1
|
Ali M, Ciebiera M, Wlodarczyk M, Alkhrait S, Maajid E, Yang Q, Hsia SM, Al-Hendy A. Current and Emerging Treatment Options for Uterine Fibroids. Drugs 2023; 83:1649-1675. [PMID: 37922098 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Uterine fibroids are the most common benign neoplasm of the female reproductive tract in reproductive age women. Their prevalence is age dependent and can be detected in up to 80% of women by the age of 50 years. Patients affected by uterine fibroids may experience a significant physical, emotional, social, and financial toll as well as losses in their quality of life. Unfortunately, curative hysterectomy abolishes future pregnancy potential, while uterine-sparing surgical and radiologic alternatives are variously associated with reduced long-term reproductive function and/or high tumor recurrence rates. Recently, pharmacological treatment against uterine fibroids have been widely considered by patients to limit uterine fibroid-associated symptoms such as heavy menstrual bleeding. This hormonal therapy seemed effective through blocking the stimulatory effects of gonadal steroid hormones on uterine fibroid growth. However, they are contraindicated in women actively pursuing pregnancy and otherwise effective only during use, which is limited because of long-term safety and other concerns. Accordingly, there is an urgent unmet need for safe, durable, and fertility-compatible non-surgical treatment options for uterine fibroids. In this review article, we cover the current pharmacological treatments for uterine fibroids including their comparable efficacy and side effects as well as emerging safe natural compounds with promising anti-uterine fibroid effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Michał Ciebiera
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, 00-189, Poland
| | - Marta Wlodarczyk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, Warsaw, 02-097, Poland
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Samar Alkhrait
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Elise Maajid
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Qiwei Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Shih-Min Hsia
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tiwari A, Tiwari V, Sharma A, Singh D, Singh Rawat M, Virmani T, Virmani R, Kumar G, Kumar M, Alhalmi A, Noman OM, Mothana RA, Alali M. Tanshinone-I for the treatment of uterine fibroids: Molecular docking, simulation, and density functional theory investigations. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:1061-1076. [PMID: 37250358 PMCID: PMC10209546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine fibroids (UF), most prevalent gynecological disorder, require surgery when symptomatic. It is estimated that between 25 and 35 percent of women wait until the symptoms have worsened like extended heavy menstrual bleeding and severe pelvic pain. These UF may be reduced in size through various methods such as medical or surgical intervention. Progesterone (prog) is a crucial hormone that restores the endometrium and controls uterine function. In the current study, 28 plant-based molecules are identified from previous literature and docked onto the prog receptors with 1E3K and 2OVH. Tanshinone-I has shown the best docking score against both proteins. The synthetic prog inhibitor Norethindrone Acetate is used as a standard to evaluate the docking outcomes. The best compound, tanshinone-I, was analyzed using molecular modeling and DFT. The RMSD for the 1E3K protein-ligand complex ranged from 0.10 to 0.42 Å, with an average of 0.21 Å and a standard deviation (SD) of 0.06, while the RMSD for the 2OVH protein-ligand complex ranged from 0.08 to 0.42 Å, with an average of 0.20 Å and a SD of 0.06 showing stable interaction. In principal component analysis, the observed eigen values of HPR-Tanshinone-I fluctuate between -1.11 to 1.48 and -1.07 to 1.25 for PC1 and PC2, respectively (1E3K), and the prog-tanshinone-I complex shows eigen values of -38.88 to -31.32 and -31.32 to 35.87 for PC1 and PC2, respectively (2OVH), which shows Tanshinone-I forms a stable protein-ligand complex with 1E3K in comparison to 2OVH. The Free Energy Landscape (FEL) analysis shows the Gibbs free energy in the range of 0 to 8 kJ/mol for Tanshinone-I with 1E3K and 0 to 14 kJ/mol for Tanshinone-I with the 2OVH complex. The DFT calculation reveals ΔE value of 2.8070 eV shows tanshinone-I as a stable compound. 1E3K modulates the prog pathway, it may have either an agonistic or antagonistic effect on hPRs. Tanshinone-I can cause ROS, apoptosis, autophagy (p62 accumulation), up-regulation of inositol requiring protein-1, enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), and suppression of MMPs. Bcl-2 expression can change LC3I to LC3II and cause apoptosis through Beclin-1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Academy, IFTM University, Lodhipur-Rajpur, Moradabad 244102, India
| | - Varsha Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Academy, IFTM University, Lodhipur-Rajpur, Moradabad 244102, India
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Deependra Singh
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Manju Singh Rawat
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Tarun Virmani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MVN University, Palwal, Haryana 121105, India
| | - Reshu Virmani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MVN University, Palwal, Haryana 121105, India
| | - Girish Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MVN University, Palwal, Haryana 121105, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CT University, Ludhiana- 142024 Punjab, India
| | - Abdulsalam Alhalmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Aden University, Aden, Yemen
| | - Omar M. Noman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramzi A. Mothana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Alali
- Institute of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saritha F, Aiswarya N, Aswath Kumar R, Dileep KV. Structural analysis and ensemble docking revealed the binding modes of selected progesterone receptor modulators. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:12401-12410. [PMID: 36752314 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2166999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Uterine fibroids (UF) are benign smooth muscle neoplasm of uterus that have a significant impact on a woman's quality of life as they perturb hormonal homeostasis resulting in heavy menstrual bleeding, impaired fertility, pregnancy complications and loss. UF can be surgically removed through invasive procedures, but their recurrence rate is often high. Progesterone receptor (PR) has an imperative role in UF management. Mifepristone, ulipristal acetate (UPA) and asoprisnil (ASO) are some selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs), acts on PR, but due to their side effects in long term use, they were withdrawn from the market. Hence, there is a dire need for novel, highly efficient with least side effects, therapeutics for the treatment of UF. To contribute toward the drug discovery for UF, we made an extensive structural comparison of reported PR crystal structures, also elucidated the binding modes of four existing SPRMs against human PR through ensemble docking approach. Our studies revealed the presence of 5 highly repeating water molecules that has an important role in ligand binding and structural stability. Our ensemble docking and MD simulation revealed that studied ligands have preferential selectivity toward the specific conformation of PR. It is anticipated that our study will be a useful resource to all the drug discovery scientists who are engaged in the identification of lead molecules against UF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Saritha
- Laboratory for Computational and Structural Biology, Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - N Aiswarya
- Laboratory for Computational and Structural Biology, Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - R Aswath Kumar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - K V Dileep
- Laboratory for Computational and Structural Biology, Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lv M, Yu J, Huang Y, Ma J, Xiang J, Wang Y, Li L, Zhang Z, Liao H. Androgen Signaling in Uterine Diseases: New Insights and New Targets. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1624. [PMID: 36358974 PMCID: PMC9687413 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Common uterine diseases include endometriosis, uterine fibroids, endometrial polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial cancer, and endometrial dysfunction causing infertility. Patients with uterine diseases often suffer from abdominal pain, menorrhagia, infertility and other symptoms, which seriously impair their health and disturb their lives. Androgens play important roles in the normal physiological functions of the uterus and pathological progress of uterine diseases. Androgens in women are synthesized in the ovaries and adrenal glands. The action of androgens in the uterus is mainly mediated by its ligand androgen receptor (AR) that regulates transcription of the target genes. However, much less is known about the signaling pathways through which androgen functions in uterine diseases, and contradictory findings have been reported. This review summarizes and discusses the progress of research on androgens and the involvement of AR in uterine diseases. Future studies should focus on developing new therapeutic strategies that precisely target specific AR and their related signaling pathways in uterine diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mu Lv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Juanjuan Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Linxia Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 358 Datong Road, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Zhenbo Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200040, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mifepristone: A Safe Method of Medical Abortion and Self-Managed Medical Abortion in the Post-Roe Era. Am J Ther 2022; 29:e534-e543. [PMID: 35994387 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0000000000001559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The U.S. Supreme Court's Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization decision on June 24, 2022 effectively overturned federal constitutional protections for abortion that have existed since 1973 and returned jurisdiction to the states. Several states implemented abortion bans, some of which banned abortion after 6 weeks and others that permit abortion under limited exceptions, such as if the health or the life of the woman is in danger. Other states introduced bills that define life as beginning at fertilization. As a result of these new and proposed laws, the future availability of mifepristone, one of two drugs used for medical abortion in the United States, has become the topic of intense debate and speculation. AREAS OF UNCERTAINTY Although its safety and effectiveness has been confirmed by many studies, the use of mifepristone has been politicized regularly since its approval. Areas of future study include mifepristone for induction termination and fetal demise in the third trimester and the management of leiomyoma. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Society of Family Planning, American College of Obstetrician and Gynecologists, the World Health Organization. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES The use of no-touch medical abortion, which entails providing a medical abortion via a telehealth platform without a screening ultrasound or bloodwork, expanded during the COVID-19 pandemic, and studies have confirmed its safety. With the Dobbs decision, legal abortion will be less accessible and, consequently, self-managed abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol will become more prevalent. CONCLUSIONS Mifepristone and misoprostol are extremely safe medications with many applications. In the current changing political climate, physicians and pregnancy-capable individuals must have access to these medications.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ali M, Raslan M, Ciebiera M, Zaręba K, Al-Hendy A. Current approaches to overcome the side effects of GnRH analogs in the treatment of patients with uterine fibroids. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 21:477-486. [PMID: 34612122 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2022.1989409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Uterine fibroids (UFs) are the most prevalent benign neoplastic threat originating from myometria of reproductive age women, with a profound financial load valued in hundreds of billions of dollars. Unfortunately, there is no curative treatment so far except surgery and available pharmacological treatments are restricted for short-term treatment options. Thus, there is a large unmet need in the UF space for noninvasive therapeutics.Areas covered: The authors reviewed the literature available for the utility of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs in women with UFs. We also focused on clinical studies exploring the therapeutic benefits of novel oral non-peptide GnRH antagonists that were recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in combination with estradiol/norethindrone acetate for the management of heavy menstrual bleeding associated with UFs in premenopausal women.Expert opinion: The results regarding the efficacy of new-generation oral GnRH-antagonists, such as elagolix, relugolix and linzagolix, are promising and offer potential prospect for the future therapy of UFs. However, these antagonists must be combined with hormonal add-back therapy to minimize the resultant hypoestrogenic side effects such as bone loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Michał Ciebiera
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Cegłowska, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kornelia Zaręba
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Żelazna, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Corder RD, Gadi SV, Vachieri RB, Jayes FL, Cullen JM, Khan SA, Taylor DK. Using rheology to quantify the effects of localized collagenase treatments on uterine fibroid digestion. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:443-452. [PMID: 34371168 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Uterine fibroids are stiff, benign tumors containing excessive, disordered collagens that occur in 70-80% of women before age 50 and cause bleeding and pain. Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (CCH) is a bacterial enzyme capable of digesting the collagens present in fibroids. By combining CCH with injectable drug delivery systems to enhance effectiveness, a new class of treatments could be developed to reduce the stiffness of fibroids, preventing the need for surgical removal and preserving fertility. In this work, we achieved localization of CCH via physical entrapment by co-injecting a thermoresponsive pNIPAM-based polymeric delivery system called LiquoGel (LQG), which undergoes a sol-gel transition upon heating. Toxicity study results for LQG injected subcutaneously into mice demonstrate that LQG does not induce lesions or other adverse effects. We then used rheology to quantify the effects of localized CCH injections on the modulus and viscoelasticity of uterine fibroids, which exhibit gel-like behavior, through ex vivo and in vivo digestion studies. Ex vivo CCH injections reduce the tissue modulus by over two orders of magnitude and co-injection of LQG enhances this effect. Rheological results from an in vivo digestion study in mice show a significant reduction in tissue modulus and increase in tissue viscoelasticity 7 days after a single injection of LQG+CCH. Parallel histological staining validates that the observed rheological changes correspond to an increase in collagen lysis after treatment by LQG+CCH. These results show promise for development of injectable and localized enzymatic therapies for uterine fibroids and other dense tumors. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Uterine fibroids are stiff, benign tumors containing high collagen levels that cause bleeding and pain in women. Fertility-preserving and minimally-invasive treatments to soften fibroids are needed as an alternative to surgical removal via hysterectomy. We demonstrate through ex vivo and in vivo studies that co-injecting a thermoresponsive polymer delivery system (LQG) alongside a bacterial collagenase (CCH) enzyme significantly increases treatment effectiveness at softening fibroids through CCH localization. We use rheology to measure the modulus and viscoelasticity of fibroids and histology to show that fibroid softening corresponds to a decrease in collagen after treatment with LQG+CCH. These results highlight the utility of rheology at quantifying tissue properties and present a promising injectable therapy for fibroids and other dense tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ria D Corder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Sashi V Gadi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8401, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Robert B Vachieri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Friederike L Jayes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University, Campus Box 3084, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - John M Cullen
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8401, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Saad A Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Darlene K Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Enzyme Therapy: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179181. [PMID: 34502086 PMCID: PMC8431097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, enzymes have risen as promising therapeutic tools for different pathologies, from metabolic deficiencies, such as fibrosis conditions, ocular pathologies or joint problems, to cancer or cardiovascular diseases. Treatments based on the catalytic activity of enzymes are able to convert a wide range of target molecules to restore the correct physiological metabolism. These treatments present several advantages compared to established therapeutic approaches thanks to their affinity and specificity properties. However, enzymes present some challenges, such as short in vivo half-life, lack of targeted action and, in particular, patient immune system reaction against the enzyme. For this reason, it is important to monitor serum immune response during treatment. This can be achieved by conventional techniques (ELISA) but also by new promising tools such as microarrays. These assays have gained popularity due to their high-throughput analysis capacity, their simplicity, and their potential to monitor the immune response of patients during enzyme therapies. In this growing field, research is still ongoing to solve current health problems such as COVID-19. Currently, promising therapeutic alternatives using the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) are being studied to treat COVID-19.
Collapse
|
9
|
Islam MS, Afrin S, Singh B, Jayes FL, Brennan JT, Borahay MA, Leppert PC, Segars JH. Extracellular matrix and Hippo signaling as therapeutic targets of antifibrotic compounds for uterine fibroids. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e475. [PMID: 34323413 PMCID: PMC8255059 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine fibroids are highly prevalent, collagen-rich, mechanically stiff, fibrotic tumors for which new therapeutic options are needed. Increased extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness activates mechanical signaling and Hippo/YAP promoting fibroid growth, but no prior studies have tested either as a therapeutic target. We tested the hypothesis that injection of a purified form of collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (CCH) that selectively digests type I and type III collagens would alter ECM stiffness, Hippo signaling, and selectively reduce fibroid cell growth. We also used two FDA-approved drugs, verteporfin and nintedanib, to elucidate the role of Hippo/YAP signaling in uterine fibroid and myometrial cells. METHODS The clinical trial was registered (NCT02889848). Stiffness of samples was measured by rheometry. Protein expression in surgical samples was analyzed via immunofluorescence. Protein and gene expression in uterine fibroid or myometrial cell lines were measured by real time PCR and western blot, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Injection of CCH at high doses (0.1-0.2 mg/cm3 ) into fibroids resulted in a 46% reduction in stiffness in injected fibroids compared to controls after 60 days. Levels of the cell proliferation marker proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were decreased in fibroids 60 days after injection at high doses of CCH. Key Hippo signaling factors, specifically the transcriptionally inactive phosphorylated YAP (p-YAP), was increased at high CCH doses, supporting the role of YAP in fibroid growth. Furthermore, inhibition of YAP via verteporfin (YAP inhibitor) decreased cell proliferation, gene and protein expression of key factors promoting fibrosis and mechanotransduction in fibroid cells. Additionally, the anti-fibrotic drug, nintedanib, inhibited YAP and showed anti-fibrotic effects. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report that in vivo injection of collagenase into uterine fibroids led to a reduction in Hippo/YAP signaling and crucial genes and pathways involved in fibroid growth. These results indicate that targeting ECM stiffness and Hippo signaling might be an effective strategy for uterine fibroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Soriful Islam
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health ResearchJohns Hopkins MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Sadia Afrin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health ResearchJohns Hopkins MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Bhuchitra Singh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health ResearchJohns Hopkins MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Friederike L. Jayes
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Joshua T. Brennan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health ResearchJohns Hopkins MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Mostafa A. Borahay
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health ResearchJohns Hopkins MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Phyllis C. Leppert
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - James H. Segars
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health ResearchJohns Hopkins MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Singh B, Sims H, Trueheart I, Simpson K, Wang KC, Patzkowsky K, Wegman T, Soma JM, Dixon R, Jayes F, Voegltine K, Yenokyan G, Su SC, Leppert P, Segars JH. A Phase I Clinical Trial to Assess Safety and Tolerability of Injectable Collagenase in Women with Symptomatic Uterine Fibroids. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:2699-2709. [PMID: 33914296 PMCID: PMC8346429 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Uterine fibroids feature excessive deposition of types I and III collagen. Previous ex vivo studies showed an FDA-approved collagenase (EN3835)-digested types I and III collagen fibers in fibroid tissues; however, collagenase had not been evaluated in vivo for effects on uterine fibroids. The objective was to assess the safety and tolerability of collagenase injection directly into uterine fibroids. This was a prospective, open label, dose escalation study. The study participants were fifteen women aged 35-50 years with symptomatic uterine fibroids planning to undergo hysterectomy. Three subjects received saline and methylene blue, three subjects received a fixed dose of EN3835, and 9 subjects received stepped, increasing dosages of EN3835, all by transvaginal, ultrasound-guided injections. Primary outcome measures were safety and tolerability of the injection and change in collagen content between treated and control tissues. There were no significant adverse events following injection of EN3835 into uterine fibroids. Masson's trichrome stains revealed a 39% reduction in collagen content in treated samples compared to controls (p <0.05). Second harmonic generation (SHG) analysis showed treated samples to have a 21% reduction in density of collagen compared to controls. Picrosirius-stained collagenase-treated fibroids showed collagen fibers to be shorter and less dense compared to controls. Subjects reported a decrease in fibroid-related pain on the McGill Pain Questionnaire after study drug injection in Group 2 at both 4-8 days and 60-90 days post-injection. The findings indicated that injection of collagenase was safe and well tolerated. These results support further clinical investigation of collagenase as a minimally invasive treatment of uterine fibroids. NCT0289848.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhuchitra Singh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research Building, Room 624, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Holly Sims
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research Building, Room 624, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Irene Trueheart
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research Building, Room 624, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Khara Simpson
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgeons, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen C Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgeons, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristin Patzkowsky
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgeons, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Wegman
- BioSpecifics Technologies Corporation, Lynbrook, NY, USA
| | | | - Rosina Dixon
- BioSpecifics Technologies Corporation, Lynbrook, NY, USA
| | - Friederike Jayes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kristin Voegltine
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Data Management Core, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gayane Yenokyan
- Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Biostatistics Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Szu-Chi Su
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research Building, Room 624, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Phyllis Leppert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James H Segars
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research Building, Room 624, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Messina M, Mejia SB, Cassidy A, Duncan A, Kurzer M, Nagato C, Ronis M, Rowland I, Sievenpiper J, Barnes S. Neither soyfoods nor isoflavones warrant classification as endocrine disruptors: a technical review of the observational and clinical data. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5824-5885. [PMID: 33775173 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1895054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Soybeans are a rich source of isoflavones, which are classified as phytoestrogens. Despite numerous proposed benefits, isoflavones are often classified as endocrine disruptors, based primarily on animal studies. However, there are ample human data regarding the health effects of isoflavones. We conducted a technical review, systematically searching Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (from inception through January 2021). We included clinical studies, observational studies, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRMA) that examined the relationship between soy and/or isoflavone intake and endocrine-related endpoints. 417 reports (229 observational studies, 157 clinical studies and 32 SRMAs) met our eligibility criteria. The available evidence indicates that isoflavone intake does not adversely affect thyroid function. Adverse effects are also not seen on breast or endometrial tissue or estrogen levels in women, or testosterone or estrogen levels, or sperm or semen parameters in men. Although menstrual cycle length may be slightly increased, ovulation is not prevented. Limited insight could be gained about possible impacts of in utero isoflavone exposure, but the existing data are reassuring. Adverse effects of isoflavone intake were not identified in children, but limited research has been conducted. After extensive review, the evidence does not support classifying isoflavones as endocrine disruptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Messina
- Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Sonia Blanco Mejia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aedin Cassidy
- Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Alison Duncan
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Mindy Kurzer
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chisato Nagato
- Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Martin Ronis
- Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Baton Rouge, New Orleans, USA
| | - Ian Rowland
- Human Nutrition, University of Reading, Reading, England, UK
| | | | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin PH, Shih CK, Yen YT, Chiang W, Hsia SM. Adlay ( Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf.) Hull Extract and Active Compounds Inhibit Proliferation of Primary Human Leiomyoma Cells and Protect against Sexual Hormone-Induced Mice Smooth Muscle Hyperproliferation. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081556. [PMID: 31010220 PMCID: PMC6514562 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas, also known as fibroids, are benign neoplasms of the uterus and have a high incidence rate in women of reproductive age. Hysterectomy or myomectomy is the initial treatment, but fibroids will recur if the patient is still exposed to similar risk factors. Therefore, developing new therapeutic strategies are urgently necessary. In this study, the anti-proliferation effects of each fraction of adlay seeds were evaluated in uterine leiomyomas, and we identified the potential phytochemical compounds. We found that the ethyl acetate fraction of adlay hull (AHE-ea) appeared to be highly efficient in the anti-proliferation of rat uterine leiomyoma ELT3 cells and primary human uterine leiomyoma (hUL) cells. The proliferation of primary human normal uterine smooth muscle (UtSMC) and normal uterine myometrial (hUM) cells were also suppressed by AHE-ea. Two phytosterols, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol, were identified from AHE-ea fraction. Mice treated with AHE-ea and stigmasterol alone demonstrated reduced diethylstilbestrol/medroxyprogesterone 17-acetate (DES/MPA)-induced uterine myometrial hyperplasia, which is the critical step for the development of leiomyoma. Taken together, our results suggest that the AHE-ea fraction could be considered as a natural plant-based medicine in the prevention or treatment of uterine leiomyoma growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Han Lin
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Kuang Shih
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ting Yen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Wenchang Chiang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Min Hsia
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yu O, Scholes D, Schulze-Rath R, Grafton J, Hansen K, Reed SD. A US population-based study of uterine fibroid diagnosis incidence, trends, and prevalence: 2005 through 2014. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 219:591.e1-591.e8. [PMID: 30291840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite considerable public health burden, uterine fibroid population-based incidence estimates are few. Secular trends over time are even more limited. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the incidence, 10-year secular trends, and prevalence of uterine fibroid diagnoses and describe the proportion of symptomatic women. STUDY DESIGN We performed a retrospective population-based cohort study of women, aged 18-65 years, enrolled 2005 through 2014 in Kaiser Permanente Washington. Uterine fibroid diagnoses identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes and potential covariates were extracted from computerized databases. Women with prior hysterectomy and, for incidence estimates, women with prior fibroid diagnoses were excluded. Linear trends in incidence rates over the 10-year study period were evaluated using Poisson regression models. Rates and trend tests were examined for all women, by age groups, and by race/ethnicity. RESULTS Associated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision symptom-related codes were observed in 90% of incident cases. Incidence rates for fibroid diagnoses were highest for the age group 45-49 years, 240.3 per 10,000 woman-years in 2014, and for black women across all years. Overall age-adjusted estimated incidence rates declined during the 10-year study interval, from 139.4 per 10,000 woman-years in 2005 to 101.4 in 2014 (P value trend .0008). Overall prevalence in 2014 was 9.6%, and was highest among women aged 50-54 years (15.9%). Black women had higher prevalence (18.5%) than other racial/ethnic groups. CONCLUSION We found a decreasing trend of new uterine fibroid diagnoses among predominantly symptomatic women ages 18-65 years in a recent 10-year interval. This finding was due, perhaps in part, to secular trends of decreasing hysterectomies. Nonetheless, uterine fibroids remain a common health burden, with a prevalence of nearly 10%. Rates are disproportionately high and occur at younger ages for black women, and possibly for other non-white racial/ethnic groups. These findings are of concern, as current available long-term medical therapies remain limited.
Collapse
|
14
|
Fleming JM, Yeyeodu ST, McLaughlin A, Schuman D, Taylor DK. In Situ Drug Delivery to Breast Cancer-Associated Extracellular Matrix. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2825-2840. [PMID: 30183254 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) contributes to tumor progression through changes induced by tumor and stromal cell signals that promote increased ECM density and stiffness. The increase in ECM stiffness is known to promote tumor cell invasion into surrounding tissues and metastasis. In addition, this scar-like ECM creates a protective barrier around the tumor that reduces the effectiveness of innate and synthetic antitumor agents. Herein, clinically approved breast cancer therapies as well as novel experimental approaches that target the ECM are discussed, including in situ hydrogel drug delivery systems, an emerging technology the delivers toxic chemotherapeutics, gene-silencing microRNAs, and tumor suppressing immune cells directly inside the tumor. Intratumor delivery of therapeutic agents has the potential to drastically reduce systemic side effects experienced by the patient and increase the efficacy of these agents. This review also describes the opposing effects of ECM degradation on tumor progression, where some studies report improved drug delivery and delayed cancer progression and others report enhanced metastasis and decreased patient survival. Given the recent increase in ECM-targeting drugs entering preclinical and clinical trials, understanding and addressing the factors that impact the effect of the ECM on tumor progression is imperative for the sake of patient safety and survival outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jodie M. Fleming
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Susan T. Yeyeodu
- Charles River Discovery Services, Morrisville, North Carolina, United States
| | - Ashley McLaughlin
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Darren Schuman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Darlene K. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ho Y, Sh Yang YC, Chin YT, Chou SY, Chen YR, Shih YJ, Whang-Peng J, Changou CA, Liu HL, Lin SJ, Tang HY, Lin HY, Davis PJ. Resveratrol inhibits human leiomyoma cell proliferation via crosstalk between integrin αvβ3 and IGF-1R. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:346-355. [PMID: 30026090 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leiomyomas (myomas) are the most common benign smooth muscle cell tumor of the myometrium. Resveratrol, a stilbene, has been used as an anti-inflammatory and antitumor agent. In the current study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of resveratrol on the proliferation of primary human myoma cell cultures. Resveratrol arrested cell proliferation via integrin αvβ3. It also inhibited integrin αvβ3 expression and protein accumulation. Concurrently, constitutive AKT phosphorylation in myoma cells was inhibited by resveratrol. Expressions of proapoptotic genes, such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, p21 and CDKN2, were induced by resveratrol in myoma cells. On the other hand, expressions of proliferative (anti-apoptotic) genes were either inhibited, as in BCL2, or unchanged, as in cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The accumulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 receptor (IGF-1R) was inhibited by resveratrol in primary myoma cells. IGF-1-induced cell proliferation was inhibited by co-incubation with resveratrol. Therefore, growth modulation of myoma cells occurs via mechanisms dependent on cross-talk between integrin αvβ3 and IGF-1R. Our findings suggest that resveratrol can be considered an alternative therapeutic agent for myomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yih Ho
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chen Sh Yang
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Tang Chin
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Szu-Yi Chou
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ru Chen
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Jung Shih
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | | | - Chun A Changou
- Integrated Laboratory, Center of Translational Medicine and Core Facility, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Hsuan-Liang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Shwu-Jiuan Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Heng-Yuan Tang
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Paul J Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA; Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Loss of stiffness in collagen-rich uterine fibroids after digestion with purified collagenase Clostridium histolyticum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215:596.e1-596.e8. [PMID: 27177523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine fibroids are a significant health problem. These common benign tumors occur in 70-80% of women before age 50 years and often cause bleeding and pain and can interfere considerably with daily life. Current treatment options are limited. Fibroids contain substantial amounts of altered and disordered collagens, which contribute to their bulk. Targeting these collagens directly presents a novel treatment approach. OBJECTIVES We sought to test the hypothesis that a highly purified collagenase Clostridium histolyticum will digest interstitial collagen in uterine fibroids and reduce their stiffness and thereby evaluate the feasibility that this collagenase C histolyticum can be developed into an alternative treatment for fibroids. A secondary objective was to describe the collagen content of the fibroid tissue. STUDY DESIGN Fibroid tissue cubes (1 cm3; n = 154) were cut from 17 uterine fibroids that were obtained from 7 consented subjects undergoing scheduled hysterectomies. Tissue cubes were injected with diluent, placebo, or highly purified collagenase C histolyticum (0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 mg/cube) and incubated at 37°C for 24, 48, 72, or 96 hours. At each time point, 6 noninjected control cubes were also evaluated. Tissue cubes were photographed before and after incubation. Myometrial samples (n = 21) were also evaluated. Stiffness was quantified through rheometry by measuring complex shear moduli of the tissues. Percent fibrosis was determined by computerized analysis of Masson-trichrome-stained slides. Digestion of collagen fibrils was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Fibrosis in untreated fibroids ranged from 37% to 77%, reflecting the collagen-rich nature of these tumors. After treatment with collagenase for 96 hours, fibrosis ranged from 5.3% to 2.4%. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed complete digestion of collagen fibrils. Tissue stiffness was reduced with all 3 doses of collagenase treatment and at all 4 time points. Longer incubation times with collagenase caused greater reduction in stiffness, and treated cubes lost their cuboidal shape and had gelatinous/liquefied centers. At 96 hours the stiffness in tissues treated with the lowest dose was reduced to 966 ± 106 Pascal compared with the diluent-treated control at the same time (5323 ± 903 Pascal; P < .0001; by analysis of variance with Tukey-Kramer). CONCLUSION Uterine fibroids have a high content of collagen that can be effectively digested by highly purified collagenase C histolyticum, resulting in reduced tissue stiffness. Loss of stiffness may decrease bulk symptoms in vivo and possibly lead to shrinkage of fibroids through changed mechanotransduction, leading ultimately to reduced fibroid symptoms of pain and bleeding. Clinical trials are necessary to evaluate the safety and efficacy of collagenase C histolyticum including the rate of regrowth of fibroids. The data of this study provide a strong rationale for using this purified collagenase in clinical trials as a local treatment for women with fibroids.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ahmed RSI, Liu G, Renzetti A, Farshi P, Yang H, Soave C, Saed G, El-Ghoneimy AA, El-Banna HA, Foldes R, Chan TH, Dou QP. Biological and Mechanistic Characterization of Novel Prodrugs of Green Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin Gallate Analogs in Human Leiomyoma Cell Lines. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2357-69. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reda Saber Ibrahim Ahmed
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine; Wayne State University; Detroit Michigan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology; South Valley University; Qena Egypt
| | - Gang Liu
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine; Wayne State University; Detroit Michigan
| | - Andrea Renzetti
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Pershang Farshi
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine; Wayne State University; Detroit Michigan
| | - Huanjie Yang
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine; Wayne State University; Detroit Michigan
| | - Claire Soave
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine; Wayne State University; Detroit Michigan
| | - Ghassan Saed
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Anatomy & Cell Biology; School of Medicine; Wayne State University; Detroit Michigan
| | | | - Hossny Awad El-Banna
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
| | - Robert Foldes
- Viteava Pharmaceuticals Inc.; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Tak-Hang Chan
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Q. Ping Dou
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine; Wayne State University; Detroit Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wong JYY, Gold EB, Johnson WO, Lee JS. Circulating Sex Hormones and Risk of Uterine Fibroids: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:123-30. [PMID: 26670127 PMCID: PMC4701845 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Estrogen has been implicated in the development of uterine fibroids. However, the contribution of androgen in women is unknown. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to assess the longitudinal relations of circulating androgens and estradiol (E2) and their joint effects to the risk of developing fibroids. DESIGN This is a 13-year longitudinal study in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. SETTING This study was conducted in seven sites across the United States (1997-2013). PARTICIPANTS At baseline, 3240 pre- or early peri-menopausal women with an intact uterus, ages 45-52 years were included; 43.6% completed the follow-up. There were 512 incident and 478 recurrent fibroid cases. EXPOSURES We measured near-annual time-varying serum levels of bioavailable E2 and bioavailable T, dichotomized at the median (high vs low). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES We estimated the conditional odds ratio (OR) of fibroids in the ensuing year using discrete-time proportional odds models adjusted for race/ethnicity/site, age, body mass index, menopausal stage, reproductive factors, smoking, timing of blood draw, and FSH. RESULTS Women with high T had a statistically significant increased risk of incident fibroids (OR, 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.76; P = .04), but not recurrent fibroids. This risk was further elevated in those with high T and E2 (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.07-2.17; P = .02). High E2 and T was associated with lower risk of recurrent fibroids (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.26-0.96; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS High T with high E2 was associated with an elevated risk of incident fibroids in midlife women who never reported fibroids before baseline. Conversely, the risk of recurrent fibroids was mitigated in women with high E2 and high T.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y Y Wong
- Department of Medicine (J.Y.Y.W., J.S.L.), Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, and Department of Health Research and Policy, Division of Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; Department of Public Health Sciences (E.B.G.), Division of Epidemiology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616; Department of Statistics (W.O.J.), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697; and Medical Services and Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program (J.S.L.), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Ellen B Gold
- Department of Medicine (J.Y.Y.W., J.S.L.), Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, and Department of Health Research and Policy, Division of Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; Department of Public Health Sciences (E.B.G.), Division of Epidemiology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616; Department of Statistics (W.O.J.), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697; and Medical Services and Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program (J.S.L.), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Wesley O Johnson
- Department of Medicine (J.Y.Y.W., J.S.L.), Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, and Department of Health Research and Policy, Division of Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; Department of Public Health Sciences (E.B.G.), Division of Epidemiology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616; Department of Statistics (W.O.J.), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697; and Medical Services and Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program (J.S.L.), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Jennifer S Lee
- Department of Medicine (J.Y.Y.W., J.S.L.), Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, and Department of Health Research and Policy, Division of Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; Department of Public Health Sciences (E.B.G.), Division of Epidemiology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616; Department of Statistics (W.O.J.), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697; and Medical Services and Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program (J.S.L.), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Malik M, Britten J, Cox J, Patel A, Catherino WH. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues inhibit leiomyoma extracellular matrix despite presence of gonadal hormones. Fertil Steril 2015; 105:214-24. [PMID: 26409322 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of GnRH analogues (GnRH-a) leuprolide acetate (LA) and cetrorelix acetate on gonadal hormone-regulated expression of extracellular matrix in uterine leiomyoma three-dimensional (3D) cultures. DESIGN Laboratory study. SETTING University research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Women undergoing hysterectomy for symptomatic leiomyomas. INTERVENTION(S) The 3D cell cultures, protein analysis, Western blot, immunohistochemistry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Expression of extracellular matrix proteins, collagen 1, fibronectin, and versican in leiomyoma cells 3D cultures exposed to E2, P, LA, cetrorelix acetate, and combinations for 24- and 72-hour time points. RESULT(S) The 3D leiomyoma cultures exposed to E2 for 24 hours demonstrated an increased expression of collagen-1 and fibronectin, which was maintained for up to 72 hours, a time point at which versican was up-regulated significantly. Although P up-regulated collagen-1 protein (1.29 ± 0.04) within 24 hours of exposure, significant increase in all extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins was observed when the gonadal hormones were used concomitantly. Significant decrease in the amount of ECM proteins was observed on use of GnRH-a, LA and cetrorelix, with 24-hour exposure. Both the compounds also significantly decreased ECM protein concentration despite the presence of E2 or both gonadal hormones. CONCLUSION(S) This study demonstrates that GnRH-a directly affect the gonadal hormone-regulated collagen-1, fibronectin, and versican production in their presence. These findings suggest that localized therapy with GnRH-a may inhibit leiomyoma growth even in the presence of endogenous gonadal hormone exposure, thereby providing a mechanism to eliminate the hypoestrogenic side effects associated with GnRH-a therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minnie Malik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joy Britten
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeris Cox
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amrita Patel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William H Catherino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Taylor DK, Holthouser K, Segars JH, Leppert PC. Recent scientific advances in leiomyoma (uterine fibroids) research facilitates better understanding and management. F1000Res 2015; 4:183. [PMID: 26236472 PMCID: PMC4513689 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6189.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) are the most prevalent medical problem of the female reproductive tract, but there are few non-surgical treatment options. Although many advances in the understanding of the molecular components of these tumors have occurred over the past five years, an effective pharmaceutical approach remains elusive. Further, there is currently no clinical method to distinguish a benign uterine leiomyoma from a malignant leiomyosarcoma prior to treatment, a pressing need given concerns about the use of the power morcellator for minimally invasive surgery. This paper reviews current studies regarding the molecular biology of uterine fibroids, discusses non-surgical approaches and suggests new cutting-edge therapeutic and diagnostic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darlene K Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Kristine Holthouser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - James H Segars
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Phyllis C Leppert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jose A, Mandapalli PK, Venuganti VVK. Liposomal hydrogel formulation for transdermal delivery of pirfenidone. J Liposome Res 2015; 26:139-47. [PMID: 26114208 DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2015.1060611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pirfenidone (PFD) is an anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory agent indicated for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The current oral administration of PFD has several limitations including first pass metabolism and gastrointestinal irritation. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of transdermal delivery of PFD using liposomal carrier system. MATERIALS AND METHODS PFD-loaded liposomes were prepared using soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC) and sodium cholate (SC). Encapsulation efficiency (EE) of PFD in liposomes was optimized using different preparation techniques including thin film hydration (TFH) method, direct injection method (DIM) and drug encapsulation using freeze-thaw cycles. In vitro drug release study was performed using dialysis membrane method. The skin permeation studies were performed using excised porcine ear skin model in a Franz diffusion cell apparatus. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The average particle size and zeta-potential of liposomes were 191 ± 4.1 nm and -40.4 ± 4.5 mV, respectively. The liposomes prepared by TFH followed by 10 freeze-thaw cycles showed the greatest EE of 22.7 ± 0.63%. The optimized liposome formulation was incorporated in hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) hydrogel containing different permeation enhancers including oleic acid (OA), isopropyl myristate (IPM) and propylene glycol (PG). PFD-loaded liposomes incorporated in hydrogel containing OA and IPM showed the greatest flux of 10.9 ± 1.04 μg/cm(2)/h across skin, which was 5-fold greater compared with free PFD. The cumulative amount of PFD permeated was 344 ± 28.8 μg/cm(2) with a lag time of 2.3 ± 1.3 h. CONCLUSION The hydrogel formulation containing PFD-loaded liposomes can be developed as a potential transdermal delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anup Jose
- a Department of Pharmacy , Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani , Hyderabad Campus , Hyderabad , Telangana , India
| | - Praveen Kumar Mandapalli
- a Department of Pharmacy , Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani , Hyderabad Campus , Hyderabad , Telangana , India
| | - Venkata Vamsi Krishna Venuganti
- a Department of Pharmacy , Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani , Hyderabad Campus , Hyderabad , Telangana , India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Brunengraber LN, Jayes FL, Leppert PC. Injectable Clostridium histolyticum collagenase as a potential treatment for uterine fibroids. Reprod Sci 2014; 21:1452-9. [PMID: 25332216 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114553449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purified Clostridium histolyticum collagenase (CHC), an Food and Drug Administration-approved drug that does not affect nerves or blood vessels, was assessed as a potential treatment for fibroids in this proof-of-principle study. Fibroids (1-4 cm, capsules intact) and myometrial specimens from 5 patients were injected posthysterectomy with CHC or vehicle containing methylene blue and incubated for 24 hours. Percentage of collagen-stained area was estimated using Masson-Trichrome-stained slides. Collagen fibers were observed with picrosirius staining. Tissue stiffness was objectively measured by rheometry (complex shear modulus [Pa]). Injected materials spread within and beyond fibroids as visualized by methylene blue. Of the 8 treated fibroids, 7 were softened and some contained liquefied centers. Relative percentage of collagen-stained area (mean ± standard deviation) in treated fibroids (38 ± 12%; n = 7) was less than that in control fibroids (66 ± 17%; n = 5). Treated myometrium (40 ± 30% collagen; n = 3) was similar to control myometrium (53 ± 8%; n = 2). Picrosirius staining demonstrated loss of collagen fibers in treated fibroids. Treated fibroids were less stiff (3630 ± 2410 Pa; n = 4) than controls (5930 ± 830 Pa; n = 4). Treated and control myometrium had similar stiffness (2149 ± 927 Pa; n = 3 and 3314 ± 494 Pa; n = 2, respectively) and were never liquefied. In conclusion, injections of CHC into encapsulated fibroids are feasible and effective. Heterogeneity of collagen types and quantities within individual fibroids may contribute to varied responses and need additional investigation. Further study of collateral effects on myometrium is indicated. Injected CHC has potential for treatment of fibroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N Brunengraber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Reproductive Biology and Perinatal Laboratory, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Friederike L Jayes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Reproductive Biology and Perinatal Laboratory, Durham, NC, USA Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Phyllis C Leppert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Reproductive Biology and Perinatal Laboratory, Durham, NC, USA Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Malik M, Britten J, Segars J, Catherino WH. Leiomyoma cells in 3-dimensional cultures demonstrate an attenuated response to fasudil, a rho-kinase inhibitor, when compared to 2-dimensional cultures. Reprod Sci 2014; 21:1126-38. [PMID: 25084783 PMCID: PMC4212347 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114545240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomata are common benign tumors in women of reproductive age and demonstrate an attenuated response to mechanical signaling that involves Rho and integrins. To further characterize the impairment in Rho signaling, we studied the effect of Rho-kinase inhibitor, fasudil, on extracellular matrix production, in 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) cultures of leiomyoma and myometrial cells. Leiomyoma 2D cultures demonstrated a rapid decrease in gene transcripts and protein for fibronectin, procollagen 1A, and versican. In 3D cultures, fibronectin and procollagen 1A proteins demonstrated increased levels at lower concentrations of fasudil, followed by a concentration-dependent decrease. Versican protein increased up to 3-fold, whereas fibromodulin demonstrated a significant decrease of 1.92-fold. Myometrial 2D or 3D cultures demonstrated a decrease in all proteins after 72 hours of treatment. The 3D leiomyoma cultures demonstrated a significant increase in active RhoA, followed by a concentration-dependent decrease at higher concentrations. A concentration-dependent increase in phospho-extracellular regulated signal kinase and proapoptotic protein Bax was observed in 3D leiomyoma cultures. Fasudil relaxed the contraction of the 3D collagen gels caused by myometrium and leiomyoma cell growth. These findings indicate that the altered state of Rho signaling in leiomyoma was more clearly observed in 3D cultures. The results also suggest that fasudil may have clinical applicability for treatment of uterine leiomyoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minnie Malik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joy Britten
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Segars
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William H Catherino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Segars JH, Parrott EC, Nagel JD, Guo XC, Gao X, Birnbaum LS, Pinn VW, Dixon D. Proceedings from the Third National Institutes of Health International Congress on Advances in Uterine Leiomyoma Research: comprehensive review, conference summary and future recommendations. Hum Reprod Update 2014; 20:309-33. [PMID: 24401287 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine fibroids are the most common gynecologic tumors in women of reproductive age yet the etiology and pathogenesis of these lesions remain poorly understood. Age, African ancestry, nulliparity and obesity have been identified as predisposing factors for uterine fibroids. Symptomatic tumors can cause excessive uterine bleeding, bladder dysfunction and pelvic pain, as well as associated reproductive disorders such as infertility, miscarriage and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Currently, there are limited noninvasive therapies for fibroids and no early intervention or prevention strategies are readily available. This review summarizes the advances in basic, applied and translational uterine fibroid research, in addition to current and proposed approaches to clinical management as presented at the 'Advances in Uterine Leiomyoma Research: 3rd NIH International Congress'. Congress recommendations and a review of the fibroid literature are also reported. METHODS This review is a report of meeting proceedings, the resulting recommendations and a literature review of the subject. RESULTS The research data presented highlights the complexity of uterine fibroids and the convergence of ethnicity, race, genetics, epigenetics and environmental factors, including lifestyle and possible socioeconomic parameters on disease manifestation. The data presented suggest it is likely that the majority of women with uterine fibroids will have normal pregnancy outcomes; however, additional research is warranted. As an alternative to surgery, an effective long-term medical treatment for uterine fibroids should reduce heavy uterine bleeding and fibroid/uterine volume without excessive side effects. This goal has not been achieved and current treatments reduce symptoms only temporarily; however, a multi-disciplined approach to understanding the molecular origins and pathogenesis of uterine fibroids, as presented in this report, makes our quest for identifying novel targets for noninvasive, possibly nonsystemic and effective long-term treatment very promising. CONCLUSIONS The Congress facilitated the exchange of scientific information among members of the uterine leiomyoma research and health-care communities. While advances in research have deepened our knowledge of the pathobiology of fibroids, their etiology still remains incompletely understood. Further needs exist for determination of risk factors and initiation of preventive measures for fibroids, in addition to continued development of new medical and minimally invasive options for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H Segars
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|