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Park Y, Kim J, Kang YJ, Shim EY, Kim JH. Comparison of Fracture Strength of Milled and 3D-Printed Crown Materials According to Occlusal Thickness. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:4645. [PMID: 39336386 PMCID: PMC11433717 DOI: 10.3390/ma17184645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to measure the fracture strengths and hardness of final restorative milled and 3D-printed materials and evaluate the appropriate crown thickness for their clinical use for permanent prosthesis. One type of milled material (group M) and two types of 3D-printed materials (groups P1 and P2) were used. Their crown thickness was set to 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm for each group, and the fracture strength was measured. Vickers hardness was measured and analyzed to confirm the hardness of each material. Scanning electron microscopy was taken to observe the surface changes of the 3D-printed materials under loads of 900 and 1500 N. With increased thickness, the fracture strength significantly increased for group M but significantly decreased for group P1. For group P2, the fracture strengths for the thicknesses of 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm significantly differed, but that for 1.0 mm did not differ from those for other thicknesses. The hardness of group M was significantly higher than that of groups P1 and P2. For all thicknesses, the fracture strength was higher than the average occlusal force for all materials; however, an appropriate crown thickness is required depending on the material and component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeseul Park
- Department of Prosthodontics, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (Y.P.); (J.K.); (E.-Y.S.)
| | - Jimin Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (Y.P.); (J.K.); (E.-Y.S.)
| | - You-Jung Kang
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun-Young Shim
- Department of Prosthodontics, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (Y.P.); (J.K.); (E.-Y.S.)
| | - Jee-Hwan Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
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Cabrol A, Chuy V, Fron-Chabouis H, Naveau A. Effectiveness of postprocessing on 3D printed resin biocompatibility in prosthodontics: A systematic review. J Prosthet Dent 2024:S0022-3913(24)00588-2. [PMID: 39304492 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Additive manufacturing is used in prosthodontics for producing casts, surgical guides, and interim and definitive prostheses. Printed resin components that will be in contact with the oral mucosa must meet biocompatibility requirements in accordance with current standards for medical devices. Despite such approvals being obtained by the manufacturer, the dentist remains responsible for following the manufacturer recommendations. Evidence for the effect of postprocessing 3-dimensionally (3D) printed resin components on biocompatibility is lacking PURPOSE: The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of 3D printing postprocessing on the biocompatibility of resins that will be in contact with the oral mucosa. MATERIAL AND METHODS The PubMed, Scopus, and DOSS search engines were used to identify articles. Two independent researchers conducted the systematic review by following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and by following a combination of keywords. RESULTS Of a total of 249 articles, 27 were selected, including only 1 in vivo study. Thirty-two commercially available and a few experimental resins were tested. The main applications were removable denture bases and denture teeth, interim and definitive fixed restorations, occlusal splints, and surgical guides. Postprocessing procedures were those recommended by the manufacturer, experimental, or not implemented and involving alcohol, ultrasonic or centrifugal rinsing, photopolymerization at different UV wavelengths, a nitrated atmosphere chamber with air drying or compressed air drying and with heat treatment. The majority of postprocessed 3D printed resins were reported to be noncytotoxic, implying sufficient biocompatibility. CONCLUSIONS The heterogeneity of materials and methods did not allow the identification of an ideal postprocessing protocol or of the need for additional steps after following the manufacturer's recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virginie Chuy
- Hospital University Practitioner, Public Health Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux University Hospital, Saint-André Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hélène Fron-Chabouis
- Associate Professor, Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux University Hospital, Saint-André Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Adrien Naveau
- Professor, Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux University Hospital, Saint-André Hospital, Bordeaux, France; and Academic Guest, Clinic of General-, Special Care- and Geriatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Rabel K, Nath AJ, Nold J, Spies BC, Wesemann C, Altmann B, Adolfsson E, Witkowski S, Tomakidi P, Steinberg T. Analysis of soft tissue integration-supportive cell functions in gingival fibroblasts cultured on 3D printed biomaterials for oral implant-supported prostheses. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:1376-1387. [PMID: 38251807 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
To date, it is unknown whether 3D printed fixed oral implant-supported prostheses can achieve comparable soft tissue integration (STI) to clinically established subtractively manufactured counterparts. STI is mediated among others by gingival fibroblasts (GFs) and is modulated by biomaterial surface characteristics. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to investigate the GF response of a 3D printed methacrylate photopolymer and a hybrid ceramic-filled methacrylate photopolymer for fixed implant-supported prostheses in the sense of supporting an STI. Subtractively manufactured samples made from methacrylate polymer and hybrid ceramic were evaluated for comparison and samples from yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (3Y-TZP), comprising well documented biocompatibility, served as control. Surface topography was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and interferometry, elemental composition by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and wettability by contact angle measurement. The response of GFs obtained from five donors was examined in terms of membrane integrity, adhesion, morphogenesis, metabolic activity, and proliferation behavior by a lactate-dehydrogenase assay, fluorescent staining, a resazurin-based assay, and DNA quantification. The results revealed all surfaces were smooth and hydrophilic. GF adhesion, metabolic activity and proliferation were impaired by 3D printed biomaterials compared to subtractively manufactured comparison surfaces and the 3Y-TZP control, whereas membrane integrity was comparable. Within the limits of the present investigation, it was concluded that subtractively manufactured surfaces are superior compared to 3D printed surfaces to support STI. For the development of biologically optimized 3D printable biomaterials, consecutive studies will focus on the improvement of cytocompatibility and the synthesis of STI-relevant extracellular matrix constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Rabel
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Amélie Joséphine Nath
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Nold
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt C Spies
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Wesemann
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Altmann
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- G.E.R.N Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration and Neogenesis, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erik Adolfsson
- Division Materials and Production-RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Siegbert Witkowski
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Tomakidi
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Steinberg
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Bassenheim D, Rist K, Moszner N, Catel Y, Liska R, Knaack P. Color-Stable Formulations for 3D-Photoprintable Dental Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2323. [PMID: 39204542 PMCID: PMC11359577 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Color stability is crucial for dental materials to ensure they perfectly match a patient's tooth color. This is particularly challenging in photoresist-based additive manufacturing. Although some studies have addressed this issue, the exact causes of discoloration and ways to minimize it remain unclear. In this study, the intrinsic causes of discoloration in materials intended for 3D printing are investigated by examining thin-film samples (1200 µm) of various compositions, which are stored under different conditions. The samples are evaluated by measuring the UV-Vis absorption spectra at regular intervals to monitor changes. The findings reveal that both the composition of the formulations and the storage conditions significantly influence the discoloration behavior. Furthermore, methods have been developed to reduce or completely prevent discoloration. The use of photoinitiators with sterically demanding benzoyl moieties, as well as the addition of stabilizers, effectively decreases the intensity of emerging discoloration. Furthermore, incorporating the oxidizing agent cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) results in materials that maintain color stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bassenheim
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163 MC, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kai Rist
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein (Y.C.)
| | - Norbert Moszner
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein (Y.C.)
| | - Yohann Catel
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein (Y.C.)
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163 MC, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Knaack
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163 MC, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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Rosa V, Silikas N, Yu B, Dubey N, Sriram G, Zinelis S, Lima AF, Bottino MC, Ferreira JN, Schmalz G, Watts DC. Guidance on the assessment of biocompatibility of biomaterials: Fundamentals and testing considerations. Dent Mater 2024:S0109-5641(24)00221-5. [PMID: 39129079 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing the biocompatibility of materials is crucial for ensuring the safety and well-being of patients by preventing undesirable, toxic, immune, or allergic reactions, and ensuring that materials remain functional over time without triggering adverse reactions. To ensure a comprehensive assessment, planning tests that carefully consider the intended application and potential exposure scenarios for selecting relevant assays, cell types, and testing parameters is essential. Moreover, characterizing the composition and properties of biomaterials allows for a more accurate understanding of test outcomes and the identification of factors contributing to cytotoxicity. Precise reporting of methodology and results facilitates research reproducibility and understanding of the findings by the scientific community, regulatory agencies, healthcare providers, and the general public. AIMS This article aims to provide an overview of the key concepts associated with evaluating the biocompatibility of biomaterials while also offering practical guidance on cellular principles, testing methodologies, and biological assays that can support in the planning, execution, and reporting of biocompatibility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Rosa
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; ORCHIDS: Oral Care Health Innovations and Designs Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Nikolaos Silikas
- Dental Biomaterials, Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Baiqing Yu
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Nileshkumar Dubey
- ORCHIDS: Oral Care Health Innovations and Designs Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, United States.
| | - Gopu Sriram
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; ORCHIDS: Oral Care Health Innovations and Designs Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Spiros Zinelis
- School of Dentistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Greece.
| | - Adriano F Lima
- Dental Research Division, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marco C Bottino
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
| | - Joao N Ferreira
- Center of Excellence for Innovation for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.
| | - Gottfried Schmalz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - David C Watts
- School of Medical Sciences and Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Lask M, Stawarczyk B, Reymus M, Meinen J, Mayinger F. Impact of varnishing, coating, and polishing on the chemical and mechanical properties of a 3D printed resin and two veneering composite resins. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 132:466.e1-466.e9. [PMID: 38797579 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Three-dimensional (3D) printing enables the fast fabrication of definitive fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). However, data on the effects of surface treatments on their chemical and mechanical properties are lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to examine the influence of different surface treatments on a 3D printed resin in comparison with 2 veneering composite resins. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 288 specimens were manufactured from a 3D printed resin (VarseoSmile Crownplus) or veneering composite resins (GRADIA PLUS; VITA VM LC flow). Surfaces underwent varnishing, coating, polishing or remain untreated. Conversion rate (DC), surface roughness (SR), Martens parameter, flexural strength (FS), and 3-body wear (3BW) were determined (n=12). Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney-U, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman correlation tests (α=.05). RESULTS After polishing, the 3D printed resin showed higher DC, SR, and 3BW but lower Martens parameters compared with veneering composite resins (P<.007). After goat hair brushing, the 3D printed resin showed lower FS than VITA-VCR (P=.043). For the 3D printed resin, goat hair brushing or GC-Varnish reduced SR, while VITA-Varnish showed the lowest 3BW (P<.045). For both veneering composite resins, goat hair brushing led to low SR and 3BW and high EIT and FS (P<.043). Silicone polishing led to low EIT of the 3D printed resin and low EIT and FS of GC-VCR (P<.009). Coating resulted in a lower EIT than the untreated surface and higher 3BW than GC-Varnish (P<.030). CONCLUSIONS The 3D printed resin showed higher DC, SR, 3BW and lower HM, EIT, and FS values than the veneering composite resins. Polishing with a goat hair brush can be recommended for all tested materials. For the 3D printed resin, varnishing presents a promising alternative with regard to SR and 3BW. Silicone polishing and coating cannot be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lask
- Doctoral student, Dental Materials Unit, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Bogna Stawarczyk
- Professor, Dental Materials Unit, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel Reymus
- Research Associate, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - John Meinen
- Dental Technician, Dental Materials Unit, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Felicitas Mayinger
- Research Associate, Dental Materials Unit, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Del Hougne M, Di Lorenzo I, Höhne C, Schmitter M. A retrospective cohort study on 3D printed temporary crowns. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17295. [PMID: 39068274 PMCID: PMC11283549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In this retrospective cohort study the survival rate, clinical parameters, patient satisfaction with aesthetics and oral health-related quality of life of 3D printed temporary crowns were evaluated. Temporary crowns were 3D printed with a Form3B out of Permanent Crown Resin (Formlabs GmbH). Anonymized data for the restorations' survival (in-situ) was evaluated retrospectively for 98 temporary crowns of 63 patients fabricated within 19 months. Among these restorations, further analysis was conducted for 42 temporary crowns of 24 patients regarding clinical parameters (modified USPHS criteria), patient satisfaction with aesthetics and impact on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) (OHIP 14). Descriptive statistical analysis (significance level of α = 0.05) included a Kaplan-Meier curve for survival analysis, a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for USPHS, aesthetics and OHIP data, followed by a Wilcoxon test for USPHS and OHIP data and Chi-squared test for aesthetics data. Cronbach's alpha was calculated for OHIP data. The average observation period for survival analysis was 256 days. The survival rate was satisfactory at 98% and n = 2 catastrophic failures (i.e. fracture) occurred. Total OHIP scores, with good reliabilities, improved from 6.63 to 2.21 significantly (p = 0.005) and patient satisfaction with aesthetics (p < 0.001) as well. Clinical analysis with modified USPHS criteria revealed encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Del Hougne
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Isabella Di Lorenzo
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Höhne
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmitter
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
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Lassila L, Mangoush E, He J, Vallittu PK, Garoushi S. Effect of Post-Printing Conditions on the Mechanical and Optical Properties of 3D-Printed Dental Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1713. [PMID: 38932063 PMCID: PMC11207275 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the flexural strength (FS), surface wear, and optical properties of 3D-printed dental resins subjected to different post-printing conditions. A total of 240 specimens (2 × 2 × 25 mm³) were 3D-printed using resin materials for permanent (VaresoSmile Crown Plus) VSC and temporary (VaresoSmile Temp) VST restorations. Specimens underwent five post-printing conditions: no post-printing cure; post-cured in a Form Cure curing unit; Visio Beta Vacuum; Ivoclar Targis; or heat-cured (150 °C) for 30 min. Each group of specimens (n = 24) was tested either directly after post-curing, after 24 h of dry storage, or following hydrothermal accelerated aging in boiling water for 16 h. The three-point bending test was used to evaluate the FS. The two-body wear test was performed on 50 disc-shaped specimens (n = 5/group). Surface gloss and translucency were measured for permanent VSC specimens (n = 5/group). SEM/EDS and statistical analyses were performed. The Form Cure device yielded the highest FS and lowest wear depth (p < 0.05). Hydrothermal aging significantly reduced FS. There were no statistical differences in FS and wear values between materials subjected to same post-printing conditions. VSC groups exhibited similar optical properties across different post-printing treatments. Post-printing treatment conditions had a significant impact on the FS and wear of the 3D-printed resin, while optical properties remained unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lippo Lassila
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterial Center—TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (L.L.); (J.H.); (P.K.V.); (S.G.)
| | - Enas Mangoush
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterial Center—TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (L.L.); (J.H.); (P.K.V.); (S.G.)
| | - Jingwei He
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterial Center—TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (L.L.); (J.H.); (P.K.V.); (S.G.)
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Pekka K. Vallittu
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterial Center—TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (L.L.); (J.H.); (P.K.V.); (S.G.)
- Wellbeing Services County of South-West Finland, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Sufyan Garoushi
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterial Center—TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (L.L.); (J.H.); (P.K.V.); (S.G.)
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Çakmak G, Oosterveen-Rüegsegger AL, Akay C, Schimmel M, Yilmaz B, Donmez MB. Influence of polishing technique and coffee thermal cycling on the surface roughness and color stability of additively and subtractively manufactured resins used for definitive restorations. J Prosthodont 2024; 33:467-474. [PMID: 37421940 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate how different polishing techniques and coffee thermal cycling affect the surface roughness and stainability of additively and subtractively manufactured resins used for definitive prostheses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two additively manufactured composite resins (Crowntec, CT and VarseoSmile Crown Plus, VS) and a subtractively manufactured resin nanoceramic (Cerasmart, CS) were used to fabricate 90 rectangular-shaped specimens (14 × 12 × 1 mm) (n = 30). After baseline surface roughness (Ra) measurements, specimens were divided into three groups based on the polishing technique; conventional polishing with a 2-stage polishing kit (CP) and surface sealant application (Optiglaze, OG or Vita Akzent LC, VA) (n = 10). After polishing, specimens were subjected to 10,000 cycles of coffee thermal cycling. Ra and color coordinate measurements were performed after polishing and after coffee thermal cycling. Color difference (ΔE00) was calculated. Scanning electron microscope images were taken at each time interval. Kruskal-Wallis or 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to evaluate Ra of materials within each polishing-time interval pair and different polishing techniques within each material-time interval pair, while Friedman or repeated measures ANOVA were used to evaluate Ra at different time intervals within each material-polishing pair. ΔE00 was assessed with 2-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). RESULTS Other than VA-after polishing (p = 0.055), tested materials had significantly different Ra within each polishing-time interval pair (p ≤ 0.038). When Ra differences among different polishing techniques within each material-time interval pair were considered, CS had differences after coffee thermal cycling, CT had differences before polishing and after coffee thermal cycling, and VS had differences within each time interval (p ≤ 0.038). When Ra differences among different time intervals within each material-polishing pair were considered, significant differences were observed among all pairs (p ≤ 0.016), except for CS-VA (p = 0.695) and VS-VA (p = 0.300). ΔE00 values were affected by material and polishing technique interaction (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Ra of CS was similar to or lower than the Ra of other materials, regardless of the time interval or polishing technique. CP mostly led to lower Ra than other polishing techniques, whereas VA resulted in a high Ra regardless of the material-time interval pair. Polishing reduced the Ra, while coffee thermal cycling was found to have a small effect. Among tested material-polishing pairs, only CS-VA had moderately unacceptable color change when previously reported threshold values were considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülce Çakmak
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alice Lisa Oosterveen-Rüegsegger
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Private Practice, Zahnarzt Praxis Gadzo AG, Interlaken, Switzerland
| | - Canan Akay
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
- Translational Medicine Research and Clinical Center, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Martin Schimmel
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Gerodontology and Removable Prosthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Ohio, USA
| | - Mustafa Borga Donmez
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istinye University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Ma Z, Chen Y, Wang R, Zhu M. Synthesis of polymerizable betulin maleic diester derivative for dental restorative resins with antibacterial activity. Dent Mater 2024; 40:941-950. [PMID: 38719709 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) is of great importance for dental materials as the preferred monomer. However, the presence of bisphenol-A (BPA) core in Bis-GMA structure causes potential concerns since it is associated with endocrine diseases, developmental abnormalities, and cancer lesions. Therefore, it is desirable to develop an alternative replacement for Bis-GMA and explore the intrinsic relationship between monomer structure and resin properties. METHODS Here, the betulin maleic diester derivative (MABet) was synthesized by a facile esterification reaction using plant-derived betulin and maleic anhydride as raw materials. Its chemical structure was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectra, FT-IR spectra, and HR-MS, respectively. The as-synthesized MABet was then used as polymerizable comonomer to partially or completely substitute Bis-GMA in a 50:50 Bis-GMA: TEGDMA resin (5B5T) to formulate dental restorative resins. These were then determined for the viscosity behavior, light transmittance, real-time degree of conversion, residual monomers, mechanical performance, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in detail. RESULTS Among all experimental resins, increasing the MABet concentration to 50 wt% made the resultant 5MABet5T resin have a maximum in viscosity and appear dark yellowish after polymerization. In contrast, the 1MABet4B5T resin with 10 wt% MABet possessed comparable shear viscosity and polymerization conversion (46.6 ± 1.0% in 60 s), higher flexural and compressive strength (89.7 ± 7.8 MPa; 345.5 ± 14.4 MPa) to those of the 5B5T control (48.5 ± 0.6%; 65.7 ± 6.7 MPa; 223.8 ± 57.1 MPa). This optimal resin also had significantly lower S. mutans colony counts (0.35 ×108 CFU/mL) than 5B5T (7.6 ×108 CFU/mL) without affecting cytocompatibility. SIGNIFICANCE Introducing plant-derived polymerizable MABet monomer into dental restorative resins is an effective strategy for producing antibacterial dental materials with superior physicochemical property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ruili Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Celikel P, Sengul F. Investigating the impact of post-curing cycles on surface hardness and color stability in 3D printed resin crowns. Odontology 2024:10.1007/s10266-024-00956-8. [PMID: 38809453 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-024-00956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of different post-curing cycles on the Vickers hardness, color change, and translucency value of 3D printed methacrylic acid ester-based temporary and permanent crown resins. A total of 300 samples were printed in disk shape (ø:8 mm, thickness: 2 mm) using VarseoSmile Crown Plus (VSC) and VarseoSmile Temp (VST) materials from a 3D printer. These disks were divided into five subgroups (n = 30 each) based on flash-curing cycles (0, 750, 1500, 2250, and 3000). Surface hardness tests and color tests were conducted on both the green state and flash-cured groups. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). The hardness of 3D printed temporary and permanent crown resin increased with post-curing time. Compared to the post-curing cycle recommended by the manufacturer, no clinically significant color change (ΔE00 ≥ 2.25) was observed in any of the polymerized groups. It was determined that permanent crown material had a more translucent structure than temporary crown material. The interaction between material and post-curing had significant effects on surface hardness, color (ΔE00), and translucency of 3D printed methacrylic acid ester-based resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peris Celikel
- Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatih Sengul
- Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
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12
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Nagai T, Alfaraj A, Chu TMG, Yang CC, Lin WS. Color stability of CAD-CAM hybrid ceramic materials following immersion in artificial saliva and wine. J Prosthodont 2024. [PMID: 38742795 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the color stability of 3D-printed and milled, interim, and definitive, restorative materials after immersion in artificial saliva and wine for 1, 3, and 6 months. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study used a 2 × 5 factorial design with 10 subgroups, including 2 immersion liquids (artificial saliva and wine) and 5 manufacturing technology and restorative material combinations (n = 10). Color measurements were taken using a contact-type digital spectrophotometer (CM-2600d Spectrophotometer; Konica Minolta Healthcare Americas Inc) before immersion and at 1 month (T1), 3 months (T3), and 6 months (T6) after immersion. The CIE2000 system was used to calculate quantitative measurements of color differences in ΔE00, and comparisons were made to the acceptability threshold (AT) and perceptibility threshold (PT). Repeated measures of ANOVA (α = 0.05) were used to compare differences in color changes between manufacturing technology/restorative material-immersion liquid combinations at T1, T3, and T6. RESULTS To compare the effect of immersion liquid and time on the manufacturing technology/restorative material groups, the ΔE00 values were compared to the PT of 0.8 and the AT of 1.8. Wine caused significant color changes in ΔE00 values beyond the PT and AT values in all groups at all time intervals, except for the AT value of milled definitive crowns (hybrid nano-ceramic material). Wine immersion caused significant ΔE00 for all manufacturing technology/restorative material groups at all time intervals (1 month, 3 months, and 6 months) when compared to artificial saliva immersion (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Upon exposure to artificial saliva, 80%-100% of samples from all groups remained within the acceptable and perceptible color change thresholds. The wine had significant chromogenic effects on all tested restorative materials, however, the milled definitive crowns (hybrid nano-ceramic material) showed the greatest color stability. For patients with heavy wine consumption, 3D-printed definitive crowns (hybrid ceramic-filled material) may show discoloration exceeding acceptable and perceptible color change limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Nagai
- Department of Prosthodontics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Amal Alfaraj
- Department of Prosthodontics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Prosthodontics, King Faisal University, School of Dentistry, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tien-Min G Chu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Chao-Chieh Yang
- Advanced Education Program in Prosthodontics, Department of Prosthodontics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Wei-Shao Lin
- Department of Prosthodontics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Kollmuss M, Edelhoff D, Schwendicke F, Wuersching SN. In Vitro Cytotoxic and Inflammatory Response of Gingival Fibroblasts and Oral Mucosal Keratinocytes to 3D Printed Oral Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1336. [PMID: 38794529 PMCID: PMC11125196 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the biocompatibility of 3D printed materials used for additive manufacturing of rigid and flexible oral devices. Oral splints were produced and finished from six printable resins (pairs of rigid/flexible materials: KeySplint Hard [KR], KeySplint Soft [KF], V-Print Splint [VR], V-Print Splint Comfort [VF], NextDent Ortho Rigid [NR], NextDent Ortho Flex [NF]), and two types of PMMA blocks for subtractive manufacturing (Tizian Blank PMMA [TR], Tizian Flex Splint Comfort [TF]) as controls. The specimens were eluted in a cell culture medium for 7d. Human gingival fibroblasts (hGF-1) and human oral mucosal keratinocytes (hOK) were exposed to the eluates for 24 h. Cell viability, glutathione levels, apoptosis, necrosis, the cellular inflammatory response (IL-6 and PGE2 secretion), and cell morphology were assessed. All eluates led to a slight reduction of hGF-1 viability and intracellular glutathione levels. The strongest cytotoxic response of hGF-1 was observed with KF, NF, and NR eluates (p < 0.05 compared to unexposed cells). Viability, caspase-3/7 activity, necrosis levels, and IL-6/PGE2 secretion of hOK were barely affected by the materials. All materials showed an overall acceptable biocompatibility. hOK appeared to be more resilient to noxious agents than hGF-1 in vitro. There is insufficient evidence to generalize that flexible materials are more cytotoxic than rigid materials. From a biological point of view, 3D printing seems to be a viable alternative to milling for producing oral devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kollmuss
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.S.); (S.N.W.)
| | - Daniel Edelhoff
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Falk Schwendicke
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.S.); (S.N.W.)
| | - Sabina Noreen Wuersching
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.S.); (S.N.W.)
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Taşın S, Ismatullaev A. Effect of coffee thermocycling on the color and translucency of milled and 3D printed definitive restoration materials. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 131:969.e1-969.e7. [PMID: 38443241 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Research on the color and translucency properties of 3-dimensionally (3D) printed definitive resins and the effect of coffee thermocycling on these properties is lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of coffee thermocycling on the color and translucency parameters of the milled and 3D printed materials used for definitive restorations. MATERIAL AND METHODS Plate-shaped specimens (12×12×1 mm) of 3 milled (IPS e.max CAD (LDS), Vita Enamic (PICN), Cerasmart (RNC)) and two 3D printed (VarseoSmile Crownplus (VSP), Permanent Crown (PC)) were fabricated (n=12). The brightness (L*), red-green (a*), and yellow-blue (b*) parameters were measured with a spectrophotometer before and after 10 000 coffee thermocycles. The relative translucency parameters (RTP00) and color change were calculated using the CIEDE2000 formula. Stainability (ΔE00) and translucency differences (ΔRTP00) were evaluated. Data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Wilcoxon tests. The Spearman correlation test was used to analyze the ΔE00 and ΔRTP00 values (α=.05). RESULTS The type of material and coffee thermocycling significantly affected the evaluated parameters at both measurement periods (P=.001). Coffee thermocycling decreased the L* and RTP00 values while increasing the a* and b* values (P=.001). The highest ΔE00 values were found in VSP and PC, which were statistically similar (P=.291), while the highest | ΔRTP00 | values were observed for VSP (P=.001). The lowest ΔE00 and | ΔRTP00 | values were found in LDS (P=.001). A positive relationship was found between the ΔE00 and | ΔRTP00| values (R=.590, P=.01). CONCLUSIONS After coffee thermocycling, all tested materials exhibited a darkened, yellowish, and opaque appearance, although the alterations in color and translucency remained within clinically acceptable thresholds (AT00=1.81) for these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simge Taşın
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cyprus Health and Social Sciences University, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Artur Ismatullaev
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cyprus Health and Social Sciences University, Mersin, Turkey
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Della Rocca Y, Traini EM, Trubiani O, Traini T, Mazzone A, Marconi GD, Pizzicannella J, Diomede F. Biological Effects of PMMA and Composite Resins on Human Gingival Fibroblasts: An In Vitro Comparative Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4880. [PMID: 38732100 PMCID: PMC11084492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of temporary resin for provisional restorations is a fundamental step to maintain the position of prepared teeth, to protect the pulpal vitality and the periodontal health as well as the occlusion. The present study aimed at evaluating the biological effects of two resins used in dentistry for temporary restorations, Coldpac (Yates Motloid) and ProTemp 4™ (3M ESPE ™), and their eluates, in an in vitro model of human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs). The activation of the inflammatory pathway NFκB p65/NLRP3/IL-1β induced by the self-curing resin disks was evaluated by real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. The hGFs adhesion on resin disks was investigated by means of inverted light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our results suggest that hGF cells cultured in adhesion and with eluate derived from ProTemp 4™ (3M ESPE ™) resin evidenced a downregulation in the expression of the inflammatory mediators such as NFκB p65, NLRP3 and IL-1β compared to the cells cultured with Coldpac (Yates Motloid) after 24 h and 1 week of culture. Furthermore, the cells cultured with ProTemp 4™ (3M ESPE ™) after 24 h and 1 week of culture reported a higher cell viability compared to the cells cultured with Coldpac (Yates Motloid), established by MTS cell analysis. Similar results were obtained when hGFs were placed in culture with the eluate derived from ProTemp 4™ (3M ESPE ™) resin which showed a higher cell viability compared to the cells cultured with eluate derived from Coldpac (Yates Motloid). These results highlighted the lower pro-inflammatory action and improved cell biocompatibility of ProTemp 4™ (3M ESPE ™), suggesting a better performance in terms of cells-material interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Della Rocca
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (Y.D.R.); (E.M.T.); (O.T.); (T.T.); (A.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Enrico Matteo Traini
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (Y.D.R.); (E.M.T.); (O.T.); (T.T.); (A.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Oriana Trubiani
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (Y.D.R.); (E.M.T.); (O.T.); (T.T.); (A.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Tonino Traini
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (Y.D.R.); (E.M.T.); (O.T.); (T.T.); (A.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Antonella Mazzone
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (Y.D.R.); (E.M.T.); (O.T.); (T.T.); (A.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Guya Diletta Marconi
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (Y.D.R.); (E.M.T.); (O.T.); (T.T.); (A.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Jacopo Pizzicannella
- Department of Engineering and Geology, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Viale Pindaro, 42, 65127 Pescara, Italy;
| | - Francesca Diomede
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (Y.D.R.); (E.M.T.); (O.T.); (T.T.); (A.M.); (F.D.)
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Liu J, Zhang J, Liu W, Liang S. Combining a CAD-CAM composite resin palatal wall with a direct composite resin layering technique for the restoration of a large Class IV fracture: A clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2024:S0022-3913(24)00197-5. [PMID: 38614912 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
This clinical report presents combining a computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) composite resin palatal wall with a direct composite resin layering technique for the esthetic and functional restoration of a large Class IV fracture of a maxillary central incisor to achieve optimal esthetic and functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjin Liu
- Attending Physician, Private practice, Jiaxing, PR China
| | - Junling Zhang
- Graduate student, Department of Prosthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Weicai Liu
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.
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Cardoso BS, da Cruz MB, Marques JF, Roque JC, Martins JP, Malheiro RC, da Mata AD. Cellular responses to 3D printed dental resins produced using a manufacturer recommended printer versus a third party printer. J Adv Prosthodont 2024; 16:126-138. [PMID: 38694195 PMCID: PMC11058352 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2024.16.2.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different 3D dental resins, using a manufacturer recommended printer and a third-party printer, on cellular responses of human gingival cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three NextDent resins (Denture 3D+, C&B MFH and Crowntec) were used to produce specimens on printers NextDent 5100 (groups ND, NC and NT, respectively) and Phrozen Sonic Mini 4K (groups PD, PC and PT, respectively). Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured and biocompatibility was evaluated on days 1, 3 and 7. IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations were evaluated at 3 days using ELISA. Surface roughness was evaluated by a contact profilometer. SEM and fluorescence micrographs were analyzed at days 1 and 7. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS and mean differences were tested using ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey tests (P < .05). RESULTS There was an increase in cellular viability after 7 days in groups PC and PT, when compared to group PD. ND group resulted in higher concentration of IL-6 when compared to PT group. SEM and fluorescence micrographs showed less adhesion and thinner morphology of fibroblasts from group PD. No significant differences were found regarding surface roughness. CONCLUSION The use of different printers or resins did not seem to influence surface roughness. NextDent 5100 and Phrozen Sonic Mini 4K produced resins with similar cellular responses in human gingival fibroblasts. However, Denture 3D+ resin resulted in significantly lower biocompatibility, when compared to C&B MFH and Crowntec resins. Further testing is required to support its long-term use, required for complete dentures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Sona Cardoso
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), Rua Professora Teresa Ambrósio, Portugal
| | - Mariana Brito da Cruz
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), Rua Professora Teresa Ambrósio, Portugal
| | - Joana Faria Marques
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), Rua Professora Teresa Ambrósio, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Roque
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), Rua Professora Teresa Ambrósio, Portugal
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Departamento de Prótese Dentária - Laboratório de Tecnologias Digitais - DIGITECH, Rua Professora Teresa Ambrósio, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Martins
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), Rua Professora Teresa Ambrósio, Portugal
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Departamento de Prótese Dentária - Laboratório de Tecnologias Digitais - DIGITECH, Rua Professora Teresa Ambrósio, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Cordeiro Malheiro
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Departamento de Prótese Dentária - Laboratório de Tecnologias Digitais - DIGITECH, Rua Professora Teresa Ambrósio, Portugal
| | - António Duarte da Mata
- Centro de Estudos de Medicina Dentária Baseada na Evidência (CEMDBE) Cochrane Portugal, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Professora Teresa Ambrósio, Portugal
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), LIBPhys-FTC UID/FIS/04559/2013, Rua Professora Teresa Ambrósio, Portugal
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Caussin E, Moussally C, Le Goff S, Fasham T, Troizier-Cheyne M, Tapie L, Dursun E, Attal JP, François P. Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing in Dentistry: A Comprehensive Review of Actual Popular Technologies. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:950. [PMID: 38399200 PMCID: PMC10890271 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
In this comprehensive review, the current state of the art and recent advances in 3D printing in dentistry are explored. This article provides an overview of the fundamental principles of 3D printing with a focus on vat photopolymerization (VP), the most commonly used technological principle in dental practice, which includes SLA, DLP, and LCD (or mSLA) technologies. The advantages, disadvantages, and shortcomings of these technologies are also discussed. This article delves into the key stages of the dental 3D printing process, from computer-aided design (CAD) to postprocessing, emphasizing the importance of postrinsing and postcuring to ensure the biocompatibility of custom-made medical devices. Legal considerations and regulatory obligations related to the production of custom medical devices through 3D printing are also addressed. This article serves as a valuable resource for dental practitioners, researchers, and health care professionals interested in applying this innovative technology in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Caussin
- Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
- Bretonneau Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75018 Paris, France
- Université of Paris Cité, URB2i, 92100 Montrouge, France
| | | | - Stéphane Le Goff
- Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
- Université of Paris Cité, URB2i, 92100 Montrouge, France
| | - Timothy Fasham
- Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
- Bretonneau Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75018 Paris, France
- Université of Paris Cité, URB2i, 92100 Montrouge, France
| | - Max Troizier-Cheyne
- Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
- Bretonneau Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75018 Paris, France
- Université of Paris Cité, URB2i, 92100 Montrouge, France
| | - Laurent Tapie
- Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
- Université of Paris Cité, URB2i, 92100 Montrouge, France
- EPF École d’Ingénieurs, 94230 Cachan, France
| | - Elisabeth Dursun
- Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
- Université of Paris Cité, URB2i, 92100 Montrouge, France
- Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Attal
- Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
- Université of Paris Cité, URB2i, 92100 Montrouge, France
- Charles Foix Hospital, AP-HP, 94200 Ivry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Philippe François
- Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
- Bretonneau Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75018 Paris, France
- Université of Paris Cité, URB2i, 92100 Montrouge, France
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Lee JM, Son K, Lee KB. Evaluation of photopolymer resins for dental prosthetics fabricated via the stereolithography process at different polymerization temperatures. Part II: Dimensional accuracy and fracture load of fixed dental prostheses. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 131:330.e1-330.e9. [PMID: 37993321 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Prostheses printed on a 3-dimensional (3D) printer need to undergo the postpolymerization process, which can increase the working time. However, it has been not suggested for reducing workload and improving the properties of prostheses in dental clinical practice. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate how the printing temperature impacts the dimensional accuracy and fracture load of 3D printed fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). MATERIAL AND METHODS Dental prostheses were printed at room temperature (RT), 50°C, and 70°C using a stereolithography 3D printer. Subsequently, after rinsing away residual monomer, the printed parts underwent the green condition (it was not subjected to any postprocessing) and postpolymerization. The mechanical properties of the printed FDPs were determined by loading to fracture (n=6). To evaluate their clinical applicability, the dimensional accuracy and fit of FDPs fabricated at various resin polymerization temperatures were measured (n=6). The 1-way analysis of variance was used to perform statistical comparisons, followed by the Tukey honestly significant difference test (α=.05). RESULTS The specimens printed at RT and 50°C were better than those printed at 70°C in terms of dimensional accuracy and fit (P<.05). Nonetheless, the dimensional accuracy and fit of the specimens printed at 70°C were clinically acceptable. The fracture load of the 3-unit FDPs depended significantly on the printing temperature. CONCLUSIONS The dimensional accuracy and fracture load of the 70°C group were acceptable for FDP fabrication. Thus, the temperature of 70°C without postprocessing may help make the procedure more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Min Lee
- Graduate student, Advanced Dental Device Development Institute, Department of Dental Science, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - KeunBaDa Son
- Research Professor, Advanced Dental Device Development Institute, Department of Dental Science, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bok Lee
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Süsgün Yıldırım Z, Batmaz SG. Monomer release, cell adhesion, and cell viability of indirect restorative materials manufactured with additive, subtractive, and conventional methods. J Oral Sci 2024; 66:9-14. [PMID: 37866923 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.23-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to measure residual monomer, cell adhesion, and cell viability of 3-dimensional printable permanent resin (PR), hybrid ceramic block (HCB), and indirect composite (IC) produced with additive, subtractive, and conventional techniques. METHODS Five 8 × 8 × 2 mm3 samples of each material were prepared for each experiment. In a 24-h period, monomer release was analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography, and cell viability and adhesion were evaluated with the water-soluble tetrazolium salt test. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 statistical software, and results were regarded as significant at α = 0.05. RESULTS Monomer release (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, urethane dimethacrylate, and Bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate) was significantly higher in the IC group. Mean cell viability was significantly lower in the HCB group than in the IC group. CONCLUSION All monomers in the tested materials were released at rates that were below clinical significance. Cell adhesion rates in the groups were similar. Cytotoxic response was classified as minor in the HCB and PR groups and non-cytotoxic in the IC group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sevde Gül Batmaz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University
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21
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Prakash J, Shenoy M, Alhasmi A, Al Saleh AA, C SG, Shivakumar S. Biocompatibility of 3D-Printed Dental Resins: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e51721. [PMID: 38318586 PMCID: PMC10839546 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biocompatibility of 3D-printed dental resins has become a critical concern in modern dentistry due to the increasing utilization of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques in dental applications. These resins serve as essential materials for fabricating dental prostheses, orthodontic devices, and various dental components. As the clinical adoption of 3D printing in dentistry grows, it is imperative to comprehensively assess the biocompatibility of these materials to ensure patient safety and dental treatment efficacy. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the existing body of literature on the biocompatibility of 3D-printed dental resins, thereby providing valuable insights into the potential biological risks associated with their use. METHODS The search strategy to identify relevant papers was implemented across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies. Study selection was not limited to any particular timeframe of publishing. The revised CONSORT criteria were used to ascertain the authenticity and dependability of the review's outcomes. Comprehensive screening and eligibility assessment processes were conducted to select studies meeting predefined criteria. Biocompatibility-related parameters, including toxicity, mechanical properties, cell viability, and other relevant outcomes, were analyzed across selected studies using a standardized variable extraction protocol. RESULTS A total of 9 studies were included in the systematic review. The findings encompassed various aspects of biocompatibility assessment, including material composition, mechanical properties, cell viability, and cytotoxicity. Some studies revealed significant improvements in flexural strength and cell viability with specific resin formulations, demonstrating their potential for enhanced clinical utility. Conversely, certain resins exhibited cytotoxicity, while others displayed promising biocompatibility profiles. CONCLUSION As per the assessed findings, material composition, post-processing techniques, and manufacturing methods emerged as critical factors influencing biocompatibility outcomes. While some resins exhibited favorable biocompatibility profiles, others raised concerns due to cytotoxicity. These findings emphasize the need for careful consideration when selecting and implementing 3D-printed dental resins, with a focus on materials engineering and comprehensive biocompatibility testing. Further research is warranted to elucidate the long-term biocompatibility and clinical implications of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Prakash
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Institute, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Mahesh Shenoy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Abdulmajeed Alhasmi
- Department of Periodontics, King Salman Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAU
| | | | - Shivakumar G C
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, People's College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, IND
| | - Sahana Shivakumar
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, People's College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, IND
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Chung SH, Jiang ES, Lim BS, Kim SH, Chang J. Multi-peak Light-emitting Diode Curing Units and Polymerization of 3D-printed Crown and Bridge Resin. Oper Dent 2024; 49:98-109. [PMID: 38058011 DOI: 10.2341/23-061-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the substitutive and additive efficacy of multi-peak light-emitting diode (LED) curing units for post-curing of a three-dimensional- (3D-) printed crown and bridge resin. METHODS A total of 792 disc- and 180 bar-shaped specimens were printed with a crown and bridge resin (NextDent C&B MFH) and post-cured using two LED curing units (VALO Cordless and Bluephase N G4) in fast and standard modes. Conventional post-curing (LC-3D Print Box, Group PC) was compared with LED-only curing (Groups V1, V2, B1, and B2) and LED-combined curing (Groups PV1, PV2, PB1, and PB2) in terms of microhardness, flexural strength, degree of conversion (DC), and CIE L*a*b* color and translucency parameters. Cytotoxicity of the resin eluates was evaluated using the WST-1 assay. Temperature increases on the resin surface were measured with infrared thermography. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests (α=0.05). RESULTS The microhardness and flexural strength in Groups V1, V2, B1, and DC in all LED-only groups were lower than in other groups (p<0.05). Larger color disparities existed between Group PC and all LED-only groups than between Group PC and the others (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in cytotoxicity among the groups. The temperature increase was lowest in Groups V1 and PV1 during light curing (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Post-curing by multi-peak LED curing units was not as effective as the conventional post-curing device. Additional post-curing by LED curing units did not improve the material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Chung
- Shin Hye Chung, DDS, MSD, PhD, Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - E-S Jiang
- En-Shi Jiang, DDS, MSD, PhD, Department of Stomatology, Yanbian University and Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji China
| | - B-S Lim
- Bum-Soon Lim, PhD, Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S-H Kim
- Seong-Hae Kim, Center for Future Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J Chang
- *Juhea Chang, DDS, MSD, PhD, National Dental Care Center for Persons with Special Needs, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Jeong M, Radomski K, Lopez D, Liu JT, Lee JD, Lee SJ. Materials and Applications of 3D Printing Technology in Dentistry: An Overview. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 12:1. [PMID: 38275676 PMCID: PMC10814684 DOI: 10.3390/dj12010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms of 3D printing, the dental materials relevant to each mechanism, and the possible applications of these materials within different areas of dentistry. METHODS Subtopics within 3D printing technology in dentistry were identified and divided among five reviewers. Electronic searches of the Medline (PubMed) database were performed with the following search keywords: 3D printing, digital light processing, stereolithography, digital dentistry, dental materials, and a combination of the keywords. For this review, only studies or review papers investigating 3D printing technology for dental or medical applications were included. Due to the nature of this review, no formal evidence-based quality assessment was performed, and the search was limited to the English language without further restrictions. RESULTS A total of 64 articles were included. The significant applications, applied materials, limitations, and future directions of 3D printing technology were reviewed. Subtopics include the chronological evolution of 3D printing technology, the mechanisms of 3D printing technologies along with different printable materials with unique biomechanical properties, and the wide range of applications for 3D printing in dentistry. CONCLUSIONS This review article gives an overview of the history and evolution of 3D printing technology, as well as its associated advantages and disadvantages. Current 3D printing technologies include stereolithography, digital light processing, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering/melting, photopolymer jetting, powder binder, and 3D laser bioprinting. The main categories of 3D printing materials are polymers, metals, and ceramics. Despite limitations in printing accuracy and quality, 3D printing technology is now able to offer us a wide variety of potential applications in different fields of dentistry, including prosthodontics, implantology, oral and maxillofacial, orthodontics, endodontics, and periodontics. Understanding the existing spectrum of 3D printing applications in dentistry will serve to further expand its use in the dental field. Three-dimensional printing technology has brought about a paradigm shift in the delivery of clinical care in medicine and dentistry. The clinical use of 3D printing has created versatile applications which streamline our digital workflow. Technological advancements have also paved the way for the integration of new dental materials into dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.J.); (K.R.); (D.L.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Kyle Radomski
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.J.); (K.R.); (D.L.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Diana Lopez
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.J.); (K.R.); (D.L.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Jack T. Liu
- Dexter Southfield, Brookline, MA 02445, USA;
| | - Jason D. Lee
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.J.); (K.R.); (D.L.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Sang J. Lee
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.J.); (K.R.); (D.L.); (J.D.L.)
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Padunglappisit C, Suwanprateep N, Chaiwerawattana H, Naruphontjirakul P, Panpisut P. An in vitro assessment of biaxial flexural strength, degree of monomer conversion, color stability, and ion release in provisional restorations containing Sr-bioactive glass nanoparticles. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2265393. [PMID: 38204473 PMCID: PMC10763873 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2265393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the mechanical and chemical properties of an experimental provisional restoration containing Sr-bioactive glass nanoparticles (Sr-BGNPs) compared to commercial provisional materials. The experimental material (TempS10) contained dimethacrylate monomers with added 10 wt% Sr-BGNPs. The degree of monomer conversion (DC) of self-curing (n = 5), biaxial flexural strength (BFS)/modulus (BFM) (n = 5), and color changes (ΔE*00) of materials in red wine (n = 5) were determined. Additionally, ion release (Ca, P, and Sr) in water at 2 weeks was examined (n = 3). The commercial materials tested included polymethyl methacrylate-based provisional material (Unifast) and bis-acrylic materials (Protemp4 and Cooltemp). TempS10 exhibited a comparable degree of monomer conversion (49%) to that of Protemp4 (60%) and Cooltemp (54%) (p > 0.05). The DC of Unifast (81%) was significantly higher than that of other materials (p < 0.05). TempS10 showed a BFS (126 MPa) similar to Cooltemp (102 MPa) and Unifast (123 MPa), but lower than Protemp4 (194 MPa). The immersion time for 2 weeks exhibited no detrimental effect on the strength and modulus of all materials. The highest ΔE*00 at 24 h and 2 weeks was observed with TempS10, followed by Cooltemp, Unifast, and Protemp4. Only TempS10 showed a detectable amount of Ca (0.69 ppm), P (0.12 ppm), and Sr (3.01 ppm). The experimental provisional resin restoration containing Sr-BGNPs demonstrated polymerization and strength comparable to those of bis-acryl provisional restorations but with the added benefit of ion-releasing properties. However, the experimental material demonstrated unsatisfactory color stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Parichart Naruphontjirakul
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyaphong Panpisut
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Dental and Bone Substitute Biomaterials, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Çakmak G, Jutzi D, Donmez MB, Kahveci Ç, de Paula MS, Schimmel M, Yilmaz B. Effect of number of supports and build angle on the fabrication and internal fit accuracy of additively manufactured definitive resin-ceramic hybrid crowns. J Dent 2023; 134:104548. [PMID: 37192693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of number of supports and build angle on the fabrication and internal fit accuracy (trueness and precision) of additively manufactured resin-ceramic hybrid crowns. METHODS A mandibular first molar crown was designed and nested on the build platform of a printer either with a 30° angle between the occlusal surface and the build platform (BLS (less support) and BMS (more support)) or its occlusal surface parallel to the build platform (VLS (less support) and VMS (more support)) to fabricate additively manufactured resin-ceramic hybrid crowns (n=14). After fabrication, supports were removed by a blinded operator and all crowns were digitized with an intraoral scanner. Fabrication accuracy (overall, external, intaglio occlusal, occlusal, and marginal) was evaluated by using root mean square (RMS) method, while internal fit was evaluated with triple scan method. RMS, average gap, and precision of these data were analyzed (α= .05). RESULTS VLS had higher overall deviations than BLS and VMS (P≤.039). VMS had higher occlusal deviations than BLS (P=.033). While BMS and BLS had higher marginal deviations than VLS (P≤.006), BMS also had higher values than VMS (P=.012). BLS led to higher precision than VMS (intaglio occlusal and occlusal surfaces) and VLS (occlusal surface) (P≤.008). VLS led to higher precision than BMS (marginal surface) (P=.027). Average gap values were similar (P=.723); however, BLS resulted in higher precision than VLS (P=.018). CONCLUSIONS Considering their high marginal and occlusal surface trueness, and similar internal occlusal deviations and average gaps (trueness), clinical fit of resin-ceramic hybrid crowns fabricated with tested parameters may be similar. Reduced number of supports and angled orientation may lead to higher precision of fit. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Tested resin-ceramic hybrid-printer pair may be used to fabricate crowns with reduced number of supports to maintain occlusal surface integrity without compromising the fabrication accuracy and fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülce Çakmak
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dino Jutzi
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Borga Donmez
- Department of Prosthodontics, Istinye University, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Çiğdem Kahveci
- Department of Prosthodontics, Giresun University Faculty of Dentistry, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Marcella Silve de Paula
- Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Department of Prevention and Oral Rehabilitation, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Martin Schimmel
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Division of Gerodontology and Removable Prosthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Ohio, USA
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Donmez MB, Çakmak G, Yılmaz D, Schimmel M, Abou-Ayash S, Yilmaz B, Peutzfeldt A. Bond strength of additively manufactured composite resins to dentin and titanium when bonded with dual-polymerizing resin cements. J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(23)00255-X. [PMID: 37183123 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Additively manufactured composite resins for definitive restorations have been recently introduced. The bond strength between these composite resins and different substrates has not been extensively studied. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to measure the shear bond strength (SBS) between additively manufactured composite resins and dentin and titanium substrates and compare those with the SBS between subtractively manufactured polymer-infiltrated ceramic and the same substrates (dentin and titanium), when different dual-polymerizing resin cements were used. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and eighty cylinder-shaped specimens (Ø5×5 mm) were prepared from 3 materials recommended for definitive restorations: an additively manufactured composite resin (Crowntec [CT]); an additively manufactured hybrid composite resin (VarseoSmile Crown Plus [VS]); and a subtractively manufactured polymer-infiltrated ceramic (Enamic [EN]) (n=60). Specimens were randomly divided into six subgroups to be cemented to the two substrates (dentin and titanium; n=30) with 1 of 3 resin cements (RelyX Universal, Panavia V5, and Variolink Esthetic DC) (n=10). The restoration surface to be bonded was treated according to the respective manufacturer's recommendations. Dentin surfaces were treated according to the resin cement (Scotchbond Universal Plus Adhesive for RelyX Universal, Panavia V5 Tooth Primer for Panavia V5, and Adhese Universal for Variolink Esthetic DC), while titanium surfaces were airborne-particle abraded, and only the specimens paired with Panavia V5 were treated with a ceramic primer (Clearfil Ceramic Primer Plus). SBS was measured in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Failure modes were analyzed under a microscope at ×12 magnification. Data were analyzed by using 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey honestly significant difference tests (α=.05). RESULTS When SBS to dentin was considered, only restorative material, as a main factor, had a significant effect (P<.001); EN had the highest SBS (P<.001), while the difference in SBS values of CT and VS was not significant (P=.145). As for SBS to titanium, the factors restorative material and resin cement and their interaction had a significant effect (P<.001). Within each resin cement, EN had the highest SBS to titanium (P<.001), and within each restorative material, Variolink resulted in the lowest SBS (P≤.010). Overall, EN and RelyX were associated with the highest SBS to titanium (P≤.013). Mixed failures were predominant in most groups. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of the substrate or the resin cement used, the subtractively manufactured polymer-infiltrated ceramic had higher shear bond strength than the additively manufactured composite resins. The SBS of the additively manufactured composite resins, whether bonded to dentin or titanium, were not significantly different from each other. Regardless of the restorative material, Variolink DC resulted in the lowest SBS for titanium surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Borga Donmez
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istinye University, İstanbul, Turkey; and Visiting Researcher, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Gülce Çakmak
- Senior Resarch Associate, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Deniz Yılmaz
- Lecturer, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Martin Schimmel
- Professor and Head, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and External Research Associate, Division of Gerodontology and Removable Prosthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samir Abou-Ayash
- Senior Lecturer and Head of the Section of Digital Implant and Reconstructive Dentistry, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Associate Professor, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Associate Professor, Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and Adjunct Professor, Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Anne Peutzfeldt
- Senior Researcher, Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and Affiliate Professor, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Alshamrani A, Alhotan A, Owais A, Ellakwa A. The Clinical Potential of 3D-Printed Crowns Reinforced with Zirconia and Glass Silica Microfillers. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14050267. [PMID: 37233377 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14050267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of 3D-printed crown resin materials with improved mechanical and physical properties is an area of growing interest in dentistry. This study aimed to develop a 3D-printed crown resin material modified with zirconia glass (ZG) and glass silica (GS) microfillers to enhance overall mechanical and physical properties. A total of 125 specimens were created and divided into five groups: control unmodified resin, 5% either ZG or GS reinforced 3D-printed resin, and 10% either ZG or GS reinforced 3D-printed resin. The fracture resistance, surface roughness, and translucency parameter were measured, and fractured crowns were studied under a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that 3D-printed parts that were strengthened with ZG and GS microfillers demonstrated comparable mechanical performance to unmodified crown resin but resulted in greater surface roughness, and only the group that contained 5% ZG showed an increase in translucency. However, it should be noted that increased surface roughness may impact the aesthetics of the crowns, and further optimisation of microfillers concentrations may be necessary. These findings suggest that the newly developed dental-based resins that incorporate microfillers could be suitable for clinical applications, but further studies are necessary to optimise the nanoparticle concentrations and investigate their long-term clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alshamrani
- Oral Rehabilitation & Dental Biomaterial and Bioengineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Dental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alhotan
- Department of Dental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Owais
- The X-ray Spectroscopy Node, Sydney Analytical, Core Research Facilities, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ayman Ellakwa
- Oral Rehabilitation & Dental Biomaterial and Bioengineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Ronsivalle V, Ruiz F, Lo Giudice A, Carli E, Venezia P, Isola G, Leonardi R, Mummolo S. From Reverse Engineering Software to CAD-CAM Systems: How Digital Environment Has Influenced the Clinical Applications in Modern Dentistry and Orthodontics. APPLIED SCIENCES 2023; 13:4986. [DOI: 10.3390/app13084986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Background: Reverse engineering (RE) or back engineering is a process that analyzes a physical object to obtain the primary data of the same project. RE technologies have different applications in industrial settings and productive chains; however, with the advent of digital technologies in dentistry and orthodontic fields, they are involved in the new diagnostic and clinical digital workflow. For example, 3D model scanning, 3D facial scanning, models superimposition, digital orthodontic setup, anatomical volumetric assessment, soft tissue analysis, orthodontic digital guided systems, and prototyped orthodontic appliances represent a few examples of the application of RE in orthodontics. Moreover, clinicians can manipulate the data derived from original digital file to enhance diagnosis and communication with other clinicians and dental technicians; however, RE and digital technologies systems are not exempt from shortcomings, including costs and knowledge curve. In this regard, the aim of the present manuscript was to describe the use of reverse engineering technologies in modern digital orthodontics and provide helpful information for those specialists who are at the beginning of the transition from analogic to digital orthodontic workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Ronsivalle
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Section of Orthodontics, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Ruiz
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Section of Orthodontics, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Lo Giudice
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Section of Orthodontics, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Carli
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Critical Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Venezia
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Section of Orthodontics, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Section of Orthodontics, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Leonardi
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Section of Orthodontics, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Mummolo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, Postgraduate School of Orthodontics, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
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Alkhateeb RI, Algaoud HS, Aldamanhori RB, Alshubaili RR, Alalawi H, Gad MM. Fracture Load of 3D-Printed Interim Three-Unit Fixed Dental Prostheses: Impact of Printing Orientation and Post-Curing Time. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071737. [PMID: 37050351 PMCID: PMC10097162 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The fracture resistance of 3-unit interim fixed dental prostheses (IFDPs) fabricated using digital light processing (DLP) additive technology with different printing parameters is neglected. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of different printing orientations and different post-curing times on the fracture resistance of 3-unit IFDPs fabricated from two three-dimensional (3D) printed resins, NextDent, C&B (CB), ASIGA, and DentaTOOTH. A 3-unit dye was scanned, and an IFDP was designed. A total of 300 specimens (150/materials, n = 10) were printed and divided into three groups according to printing orientations (0°, 45°, 90°) per material. Each orientation was subdivided into five groups (n = 10) considering the post-curing time (green state as control, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min). All specimens underwent thermocycling (5000 cycles). Each specimen was fitted onto the die and loaded until fracture using a universal testing machine with a loading rate of 1 m/min. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test (α = 0.05). The result showed that printing orientation had a significant effect on the fracture load for both ASIGA and NextDent materials (p < 0.05). The highest fracture load was recorded with 45° orientation, followed by 0° orientation and 90° orientation showed the lowest values per respective post-curing time. Post-curing time increased the fracture load (p < 0.05). Post-curing time had a positive effect on the fracture load. As the post-curing time increased, the fracture resistance load increased (p < 0.05), with 90 and 120 min showing the highest fracture load. The 0° and 45° printing orientations have a high fracture load for 3D-printed IFDPs, and an increased post-curing time is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem I. Alkhateeb
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel S. Algaoud
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rand B. Aldamanhori
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rand R. Alshubaili
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haidar Alalawi
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Gad
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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30
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Jovanovic M, Zivkovic N, Gligorijevic N, Igic M, Petrovic M, Bojovic M, Jovanovic R, Kostic M. Cytomorphometric and Clinical Changes in Gingival Tissue after Subgingival Tooth Preparation-A Pilot Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11030414. [PMID: 36766991 PMCID: PMC9914646 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth preparation for a metal-ceramic crown with a subgingival finish line can lead to inflammatory changes in the gingival tissue, often accompanied by cell damage. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical signs of inflammation and the cytomorphological status of the gingival tissue before and after tooth preparation. The research included a homogeneous group of 19 patients with an indication for upper canine preparation. Before and after treatment, the gingival and the gingival bleeding indexes were determined, gingival swabs were taken, and direct smears prepared on slides for cytomorphometric analysis. The values of the measured gingival indexes were statistically significantly higher (p < 0.001) after tooth preparation. They decreased over time, which indicated the reversibility of the resulting changes. Cytological examination showed no statistically significant difference between the values of nuclear area, perimeter, Feret diameter, Feret angle, integrated optical density, MinFeret, and roundness, before and after the treatment. Significantly higher values of circularity, integrated optical density, MinFeret (p < 0.05), as well as roundness (p < 0.001) were found after 72 h, compared to those taken 15 min after tooth crown preparation. This study is a pioneering attempt to show gingival changes during fixed prosthodontic treatment and may shed new light on pathogenetic events in prosthodontic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Jovanovic
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-6552-14411
| | - Nikola Zivkovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Nikola Gligorijevic
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Marko Igic
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Milica Petrovic
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Marija Bojovic
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | | | - Milena Kostic
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
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31
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Gatto ML, Mengucci P, Munteanu D, Nasini R, Tognoli E, Denti L, Gatto A. Beads for Cell Immobilization: Comparison of Alternative Additive Manufacturing Techniques. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020150. [PMID: 36829644 PMCID: PMC9951852 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The attachment or entrapment of microbial cells and enzymes are promising solutions for various industrial applications. When the traps are beads, they are dispersed in a fluidized bed in a vessel where a pump guarantees fresh liquid inflow and waste outflow without washing out the cells. Scientific papers report numerous types of cell entrapment, but most of their applications remain at the laboratory level. In the present research, rigid polymer beads were manufactured by two different additive manufacturing (AM) techniques in order to verify the economy, reusability, and stability of the traps, with a view toward a straightforward industrial application. The proposed solutions allowed for overcoming some of the drawbacks of traditional manufacturing solutions, such as the limited mechanical stability of gel traps, and they guaranteed the possibility of producing parts of constant quality with purposely designed exchange surfaces, which are unfeasible when using conventional processes. AM proved to be a viable manufacturing solution for beads with complex shapes of two different size ranges. A deep insight into the production and characteristics of beads manufactured by AM is provided. The paper provides biotechnologists with a manufacturing perspective, and the results can be directly applied to transit from the laboratory to the industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Gatto
- Department DIISM, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Paolo Mengucci
- Department SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniel Munteanu
- Material Science Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Blvd., 500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Roberto Nasini
- Prosilas S.r.l., Via Terracini 14, 60212 Civitanova Marche (MC), Italy
| | - Emanuele Tognoli
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Lucia Denti
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Gatto
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
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The Biological Activity of Fragmented Computer-Aided Design/Manufacturing Dental Materials before and after Exposure to Acidic Environment. Medicina (B Aires) 2023; 59:medicina59010104. [PMID: 36676728 PMCID: PMC9866959 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Three ceramic and composite computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials from different manufacturers (Cerasmart (CS)-nanoceramic resin; Straumann Nice (SN)-glass ceramic and Tetric CAD (TC)-composite resin) were tested to investigate the biocompatibility and sustainability on human fibroblasts and keratinocytes cells. Each type of CAD/CAM blocks restorative materials with fine and rough surfaces was exposed to an acidic environment for one month. After that, various powders were obtained by milling. In parallel, powders were also prepared from each restorative material, which were not exposed to the acidic environment. The cytotoxic effects were investigated by means of MTT and LDH assays, as well as nitric oxide production on two human normal cell lines, namely, fibroblasts (BJ) and keratinocytes (HaCaT). In addition, the degree of adhesion of fibroblast cells to each CAD/CAM material was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the two samples that were exposed to an acidic environment (CS and SN) induced a reduction of mitochondrial activity and plasma membrane damage as regards the fibroblast cells. A similar effect was observed in TC_fine-exposed material, which seemed to induce necrosis at the tested concentration of 1 mg/mL. No oxidative stress was observed in fibroblasts and keratinocytes treated with the CAD/CAM materials. Regarding the adhesion degree, it was found that the fibroblasts adhere to all the occlusal veneers tested, with the mention that the CS and SN materials have a weaker adhesion with fewer cytoplasmic extensions than TC material. With all of this considered, the CAD/CAM restorative materials tested are biocompatible and represent support for the attachment and dispersion of cells.
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