infants' ability to structure simple visual inputs into generalizable rules was related to the change in infants' attention biases towards higher-order features. In Experiment 2, we found that increased functional connectivity between the PFC and visual cortex was related to the efficacy of rule learning. Moreover, Granger causality analyses provided exploratory evidence that increased functional connectivity reflected PFC influence over visual cortex. These findings provide new insights into how the infant brain learns to flexibly select features from the cluttered visual world that were previously relevant for learning and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Werchan
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 United States.
| | - D Amso
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 United States
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Abstract
Working memory allows for the manipulation of information in support of ongoing tasks, providing a workspace for cognitive processes such as learning, reasoning, and decision making. How well working memory works depends, in part, on effort. Someone who pays attention at the right time and place will have better memory, and performance. In adult cognitive research studies, participants' devotion of maximal task-focused effort is often taken for granted, but in infant studies researchers cannot make that assumption. Here we showcase how pupillometry can provide an easy-to-obtain physiological measure of cognitive effort, allowing us to better understand infants' emerging abilities. In our work, we used pupillometry to measure trial-by-trial fluctuations of effort, establishing that, just as in adults, it influences how well infants could encode information in visual working memory. We hope that by using physiological measures such as pupil dilation, there will be a renewed effort to investigate the interaction between infants' attentive states and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Kaldy
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, USA 02446
| | - Erik Blaser
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, USA 02446
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Cheng C, Kaldy Z, Blaser E. Two-year-olds succeed at MIT: Multiple identity tracking in 20- and 25-month-old infants. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 187:104649. [PMID: 31352226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Infants' ability to remember objects and their locations emerges during the first year of life. However, not much is known about infants' ability to track objects' identities in a dynamic environment. Here, we tailored the delayed match retrieval eye-tracking paradigm to study infants' ability to track two object identities during occlusion-an infant version of multiple identity tracking (MIT). Delayed match retrieval uses virtual "cards" as stimuli that are first shown face up, exposing to-be-remembered information, and then turned face down, occluding it. Here, cards were subject to movement during the face-down occlusion period. We used complex non-nameable objects as card faces to discourage verbal rehearsal. In three experiments (N = 110), we compared infants' ability to track object identities when two previously exposed cards were static (Experiment 1), were moved into new positions along the same trajectory (Experiment 2), or were moved along different trajectories (Experiment 3) while face down. We found that 20-month-olds could remember two object identities when static; however, it was not until 25 months of age that infants could track when movement was introduced. Our results show that the ability to track multiple identities in visual working memory is present by 25 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cheng
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA.
| | - Zsuzsa Kaldy
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Erik Blaser
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
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Abstract
In the last decade, advances in neuroimaging technologies have given rise to a large number of research studies that investigate the neural underpinnings of executive function (EF). EF has long been associated with the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and involves both a unified, general element, as well as the distinct, separable elements of working memory, inhibitory control and set shifting. We will highlight the value of utilising advances in neuroimaging techniques to uncover answers to some of the most pressing questions in the field of early EF development. First, this review will explore the development and neural substrates of each element of EF. Second, the structural, anatomical and biochemical changes that occur in the PFC during infancy and throughout childhood will be examined, in order to address the importance of these changes for the development of EF. Third, the importance of connectivity between regions of the PFC and other brain areas in EF development is reviewed. Finally, throughout this review more recent developments in neuroimaging techniques will be addressed, alongside the implications for further elucidating the neural substrates of early EF development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Fiske
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karla Holmboe
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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