1
|
McDuffie EL, Panettieri RA, Scott CP. G 12/13 signaling in asthma. Respir Res 2024; 25:295. [PMID: 39095798 PMCID: PMC11297630 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Shortening of airway smooth muscle and bronchoconstriction are pathognomonic for asthma. Airway shortening occurs through calcium-dependent activation of myosin light chain kinase, and RhoA-dependent calcium sensitization, which inhibits myosin light chain phosphatase. The mechanism through which pro-contractile stimuli activate calcium sensitization is poorly understood. Our review of the literature suggests that pro-contractile G protein coupled receptors likely signal through G12/13 to activate RhoA and mediate calcium sensitization. This hypothesis is consistent with the effects of pro-contractile agonists on RhoA and Rho kinase activation, actin polymerization and myosin light chain phosphorylation. Recognizing the likely role of G12/13 signaling in the pathophysiology of asthma rationalizes the effects of pro-contractile stimuli on airway hyperresponsiveness, immune activation and airway remodeling, and suggests new approaches for asthma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L McDuffie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Charles P Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu D, Casey PJ. GPCR-Gα13 Involvement in Mitochondrial Function, Oxidative Stress, and Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7162. [PMID: 39000269 PMCID: PMC11241654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Gα13 and Gα12, encoded by the GNA13 and GNA12 genes, respectively, are members of the G12 family of Gα proteins that, along with their associated Gβγ subunits, mediate signaling from specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Advanced prostate cancers have increased expression of GPCRs such as CXC Motif Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4), lysophosphatidic acid receptor (LPAR), and protease activated receptor 1 (PAR-1). These GPCRs signal through either the G12 family, or through Gα13 exclusively, often in addition to other G proteins. The effect of Gα13 can be distinct from that of Gα12, and the role of Gα13 in prostate cancer initiation and progression is largely unexplored. The oncogenic effect of Gα13 on cell migration and invasion in prostate cancer has been characterized, but little is known about other biological processes such as mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Current knowledge on the link between Gα13 and oxidative stress is based on animal studies in which GPCR-Gα13 signaling decreased superoxide levels, and the overexpression of constitutively active Gα13 promoted antioxidant gene activation. In human samples, mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) correlates with prostate cancer risk and prognostic Gleason grade. However, overexpression of SOD2 in prostate cancer cells yielded conflicting results on cell growth and survival under basal versus oxidative stress conditions. Hence, it is necessary to explore the effect of Gα13 on prostate cancer tumorigenesis, as well as the effect of Gα13 on SOD2 in prostate cancer cell growth under oxidative stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore;
| | - Patrick J. Casey
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore;
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saito A, Kise R, Inoue A. Generation of Comprehensive GPCR-Transducer-Deficient Cell Lines to Dissect the Complexity of GPCR Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:599-619. [PMID: 38719480 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.124.001186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) compose the largest family of transmembrane receptors and are targets of approximately one-third of Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs owing to their involvement in almost all physiologic processes. GPCR signaling occurs through the activation of heterotrimeric G-protein complexes and β-arrestins, both of which serve as transducers, resulting in distinct cellular responses. Despite seeming simple at first glance, accumulating evidence indicates that activation of either transducer is not a straightforward process as a stimulation of a single molecule has the potential to activate multiple signaling branches. The complexity of GPCR signaling arises from the aspects of G-protein-coupling selectivity, biased signaling, interpathway crosstalk, and variable molecular modifications generating these diverse signaling patterns. Numerous questions relative to these aspects of signaling remained unanswered until the recent development of CRISPR genome-editing technology. Such genome editing technology presents opportunities to chronically eliminate the expression of G-protein subunits, β-arrestins, G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), and many other signaling nodes in the GPCR pathways at one's convenience. Here, we review the practicality of using CRISPR-derived knockout (KO) cells in the experimental contexts of unraveling the molecular details of GPCR signaling mechanisms. To mention a few, KO cells have revealed the contribution of β-arrestins in ERK activation, Gα protein selectivity, GRK-based regulation of GPCRs, and many more, hence validating its broad applicability in GPCR studies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review emphasizes the practical application of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) transducer knockout (KO) cells in dissecting the intricate regulatory mechanisms of the GPCR signaling network. Currently available cell lines, along with accumulating KO cell lines in diverse cell types, offer valuable resources for systematically elucidating GPCR signaling regulation. Given the association of GPCR signaling with numerous diseases, uncovering the system-based signaling map is crucial for advancing the development of novel drugs targeting specific diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kise
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pal DS, Banerjee T, Lin Y, de Trogoff F, Borleis J, Iglesias PA, Devreotes PN. Actuation of single downstream nodes in growth factor network steers immune cell migration. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1170-1188.e7. [PMID: 37220748 PMCID: PMC10524337 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ras signaling is typically associated with cell growth, but not direct regulation of motility or polarity. By optogenetically targeting different nodes in the Ras/PI3K/Akt network in differentiated human HL-60 neutrophils, we abruptly altered protrusive activity, bypassing the chemoattractant receptor/G-protein network. First, global recruitment of active KRas4B/HRas isoforms or a RasGEF, RasGRP4, immediately increased spreading and random motility. Second, activating Ras at the cell rear generated new protrusions, reversed pre-existing polarity, and steered sustained migration in neutrophils or murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Third, recruiting a RasGAP, RASAL3, to cell fronts extinguished protrusions and changed migration direction. Remarkably, persistent RASAL3 recruitment at stable fronts abrogated directed migration in three different chemoattractant gradients. Fourth, local recruitment of the Ras-mTORC2 effector, Akt, in neutrophils or Dictyostelium amoebae generated new protrusions and rearranged pre-existing polarity. Overall, these optogenetic effects were mTORC2-dependent but relatively independent of PI3K. Thus, receptor-independent, local activations of classical growth-control pathways directly control actin assembly, cell shape, and migration modes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman Sankar Pal
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Tatsat Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yiyan Lin
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Félix de Trogoff
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, STI School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jane Borleis
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pablo A Iglesias
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Salloum G, Bresnick AR, Backer JM. Macropinocytosis: mechanisms and regulation. Biochem J 2023; 480:335-362. [PMID: 36920093 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is defined as an actin-dependent but coat- and dynamin-independent endocytic uptake process, which generates large intracellular vesicles (macropinosomes) containing a non-selective sampling of extracellular fluid. Macropinocytosis provides an important mechanism of immune surveillance by dendritic cells and macrophages, but also serves as an essential nutrient uptake pathway for unicellular organisms and tumor cells. This review examines the cell biological mechanisms that drive macropinocytosis, as well as the complex signaling pathways - GTPases, lipid and protein kinases and phosphatases, and actin regulatory proteins - that regulate macropinosome formation, internalization, and disposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Salloum
- Department of Molecular Pharamacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
| | - Anne R Bresnick
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan M Backer
- Department of Molecular Pharamacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thwarting of Lphn3 Functions in Cell Motility and Signaling by Cancer-Related GAIN Domain Somatic Mutations. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121913. [PMID: 35741042 PMCID: PMC9221416 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression relies on cellular transition states accompanied by changes in the functionality of adhesion molecules. The gene for adhesion G protein-coupled receptor latrophilin-3 (aGPCR Lphn3 or ADGRL3) is targeted by tumor-specific somatic mutations predominantly affecting the conserved GAIN domain where most aGPCRs are cleaved. However, it is unclear how these GAIN domain-altering mutations impact Lphn3 function. Here, we studied Lphn3 cancer-related mutations as a proxy for revealing unknown GAIN domain functions. We found that while intra-GAIN cleavage efficiency was unaltered, most mutations produced a ligand-specific impairment of Lphn3 intercellular adhesion profile paralleled by an increase in cell-matrix actin-dependent contact structures for cells expressing the select S810L mutation. Aberrant remodeling of the intermediate filament vimentin, which was found to coincide with Lphn3-induced modification of nuclear morphology, had less impact on the nuclei of S810L expressing cells. Notoriously, receptor signaling through G13 protein was deficient for all variants bearing non-homologous amino acid substitutions, including the S810L variant. Analysis of cell migration paradigms revealed a non-cell-autonomous impairment in collective cell migration indistinctly of Lphn3 or its cancer-related variants expression, while cell-autonomous motility was potentiated in the presence of Lphn3, but this effect was abolished in S810L GAIN mutant-expressing cells. These data identify the GAIN domain as an important regulator of Lphn3-dependent cell motility, thus furthering our understanding of cellular and molecular events linking Lphn3 genetic somatic mutations to cancer-relevant pathogenesis mechanisms.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bettegazzi B, Bellani S, Cattaneo S, Codazzi F, Grohovaz F, Zacchetti D. Gα13 Contributes to LPS-Induced Morphological Alterations and Affects Migration of Microglia. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6397-6414. [PMID: 34529232 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the CNS that are activated in response to a variety of stimuli. This phenotypical change is aimed to maintain the local homeostasis, also by containing the insults and repair the damages. All these processes are tightly regulated and coordinated and a failure in restoring homeostasis by microglia can result in the development of neuroinflammation that can facilitate the progression of pathological conditions. Indeed, chronic microglia activation is commonly recognized as a hallmark of many neurological disorders, especially at an early stage. Many complex pathways, including cytoskeletal remodeling, are involved in the control of the microglial phenotypical and morphological changes that occur during activation. In this work, we focused on the small GTPase Gα13 and its role at the crossroad between RhoA and Rac1 signaling when microglia is exposed to pro-inflammatory stimulation. We propose the direct involvement of Gα13 in the cytoskeletal rearrangements mediated by FAK, LIMK/cofilin, and Rac1 during microglia activation. In fact, we show that Gα13 knockdown significantly inhibited LPS-induced microglial cell activation, in terms of both changes in morphology and migration, through the modulation of FAK and one of its downstream effectors, Rac1. In conclusion, we propose Gα13 as a critical factor in the regulation of morphological and functional properties of microglia during activation, which might become a target of intervention for the control of microglia inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bettegazzi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Serena Bellani
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Cattaneo
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Franca Codazzi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Grohovaz
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Zacchetti
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chang CW, Cheng N, Bai Y, Skidgel RA, Du X. Gα 13 Mediates Transendothelial Migration of Neutrophils by Promoting Integrin-Dependent Motility without Affecting Directionality. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:3038-3049. [PMID: 34799423 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil migration requires β2 integrins and chemoattractant receptor signaling for motility and directionality. G protein subunit Gα13 can facilitate cell migration by mediating RhoA activation induced by G protein-coupled receptors. However, the possible role of Gα13-integrin interaction in migration is unclear. In this study, we show that Gα13 -/- neutrophils are deficient in transendothelial migration and migration on β2 integrin ligand ICAM-1. However, unlike G protein-coupled receptors and integrin inside-out signaling pathways, Gα13 is important in migration velocity and neutrophil spreading but not in directionality nor cell adhesion. Importantly, neutrophil recruitment in vivo was also inhibited in Gα13 -/- mice, suggesting the importance of Gα13 in transendothelial migration of neutrophils in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, a synthetic peptide (MB2mP6) derived from the Gα13 binding site of β2 inhibited Gα13-β2 interaction and Gα13-mediated transient RhoA inhibition in neutrophils, suggesting that this peptide inhibited integrin outside-in signaling. MB2mP6 inhibited migration of control neutrophils through endothelial cell monolayers or ICAM-1-coated filters, but was without further effect on Gα13 -/- neutrophils. It also inhibited integrin-dependent neutrophil migration velocity without affecting directionality. In vivo, MB2mP6 markedly inhibited neutrophil infiltration into the cardiac tissues induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury. Thus, Gα13-dependent outside-in signaling enables integrin-dependent neutrophil motility without affecting directionality and may be a new therapeutic target for inhibiting neutrophil trafficking but not adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire W Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Ni Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Yanyan Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Xiaoping Du
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zheng S, Wu L, Fan C, Lin J, Zhang Y, Simoncini T, Fu X. The role of Gα protein signaling in the membrane estrogen receptor-mediated signaling. Gynecol Endocrinol 2021; 37:2-9. [PMID: 33412963 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2020.1851674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens exert rapid, extranuclear effects by their action on the plasma membrane estrogen receptors (mERs). Gα protein associated with the cell membrane is involved in many important processes regulated by estrogens. However, the Gα's role in the mER-mediated signaling and the signaling pathways involved are poorly understood. This review aims to outline the Gα's role in the mER-mediated signaling. Immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation, and RNA interference were carried out using vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and human breast carcinoma cell lines as experimental models. Electrophysiology and immunocytochemistry were carried out using guinea pigs as animal models. Recent advances suggest that the signaling of mERα through Gα is required for vascular EC migration or endothelial H2S release, while Gα13 is involved in estrogen-induced breast cancer cell invasion. Besides, the Gαq-coupled PLC-PKC-PKA pathway is critical for the neural regulation of energy homeostasis. This review summarizes the contributions of Gα to mER-mediated signaling, including cardiovascular protection, breast cancer metastasis, neural regulation of homeostatic functions, and osteogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Zheng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Fan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jingxia Lin
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaxing Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tommaso Simoncini
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Reproductive Medicine and Child Development, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Xiaodong Fu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Pain is an essential protective mechanism that the body uses to alert or prevent further damage. Pain sensation is a complex event involving perception, transmission, processing, and response. Neurons at different levels (peripheral, spinal cord, and brain) are responsible for these pro- or antinociceptive activities to ensure an appropriate response to external stimuli. The terminals of these neurons, both in the peripheral endings and in the synapses, are equipped with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels that sense structurally diverse stimuli and inhibitors of neuronal activity. This review will focus on the largest class of sensory proteins, the GPCRs, as they are distributed throughout ascending and descending neurons and regulate activity at each step during pain transmission. GPCR activation also directly or indirectly controls the function of co-localized ion channels. The levels and types of some GPCRs are significantly altered in different pain models, especially chronic pain states, emphasizing that these molecules could be new targets for therapeutic intervention in chronic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Che
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacology and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xiang B, Yang J, Zhang J, Yu M, Huang C, He W, Lei W, Chen J, Liu K. The role of genes affected by human evolution marker GNA13 in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 98:109764. [PMID: 31676466 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous variants associated with increased risk for SCZ have undergone positive selection and were associated with human brain development, but which brain regions and developmental stages were influenced by the positive selection for SCZ risk alleles are unclear. We analyzed SCZ using summary statistics from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC). Machine-learning scores were used to investigate two natural-selection scenarios: complete selection (loci where a selected allele has reached fixation) and incomplete selection (loci where a selected allele has not yet reached fixation). Based on the p value of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with selection scores in the top 5%, we formed five subgroups: p < 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, or 0.1. We found that 48 and 29 genes (p < 0.0001) in complete and incomplete selection, respectively, were enrichedfor the transcriptionalco-expressionprofilein theprenatal dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DFC), inferior parietal cortex (IPC), and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VFC). Core genes (GNA13, TBC1D19, and ZMYM4) involved in regulating early brain development were identified in these three brain regions. RNA sequencing for primary cortical neurons that were transfected Gna13 overexpressed lentivirus demonstrated that 135 gene expression levels changed in the Gna13 overexpressed groups compared with the controls. Gene-set analysis identified important associations among common variants of these 13 genes, which were associated with neurodevelopment and putamen volume [p = 0.031; family-wise error correction (FWEC)], SCZ (p = 0.022; FWEC). The study indicate that certain SCZ risk alleles were likely to undergo positive selection during human evolution due to their involvement in the development of prenatal DFC, IPC and VFC, and suggest that SCZ is related to abnormal neurodevelopment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Juanjuan Yang
- Department of cell Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Minglan Yu
- Medical Laboratory Center, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chaohua Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wenying He
- Department of Psychiatry, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Psychiatry, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Kezhi Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yuan Z, Chen S, Gao C, Dai Q, Zhang C, Sun Q, Lin JS, Guo C, Chen Y, Jiang Y. Development of a versatile DNMT and HDAC inhibitor C02S modulating multiple cancer hallmarks for breast cancer therapy. Bioorg Chem 2019; 87:200-208. [PMID: 30901675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
DNMT and HDAC are closely related to each other and involved in various human diseases especially cancer. These two enzymes have been widely recognized as antitumor targets for drug discovery. Besides, research has indicated that combination therapy consisting of DNMT and HDAC inhibitors exhibited therapeutic advantages. We have reported a DNMT and HDAC dual inhibitor 15a of which the DNMT enzymatic inhibitory potency needs to be improved. Herein we reported the development of a novel dual DNMT and HDAC inhibitor C02S which showed potent enzymatic inhibitory activities against DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B and HDAC1 with IC50 values of 2.05, 0.93, 1.32, and 4.16 µM, respectively. Further evaluations indicated that C02S could inhibit DNMT and HDAC at cellular levels, thereby inversing mutated methylation and acetylation and increasing expression of tumor suppressor proteins. Moreover, C02S regulated multiple biological processes including inducing apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, inhibiting angiogenesis, blocking migration and invasion, and finally suppressing tumor cells proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zigao Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China; National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Chunmei Gao
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Qiuzi Dai
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Cunlong Zhang
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qinsheng Sun
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jin-Shun Lin
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Chun Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Yuzong Chen
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China; National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nakano S, Inoue K, Xu C, Deng Z, Syrovatkina V, Vitone G, Zhao L, Huang XY, Zhao B. G-protein Gα 13 functions as a cytoskeletal and mitochondrial regulator to restrain osteoclast function. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4236. [PMID: 30862896 PMCID: PMC6414604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40974-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive osteoclastic bone erosion disrupts normal bone remodeling and leads to bone loss in many skeletal diseases, including inflammatory arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis, periodontitis and peri-prosthetic loosening. Functional control of osteoclasts is critical for the maintenance of bone homeostasis. However, the mechanisms that restrain osteoclast resorptive function are not fully understood. In this study, we identify a previously unrecognized role for G-protein Gα13 in inhibition of osteoclast adhesion, fusion and bone resorptive function. Gα13 is highly expressed in mature multinucleated osteoclasts, but not during early differentiation. Deficiency of Gα13 in myeloid osteoclast lineage (Gα13ΔM/ΔM mice) leads to super spread morphology of multinucleated giant osteoclasts with elevated bone resorptive capacity, corroborated with an osteoporotic bone phenotype in the Gα13ΔM/ΔM mice. Mechanistically, Gα13 functions as a brake that restrains the c-Src, Pyk2, RhoA-Rock2 mediated signaling pathways and related gene expressions to control the ability of osteoclasts in fusion, adhesion, actin cytoskeletal remodeling and resorption. Genome wide analysis reveals cytoskeleton related genes that are suppressed by Gα13, identifying Gα13 as a critical cytoskeletal regulator in osteoclasts. We also identify a genome wide regulation of genes responsible for mitochondrial biogenesis and function by Gα13 in osteoclasts. Furthermore, the significant correlation between Gα13 expression levels, TNF activity and RA disease activity in RA patients suggests that the Gα13 mediated mechanisms represent attractive therapeutic targets for diseases associated with excessive bone resorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Nakano
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and The David Z, Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kazuki Inoue
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and The David Z, Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cheng Xu
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and The David Z, Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zhonghao Deng
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and The David Z, Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Viktoriya Syrovatkina
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gregory Vitone
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and The David Z, Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin-Yun Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Baohong Zhao
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and The David Z, Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
- Graduate Program in Cell & Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Neganova I, Cotts L, Banks P, Gassner K, Shukurov A, Armstrong L, Ladds G, Lako M. Endothelial Differentiation G Protein-Coupled Receptor 5 Plays an Important Role in Induction and Maintenance of Pluripotency. Stem Cells 2019; 37:318-331. [PMID: 30512203 PMCID: PMC6446721 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Direct reprogramming of human somatic cells toward induced pluripotent stem cells holds great promise for regenerative medicine and basic biology. We used a high-throughput small interfering RNA screening assay in the initiation phase of reprogramming for 784 genes belonging to kinase and phosphatase families and identified 68 repressors and 22 effectors. Six new candidates belonging to the family of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were identified, suggesting an important role for this key signaling pathway during somatic cell-induced reprogramming. Downregulation of one of the key GPCR effectors, endothelial differentiation GPCR5 (EDG5), impacted the maintenance of pluripotency, actin cytoskeleton organization, colony integrity, and focal adhesions in human embryonic stem cells, which were associated with the alteration in the RhoA-ROCK-Cofilin-PAXILLIN-actin signaling pathway. Similarly, downregulation of EDG5 during the initiation stage of somatic cell-induced reprogramming resulted in alteration of cytoskeleton, loss of human-induced pluripotent stem cell colony integrity, and a significant reduction in partially and fully reprogrammed cells as well as the number of alkaline phosphatase positive colonies at the end of the reprogramming process. Together, these data point to an important role of EDG5 in the maintenance and acquisition of pluripotency. Stem Cells 2019;37:318-331.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Neganova
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Cotts
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Banks
- High Throughput Screening Facility, Medical School, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Gassner
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Anvar Shukurov
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lyle Armstrong
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Majlinda Lako
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Syrovatkina V, Huang XY. Signaling mechanisms and physiological functions of G-protein Gα 13 in blood vessel formation, bone homeostasis, and cancer. Protein Sci 2018; 28:305-312. [PMID: 30345641 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins are cellular signal transducers. They mainly relay signals from G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs function as guanine nucleotide-exchange factors to active these G-proteins. Based on the sequence and functional similarities, these G-proteins are grouped into four subfamilies: Gs , Gi , Gq , and G12/13 . The G12/13 subfamily consists of two members: G12 and G13 . G12/13 -mediated signaling pathways play pivotal roles in a variety of physiological processes, while aberrant regulation of this pathway has been identified in various human diseases. Here we summarize the signaling mechanisms and physiological functions of Gα13 in blood vessel formation and bone homeostasis. We further discuss the expanding roles of Gα13 in cancers, serving as oncogenes as well as tumor suppressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Syrovatkina
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, 10065
| | - Xin-Yun Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, 10065
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang N, Chen S, Zhang B, Li S, Jin F, Gao D, Liu H, Jiang Y. 8u, a pro-apoptosis/cell cycle arrest compound, suppresses invasion and metastasis through HSP90α downregulating and PI3K/Akt inactivation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:309. [PMID: 29321577 PMCID: PMC5762664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
8u, an acridine derivative, has been proved effective anti-hepatocarcinoma effect, while the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, metabolomics and proteomics approaches were applied to study its anti-cancer mechanism and explore its effect on HepG2 cells' invasion and metastasis abilities. The results showed that 8u significantly suppressed HepG2 cells migration and enhanced cell-to-cell junctions. The inhibition effect of 8u on invasion and metastasis disappeared after HSP90α gene silencing, and was reversed after HSP90α overexpression. The biological experimental results indicated that 8u also blocked PI3K/Akt pathway, thereby reducing fatty acid synthase (FASN) protein expression and disordering intracellular lipid metabolism to inhibit cell invasion and metastasis. In addition, HSP90α protein and PI3K/Akt pathway could co-adjust to each other. These findings demonstrated that 8u could efficiently suppress the invasion and metastasis of HepG2 cells by decreasing the expression of HSP90α protein and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which could be used as a potential candidate for the treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shangfu Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Neptunus Pharmaceutical Technology Center, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Dan Gao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Hongxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A Single Residue Mutation in the Gα q Subunit of the G Protein Complex Causes Blindness in Drosophila. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:363-371. [PMID: 29158337 PMCID: PMC5765363 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins play central roles in many signaling pathways, including the phototransduction cascade in animals. However, the degree of involvement of the G protein subunit Gαq is not clear since animals with previously reported strong loss-of-function mutations remain responsive to light stimuli. We recovered a new allele of Gαq in Drosophila that abolishes light response in a conventional electroretinogram assay, and reduces sensitivity in whole-cell recordings of dissociated cells by at least five orders of magnitude. In addition, mutant eyes demonstrate a rapid rate of degeneration in the presence of light. Our new allele is likely the strongest hypomorph described to date. Interestingly, the mutant protein is produced in the eyes but carries a single amino acid change of a conserved hydrophobic residue that has been assigned to the interface of interaction between Gαq and its downstream effector, PLC. Our study has thus uncovered possibly the first point mutation that specifically affects this interaction in vivo.
Collapse
|
18
|
Blurring Boundaries: Receptor Tyrosine Kinases as functional G Protein-Coupled Receptors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 339:1-40. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
19
|
G-Protein Gα 13 Functions with Abl Kinase to Regulate Actin Cytoskeletal Reorganization. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:3836-3849. [PMID: 29079481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins are essential cellular signal transducers. One of the G-proteins, Gα13, is critical for actin cytoskeletal reorganization, cell migration, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Previously, we have shown that Gα13 is essential for both G-protein-coupled receptor and receptor tyrosine kinase-induced actin cytoskeletal reorganization such as dynamic dorsal ruffle turnover and cell migration. However, the mechanism by which Gα13 signals to actin cytoskeletal reorganization is not completely understood. Here we show that Gα13 directly interacts with Abl tyrosine kinase, which is a critical regulator of actin cytoskeleton. This interaction is critical for Gα13-induced dorsal ruffle turnover, endothelial cell remodeling, and cell migration. Our data uncover a new molecular signaling pathway by which Gα13 controls actin cytoskeletal reorganization.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ruisu K, Meier R, Kask K, Tõnissoo T, Velling T, Pooga M. RIC8A is essential for the organisation of actin cytoskeleton and cell-matrix interaction. Exp Cell Res 2017; 357:181-191. [PMID: 28526238 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RIC8A functions as a chaperone and guanine nucleotide exchange factor for a subset of G protein α subunits. Multiple G protein subunits mediate various signalling events that regulate cell adhesion and migration and the involvement of RIC8A in some of these processes has been demonstrated. We have previously shown that the deficiency of RIC8A causes a failure in mouse gastrulation and neurogenesis - major events in embryogenesis that rely on proper association of cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and involve active cell migration. To elaborate on these findings, we used Ric8a-/- mouse embryonic stem cells and Ric8a-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and found that RIC8A plays an important role in the organisation and remodelling of actin cytoskeleton and cell-ECM association. Ric8a-deficient cells were able to attach to different ECM components, but were unable to spread correctly, and did not form stress fibres or focal adhesion complexes. We also found that the presence of RIC8A is necessary for the activation of β1 integrins and integrin-mediated cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Ruisu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010, Estonia.
| | - Riho Meier
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010, Estonia; Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tiigi 61b, 50410 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Keiu Kask
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Tambet Tõnissoo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010, Estonia; Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tiigi 61b, 50410 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Teet Velling
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010, Estonia; Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tiigi 61b, 50410 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margus Pooga
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010, Estonia; Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tiigi 61b, 50410 Tartu, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen S, Tan Y, Deng H, Shen Z, Liu Y, Wu P, Tan C, Jiang Y. UBE2J2 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion in vitro. Oncotarget 2017; 8:71736-71749. [PMID: 29069742 PMCID: PMC5641085 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 J2 (UBE2J2) is an ubiquitin proteasome component that responds to proteotoxic stress. We found that UBE2J2 was highly expressed in cellular protrusions of HCCLM3 metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HC) cells. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that UBE2J2 was expressed at higher levels in HC patient tissues than in corresponding non-tumor tissues. Because cellular protrusions are important for cell invasion, we hypothesized that UBE2J2 promotes HC cell invasion. We used chip-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to assess possible mechanisms of UBE2J2-regulated HCCLM3 cell invasion. We found that p-EGFR interacted with UBE2J2, and this finding was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation analysis. UBE2J2 overexpression activated endothelial-mesenchymal transition in the non-invasive SMMC7721 HC cell line, and promoted invasion. UBE2J2 silencing reduced HCCLM3 cell invasion and endocytosis, and downregulated p-EGFR expression. p-EGFR inhibition by lapatinib reduced UBE2J2-promoted cell invasion, suggesting p-EGFR is important for UBE2J2-mediated HCCLM3 cell invasion. These findings demonstrate that endocytosis by HC cells is closely related to invasion, and may provide new anti-HC therapeutic targets. UBE2J2 may also be a novel biomarker for clinical HC diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Chen
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying Tan
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | | | - Zhifa Shen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Pan Wu
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chunyan Tan
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang JX, Yun M, Xu Y, Chen JW, Weng HW, Zheng ZS, Chen C, Xie D, Ye S. GNA13 as a prognostic factor and mediator of gastric cancer progression. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4414-27. [PMID: 26735177 PMCID: PMC4826215 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha 13 (GNA13) has been implicated as an oncogenic protein in several human cancers. In this study, GNA13 was characterized for its role in gastric cancer (GC) progression and underlying molecular mechanisms. The expression dynamics of GNA13 were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in two independent cohorts of GC samples. A series of in-vivo and in-vitro assays was performed to elucidate the function of GNA13 in GC and its underlying mechanisms. In both two cohorts of GC samples, we observed that GNA13 was markedly overexpressed in GC tissues and associated closely with aggressive magnitude of GC progression and poor patients' survival. Further study showed that upregulation of GNA13 expression increased the proliferation and tumorigenicity of GC cells in vitro and in vivo, by promoting cell growth rate, colony formation, and tumor formation in nude mice. By contrast, knockdown of GNA13 effectively suppressed the proliferation and tumorigenicity of GC cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results also demonstrated that the molecular mechanisms of the effect of GNA13 in GC included promotion of G1/S cell cycle transition through upregulation of c-Myc, activation of AKT and ERK activity, suppression of FOXO1 activity, upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) regulator cyclin D1 and downregulation of CDK inhibitor p21Cip1 and p27Kip1. Our present study illustrated that GNA13 has an important role in promoting proliferation and tumorigenicity of GC, and may represent a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Miao Yun
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China.,Department of Ultrasound, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jie-Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hui-Wen Weng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zou-San Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Cui Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Dan Xie
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Syrovatkina V, Alegre KO, Dey R, Huang XY. Regulation, Signaling, and Physiological Functions of G-Proteins. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3850-68. [PMID: 27515397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G-proteins) mainly relay the information from G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the plasma membrane to the inside of cells to regulate various biochemical functions. Depending on the targeted cell types, tissues, and organs, these signals modulate diverse physiological functions. The basic schemes of heterotrimeric G-proteins have been outlined. In this review, we briefly summarize what is known about the regulation, signaling, and physiological functions of G-proteins. We then focus on a few less explored areas such as the regulation of G-proteins by non-GPCRs and the physiological functions of G-proteins that cannot be easily explained by the known G-protein signaling pathways. There are new signaling pathways and physiological functions for G-proteins to be discovered and further interrogated. With the advancements in structural and computational biological techniques, we are closer to having a better understanding of how G-proteins are regulated and of the specificity of G-protein interactions with their regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Syrovatkina
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kamela O Alegre
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Raja Dey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xin-Yun Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Muppidi JR, Lu E, Cyster JG. The G protein-coupled receptor P2RY8 and follicular dendritic cells promote germinal center confinement of B cells, whereas S1PR3 can contribute to their dissemination. J Exp Med 2015; 212:2213-22. [PMID: 26573295 PMCID: PMC4689170 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The orphan Gα13-coupled receptor P2RY8 is mutated in human germinal center (GC)-derived lymphomas and was recently found to promote B cell association with GCs in a mouse model. Here we establish that P2RY8 promotes clustering of activated B cells within follicles in a follicular dendritic cell (FDC)-dependent manner. Although mice lack a P2RY8 orthologue, we show that mouse GC B cell clustering is also dependent on FDCs acting to support the function of a Gα13-coupled receptor. Mutations in GNA13 and its downstream effector ARHGEF1 are associated with the development of disseminated GC-derived lymphomas. We find that egress of Gna13 mutant GC B cells from lymph nodes in the mouse depends on sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-3. These findings provide evidence that FDCs promote GC confinement of both human and mouse GC B cells via Gα13-dependent pathways, and they show that dissemination of Gα13-deficient GC B cells additionally requires an egress-promoting receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagan R Muppidi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Erick Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chow CR, Ebine K, Knab LM, Bentrem DJ, Kumar K, Munshi HG. Cancer Cell Invasion in Three-dimensional Collagen Is Regulated Differentially by Gα13 Protein and Discoidin Domain Receptor 1-Par3 Protein Signaling. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1605-1618. [PMID: 26589794 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.669606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells can invade in three-dimensional collagen as single cells or as a cohesive group of cells that require coordination of cell-cell junctions and the actin cytoskeleton. To examine the role of Gα13, a G12 family heterotrimeric G protein, in regulating cellular invasion in three-dimensional collagen, we established a novel method to track cell invasion by membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase-expressing cancer cells. We show that knockdown of Gα13 decreased membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase-driven proteolytic invasion in three-dimensional collagen and enhanced E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. E-cadherin knockdown reversed Gα13 siRNA-induced cell-cell adhesion but failed to reverse the effect of Gα13 siRNA on proteolytic invasion. Instead, concurrent knockdown of E-cadherin and Gα13 led to an increased number of single cells rather than groups of cells. Significantly, knockdown of discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), a collagen-binding protein that also co-localizes to cell-cell junctions, reversed the effects of Gα13 knockdown on cell-cell adhesion and proteolytic invasion in three-dimensional collagen. Knockdown of the polarity protein Par3, which can function downstream of DDR1, also reversed the effects of Gα13 knockdown on cell-cell adhesion and proteolytic invasion in three-dimensional collagen. Overall, we show that Gα13 and DDR1-Par3 differentially regulate cell-cell junctions and the actin cytoskeleton to mediate invasion in three-dimensional collagen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Chow
- From the Departments of Medicine and; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ilinois 60611
| | - Kazumi Ebine
- From the Departments of Medicine and; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and
| | | | - David J Bentrem
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ilinois 60611; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and; Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Krishan Kumar
- From the Departments of Medicine and; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and
| | - Hidayatullah G Munshi
- From the Departments of Medicine and; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ilinois 60611; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shen B, Estevez B, Xu Z, Kreutz B, Karginov A, Bai Y, Qian F, Norifumi U, Mosher D, Du X. The interaction of Gα13 with integrin β1 mediates cell migration by dynamic regulation of RhoA. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3658-70. [PMID: 26310447 PMCID: PMC4603935 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-05-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G protein Gα13 is known to transmit G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signals leading to activation of RhoA and plays a role in cell migration. The mechanism underlying the role of Gα13 in cell migration, however, remains unclear. Recently we found that Gα13 interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of integrin β3 subunits in platelets via a conserved ExE motif. Here we show that a similar direct interaction between Gα13 and the cytoplasmic domain of the integrin β1 subunit plays a critical role in β1-dependent cell migration. Point mutation of either glutamic acid in the Gα13-binding (767)EKE motif in β1 or treatment with a peptide derived from the Gα13-binding sequence of β1 abolished Gα13-β1 interaction and inhibited β1 integrin-dependent cell spreading and migration. We further show that the Gα13-β1 interaction mediates β1 integrin-dependent Src activation and transient RhoA inhibition during initial cell adhesion, which is in contrast to the role of Gα13 in mediating GPCR-dependent RhoA activation. These data indicate that Gα13 plays dynamic roles in both stimulating RhoA via a GPCR pathway and inhibiting RhoA via an integrin signaling pathway. This dynamic regulation of RhoA activity is critical for cell migration on β1 integrin ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Brian Estevez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Zheng Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Barry Kreutz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Andrei Karginov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Yanyan Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Feng Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Urao Norifumi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Deane Mosher
- Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Xiaoping Du
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen S, Chiu SK. AP4 activates cell migration and EMT mediated by p53 in MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 407:57-68. [PMID: 26037074 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the primary cause of mortality in most cancer patients. Before disassociation from the tumors, most of malignant tumor cells undergo the epithelial-mesenchymal transition to break away from the adhesions between the cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix. Recently, activating enhancer-binding protein (AP4) has been shown to be a mediator of EMT in colorectal cancer and high level of AP4 correlates with poor prognosis in cancer patients. It has been found that AP4 upregulates the genes involved in EMT and cell proliferation in colorectal cancer cells and that the aggressive human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 are highly metastatic. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that AP4 may also affect cell migration and EMT in this cell type. Three different assays, including the wound-healing assay, the Boyden chamber assay, and the cell tracking assay, were employed to confirm that AP4 activated both cell migration and invasion. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis revealed that the cells underwent EMT when AP4 was upregulated. In contrast, overexpression of dominant-negative AP4, lacking the DNA-binding domain, inactivated the DNA-binding ability of endogenous AP4 and led to lower cell motility. Furthermore, we found that AP4 enhanced p53 expression at both transcriptional and translational levels. Knockdown of p53 by siRNA significantly diminished the activation of cell migration by AP4, indicating that AP4 can regulate cell migration via the activity of p53.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu Y, DU F, Zhao Q, Jin J, Ma X, Li H. Acquisition of 5-fluorouracil resistance induces epithelial-mesenchymal transitions through the Hedgehog signaling pathway in HCT-8 colon cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:2675-2679. [PMID: 26137127 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer has a high incidence in individuals >60-years-old. The commonly used chemotherapeutic agent, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), has gradually lost its potency in treating colorectal cancer following the acquisition of resistance. Drug resistance is usually associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) in cancer cells. In the present study, the EMT phenotypes of two colon cancer cell lines, wild-type (HCT-8/WT) and 5-FU-resistant (HCT-8/5-FU), were characterized following the analysis of cellular migration, proliferation, morphology and molecular changes. In order to further clarify the mechanism of EMT in HCT-8/5-FU cells, the effect of EMT pathway inhibitors upon drug sensitivity was investigated. The results revealed that the Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor, GDC0449, reversed drug resistance. Therefore, inhibition of the Hedgehog pathway may provide a novel chemotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of patients with 5-FU-resistant colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Fangfang DU
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Qiannan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Jian Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Xin Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Huazhong Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shi L, Ko S, Ko ML, Kim AJ, Ko GYP. Peptide Lv augments L-type voltage-gated calcium channels through vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1154-64. [PMID: 25698653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified peptide Lv, a novel bioactive peptide that enhances the activity of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (L-VGCCs) in cone photoreceptors. In this study, we verified that peptide Lv was able to augment L-VGCC currents in cardiomyocytes, as well as promote proliferation of endothelial cells. We used a proteomics approach to determine the specific receptors and binding partners of peptide Lv and found that vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) interacted with peptide Lv. Peptide Lv treatment in embryonic cardiomyocytes stimulated tyrosine autophosphorylation of VEGFR2 and activated its downstream signaling. Peptide Lv activity was blocked by DMH4, a VEGFR2 specific blocker, but not by SCH202676, an allosteric inhibitor of G protein-coupled receptors, suggesting that the activity of peptide Lv was mediated through VEGFR2 signaling. Inhibition of VEGFR tyrosine kinase or its downstream signaling molecules abolished the augmentation of L-VGCCs elicited by peptide Lv in cardiomyocytes. In addition, peptide Lv promoted cell proliferation of cultured human endothelial cells. Calcium entry through L-VGCCs is essential for excitation-contraction coupling in cardiomyocytes. Since peptide Lv was able to augment L-VGCCs through activation of VEGF signaling in cardiomyocytes and promote proliferation of endothelial cells, peptide Lv may play an important role in regulating the cardiovascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liheng Shi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Soyoung Ko
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael L Ko
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Andy Jeesu Kim
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Gladys Y-P Ko
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cattaneo F, Guerra G, Parisi M, De Marinis M, Tafuri D, Cinelli M, Ammendola R. Cell-surface receptors transactivation mediated by g protein-coupled receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:19700-28. [PMID: 25356505 PMCID: PMC4264134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151119700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven transmembrane-spanning proteins belonging to a large family of cell-surface receptors involved in many intracellular signaling cascades. Despite GPCRs lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, tyrosine phosphorylation of a tyrosine kinase receptor (RTK) occurs in response to binding of specific agonists of several such receptors, triggering intracellular mitogenic cascades. This suggests that the notion that GPCRs are associated with the regulation of post-mitotic cell functions is no longer believable. Crosstalk between GPCR and RTK may occur by different molecular mechanism such as the activation of metalloproteases, which can induce the metalloprotease-dependent release of RTK ligands, or in a ligand-independent manner involving membrane associated non-receptor tyrosine kinases, such as c-Src. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also implicated as signaling intermediates in RTKs transactivation. Intracellular concentration of ROS increases transiently in cells stimulated with GPCR agonists and their deliberated and regulated generation is mainly catalyzed by enzymes that belong to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase family. Oxidation and/or reduction of cysteine sulfhydryl groups of phosphatases tightly controls the activity of RTKs and ROS-mediated inhibition of cellular phosphatases results in an equilibrium shift from the non-phosphorylated to the phosphorylated state of RTKs. Many GPCR agonists activate phospholipase C, which catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bis-phosphate to produce inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglicerol. The consequent mobilization of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum leads to the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. PKCα mediates feedback inhibition of RTK transactivation during GPCR stimulation. Recent data have expanded the coverage of transactivation to include Serine/Threonine kinase receptors and Toll-like receptors. Herein, we discuss the main mechanisms of GPCR-mediated cell-surface receptors transactivation and the pathways involved in intracellular responses induced by GPCR agonists. These studies may suggest the design of novel strategies for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy.
| | - Melania Parisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Marta De Marinis
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Domenico Tafuri
- Department of Sport Science and Wellness, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples 80133, Italy.
| | - Mariapia Cinelli
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Rosario Ammendola
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Surve CR, Lehmann D, Smrcka AV. A chemical biology approach demonstrates G protein βγ subunits are sufficient to mediate directional neutrophil chemotaxis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17791-801. [PMID: 24808183 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.576827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our laboratory has identified a number of small molecules that bind to G protein βγ subunits (Gβγ) by competing for peptide binding to the Gβγ "hot spot." M119/Gallein were identified as inhibitors of Gβγ subunit signaling. Here we examine the activity of another molecule identified in this screen, 12155, which we show that in contrast to M119/Gallein had no effect on Gβγ-mediated phospholipase C or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) γ activation in vitro. Also in direct contrast to M119/Gallein, 12155 caused receptor-independent Ca(2+) release, and activated other downstream targets of Gβγ including extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), protein kinase B (Akt) in HL60 cells differentiated to neutrophils. We show that 12155 releases Gβγ in vitro from Gαi1β1γ2 heterotrimers by causing its dissociation from GαGDP without inducing nucleotide exchange in the Gα subunit. We used this novel probe to examine the hypothesis that Gβγ release is sufficient to direct chemotaxis of neutrophils in the absence of receptor or G protein α subunit activation. 12155 directed chemotaxis of HL60 cells and primary neutrophils in a transwell migration assay with responses similar to those seen for the natural chemotactic peptide n-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe. These data indicate that release of free Gβγ is sufficient to drive directional chemotaxis in a G protein-coupled receptor signaling-independent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Lehmann
- Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Alan V Smrcka
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gong H, Gao X, Feng S, Siddiqui MR, Garcia A, Bonini MG, Komarova Y, Vogel SM, Mehta D, Malik AB. Evidence of a common mechanism of disassembly of adherens junctions through Gα13 targeting of VE-cadherin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:579-91. [PMID: 24590762 PMCID: PMC3949568 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The heterotrimeric G protein Gα13 transduces signals from G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to induce cell spreading, differentiation, migration, and cell polarity. Here, we describe a novel GPCR-independent function of Gα13 in regulating the stability of endothelial cell adherens junctions (AJs). We observed that the oxidant H2O2, which is released in response to multiple proinflammatory mediators, induced the interaction of Gα13 with VE-cadherin. Gα13 binding to VE-cadherin in turn induced Src activation and VE-cadherin phosphorylation at Tyr 658, the p120-catenin binding site thought to be responsible for VE-cadherin internalization. Inhibition of Gα13-VE-cadherin interaction using an interfering peptide derived from the Gα13 binding motif on VE-cadherin abrogated the disruption of AJs in response to inflammatory mediators. These studies identify a unique role of Gα13 binding to VE-cadherin in mediating VE-cadherin internalization and endothelial barrier disruption and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Gong
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Il 60612
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Orecchia A, Mettouchi A, Uva P, Simon GC, Arcelli D, Avitabile S, Ragone G, Meneguzzi G, Pfenninger KH, Zambruno G, Failla CM. Endothelial cell adhesion to soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐1 triggers a cell dynamic and angiogenic phenotype. FASEB J 2013; 28:692-704. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-225771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Orecchia
- Molecular and Cell Biology LaboratoryIstituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI)–Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)RomeItaly
| | - Amel Mettouchi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U634NiceFrance
| | - Paolo Uva
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia (CRS4)Bioinformatics LaboratoryCagliariItaly
| | - Glenn C. Simon
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Diego Arcelli
- Molecular Oncology LaboratoryIstituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI)–Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)RomeItaly
| | - Simona Avitabile
- Molecular and Cell Biology LaboratoryIstituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI)–Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)RomeItaly
| | - Gianluca Ragone
- Molecular Oncology LaboratoryIstituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI)–Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)RomeItaly
| | - Guerrino Meneguzzi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U634NiceFrance
| | | | - Giovanna Zambruno
- Molecular and Cell Biology LaboratoryIstituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI)–Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)RomeItaly
| | - Cristina Maria Failla
- Molecular and Cell Biology LaboratoryIstituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI)–Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)RomeItaly
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gan X, Wang C, Patel M, Kreutz B, Zhou M, Kozasa T, Wu D. Different Raf protein kinases mediate different signaling pathways to stimulate E3 ligase RFFL gene expression in cell migration regulation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:33978-33984. [PMID: 24114843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.477406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously characterized a Gα12-specific signaling pathway that stimulates the transcription of the E3 ligase RFFL via the protein kinase ARAF and ERK. This pathway leads to persistent PKC activation and is important for sustaining fibroblast migration. However, questions remain regarding how Gα12 specifically activates ARAF, which transcription factor is involved in Gα12-mediated RFFL expression, and whether RFFL is important for cell migration stimulated by other signaling mechanisms that can activate ERK. In this study, we show that replacement of the Gα12 residue Arg-264 with Gln, which is the corresponding Gα13 residue, abrogates the ability of Gα12 to interact with or activate ARAF. We also show that Gα12 can no longer interact with and activate an ARAF mutant with its C-terminal sequence downstream of the kinase domain being replaced with the corresponding CRAF sequence. These results explain why Gα12, but not Gα13, specifically activates ARAF but not CRAF. Together with our finding that recombinant Gα12 is sufficient for stimulating the kinase activity of ARAF, this study reveals an ARAF activation mechanism that is different from that of CRAF. In addition, we show that this Gα12-ARAF-ERK pathway stimulates RFFL transcription through the transcription factor c-Myc. We further demonstrate that EGF, which signals through CRAF, and an activated BRAF mutant also activate PKC and stimulate cell migration through up-regulating RFFL expression. Thus, RFFL-mediated PKC activation has a broad significance in cell migration regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Gan
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Maulik Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Barry Kreutz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Maggie Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Tohru Kozasa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153, Japan
| | - Dianqing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Xing B, Wang L, Guo D, Huang J, Espenel C, Kreitzer G, Zhang JJ, Guo L, Huang XY. Atypical protein kinase Cλ is critical for growth factor receptor-induced dorsal ruffle turnover and cell migration. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32827-36. [PMID: 24092753 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.489427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gα13, a member of the heterotrimeric G proteins, is critical for actin cytoskeletal reorganization and cell migration. Previously we have shown that Gα13 is essential for both G protein-coupled receptor and receptor tyrosine kinase-induced actin cytoskeletal reorganization such as dynamic dorsal ruffle turnover and cell migration. Ric-8A, a non-receptor guanine nucleotide exchange factor for some heterotrimeric G proteins, is critical for coupling receptor tyrosine kinases to Gα13. Here, we show that PDGF can induce phosphorylation of Ric-8A. Atypical protein kinase Cλ (aPKCλ) is required for Ric-8A phosphorylation. Furthermore, aPKCλ is required for PDGF-induced dorsal ruffle turnover and cell migration as demonstrated by both down-regulation of aPKCλ protein levels in cells by RNA interference and by studies in aPKCλ knock-out cells. Moreover, phosphorylation of Ric-8A modulates its subcellular localization. Hence, aPKCλ is critical for PDGF-induced actin cytoskeletal reorganization and cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Xing
- From the College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tumor microenvironment, defined by a variety of growth factors including lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), whose levels are increased in pancreatic cancer patients, plays a major role in the genesis and progression of pancreatic cancer. Because the gep proto-oncogenes, Gα12 and Gα13, are implicated in LPA-stimulated oncogenic signaling, this study is focused on evaluating the role of these proto-oncogenes in LPA-stimulated invasive migration of pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS Effect of LPA on the migration and proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells was assessed using BxPC3, Dan-G, MDAPanc-28, Panc-1, and PaCa-2 cell lines. The role of Gα13 in the migration of pancreatic cancer cells was interrogated by disrupting lysophosphatidic acid receptor-Gα13 interaction using CT13, a dominant negative mutant of Gα13, and by silencing the expression of Gα13. RESULTS Results indicate that LPA stimulates the migration of pancreatic cancer cells and such LPA-stimulated migratory response is mediated by Gα13. Furthermore, the results establish that the silencing of Gα13, but not Gα12, abrogates LPA-stimulated invasive migration of pancreatic cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS These results report for the first time a critical role for Gα13 in LPA-stimulated invasive migration of pancreatic cancer cells. These findings identify LPA-lysophosphatidic acid receptor-Gα13 signaling node as a novel therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer treatment and control.
Collapse
|
37
|
Sivaraj KK, Takefuji M, Schmidt I, Adams RH, Offermanns S, Wettschureck N. G13 controls angiogenesis through regulation of VEGFR-2 expression. Dev Cell 2013; 25:427-34. [PMID: 23664862 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
At sites of angiogenesis, the expression of the key angiogenesis regulator vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its main receptor, VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), are strongly upregulated. Whereas the processes controlling VEGF expression are well described, the mechanisms underlying VEGFR-2 upregulation have remained unclear. We found that endothelial VEGFR-2 expression is strongly reduced in the absence of the G protein G13, resulting in an impaired responsiveness to VEGF-A, a phenotype that can be rescued by normalization of VEGFR-2 levels. G13-mediated VEGFR-2 expression involved activation of the small GTPase RhoA and transcription factor NF-κB, the latter acting via a specific binding site at position -84 of the VEGFR-2 promoter. Mice with endothelial cell-specific loss of G13 showed reduced VEGFR-2 expression at sites of angiogenesis and attenuated VEGF effects, resulting in impaired retinal angiogenesis and tumor vascularization. Taken together, we identified G-protein-mediated signaling via G13 as a critical regulator of VEGFR-2 expression during angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Kumar Sivaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ward JD, Dhanasekaran DN. LPA Stimulates the Phosphorylation of p130Cas via Gαi2 in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Genes Cancer 2013; 3:578-91. [PMID: 23486563 DOI: 10.1177/1947601913475360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most deadly gynecological cancer, with previous studies implicating lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in the progression of approximately 90% of all ovarian cancers. LPA potently stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas, a scaffolding protein, which, upon phosphorylation, recruits an array of signaling molecules to promote tumor cell migration. Our work presented here identifies Gαi2 as the major G protein involved in tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas in a panel of ovarian cancer cells consisting of HeyA8, SKOV3, and OVCA429. Our results also indicate that the G12 family of G proteins that are also involved in LPA-mediated migration inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas. Using p130Cas siRNA, we demonstrate that p130Cas is a necessary downstream component of LPA Gαi2-induced migration and collagen-1 invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Considering the fact that LPA stimulates invasive migration through the coordination of multiple downstream signaling pathways, our current study identifies a separate unique signaling node involving p130Cas and Gαi2 in mediating LPA-mediated invasive migration of ovarian cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Ward
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA ; Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Rasheed SAK, Teo CR, Beillard EJ, Voorhoeve PM, Casey PJ. MicroRNA-182 and microRNA-200a control G-protein subunit α-13 (GNA13) expression and cell invasion synergistically in prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7986-7995. [PMID: 23329838 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.437749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their ligands have been implicated in progression and metastasis of several cancers. GPCRs signal through heterotrimeric G proteins, and among the different types of G proteins, GNA12/13 have been most closely linked to tumor progression. In this study, we explored the role of GNA13 in prostate cancer cell invasion and the mechanism of up-regulation of GNA13 in these cells. An initial screen for GNA13 protein expression showed that GNA13 is highly expressed in the most aggressive cancer cell lines. Knockdown of GNA13 in highly invasive PC3 cells revealed that these cells depend on GNA13 expression for their invasion, migration, and Rho activation. As mRNA levels in these cells did not correlate with protein levels, we assessed the potential involvement of micro-RNAs (miRNAs) in post-transcriptional control of GNA13 expression. Expression analysis of miRNAs predicted to bind the 3'-UTR of GNA13 revealed that miR-182 and miR-141/200a showed an inverse correlation to the protein expression in LnCAP and PC3 cells. Ectopic expression of miR-182 and miR-141/200a in PC3 cells significantly reduced protein levels, GNA13-3'-UTR reporter activity and in vitro invasion of these cells. This effect was blocked by restoration of GNA13 expression in these cells. Importantly, inhibition of miR-182 and miR-141/200a in LnCAP cells using specific miRNA inhibitors elevated the expression of GNA13 and enhanced invasion of these cells. These data provide strong evidence that GNA13 is an important mediator of prostate cancer cell invasion, and that miR-182 and miR-200 family members regulate its expression post-transcriptionally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cui Rong Teo
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | - Emmanuel Jean Beillard
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | - P Mathijs Voorhoeve
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857 Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
| | - Patrick J Casey
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857 Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gan X, Wang J, Wang C, Sommer E, Kozasa T, Srinivasula S, Alessi D, Offermanns S, Simon MI, Wu D. PRR5L degradation promotes mTORC2-mediated PKC-δ phosphorylation and cell migration downstream of Gα12. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:686-96. [PMID: 22609986 PMCID: PMC3389271 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin complex (MTORC) 2 phosphorylates AGC protein kinases including PKC and regulates cellular functions including cell migration. However, its regulation remains poorly understood. Here we show that LPA induces two phases of PKCδ hydrophobic motif (HM) phosphorylation. The late phase is mediated by Gα12, which specifically activates ARAF, leading to upregulation of the expression of an E3 ubiquitin ligase RFFL and subsequent ubiquitination and degradation of PRR5L. Destabilization of PRR5L, a suppressor of mTORC2-mediated HM phosphorylation of PKCδ, but not AKT, results in PKCδ HM phosphorylation and activation. This Gα12-mediated pathway is critically important for fibroblast migration and pulmonary fibrosis development. Thus, our study unravels a signaling pathway for mTORC2 regulation and fibroblast migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Gan
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Park JH, Choi SD. Gene Expression Analysis of Gα 13-/-Knockout Mouse Embryos Reveals Perturbations in Gα 13Signaling Related to Angiogenesis and Hypoxia. Genomics Inform 2011. [DOI: 10.5808/gi.2011.9.4.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
|
42
|
Goldsmith ZG, Ha JH, Jayaraman M, Dhanasekaran DN. Lysophosphatidic Acid Stimulates the Proliferation of Ovarian Cancer Cells via the gep Proto-Oncogene Gα(12). Genes Cancer 2011; 2:563-75. [PMID: 21901169 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911419362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), an agonist that activates specific G protein-coupled receptors, is present at an elevated concentration in the serum and ascitic fluid of ovarian cancer patients. Although the increased levels of LPA have been linked to the genesis and progression of different cancers including ovarian carcinomas, the specific signaling conduit utilized by LPA in promoting different aspects of oncogenic growth has not been identified. Here, we show that LPA stimulates both migration and proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Using multiple approaches, we demonstrate that the stimulation of ovarian cancer cells with LPA results in a robust and statistically significant proliferative response. Our results also indicate that Gα(12), the gep proto-oncogene, which can be stimulated by LPA via specific LPA receptors, is overtly activated in a large array of ovarian cancer cells. We further establish that LPA stimulates the rapid activation of Gα(12) in SKOV-3 cells and the expression of CT12, an inhibitory minigene of Gα(12) that disrupts LPAR-Gα(12) interaction and potently inhibits such activation. Using this inhibitory molecule as well as the shRNA approach, we show that the inhibition of Gα(12) or silencing of its expression drastically and significantly attenuates LPA-mediated proliferation of ovarian cancer cell lines such as SKOV3, Hey, and OVCAR-3. Together with our findings that the silencing of Gα(12) does not have any significant effect on LPA-mediated migratory response of SKOV3 cells, our results point to a critical role for LPA-LPAR-Gα(12) signaling in ovarian cancer cell proliferation and not in migration. Thus, results presented here for the first time demonstrate that the gep proto-oncogene forms a specific node in LPA-LPAR-mediated mitogenic signaling in ovarian cancer cells.
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang L, Guo D, Xing B, Zhang JJ, Shu HB, Guo L, Huang XY. Resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase-8A (Ric-8A) is critical for growth factor receptor-induced actin cytoskeletal reorganization. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:31055-31061. [PMID: 21771786 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.253427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins are critical transducers of cellular signaling. In addition to their classic roles in relaying signals from G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), heterotrimeric G proteins also mediate physiological functions from non-GPCRs. Previously, we have shown that Gα(13), a member of the heterotrimeric G proteins, is essential for growth factor receptor-induced actin cytoskeletal reorganization such as dynamic dorsal ruffle turnover and cell migration. These Gα(13)-mediated dorsal ruffle turnover and cell migration by growth factors acting on their receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are independent of GPCRs. However, the mechanism by which RTKs signal to Gα(13) is not known. Here, we show that cholinesterase-8A (Ric-8A), a nonreceptor guanine nucleotide exchange factor for some heterotrimeric G proteins, is critical for coupling RTKs to Gα(13). Down-regulation of Ric-8A protein levels in cells by RNA interference slowed down platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced dorsal ruffle turnover and inhibited PDGF-initiated cell migration. PDGF was able to increase the activity of Ric-8A in cells. Furthermore, purified Ric-8A proteins interact directly with purified Gα(13) protein in a nucleotide-dependent manner. Deficiency of Ric-8A prevented the translocation of Gα(13) to the cell cortex. Hence, Ric-8A is critical for growth factor receptor-induced actin cytoskeletal reorganization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 430072
| | - Dagang Guo
- Department of Physiology, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Bowen Xing
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 430072
| | - J Jillian Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 430072
| | - Lin Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 430072
| | - Xin-Yun Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 430072.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Pyne NJ, Pyne S. Receptor tyrosine kinase-G-protein-coupled receptor signalling platforms: out of the shadow? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:443-50. [PMID: 21612832 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can form platforms in which protein signalling components specific for each receptor are shared (owing to close proximity) to produce an integrated response upon engagement of ligands. RTK-GPCR signalling platforms respond to growth factors and GPCR agonists to increase gain over and above that which is normally produced by separate receptors. They can also function to change the spatial context of signalling in response to growth factor activation. The function of RTK-GPCR signalling platforms can be modulated with conformational-specific inhibitors that stabilise defined GPCR states to abrogate both GPCR agonist- and growth factor-stimulated cell responses. In this paper, we provide an opinion of the biology and unusual pharmacology of RTK-GPCR signalling platforms and make comparisons with a more traditional model of crosstalk between RTKs and GPCRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Pyne
- Cell Biology Group, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to a superfamily of cell surface signalling proteins that have a pivotal role in many physiological functions and in multiple diseases, including the development of cancer and cancer metastasis. Current drugs that target GPCRs - many of which have excellent therapeutic benefits - are directed towards only a few GPCR members. Therefore, huge efforts are currently underway to develop new GPCR-based drugs, particularly for cancer. We review recent findings that present unexpected opportunities to interfere with major tumorigenic signals by manipulating GPCR-mediated pathways. We also discuss current data regarding novel GPCR targets that may provide promising opportunities for drug discovery in cancer prevention and treatment.
Collapse
|
46
|
Ren W, Watts SW, Fanburg BL. Serotonin transporter interacts with the PDGFβ receptor in PDGF-BB-induced signaling and mitogenesis in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 300:L486-97. [PMID: 21186266 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00237.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) have been implicated in both clinical and experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH) and the facilitation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) growth. To gain a better understanding of the possible relationship of these two cell surface molecules we have explored interactions between SERT and PDGFR. We have previously demonstrated that SERT transactivates PDGFRβ in serotonin-stimulated PASMC proliferation. We now provide evidence for a role for SERT in PDGF-BB signaling and PASMC proliferation by using pharmacological inhibitors, genetic ablation, and construct overexpression of SERT. The results show that four tested SERT blockers dose dependently inhibit PDGF-stimulated human and bovine PASMC proliferation with comparable efficacy to that of PDGFR inhibitors, whereas 5-HT1B or 5-HT2A receptor inhibitors had no effect. Combinations of the SERT and PDGFR inhibitors led to synergistic/additive inhibition. Similarly, PDGF-induced PASMC proliferation was attenuated by small interfering RNA downregulation of SERT. Inhibition of SERT in PASMCs attenuated PDGF-induced phosphorylation of PDGFRβ, Akt, and p38 but not Erk. Overexpression of SERT in HEK293 cells led to enhanced Akt phosphorylation by PDGF, which was blunted by a SERT PDZ motif mutant, indicating the mechanistic need for the PDZ motif of SERT in PDGF signaling. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that SERT and PDGFRβ become physically associated upon PDGF stimulation. In total, the data show for the first time an important interactive relationship between SERT and the PDGFRβ in the production of PASMC proliferation triggered by PDGF that may be important in PH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Ren
- Department of Medicine, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ye D, Yang Q, Li Y, Huang X, Hu J, Qian S, Tan Z, Song P. Gα13 is closely related to hematopoiesis in zebrafish. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:2685-94. [PMID: 21113681 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) function as signal transducers and control many different physiologic processes. G proteins can be grouped into four families: Gs, Gi, Gq and G12. Gα13 belongs to the G12 family. In zebrafish, there are two isoforms of Gα13: Gα13a and Gα13b. We show here that knockdown of Gα13b in zebrafish results in hematopoietic and angiogenic defects. The Gα13b morphants don't show complete loss of expression of gata1, pu.1 or flk until 35 hpf suggests that Gα13b is closely related to the development of hematopoietic cells. Further studies reveal that blood cells and vascular endothelial cells have undergone apoptosis through a p53-dependent pathway in Gα13b-depleted embryos. Injection of p53 morpholino could partially rescue the phenotype of Gα13b morphants. These data possibly demonstrate a new role for Gα13 in cell survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Ye
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Department of Gynaecology, South Central Hospital, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Migrastatin analogues target fascin to block tumour metastasis. Nature 2010; 464:1062-6. [PMID: 20393565 PMCID: PMC2857318 DOI: 10.1038/nature08978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumour metastasis is the primary cause of death of cancer patients. Development of new therapeutics preventing tumour metastasis is urgently needed. Migrastatin is a natural product secreted by Streptomyces, and synthesized migrastatin analogues such as macroketone are potent inhibitors of metastatic tumour cell migration, invasion and metastasis. Here we show that these migrastatin analogues target the actin-bundling protein fascin to inhibit its activity. X-ray crystal structural studies reveal that migrastatin analogues bind to one of the actin-binding sites on fascin. Our data demonstrate that actin cytoskeletal proteins such as fascin can be explored as new molecular targets for cancer treatment, in a similar manner to the microtubule protein tubulin.
Collapse
|
49
|
Marty C, Ye RD. Heterotrimeric G protein signaling outside the realm of seven transmembrane domain receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:12-8. [PMID: 20404072 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.063453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins, consisting of the guanine nucleotide-binding Galpha subunits with GTPase activity and the closely associated Gbeta and Ggamma subunits, are important signaling components for receptors with seven transmembrane domains (7TMRs). These receptors, also termed G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), act as guanine nucleotide exchange factors upon agonist stimulation. There is now accumulating evidence for noncanonical functions of heterotrimeric G proteins independent of 7TMR coupling. Galpha proteins belonging to all 4 subfamilies, including G(s), G(i), G(q), and G(12) are found to play important roles in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, regulation of oxidant production, development, and cell migration, through physical and functional interaction with proteins other than 7TMRs. Association of Galpha with non-7TMR proteins also facilitates presentation of these G proteins to specific cellular microdomains. This Minireview aims to summarize our current understanding of the noncanonical roles of Galpha proteins in cell signaling and to discuss unresolved issues including regulation of Galpha activation by proteins other than the 7TMRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Marty
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris XI, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Chen L, Zhang JJ, Rafii S, Huang XY. Suppression of tumor angiogenesis by Galpha(13) haploinsufficiency. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:27409-15. [PMID: 19654325 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.025460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins are critical transducers of cellular signaling. Of the four families of G proteins, the physiological function of Galpha(13) is less well understood. Galpha(13) gene-deleted mice die at embryonic day approximately 9.5. Here, we show that heterozygous Galpha(13)(+/-) mice display defects in adult angiogenesis. Female Galpha(13)(+/-) mice showed a higher number of immature follicles and a lower density of blood vessels in the mature corpus luteum compared with Galpha(13)(+/+) mice. Furthermore, implanted tumors grew slower in Galpha(13)(+/-) host mice. These tumor tissues had many fewer blood vessels compared with those from Galpha(13)(+/+) host mice. Moreover, bone marrow-derived progenitor cells from Galpha(13)(+/+) mice rescued the failed growth of allografted tumors when reconstituted into irradiated Galpha(13)(+/-) mice. Hence, Galpha(13) is haploinsufficient for adult angiogenesis in both the female reproductive system and tumor angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Physiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|