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Zhao X, Li D, Zhu J, Fan Y, Xu J, Huang X, Nie Z, Chen D. Stably Grafting Polymer Brushes on Both Active and Inert Surfaces Using Tadpole-Like Single-Chain Particles with an Interactive "Head". ACS Macro Lett 2024:882-888. [PMID: 38953383 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
We report a "grafting to" method for stably grafting high-molecular-weight polymer brushes on both active and inert surfaces using tadpole-like single-chain particles (TSCPs) with an interactive "head" as grafting units. The TSCPs can be efficiently synthesized through intrachain cross-linking one block of a diblock copolymer; the "head" is the intrachain cross-linked single-chain particle, and the "tail" is a linear polymer chain that has a contour length up to micrometers. When grafted to a surface, the "head", integrating numerous interacting groups, can synergize multiple weak interactions with the surface, thereby enabling stable grafting of the "tail" on both active and traditionally challenging inert surfaces. Because the structural parameters and composition of the "heads" and "tails" can be separately adjusted over a wide range, the interactivity of the "heads" with the surface and properties of the brushes can be controlled orthogonally, accomplishing surface brushes that cannot be achieved by existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Dahua Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbin Fan
- The Dow Chemical Company, 936 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayin Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiayun Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Nie
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoyong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
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Adali U, Sütel M, Yassine J, Mao Z, Müller WD, Schwitalla AD. Influence of sandblasting and bonding on the shear bond strength between differently pigmented polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and veneering composite after artificial aging. Dent Mater 2024:S0109-5641(24)00127-1. [PMID: 38824001 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Achieving a strong bond between Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and veneering composites is challenging due to PEEKs low surface energy. This study examined the effects of sandblasting and bonding on the shear bond strength (SBS) between veneering composite and pigmented PEEK, considering artificial aging. METHODS Of three pigmented PEEK compounds (DC4420R, DC4450R, DC4470R; Evonic Operations GmbH, Marl, Germany), 40 specimens each were milled and polished up to 2500 grit. Prior to veneering, specimens were divided into 4 subgroups: Subgroup 1: Polishing; 2: Polishing + bonding; 3: Sandblasting; 4: Sandblasting + bonding. Sandblasting was performed using Al2O3. Adhesive was an agent containing MMA (Signum Universal Bond, Kulzer GmbH, Hanau, Germany). After veneering (Composite, Kulzer GmbH) the subgroups were divided into 2 subgroups. One subgroup was immersed in 37 °C warm distilled water for 24 h. The second subgroup was artificially aged by thermocycling (TCL) with 5000 cycles in distilled water (5 °C / 55 °C; 30 s). Surface roughness, water contact angles and failure modes were recorded. SBS was measured using a universal testing machine. RESULTS Results demonstrated that the combination of sandblasting and bonding significantly improved the SBS compared to polishing alone. PEEK color did not significantly influence the SBS. Aging by TCL had a negative effect on the SBS. SIGNIFICANCE Sandblasting and the use of an adhesive containing MMA were found to be effective in achieving satisfactory SBS between veneering composite and pigmented PEEK surfaces. These pretreatment methods demonstrate their potential for establishing durable and reliable bonding in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Adali
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Aßmannshauser Straße 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mona Sütel
- IMD Institut für Medizinische Diagnostik Berlin-Potsdam GbR, Nicolaistraße 26a, 12247 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jamila Yassine
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Aßmannshauser Straße 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhen Mao
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Aßmannshauser Straße 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolf-Dieter Müller
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Aßmannshauser Straße 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Dominik Schwitalla
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Aßmannshauser Straße 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany.
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Huang H, Liu X, Wang J, Suo M, Zhang J, Sun T, Wang H, Liu C, Li Z. Strategies to improve the performance of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as orthopedic implants: from surface modification to addition of bioactive materials. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:4533-4552. [PMID: 38477504 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02740f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), as a high-performance polymer, is widely used for bone defect repair due to its homogeneous modulus of elasticity of human bone, good biocompatibility, excellent chemical stability and projectability. However, the highly hydrophobic surface of PEEK is biologically inert, which makes it difficult for cells and proteins to attach, and is accompanied by the development of infections that ultimately lead to failure of PEEK implants. In order to further enhance the potential of PEEK as an orthopedic implant, researchers have explored modification methods such as surface modification by physical and chemical means and the addition of bioactive substances to PEEK-based materials to enhance the mechanical properties, osteogenic activity and antimicrobial properties of PEEK. However, these current modification methods still have obvious shortcomings in terms of cost, maneuverability, stability and cytotoxicity, which still need to be explored by researchers. This paper reviews some of the modification methods that have been used to improve the performance of PEEK over the last three years in anticipation of the need for researchers to design PEEK orthopedic implants that better meet clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huagui Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
- Division of Energy Materials (DNL22), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzuo Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Moran Suo
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianze Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghua Wang
- Division of Energy Materials (DNL22), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China.
| | - Chengde Liu
- Department of Polymer Science & Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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Vesel A, Zaplotnik R, Primc G, Mozetič M. Kinetics of Surface Wettability of Aromatic Polymers (PET, PS, PEEK, and PPS) upon Treatment with Neutral Oxygen Atoms from Non-Equilibrium Oxygen Plasma. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1381. [PMID: 38794574 PMCID: PMC11125687 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The wettability of polymers is usually inadequate to ensure the appropriate spreading of polar liquids and thus enable the required adhesion of coatings. A standard ecologically benign method for increasing the polymer wettability is a brief treatment with a non-equilibrium plasma rich in reactive oxygen species and predominantly neutral oxygen atoms in the ground electronic state. The evolution of the surface wettability of selected aromatic polymers was investigated by water droplet contact angles deposited immediately after exposing polymer samples to fluxes of oxygen atoms between 3 × 1020 and 1 × 1023 m-2s-1. The treatment time varied between 0.01 and 1000 s. The wettability evolution versus the O-atom fluence for all aromatic polymers followed similar behavior regardless of the flux of O atoms or the type of polymer. In the range of fluences between approximately 5 × 1020 and 5 × 1023 m-2, the water contact angle decreased exponentially with increasing fluence and dropped to 1/e of the initial value after receiving the fluence close to 5 × 1022 m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miran Mozetič
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Surface Engineering, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Ma T, Zhang J, Liu X, Sun S, Wu J. Effects of combined modification of sulfonation, oxygen plasma and silane on the bond strength of PEEK to resin. Dent Mater 2024; 40:e1-e11. [PMID: 38365456 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of sulfonation, non-thermal oxygen plasma and silane on the shear bond strength (SBS) of PEEK to resin materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred and eighty specimens were randomly divided into four groups: (A) untreated; (B) sulfonation for 60 s; (C) oxygen plasma for 20 min; (D) sulfonation for 60 s and oxygen plasma for 20 min. According to the instructions, 120 samples (N = 30) were coated with silane, adhesive, and resin composites. Each group of bonding specimens was divided into two subgroups (n = 15) to measure immediate and post-aging SBS. The surface morphology and the interface between the samples and adhesive were analyzed through SEM. Physicochemical characteristics of the surface and mechanical properties were determined through XPS, FTIR, light interferometry, contact angle measurement, and three-point bending tests. RESULTS Sulfonation produced a porous layer of approximately 20 µm thickness on the surface, and the oxygen plasma increased the O/C ratio and oxygen-containing groups of the sample surface. After coating with silane, the SBS values of sulfonated PEEK and plasma-treated PEEK increased (9.96 and 10.72 MPa, respectively), and dual-modified PEEK exhibited the highest SBS value (20.99 MPa), which was significantly higher than that of blank group (p > 0.01). After 10,000 thermal cycles, the dual-modified PEEK still displayed a favorable SBS (18.68 MPa). SIGNIFICANCE Sulfonation strengthened the mechanical interlocking between PEEK and the resin while oxygen plasma established a chemical bonding between silane and PEEK. This dual modification of the surface microstructure and chemical state synergistically improved the bond strength of PEEK to resin and resulted in considerable long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Ma
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xueye Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shuoyao Sun
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Junling Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Han X, Sharma N, Xu Z, Krajewski S, Li P, Spintzyk S, Lv L, Zhou Y, Thieringer FM, Rupp F. A balance of biocompatibility and antibacterial capability of 3D printed PEEK implants with natural totarol coating. Dent Mater 2024; 40:674-688. [PMID: 38388252 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a biomaterial with appropriate bone-like mechanical properties and excellent biocompatibility, is widely applied in cranio-maxillofacial and dental applications. However, the lack of antibacterial effect is an essential drawback of PEEK material and might lead to infection and osseointegration issues. This study aims to apply a natural antibacterial agent, totarol coating onto the 3D printed PEEK surface and find an optimized concentration with balanced cytocompatibility, osteogenesis, and antibacterial capability. METHODS In this study, a natural antibacterial agent, totarol, was applied as a coating to fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printed PEEK surfaces at a series of increasing concentrations (1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, 15 mg/ml, and 20 mg/ml). The samples were then evaluated for cytocompatibility with L929 fibroblast and SAOS-2 osteoblast using live/dead staining and CCK-8 assay. The antibacterial capability was assessed by crystal violet staining, live/dead staining, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) utilizing the oral primary colonizer S. gordonii and isolates of mixed oral bacteria in a stirring system simulating the oral environment. The appropriate safe working concentration for totarol coating is selected based on the results of the cytocompatibility and antibacterial test. Subsequently, the influence on osteogenic differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red staining (ARS) analysis of pre-osteoblasts. RESULTS Our results showed that the optimal concentration of totarol solution for promising antibacterial coating was approximately 10 mg/ml. Such surfaces could play an excellent antibacterial role by inducing a contact-killing effect with an inhibitory effect against biofilm development without affecting the healing of soft and hard tissues around FFF 3D printed PEEK implants or abutments. SIGNIFICANCE This study indicates that the totarol coated PEEK has an improved antibacterial effect with excellent biocompatibility providing great clinical potential as an orthopedic/dental implant/abutment material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingting Han
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Technology of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai 200011, China; University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Medical Materials Science and Technology, Osianderstr. 2-8, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Neha Sharma
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland; Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zeqian Xu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai 200011, China; University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Medical Materials Science and Technology, Osianderstr. 2-8, Tübingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Krajewski
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Medical Materials Science and Technology, Osianderstr. 2-8, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Ping Li
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Medical Materials Science and Technology, Osianderstr. 2-8, Tübingen D-72076, Germany; Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Sebastian Spintzyk
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Medical Materials Science and Technology, Osianderstr. 2-8, Tübingen D-72076, Germany; ADMiRE Research Center - Additive Manufacturing, Intelligent Robotics, Sensors and Engineering, School of Engineering and IT, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Villach, Austria
| | - Longwei Lv
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Technology of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Technology of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Florian M Thieringer
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland; Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Rupp
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Medical Materials Science and Technology, Osianderstr. 2-8, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
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Omatsu K, Yamawaki I, Taguchi Y, Tsumori N, Hashimoto Y, Umeda M. Surface modification affects human gingival epithelial cell behavior on polyetheretherketone surfaces. Dent Mater J 2024; 43:191-199. [PMID: 38246630 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Gingival epithelial attachment to the abutment is important for the prevention of peri-implantitis. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has recently gained attention as an alternative material to titanium; however, it is biologically inert, which is disadvantageous for obtaining soft tissue sealing of the transmucosal part of the implant abutment. Therefore, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, argon plasma irradiation, and buffing were selected as treatments to modify the PEEK surface. None of the treatments had any effect on the material's mechanical strength. The UV and plasma treatments did not significantly affect the surface morphology. Surface elemental analysis showed a decrease in carbon content and an increase in oxygen content and wettability for all treatments. Human gingival epithelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and the expression of adhesion proteins integrin β4 and laminin 332, were increased. Surface modification to PEEK was suggested to enhance cell activity on PEEK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiju Omatsu
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University
| | - Isao Yamawaki
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University
| | - Yoichiro Taguchi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University
| | - Norimasa Tsumori
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University
| | - Yoshiya Hashimoto
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University
| | - Makoto Umeda
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University
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Chuchulska B, Dimitrova M, Vlahova A, Hristov I, Tomova Z, Kazakova R. Comparative Analysis of the Mechanical Properties and Biocompatibility between CAD/CAM and Conventional Polymers Applied in Prosthetic Dentistry. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:877. [PMID: 38611135 PMCID: PMC11013798 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Modern media often portray CAD/CAM technology as widely utilized in the fabrication of dental prosthetics. This study presents a comparative analysis of the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of CAD/CAM (Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing) polymers and conventional polymers commonly utilized in prosthetic dentistry. With the increasing adoption of CAD/CAM technology in dental laboratories and practices, understanding the differences in material properties is crucial for informed decision-making in prosthodontic treatment planning. Through a narrative review of the literature and empirical data, this study evaluates the mechanical strength, durability, esthetics, and biocompatibility of CAD/CAM polymers in comparison to traditional polymers. Furthermore, it examines the implications of these findings on the clinical outcomes and long-term success of prosthetic restorations. The results provide valuable insights into the advantages and limitations of CAD/CAM polymers, informing clinicians and researchers about their suitability for various dental prosthetic applications. This study underscores the considerable advantages of CAD/CAM polymers over conventional ones in terms of mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and esthetics for prosthetic dentistry. CAD/CAM technology offers improved mechanical strength and durability, potentially enhancing the long-term performance of dental prosthetics, while the biocompatibility of these polymers makes them suitable for a broad patient demographic, reducing the risk of adverse reactions. The practical implications of these findings for dental technicians and dentists are significant, as understanding these material differences enables tailored treatment planning to meet individual patient needs and preferences. Integration of CAD/CAM technology into dental practices can lead to more predictable outcomes and heightened patient satisfaction with prosthetic restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhana Chuchulska
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (A.V.); (I.H.); (Z.T.); (R.K.)
| | - Mariya Dimitrova
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (A.V.); (I.H.); (Z.T.); (R.K.)
| | - Angelina Vlahova
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (A.V.); (I.H.); (Z.T.); (R.K.)
- CAD/CAM Center of Dental Medicine, Research Institute, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ilian Hristov
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (A.V.); (I.H.); (Z.T.); (R.K.)
| | - Zlatina Tomova
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (A.V.); (I.H.); (Z.T.); (R.K.)
| | - Rada Kazakova
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (A.V.); (I.H.); (Z.T.); (R.K.)
- CAD/CAM Center of Dental Medicine, Research Institute, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Zheng W, Wu D, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Yang L, Xu X, Luo F. Multifunctional modifications of polyetheretherketone implants for bone repair: A comprehensive review. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 154:213607. [PMID: 37651963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has emerged as a highly promising orthopedic implantation material due to its elastic modulus which is comparable to that of natural bone. This polymer exhibits impressive properties for bone implantation such as corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, self-lubrication and chemical stability. Significantly, compared to metal-based implants, PEEK implants have mechanical properties that are closer to natural bone, which can mitigate the "stress shielding" effect in bone implantation. Nevertheless, PEEK is incapable of inducing osteogenesis due to its bio-inert molecular structure, thereby hindering the osseointegration process. To optimize the clinical application of PEEK, researchers have been working on promoting its bioactivity and endowing this polymer with beneficial properties, such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and angiogenesis-promoting capabilities. Considering the significant growth of research on PEEK implants over the past 5 years, this review aims to present a timely update on PEEK's modification methods. By highlighting the latest advancements in PEEK modification, we hope to provide guidance and inspiration for researchers in developing the next generation bone implants and optimizing their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhuo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dongxu Wu
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yaowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yankun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiangrui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Feng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Prosthodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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10
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Chen M, Ren M, Shi Y, Liu X, Wei H. State-of-the-art polyetheretherketone three-dimensional printing and multifunctional modification for dental implants. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1271629. [PMID: 37929192 PMCID: PMC10621213 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1271629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high-performance thermoplastic polymer with an elastic modulus close to that of the jawbone. PEEK has the potential to become a new dental implant material for special patients due to its radiolucency, chemical stability, color similarity to teeth, and low allergy rate. However, the aromatic main chain and lack of surface charge and chemical functional groups make PEEK hydrophobic and biologically inert, which hinders subsequent protein adsorption and osteoblast adhesion and differentiation. This will be detrimental to the deposition and mineralization of apatite on the surface of PEEK and limit its clinical application. Researchers have explored different modification methods to effectively improve the biomechanical, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, angiogenic, antioxidative, osteogenic and anti-osteoclastogenic, and soft tissue adhesion properties. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest research progress in material property advantages, three-dimensional printing synthesis, and functional modification of PEEK in the fields of implant dentistry and provides solutions for existing difficulties. We confirm the broad prospects of PEEK as a dental implant material to promote the clinical conversion of PEEK-based dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqing Chen
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mei Ren
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingqi Shi
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- Hospital of Stomatogy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongtao Wei
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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11
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Maillet C, Klein FM, Le Bras F, Velard F, Guillaume C, Gangloff SC, Gelle MP. Cytocompatibility of titanium and poly(etheretherketone) surfaces after O2 non-thermal plasma sterilization. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290820. [PMID: 37647324 PMCID: PMC10468041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The sterilization of medical devices is paramount to achieve an acceptable level of sterility assurance and to prevent hospital-acquired infections. However, some medical devices cannot be sterilized by usual processes such as autoclave (AC) and gamma-ray irradiation (GI). A new non-thermal plasma (NTP) process using sealed bag that preserves the sterile state of the devices could be used as an alternative sterilization method. The aim of the study was to assess the cytocompatibility of titanium and poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK) surfaces after O2-NTP sterilization compared to GI and AC. MG-63 osteoblast-like cells were seeded on titanium (TA6V) and PEEK disks sterilized by AC, GI and O2-NTP. The cells' viability and proliferation, determined by WST-1 and DNA quantification respectively, were enhanced whatever the material types from 3 to 10 days. When seeded on titanium, MG-63 cells showed a higher viability and proliferation after GI and O2-NTP treatment compared to AC treatment. When cultured on PEEK, MG-63 cells showed a higher viability after O2-NTP treatment. No difference of proliferation was observed whatever the sterilization processes. The cell colonization of the materials' surface was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay revealed no cytotoxicity. Thus, O2-NTP led to similar cell responses to AC and GI and could be a cost-effective alternative process to the usual sterilization methods for fragile medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Maillet
- BIOS EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux, SFR CAP Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
- UFR Odontologie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
- Pôle de Médecine Bucco-Dentaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France
| | | | - Florian Le Bras
- BIOS EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux, SFR CAP Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Frederic Velard
- BIOS EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux, SFR CAP Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Christine Guillaume
- BIOS EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux, SFR CAP Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Sophie C. Gangloff
- BIOS EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux, SFR CAP Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
- UFR Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Marie-Paule Gelle
- BIOS EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux, SFR CAP Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
- UFR Odontologie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
- Pôle de Médecine Bucco-Dentaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France
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12
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Tan X, Wang Z, Yang X, Yu P, Sun M, Zhao Y, Yu H. Enhancing cell adhesive and antibacterial activities of glass-fibre-reinforced polyetherketoneketone through Mg and Ag PIII. Regen Biomater 2023; 10:rbad066. [PMID: 37489146 PMCID: PMC10363026 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glass-fibre-reinforced polyetherketoneketone (PEKK-GF) shows great potential for application as a dental implant restoration material; however, its surface bioinertness and poor antibacterial properties limit its integration with peri-implant soft tissue, which is critical in the long-term success of implant restoration. Herein, functional magnesium (Mg) and silver (Ag) ions were introduced into PEKK-GF by plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII). Surface characterization confirmed that the surface morphology of PEKK-GF was not visibly affected by PIII treatment. Further tests revealed that PIII changed the wettability and electrochemical environment of the PEKK-GF surface and enabled the release of Mg2+ and Ag+ modulated by Giavanni effect. In vitro experiments showed that Mg/Ag PIII-treated PEKK-GF promoted the proliferation and adhesion of human gingival fibroblasts and upregulated the expression of adhesion-related genes and proteins. In addition, the treated samples inhibited the metabolic viability and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis on their surfaces, distorting bacterial morphology. Mg/Ag PIII surface treatment improved the soft tissue integration and antibacterial activities of PEKK-GF, which will further support and broaden its adoption in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Manlin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Correspondence address. Tel: +86 0 18980685999, E-mail:
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Kang SU, Kim CH, You S, Lee DY, Kim YK, Kim SJ, Kim CK, Kim HK. Plasma Surface Modification of 3Y-TZP at Low and Atmospheric Pressures with Different Treatment Times. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7663. [PMID: 37108832 PMCID: PMC10144831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of plasma surface modifications depends on the operating conditions. This study investigated the effect of chamber pressure and plasma exposure time on the surface properties of 3Y-TZP with N2/Ar gas. Plate-shaped zirconia specimens were randomly divided into two categories: vacuum plasma and atmospheric plasma. Each group was subdivided into five subgroups according to the treatment time: 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min. Following the plasma treatments, we characterized the surface properties, including wettability, chemical composition, crystal structure, surface morphology, and zeta potential. These were analyzed through various techniques, such as contact angle measurement, XPS, XRD, SEM, FIB, CLSM, and electrokinetic measurements. The atmospheric plasma treatments increased zirconia's electron donation (γ-) capacity, while the vacuum plasma treatments decreased γ- parameter with increasing times. The highest concentration of the basic hydroxyl OH(b) groups was identified after a 5 min exposure to atmospheric plasmas. With longer exposure times, the vacuum plasmas induce electrical damage. Both plasma systems increased the zeta potential of 3Y-TZP, showing positive values in a vacuum. In the atmosphere, the zeta potential rapidly increased after 1 min. Atmospheric plasma treatments would be beneficial for the adsorption of oxygen and nitrogen from ambient air and the generation of various active species on the zirconia surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Un Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun You
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Young Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Joo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Koo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyung Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics, Institute of Oral Health Science, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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14
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Surface Treatments of PEEK for Osseointegration to Bone. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030464. [PMID: 36979399 PMCID: PMC10046336 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers, in general, and Poly (Ether-Ether-Ketone) (PEEK) have emerged as potential alternatives to conventional osseous implant biomaterials. Due to its distinct advantages over metallic implants, PEEK has been gaining increasing attention as a prime candidate for orthopaedic and dental implants. However, PEEK has a highly hydrophobic and bioinert surface that attenuates the differentiation and proliferation of osteoblasts and leads to implant failure. Several improvements have been made to the osseointegration potential of PEEK, which can be classified into three main categories: (1) surface functionalization with bioactive agents by physical or chemical means; (2) incorporation of bioactive materials either as surface coatings or as composites; and (3) construction of three-dimensionally porous structures on its surfaces. The physical treatments, such as plasma treatments of various elements, accelerated neutron beams, or conventional techniques like sandblasting and laser or ultraviolet radiation, change the micro-geometry of the implant surface. The chemical treatments change the surface composition of PEEK and should be titrated at the time of exposure. The implant surface can be incorporated with a bioactive material that should be selected following the desired use, loading condition, and antimicrobial load around the implant. For optimal results, a combination of the methods above is utilized to compensate for the limitations of individual methods. This review summarizes these methods and their combinations for optimizing the surface of PEEK for utilization as an implanted biomaterial.
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15
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Bontempi M, Capozza R, Visani A, Fini M, Giavaresi G, Gambardella A. Near-Surface Nanomechanics of Medical-Grade PEEK Measured by Atomic Force Microscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030718. [PMID: 36772019 PMCID: PMC9920404 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Detecting subtle changes of surface stiffness at spatial scales and forces relevant to biological processes is crucial for the characterization of biopolymer systems in view of chemical and/or physical surface modification aimed at improving bioactivity and/or mechanical strength. Here, a standard atomic force microscopy setup is operated in nanoindentation mode to quantitatively mapping the near-surface elasticity of semicrystalline polyether ether ketone (PEEK) at room temperature. Remarkably, two localized distributions of moduli at about 0.6 and 0.9 GPa are observed below the plastic threshold of the polymer, at indentation loads in the range of 120-450 nN. This finding is ascribed to the localization of the amorphous and crystalline phases on the free surface of the polymer, detected at an unprecedented level of detail. Our study provides insights to quantitatively characterize complex biopolymer systems on the nanoscale and to guide the optimal design of micro- and nanostructures for advanced biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bontempi
- Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rosario Capozza
- School of Engineering, Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, The University of Edinburgh, Thomas Bayes Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Andrea Visani
- Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gambardella
- Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-636-6513
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16
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PEEK for Oral Applications: Recent Advances in Mechanical and Adhesive Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020386. [PMID: 36679266 PMCID: PMC9864167 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a thermoplastic material widely used in engineering applications due to its good biomechanical properties and high temperature stability. Compared to traditional metal and ceramic dental materials, PEEK dental implants exhibit less stress shielding, thus better matching the mechanical properties of bone. As a promising medical material, PEEK can be used as implant abutments, removable and fixed prostheses, and maxillofacial prostheses. It can be blended with materials such as fibers and ceramics to improve its mechanical strength for better clinical dental applications. Compared to conventional pressed and CAD/CAM milling fabrication, 3D-printed PEEK exhibits excellent flexural and tensile strength and parameters such as printing temperature and speed can affect its mechanical properties. However, the bioinert nature of PEEK can make adhesive bonding difficult. The bond strength can be improved by roughening or introducing functional groups on the PEEK surface by sandblasting, acid etching, plasma treatment, laser treatment, and adhesive systems. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the research progress on the mechanical properties of PEEK for dental applications in the context of specific applications, composites, and their preparation processes. In addition, the research on the adhesive properties of PEEK over the past few years is highlighted. Thus, this review aims to build a conceptual and practical toolkit for the study of the mechanical and adhesive properties of PEEK materials. More importantly, it provides a rationale and a general new basis for the application of PEEK in the dental field.
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Ma T, Zhang J, Sun S, Meng W, Zhang Y, Wu J. Current treatment methods to improve the bioactivity and bonding strength of PEEK for dental application: A systematic review. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Pidhatika B, Widyaya VT, Nalam PC, Swasono YA, Ardhani R. Surface Modifications of High-Performance Polymer Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) to Improve Its Biological Performance in Dentistry. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245526. [PMID: 36559893 PMCID: PMC9787615 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review focuses on polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a synthetic thermoplastic polymer, for applications in dentistry. As a high-performance polymer, PEEK is intrinsically robust yet biocompatible, making it an ideal substitute for titanium-the current gold standard in dentistry. PEEK, however, is also inert due to its low surface energy and brings challenges when employed in dentistry. Inert PEEK often falls short of achieving a few critical requirements of clinical dental materials, such as adhesiveness, osseoconductivity, antibacterial properties, and resistance to tribocorrosion. This study aims to review these properties and explore the various surface modification strategies that enhance the performance of PEEK. Literatures searches were conducted on Google Scholar, Research Gate, and PubMed databases using PEEK, polyetheretherketone, osseointegration of PEEK, PEEK in dentistry, tribology of PEEK, surface modifications, dental applications, bonding strength, surface topography, adhesive in dentistry, and dental implant as keywords. Literature on the topics of surface modification to increase adhesiveness, tribology, and osseointegration of PEEK were included in the review. The unavailability of full texts was considered when excluding literature. Surface modifications via chemical strategies (such as sulfonation, plasma treatment, UV treatment, surface coating, surface polymerization, etc.) and/or physical approaches (such as sandblasting, laser treatment, accelerated neutral atom beam, layer-by-layer assembly, particle leaching, etc.) discussed in the literature are summarized and compared. Further, approaches such as the incorporation of bioactive materials, e.g., osteogenic agents, antibacterial agents, etc., to enhance the abovementioned desired properties are explored. This review presents surface modification as a critical and essential approach to enhance the biological performance of PEEK in dentistry by retaining its mechanical robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidhari Pidhatika
- Research Center for Polymer Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia PRTPL BRIN Indonesia, Serpong, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
- Collaborative Research Center for Biomedical Scaffolds, National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic Indonesia and Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Denta No. 1, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Vania Tanda Widyaya
- Research Center for Polymer Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia PRTPL BRIN Indonesia, Serpong, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
| | - Prathima C. Nalam
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-1900, USA
| | - Yogi Angga Swasono
- Research Center for Polymer Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia PRTPL BRIN Indonesia, Serpong, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
| | - Retno Ardhani
- Department of Dental Biomedical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Denta No. 1, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
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Zheng Z, Liu P, Zhang X, Jingguo xin, Yongjie wang, Zou X, Mei X, Zhang S, Zhang S. Strategies to improve bioactive and antibacterial properties of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) for use as orthopedic implants. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100402. [PMID: 36105676 PMCID: PMC9466655 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has gradually become the mainstream material for preparing orthopedic implants due to its similar elastic modulus to human bone, high strength, excellent wear resistance, radiolucency, and biocompatibility. Since the 1990s, PEEK has increasingly been used in orthopedics. Yet, the widespread application of PEEK is limited by its bio-inertness, hydrophobicity, and susceptibility to microbial infections. Further enhancing the osteogenic properties of PEEK-based implants remains a difficult task. This article reviews some modification methods of PEEK in the last five years, including surface modification of PEEK or incorporating materials into the PEEK matrix. For surface modification, PEEK can be modified by chemical treatment, physical treatment, or surface coating with bioactive substances. For PEEK composite material, adding bioactive filler into PEEK through the melting blending method or 3D printing technology can increase the biological activity of PEEK. In addition, some modification methods such as sulfonation treatment of PEEK or grafting antibacterial substances on PEEK can enhance the antibacterial performance of PEEK. These strategies aim to improve the bioactive and antibacterial properties of the modified PEEK. The researchers believe that these modifications could provide valuable guidance on the future design of PEEK orthopedic implants.
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Wang B, Huang M, Dang P, Xie J, Zhang X, Yan X. PEEK in Fixed Dental Prostheses: Application and Adhesion Improvement. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122323. [PMID: 35745900 PMCID: PMC9228596 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been widely applied in fixed dental prostheses, comprising crowns, fixed partial dentures, and post-and-core. PEEK’s excellent mechanical properties facilitate better stress distribution than conventional materials, protecting the abutment teeth. However, the stiffness of PEEK is not sufficient, which can be improved via fiber reinforcement. PEEK is biocompatible. It is nonmutagenic, noncytotoxic, and nonallergenic. However, the chemical stability of PEEK is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, PEEK is nondegradable and intraoral corrosion is minimized. On the other hand, the inert surface makes adhesive bonding difficult. Numerous strategies for improving the adhesive properties of PEEK have been explored, including acid etching, plasma treatment, airborne particle abrasion, laser treatment, and adhesive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyao Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 North Street Nanjing Road, Shenyang 110002, China; (B.W.); (P.D.); (J.X.)
| | - Minghao Huang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Center of Implant Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 North Street Nanjing Road, Shenyang 110002, China;
| | - Pengrui Dang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 North Street Nanjing Road, Shenyang 110002, China; (B.W.); (P.D.); (J.X.)
| | - Jiahui Xie
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 North Street Nanjing Road, Shenyang 110002, China; (B.W.); (P.D.); (J.X.)
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Center of Implant Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 North Street Nanjing Road, Shenyang 110002, China;
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.Y.); Tel.: +86-024-31927731 (X.Z.); +86-024-31927715 (X.Y.)
| | - Xu Yan
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 North Street Nanjing Road, Shenyang 110002, China; (B.W.); (P.D.); (J.X.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.Y.); Tel.: +86-024-31927731 (X.Z.); +86-024-31927715 (X.Y.)
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21
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Han X, Sharma N, Spintzyk S, Zhou Y, Xu Z, Thieringer FM, Rupp F. Tailoring the biologic responses of 3D printed PEEK medical implants by plasma functionalization. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1083-1098. [PMID: 35562293 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effect of two plasma surface treatments on the biologic responses of PEEK medical implants manufactured by fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing technology. METHODS This study created standard PEEK samples using an FFF 3D printer. After fabrication, half of the samples were polished to simulate a smooth PEEK surface. Then, argon (Ar) or oxygen (O2) plasma was used to modify the bioactivity of FFF 3D printed and polished PEEK samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a profilometer were used to determine the microstructure and roughness of the sample surfaces. The wettability of the sample surface was assessed using a drop shape analyzer (DSA) after plasma treatment and at various time points following storage in a closed environment. Cell adhesion, metabolic activity, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of SAOS-2 osteoblasts were evaluated to determine the in vitro osteogenic activity. RESULTS SEM analysis revealed that several spherical nanoscale particles and humps appeared on sample surfaces following plasma treatment. The wettability measurement demonstrated that plasma surface treatment significantly increased the surface hydrophilicity of PEEK samples, with only a slight aging effect found after 21 days. Cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and differentiation of SAOS-2 osteoblasts were also up-regulated after plasma treatment. Additionally, PEEK samples treated with O2 plasma demonstrated a higher degree of bioactivation than those treated with Ar. SIGNIFICANCE Plasma-modified PEEK based on FFF 3D printing technology was a feasible and prospective bone grafting material for bone/dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingting Han
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Technology of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China; University Hospital Tübingen, Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, Osianderstr. 2-8, Tübingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Neha Sharma
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group, Hightech Research Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland; Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Sebastian Spintzyk
- University Hospital Tübingen, Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, Osianderstr. 2-8, Tübingen D-72076, Germany; ADMiRE Lab - Additive Manufacturing, intelligent Robotics, Sensors and Engineering, School of Engineering and IT, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Villach, Austria.
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Technology of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Zeqian Xu
- University Hospital Tübingen, Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, Osianderstr. 2-8, Tübingen D-72076, Germany; Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Florian M Thieringer
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group, Hightech Research Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland; Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Frank Rupp
- University Hospital Tübingen, Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, Osianderstr. 2-8, Tübingen D-72076, Germany.
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22
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Chen J, Cao G, Li L, Cai Q, Dunne N, Li X. Modification of polyether ether ketone for the repairing of bone defects. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 35395651 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac65cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bone damage as a consequence of disease or trauma is a common global occurrence. For bone damage treatment - bone implant materials are necessary across three classifications of surgical intervention (i.e. fixation, repair, and replacement). Many types of bone implant materials have been developed to meet the requirements of bone repair. Among them, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) has been considered as one of the next generation of bone implant materials, owing to its advantages related to good biocompatibility, chemical stability, X-ray permeability, elastic modulus comparable to natural bone, as well as the ease of processing and modification. However, as PEEK is a naturally bioinert material, some modification is needed to improve its integration with adjacent bones after implantation. Therefore, it has become a very hot topic of biomaterials research and various strategies for the modification of PEEK including blending, 3D printing, coating, chemical modification and the introduction of bioactive and/or antibacterial substances have been proposed. In this systematic review, the recent advances in modification of PEEK and its application prospect as bone implants are summarized, and the remaining challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Chen
- Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, Beijing, 100083, CHINA
| | - Guangxiu Cao
- Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, Beijing, 100083, CHINA
| | - Linhao Li
- Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, CHINA
| | - Qiang Cai
- Tsinghua University Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 30 shuangqing Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, Beijing, 100084, CHINA
| | - Nicholas Dunne
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Dublin, D09, IRELAND
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, Beijing, 100083, CHINA
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23
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Yu D, Lei X, Zhu H. Modification of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) physical features to improve osteointegration. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:189-203. [PMID: 35261215 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been widely applied in orthopedics because of its excellent mechanical properties, radiolucency, and biocompatibility. However, the bioinertness and poor osteointegration of PEEK have greatly limited its further application. Growing evidence proves that physical factors of implants, including their architecture, surface morphology, stiffness, and mechanical stimulation, matter as much as the composition of their surface chemistry. This review focuses on the multiple strategies for the physical modification of PEEK implants through adjusting their architecture, surface morphology, and stiffness. Many research findings show that transforming the architecture and incorporating reinforcing fillers into PEEK can affect both its mechanical strength and cellular responses. Modified PEEK surfaces at the macro scale and micro/nano scale have positive effects on cell-substrate interactions. More investigations are necessary to reach consensus on the optimal design of PEEK implants and to explore the efficiency of various functional implant surfaces. Soft-tissue integration has been ignored, though evidence shows that physical modifications also improve the adhesion of soft tissue. In the future, ideal PEEK implants should have a desirable topological structure with better surface hydrophilicity and optimum surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaoyue Lei
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huiyong Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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24
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Benkocká M, Herma R, Lupínková S, Slepička P, Švorčík V, Kolská Z. Antibacterial nanocomposite supporting cell growth and spheroid formation by chemical surface treatment of polymer foil. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Benkocká
- Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University in Usti nad Labem Usti nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - R. Herma
- Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University in Usti nad Labem Usti nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - S. Lupínková
- Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University in Usti nad Labem Usti nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - P. Slepička
- Institute of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - V. Švorčík
- Institute of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Z. Kolská
- Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University in Usti nad Labem Usti nad Labem Czech Republic
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25
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Effect of Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) Radiation and EUV Induced, N 2 and O 2 Based Plasmas on a PEEK Surface's Physico-Chemical Properties and MG63 Cell Adhesion. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168455. [PMID: 34445159 PMCID: PMC8395134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), due to its excellent mechanical and physico-chemical parameters, is an attractive substitute for hard tissues in orthopedic applications. However, PEEK is hydrophobic and lacks surface-active functional groups promoting cell adhesion. Therefore, the PEEK surface must be modified in order to improve its cytocompatibility. In this work, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation and two low-temperature, EUV induced, oxygen and nitrogen plasmas were used for surface modification of polyetheretherketone. Polymer samples were irradiated with 100, 150, and 200 pulses at a 10 Hz repetition rate. The physical and chemical properties of EUV and plasma modified PEEK surfaces, such as changes of the surface topography, chemical composition, and wettability, were examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and goniometry. The human osteoblast-like MG63 cells were used for the analysis of cell viability and cell adhesion on all modified PEEK surfaces. EUV radiation and two types of plasma treatment led to significant changes in surface topography of PEEK, increasing surface roughness and formation of conical structures. Additionally, significant changes in the chemical composition were found and were manifested with the appearance of new functional groups, incorporation of nitrogen atoms up to ~12.3 at.% (when modified in the presence of nitrogen), and doubling the oxygen content up to ~25.7 at.% (when modified in the presence of oxygen), compared to non-modified PEEK. All chemically and physically changed surfaces demonstrated cyto-compatible and non-cytotoxic properties, an enhancement of MG63 cell adhesion was also observed.
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26
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Li W, Wang J, Sang L, Zu Y, Li N, Jian X, Wang F. Effect of
IR
‐laser treatment parameters on surface structure, roughness, wettability and bonding properties of fused deposition modeling‐printed
PEEK
/
CF. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Jinyan Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Lin Sang
- School of Automotive Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Yuan Zu
- Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Xigao Jian
- Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Opto‐Electronics Engineering Changchun University of Science and Technology Changchun China
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