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Xie MX, Rao JH, Tian XY, Liu JK, Li X, Chen ZY, Cao Y, Chen AN, Shu HH, Zhang XL. ATF4 inhibits TRPV4 function and controls itch perception in rodents and nonhuman primates. Pain 2024; 165:1840-1859. [PMID: 38422489 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Acute and chronic itch are prevalent and incapacitating, yet the neural mechanisms underlying both acute and chronic itch are just starting to be unraveled. Activated transcription factor 4 (ATF4) belongs to the ATF/CREB transcription factor family and primarily participates in the regulation of gene transcription. Our previous study has demonstrated that ATF4 is expressed in sensory neurons. Nevertheless, the role of ATF4 in itch sensation remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that ATF4 plays a significant role in regulating itch sensation. The absence of ATF4 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons enhances the itch sensitivity of mice. Overexpression of ATF4 in sensory neurons significantly alleviates the acute and chronic pruritus in mice. Furthermore, ATF4 interacts with the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) and inhibits its function without altering the expression or membrane trafficking of TRPV4 in sensory neurons. In addition, interference with ATF4 increases the itch sensitivity in nonhuman primates and enhances TRPV4 currents in nonhuman primates DRG neurons; ATF4 and TRPV4 also co-expresses in human sensory neurons. Our data demonstrate that ATF4 controls pruritus by regulating TRPV4 signaling through a nontranscriptional mechanism and identifies a potential new strategy for the treatment of pathological pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Xiu Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hua Rao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Tian
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Kun Liu
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zi-Yi Chen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - An-Nan Chen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Hua Shu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhang
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Amin U, Jiang R, Raza SM, Fan M, Liang L, Feng N, Li X, Yang Y, Guo F. Gut-joint axis: Oral Probiotic ameliorates Osteoarthritis. J Tradit Complement Med 2024; 14:26-39. [PMID: 38223812 PMCID: PMC10785157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) etiology is multifactorial, and its prevalence is growing globally. The Gut microbiota shapes our immune system and impacts all aspects of health and disease. The idea of utilizing probiotics to treat different conditions prevails. Concerning musculoskeletal illness and health, current data lack the link to understand the interactions between the host and microbiome. We report that S. thermophilus, L. pentosus (as probiotics), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) harbour against osteoarthritis in vivo and alleviate IL-1β induced changes in chondrocytes in vitro. We examined the increased GABA concentration in mice's serum and small intestine content followed by bacterial treatment. The treatment inhibited the catabolism of cartilage and rescued mice joints from degradation. Furthermore, the anabolic markers upregulated and decreased inflammatory markers in mice knee joints and chondrocytes. This study is the first to represent GABA's chondrogenic and chondroprotective effects on joints and human chondrocytes. This data provides a foundation for future studies to elucidate the role of GABA in regulating chondrocyte cell proliferation. These findings opened future horizons to understanding the gut-joint axis and OA treatment. Thus, probiotic/GABA therapy shields OA joints in mice and could at least serve as adjuvant therapy to treat osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Amin
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shahid Masood Raza
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mengtian Fan
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Liang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Naibo Feng
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuyou Yang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengjin Guo
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Keeping the Balance: GABAB Receptors in the Developing Brain and Beyond. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040419. [PMID: 35447949 PMCID: PMC9031223 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main neurotransmitter in the brain responsible for the inhibition of neuronal activity is γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It plays a crucial role in circuit formation during development, both via its primary effects as a neurotransmitter and also as a trophic factor. The GABAB receptors (GABABRs) are G protein-coupled metabotropic receptors; on one hand, they can influence proliferation and migration; and, on the other, they can inhibit cells by modulating the function of K+ and Ca2+ channels, doing so on a slower time scale and with a longer-lasting effect compared to ionotropic GABAA receptors. GABABRs are expressed pre- and post-synaptically, at both glutamatergic and GABAergic terminals, thus being able to shape neuronal activity, plasticity, and the balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in response to varying levels of extracellular GABA concentration. Furthermore, given their subunit composition and their ability to form complexes with several associated proteins, GABABRs display heterogeneity with regard to their function, which makes them a promising target for pharmacological interventions. This review will describe (i) the latest results concerning GABABRs/GABABR-complex structures, their function, and the developmental time course of their appearance and functional integration in the brain, (ii) their involvement in manifestation of various pathophysiological conditions, and (iii) the current status of preclinical and clinical studies involving GABABR-targeting drugs.
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GABA B Receptor Chemistry and Pharmacology: Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 52:81-118. [PMID: 34036555 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The GABAB receptors are metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that mediate the actions of the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In the CNS, GABA plays an important role in behavior, learning and memory, cognition, and stress. GABA is also located throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is involved in the autonomic control of the intestine and esophageal reflex. Consequently, dysregulated GABAB receptor signaling is associated with neurological, mental health, and gastrointestinal disorders; hence, these receptors have been identified as key therapeutic targets and are the focus of multiple drug discovery efforts for indications such as muscle spasticity disorders, schizophrenia, pain, addiction, and gastroesophageal reflex disease (GERD). Numerous agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators of the GABAB receptor have been described; however, Lioresal® (Baclofen; β-(4-chlorophenyl)-γ-aminobutyric acid) is the only FDA-approved drug that selectively targets GABAB receptors in clinical use; undesirable side effects, such as sedation, muscle weakness, fatigue, cognitive deficits, seizures, tolerance and potential for abuse, limit their therapeutic use. Here, we review GABAB receptor chemistry and pharmacology, presenting orthosteric agonists, antagonists, and positive and negative allosteric modulators, and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting GABAB receptor modulation for the treatment of various CNS and peripheral disorders.
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Xie MX, Cao XY, Zeng WA, Lai RC, Guo L, Wang JC, Xiao YB, Zhang X, Chen D, Liu XG, Zhang XL. ATF4 selectively regulates heat nociception and contributes to kinesin-mediated TRPM3 trafficking. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1401. [PMID: 33658516 PMCID: PMC7930092 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21731-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective treatments for patients suffering from heat hypersensitivity are lacking, mostly due to our limited understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying this disorder. In the nervous system, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Here, we show that ATF4 plays an important role in heat nociception. Indeed, loss of ATF4 in mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons selectively impairs heat sensitivity. Mechanistically, we show that ATF4 interacts with transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member-3 (TRPM3) and mediates the membrane trafficking of TRPM3 in DRG neurons in response to heat. Loss of ATF4 also significantly decreases the current and KIF17-mediated trafficking of TRPM3, suggesting that the KIF17/ATF4/TRPM3 complex is required for the neuronal response to heat stimuli. Our findings unveil the non-transcriptional role of ATF4 in the response to heat stimuli in DRG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Xiu Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian-Ying Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization of South China Sea, 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, China
| | - Wei-An Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren-Chun Lai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, China
| | - Jun-Chao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Bin Xiao
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine of Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine of Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, China
| | - Xian-Guo Liu
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine of Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiao-Long Zhang
- Medical Research Center of Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, China.
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Du J, Liu H, Mao X, Qin Y, Fan C. ATF4 promotes lung cancer cell proliferation and invasion partially through regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:1442-1448. [PMID: 33628101 PMCID: PMC7893563 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.43167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a member of the cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein family and has been reported to participate in cancer progression; however, its molecular mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the function of ATF4 in non-small cell lung cancer and its molecular regulation. We detected cytoplasmic and nuclear ATF4 expression in lung cancer A549, H1299, and LK2 cells, and the total expression of ATF4 was higher than that in HBE cells (p < 0.05). Higher nuclear ATF4 expression was detected in all these cells compared to cytoplasmic ATF4 expression (p < 0.05). Overexpression of ATF4 in A549 cells significantly promoted cancer cell growth and invasion (p < 0.05). Expression of Wnt signaling molecules, including β-catenin, MMP7, and cyclin D1, and the activity of canonical Wnt signaling were also significantly promoted by ATF4 (p < 0.05). ICG001, a canonical Wnt signaling inhibitor that selectively inhibits β-catenin/ cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CBP) interaction, significantly inhibited cancer cell invasion and Wnt signaling. The function of ATF4 was also significantly inhibited by ICG001 (p < 0.05). However, compared to treatment with ICG001, the invasion ability of cancer cells treated with both ICG001 and ATF4 cDNA significantly increased (p < 0.05), which indicates that the function of ATF4 was not dependent only on Wnt/β-catenin signaling. The function of ATF4 in the regulation of β-catenin expression was not significantly affected by ICG001 (p > 0.05). The function of ATF4 to promote the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancer cells was abolished by treatment with ICG001 (p > 0.05). These results indicate that ATF4 may contribute to lung cancer progression at least partly by regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Du
- Department of Pathology, First affiliated hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, 110001, Shenyang, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Department of Pathology, First affiliated hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, 110001, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Mao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Unit of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 110001, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanan Qin
- Department of Pathology, First affiliated hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, 110001, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuifeng Fan
- Department of Pathology, First affiliated hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, 110001, Shenyang, China
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DENR promotes translation reinitiation via ribosome recycling to drive expression of oncogenes including ATF4. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4676. [PMID: 32938922 PMCID: PMC7494916 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation efficiency varies considerably between different mRNAs, thereby impacting protein expression. Translation of the stress response master-regulator ATF4 increases upon stress, but the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. We discover here that translation factors DENR, MCTS1 and eIF2D are required to induce ATF4 translation upon stress by promoting translation reinitiation in the ATF4 5'UTR. We find DENR and MCTS1 are only needed for reinitiation after upstream Open Reading Frames (uORFs) containing certain penultimate codons, perhaps because DENR•MCTS1 are needed to evict only certain tRNAs from post-termination 40S ribosomes. This provides a model for how DENR and MCTS1 promote translation reinitiation. Cancer cells, which are exposed to many stresses, require ATF4 for survival and proliferation. We find a strong correlation between DENR•MCTS1 expression and ATF4 activity across cancers. Furthermore, additional oncogenes including a-Raf, c-Raf and Cdk4 have long uORFs and are translated in a DENR•MCTS1 dependent manner.
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Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4) Regulates Neuronal Activity by Controlling GABA BR Trafficking. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6102-6113. [PMID: 29875265 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3350-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4) has been postulated as a key regulator of learning and memory. We previously reported that specific hippocampal ATF4 downregulation causes deficits in synaptic plasticity and memory and reduction of glutamatergic functionality. Here we extend our studies to address ATF4's role in neuronal excitability. We find that long-term ATF4 knockdown in cultured rat hippocampal neurons significantly increases the frequency of spontaneous action potentials. This effect is associated with decreased functionality of metabotropic GABAB receptors (GABABRs). Knocking down ATF4 results in significant reduction of GABABR-induced GIRK currents and increased mIPSC frequency. Furthermore, reducing ATF4 significantly decreases expression of membrane-exposed, but not total, GABABR 1a and 1b subunits, indicating that ATF4 regulates GABABR trafficking. In contrast, ATF4 knockdown has no effect on surface expression of GABABR2s, several GABABR-coupled ion channels or β2 and γ2 GABAARs. Pharmacologic manipulations confirmed the relationship between GABABR functionality and action potential frequency in our cultures. Specifically, the effects of ATF4 downregulation cited above are fully rescued by transcriptionally active, but not by transcriptionally inactive, shRNA-resistant, ATF4. We previously reported that ATF4 promotes stabilization of the actin-regulatory protein Cdc42 by a transcription-dependent mechanism. To test the hypothesis that this action underlies the mechanism by which ATF4 loss affects neuronal firing rates and GABABR trafficking, we downregulated Cdc42 and found that this phenocopies the effects of ATF4 knockdown on these properties. In conclusion, our data favor a model in which ATF4, by regulating Cdc42 expression, affects trafficking of GABABRs, which in turn modulates the excitability properties of neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT GABAB receptors (GABABRs), the metabotropic receptors for the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, have crucial roles in controlling the firing rate of neurons. Deficits in trafficking/functionality of GABABRs have been linked to a variety of neurological and psychiatric conditions, including epilepsy, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, addiction, and pain. Here we show that GABABRs trafficking is influenced by Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4), a protein that has a pivotal role in hippocampal memory processes. We found that ATF4 downregulation in hippocampal neurons reduces membrane-bound GABABR levels and thereby increases intrinsic excitability. These effects are mediated by loss of the small GTPase Cdc42 following ATF4 downregulation. These findings reveal a critical role for ATF4 in regulating the modulation of neuronal excitability by GABABRs.
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Pakos-Zebrucka K, Koryga I, Mnich K, Ljujic M, Samali A, Gorman AM. The integrated stress response. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1374-1395. [PMID: 27629041 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201642195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1518] [Impact Index Per Article: 189.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to diverse stress stimuli, eukaryotic cells activate a common adaptive pathway, termed the integrated stress response (ISR), to restore cellular homeostasis. The core event in this pathway is the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) by one of four members of the eIF2α kinase family, which leads to a decrease in global protein synthesis and the induction of selected genes, including the transcription factor ATF4, that together promote cellular recovery. The gene expression program activated by the ISR optimizes the cellular response to stress and is dependent on the cellular context, as well as on the nature and intensity of the stress stimuli. Although the ISR is primarily a pro-survival, homeostatic program, exposure to severe stress can drive signaling toward cell death. Here, we review current understanding of the ISR signaling and how it regulates cell fate under diverse types of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pakos-Zebrucka
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Izabela Koryga
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Katarzyna Mnich
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mila Ljujic
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Afshin Samali
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Adrienne M Gorman
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Bjordal M, Arquier N, Kniazeff J, Pin JP, Léopold P. Sensing of amino acids in a dopaminergic circuitry promotes rejection of an incomplete diet in Drosophila. Cell 2014; 156:510-21. [PMID: 24485457 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The brain is the central organizer of food intake, matching the quality and quantity of the food sources with organismal needs. To ensure appropriate amino acid balance, many species reject a diet lacking one or several essential amino acids (EAAs) and seek out a better food source. Here, we show that, in Drosophila larvae, this behavior relies on innate sensing of amino acids in dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the brain. We demonstrate that the amino acid sensor GCN2 acts upstream of GABA signaling in DA neurons to promote avoidance of the EAA-deficient diet. Using real-time calcium imaging in larval brains, we show that amino acid imbalance induces a rapid and reversible activation of three DA neurons that are necessary and sufficient for food rejection. Taken together, these data identify a central amino-acid-sensing mechanism operating in specific DA neurons and controlling food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Bjordal
- University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institute of Biology Valrose, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France; CNRS, Institute of Biology Valrose, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France; INSERM, Institute of Biology Valrose, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Nathalie Arquier
- University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institute of Biology Valrose, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France; CNRS, Institute of Biology Valrose, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France; INSERM, Institute of Biology Valrose, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Julie Kniazeff
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U661, Université Montpellier 1 & 2, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U661, Université Montpellier 1 & 2, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Léopold
- University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institute of Biology Valrose, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France; CNRS, Institute of Biology Valrose, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France; INSERM, Institute of Biology Valrose, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.
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ATF4 protects against neuronal death in cellular Parkinson's disease models by maintaining levels of parkin. J Neurosci 2013; 33:2398-407. [PMID: 23392669 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2292-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder, for which there are no effective disease-modifying therapies. The transcription factor ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4) is induced by multiple PD-relevant stressors, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative damage. ATF4 may exert either protective or deleterious effects on cell survival, depending on the paradigm. However, the role of ATF4 in the pathogenesis of PD has not been explored. We find that ATF4 levels are increased in neuromelanin-positive neurons in the substantia nigra of a subset of PD patients relative to controls. ATF4 levels are also upregulated in neuronal PC12 cells treated with the dopaminergic neuronal toxins 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). To explore the role of ATF4 in cell survival in PD-relevant contexts, we either silenced or overexpressed ATF4 in cellular models of PD. In neuronal PC12 cells, silencing of ATF4 enhanced cell death in response to either 6-OHDA or MPP+. Conversely, overexpression of ATF4 reduced cell death caused by dopaminergic neuronal toxins. ATF4 was also protective against 6-OHDA-induced death of cultured mouse ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons. We further show that parkin, a gene associated with autosomal recessive PD, plays a critical role in ATF4-mediated protection. After treatment with 6-OHDA or MPP+, parkin protein levels fall, despite an increase in mRNA levels. ATF4 silencing exacerbates the toxin-induced reduction of parkin, whereas ATF4 overexpression partially preserves parkin levels. Finally, parkin silencing blocked the protective capacity of ATF4. These results indicate that ATF4 plays a protective role in PD through the regulation of parkin.
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Torres-Peraza JF, Engel T, Martín-Ibáñez R, Sanz-Rodríguez A, Fernández-Fernández MR, Esgleas M, Canals JM, Henshall DC, Lucas JJ. Protective neuronal induction of ATF5 in endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by status epilepticus. Brain 2013; 136:1161-76. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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13
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Frank CL, Ge X, Xie Z, Zhou Y, Tsai LH. Control of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) persistence by multisite phosphorylation impacts cell cycle progression and neurogenesis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33324-33337. [PMID: 20724472 PMCID: PMC2963346 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.140699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organogenesis is a highly integrated process with a fundamental requirement for precise cell cycle control. Mechanistically, the cell cycle is composed of transitions and thresholds that are controlled by coordinated post-translational modifications. In this study, we describe a novel mechanism controlling the persistence of the transcription factor ATF4 by multisite phosphorylation. Proline-directed phosphorylation acted additively to regulate multiple aspects of ATF4 degradation. Stabilized ATF4 mutants exhibit decreased β-TrCP degron phosphorylation, β-TrCP interaction, and ubiquitination, as well as elicit early G1 arrest. Expression of stabilized ATF4 also had significant consequences in the developing neocortex. Mutant ATF4 expressing cells exhibited positioning and differentiation defects that were attributed to early G1 arrest, suggesting that neurogenesis is sensitive to ATF4 dosage. We propose that precise regulation of the ATF4 dosage impacts cell cycle control and impinges on neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Frank
- From the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research
| | - Xuecai Ge
- From the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research
| | - Zhigang Xie
- From the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research; Departments of Neurosurgery and Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Ying Zhou
- From the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- From the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research; Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139.
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14
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Wang RL, Bencic D, Villeneuve DL, Ankley GT, Lazorchak J, Edwards S. A transcriptomics-based biological framework for studying mechanisms of endocrine disruption in small fish species. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 98:230-244. [PMID: 20359757 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to construct a transcriptomics-based framework of signal transduction pathways, transcriptional regulatory networks, and the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) to facilitate formulation of specific, testable hypotheses regarding the mechanisms of endocrine disruption in fish. For the analyses involved, we used data from a total of more than 300 microarrays representing 58 conditions, which encompassed 4 tissue types from zebrafish of both genders exposed for 1 of 3 durations to 10 different test chemicals (17alpha-ethynyl estradiol, fadrozole, 17beta-trenbolone, fipronil, prochloraz, flutamide, muscimol, ketoconazole, trilostane, and vinclozolin). Differentially expressed genes were identified by one class t-tests for each condition, and those with false discovery rates of less than 40% and treatment/control ratios > or =1.3-fold were mapped to orthologous human, mouse, and rat pathways by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to look for overrepresentation of known biological pathways. To complement the analysis of known biological pathways, the genes regulated by approximately 1800 transcription factors were inferred using the ARACNE mutual information-based algorithm. The resulting gene sets for all transcriptional factors, along with a group of compiled HPG-axis genes and approximately 130 publicly available biological pathways, were analyzed for their responses to the 58 treatment conditions by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and its variant, Extended-GSEA. The biological pathways and transcription factors associated with multiple distinct treatments showed substantial interactions among the HPG-axis, TGF-beta, p53, and several of their cross-talking partners. These candidate networks/pathways have a variety of profound impacts on such cellular functions as stress response, cell cycle, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Lin Wang
- USEPA, Ecological Exposure Research Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
| | - David Bencic
- USEPA, Ecological Exposure Research Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Daniel L Villeneuve
- USEPA, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Gerald T Ankley
- USEPA, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Jim Lazorchak
- USEPA, Ecological Exposure Research Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Stephen Edwards
- USEPA, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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15
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Abstract
The DISC locus is located at the breakpoint of a balanced t(1;11) chromosomal translocation in a large and unique Scottish family. This translocation segregates in a highly statistically significant manner with a broad diagnosis of psychiatric illness, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression, as well as with a narrow diagnosis of schizophrenia alone. Two novel genes were identified at this locus and due to the high prevalence of schizophrenia in this family, they were named Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) and Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-2 (DISC2). DISC1 encodes a novel multifunctional scaffold protein, whereas DISC2 is a putative noncoding RNA gene antisense to DISC1. A number of independent genetic linkage and association studies in diverse populations support the original linkage findings in the Scottish family and genetic evidence now implicates the DISC locus in susceptibility to schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder and major depression as well as various cognitive traits. Despite this, with the exception of the t(1;11) translocation, robust evidence for a functional variant(s) is still lacking and genetic heterogeneity is likely. Of the two genes identified at this locus, DISC1 has been prioritized as the most probable candidate susceptibility gene for psychiatric illness, as its protein sequence is directly disrupted by the translocation. Much research has been undertaken in recent years to elucidate the biological functions of the DISC1 protein and to further our understanding of how it contributes to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. These data are the main subject of this review; however, the potential involvement of DISC2 in the pathogenesis of psychiatric illness is also discussed. A detailed picture of DISC1 function is now emerging, which encompasses roles in neurodevelopment, cytoskeletal function and cAMP signalling, and several DISC1 interactors have also been defined as independent genetic susceptibility factors for psychiatric illness. DISC1 is a hub protein in a multidimensional risk pathway for major mental illness, and studies of this pathway are opening up opportunities for a better understanding of causality and possible mechanisms of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Chubb
- Medical Genetics Section, The Centre for Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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16
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Passe CMM, Cooper G, Quirk CC. The murine p8 gene promoter is activated by activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) in the gonadotrope-derived LbetaT2 cell line. Endocrine 2006; 30:81-91. [PMID: 17185796 DOI: 10.1385/endo:30:1:81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The factor p8 is a high mobility group (HMG) A family member that is upregulated during the cellular stress response in numerous tissues. Because expression of this protein encourages cellular transformation, our goal is to characterize the mechanism by which the p8 gene is regulated. Using LbetaT2 cells as a model of a transformed cell in which p8 plays a role in tumor formation, we dissected the p8 promoter into its minimal functional units and found that activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a factor also upregulated during cellular stress responses, enhances p8 promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, ATF4 binds in the highly conserved major activation domain of the p8 proximal promoter between -130 and -100 bp. Furthermore, we show that six of the nine base pairs that encompass the putative element are essential for ATF4 binding. These findings increase our knowledge of the mechanisms regulating the p8 gene in a genetically defined tumor model.
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Matthews DB, Bhave SV, Belknap JK, Brittingham C, Chesler EJ, Hitzemann RJ, Hoffmann PL, Lu L, McWeeney S, Miles MF, Tabakoff B, Williams RW. Complex Genetics of Interactions of Alcohol and CNS Function and Behavior. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 29:1706-19. [PMID: 16205371 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000179209.44407.df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This work summarizes the proceedings of a symposium at the 2004 RSA Meeting in Vancouver, Canada. The organizers were R. W. Williams and D. B. Matthews; the Chair was M. F. Miles. The presentations were (1) WebQTL: A resource for analysis of gene expression variation and the genetic dissection of alcohol related phenotypes, by E. J. Chesler, (2) The marriage of microarray and qtl analyses: what's to gain, by J. K. Belknap, (3) Use of WebQTL to identify QTLs associated with footshock stress and ethanol related behaviors, by D. B. Matthews, (4) A high throughput strategy for the detection of quantitative trait genes, by R. J. Hitzemann, and (5) The use of gene arrays in conjunction with transgenic and selected animals to understand anxiety in alcoholism, by. B. Tabakoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Matthews
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA.
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18
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Kozell LB, Hitzemann R, Buck KJ. Acute Alcohol Withdrawal is Associated with c-Fos Expression in the Basal Ganglia and Associated Circuitry: C57BL/6J and DBA/2J Inbred Mouse Strain Analyses. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 29:1939-48. [PMID: 16340450 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000187592.57853.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DBA/2J (D2) and C57BL/6J (B6) mouse strains are the most widely studied genetic models of severe and mild acute alcohol withdrawal, respectively. Previous studies have identified quantitative trait loci and genes involved in risk for acute ethanol withdrawal using mapping populations derived from the D2 and B6 strains, but the brain region(s) and circuit(s) by which these genes and their protein products influence ethanol physiological dependence and associated withdrawal remain to be elucidated. METHODS B6 and D2 were administered a sedative-hypnotic dose of ethanol (4 g/kg) or saline (control) and returned to their home cages where they were left undisturbed for 7 hr, which has been shown in previous studies to correspond to peak acute ethanol withdrawal severity. The mice were then euthanized and assessed for their numbers of c-Fos immunoreactive neurons across 26 brain regions. The question addressed was whether or not ethanol-withdrawn D2 and B6 mice differed in c-Fos induction (neural activation) within circuitry that could explain the severe ethanol withdrawal of the D2 strain and the mild ethanol withdrawal in B6 strain mice. RESULTS At peak acute ethanol-withdrawal ethanol-withdrawn D2 and B6 mice differed in neural activation within the basal ganglia, including the subthalamic nucleus and the two major output nuclei of the basal ganglia (the medial globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata). Genotype-dependent c-Fos induction was also apparent in associated circuitry including the lateral septum, the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus accumbens core, the dorsolateral caudate putamen, the substantia nigra pars compacta, the cingulate and entorhinal cortices, and the ventral pallidum. D2 and B6 mice showed comparable neural activation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the nucleus accumbens shell. CONCLUSIONS The present studies are the first to use immediate early gene product expression to assess the pattern of neural activation associated with acute ethanol withdrawal. Our results point to the involvement of an extended basal ganglia circuit in genetically determined differences in acute ethanol withdrawal. Based on these data, we suggest that quantitative trait genes (QTGs) involved in acute ethanol withdrawal exert their effects on this phenotype via one or more of the brain regions and circuits identified. As more information becomes available that integrates neural circuit and QTG analyses, the precise mechanisms by which QTGs affect ethanol physiological dependence and associated withdrawal will become apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Kozell
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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19
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Hunsberger JG, Bennett AH, Selvanayagam E, Duman RS, Newton SS. Gene profiling the response to kainic acid induced seizures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 141:95-112. [PMID: 16165245 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 08/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Kainic acid activates non-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors where it increases synaptic activity resulting in seizures, neurodegeneration, and remodeling. We performed microarray analysis on rat hippocampal tissue following kainic acid treatment in order to study the signaling mechanisms underlying these diverse processes in an attempt to increase our current understanding of mechanisms contributing to such fundamental processes as neuronal protection and neuronal plasticity. The kainic acid-treated rats used in our array experiments demonstrated severe seizure behavior that was also accompanied by neuronal degeneration which is suggested by fluoro-jade B staining and anti-caspase-3 immunohistochemistry. The gene profile revealed 36 novel kainic acid regulated genes along with additional genes previously reported. The functional roles of these novel genes are discussed. These genes mainly have roles in transcription and to a lesser extent have roles in cell death, extracellular matrix remodeling, cell cycle progression, neuroprotection, angiogenesis, and synaptic signaling. Gene regulation was confirmed via quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Hunsberger
- Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, CMHC, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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20
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Ritter B, Ochojski M, Kühn T, Schwarzacher SW, Zhang W. Subcellular vesicular aggregations of GABAB R1a and R1b receptors increase with age in neurons of the developing mouse brain. Cell Tissue Res 2004; 319:181-9. [PMID: 15654651 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-0991-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
GABA(B) receptors play a critical neuromodulatory role in the central nervous system. It has been suggested that both the functional role and the cellular distribution of GABA(B) receptors in the neuronal network change during post-natal maturation. In the present study, the cellular and subcellular distribution patterns of the GABA(B) R1a/b receptors have been analysed in different brain regions of the mouse using immunocytochemistry with isoform-specific antisera. GABA(B) R1-immunoreactivity (IR) was present from the first post-natal day (P0) on in most regions of the brain. Neurones exhibited diffuse GABA(B) R1-IR labelling throughout somata and larger proximal dendrites as well as some fine neuronal processes. After P5, distinct punctuated staining was apparent. The number of such GABA(B) IR granules per cell increased with age in a sigmoidal manner from P5 to P60. Electron microscopy revealed GABA(B) IR as clusters of small clear vesicles of 30-50 nm diameter within the cytoplasm and close to the cell membrane at extrasynaptic locations, as well as at pre-synaptic and post-synaptic specialisations. The increase in GABA(B) R1-IR punctuate staining during brain maturation points to increasing functional participation and heterogeneity of GABA(B) receptors as the complexity of the central nervous system expands with growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ritter
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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