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Lyu Z, Genereux JC. Quantitative Measurement of Transthyretin Mistargeting by Proximity Labeling and Parallel Reaction Monitoring. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 2:1288188. [PMID: 38173467 PMCID: PMC10764115 DOI: 10.3389/fchbi.2023.1288188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Proximity labeling is a powerful approach for characterizing subcellular proteomes. We recently demonstrated that proximity labeling can be used to identify mistrafficking of secretory proteins, such as occurs during pre-emptive quality control (pre-QC) following endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This assay depends on protein quantification by immunoblotting and densitometry, which sometimes suffers from poor sensitivity. Here, we integrate parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mass spectrometry to enable a more quantitative platform, and assess how chemical ER stressors impact pre-QC of the model secretory protein transthyretin in HEK293T cells. We find that some drug treatments affect labeling efficiency, which can be controlled for by normalizing to APEX2 auto-labeling. While some chemical ER stress inducers including Brefeldin A and thapsigargin induce pre-QC, tunicamycin and dithiothreitol do not, indicating ER stress alone is not sufficient. This finding contrasts with the canonical model of pre-QC induction, and establishes the utility of our platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Joseph C. Genereux
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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2
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Lyu Z, Genereux JC. Quantitative Measurement of Secretory Protein Mistargeting by Proximity Labeling and Parallel Reaction Monitoring. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.19.549095. [PMID: 37503147 PMCID: PMC10370094 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.549095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Proximity labeling is a powerful approach for characterizing subcellular proteomes. We recently demonstrated that proximity labeling can be used to identify mistrafficking of secretory proteins, such as occurs during pre-emptive quality control (pre-QC) following endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This assay depends on protein quantification by immunoblotting and densitometry, which is only semi-quantitative and suffers from poor sensitivity. Here, we integrate parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry to enable a more quantitative platform for ER import. PRM as opposed to densitometry improves quantification of transthyretin mistargeting while also achieving at least a ten-fold gain in sensitivity. The multiplexing of PRM also enabled us to evaluate a series of normalization approaches, revealing that normalization to auto-labeled APEX2 peroxidase is necessary to account for drug treatment-dependent changes in labeling efficiency. We apply this approach to systematically characterize the relationship between chemical ER stressors and ER pre-QC induction in HEK293T cells. Using dual-FLAG-tagged transthyretin (FLAGTTR) as a model secretory protein, we find that Brefeldin A treatment as well as ER calcium depletion cause pre-QC, while tunicamycin and dithiothreitol do not, indicating ER stress alone is not sufficient. This finding contrasts with the canonical model of pre-QC induction, and establishes the utility of our platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Joseph C. Genereux
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
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Mun SH, Lee CS, Kim HJ, Kim J, Lee H, Yang J, Im SH, Kim JH, Seong JK, Hwang CS. Marchf6 E3 ubiquitin ligase critically regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress, ferroptosis, and metabolic homeostasis in POMC neurons. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112746. [PMID: 37421621 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic prohormone pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is generally translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for entry into the secretory pathway. Patients with mutations within the signal peptide (SP) of POMC or its adjoining segment develop metabolic disorders. However, the existence, metabolic fate, and functional outcomes of cytosol-retained POMC remain unclear. Here, we show that SP-uncleaved POMC is produced in the cytosol of POMC neuronal cells, thus inducing ER stress and ferroptotic cell death. Mechanistically, the cytosol-retained POMC sequesters the chaperone Hspa5 and subsequently accelerates degradation of the glutathione peroxidase Gpx4, a core regulator of ferroptosis, via the chaperone-mediated autophagy. We also show that the Marchf6 E3 ubiquitin ligase mediates the degradation of cytosol-retained POMC, thereby preventing ER stress and ferroptosis. Furthermore, POMC-Cre-mediated Marchf6-deficient mice exhibit hyperphagia, reduced energy expenditure, and weight gain. These findings suggest that Marchf6 is a critical regulator of ER stress, ferroptosis, and metabolic homeostasis in POMC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyeon Mun
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Jiye Kim
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Program for Cancer Biology and BIO-MAX/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Haena Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Jihye Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea; Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea; ImmunoBiome, Inc, Pohang 37666, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Hun Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea; Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Program for Cancer Biology and BIO-MAX/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Cheol-Sang Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
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4
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Legesse A, Kaushansky N, Braunstein I, Saad H, Lederkremer G, Navon A, Stanhill A. The role of RNF149 in the pre-emptive quality control substrate ubiquitination. Commun Biol 2023; 6:385. [PMID: 37031316 PMCID: PMC10082771 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein quality control is a process in which a protein's folding status is constantly monitored. Mislocalized proteins (MLP), are processed by the various quality control pathways, as they are often misfolded due to inappropriate cellular surroundings. Polypeptides that fail to translocate into the ER due to an inefficient signal peptide, mutations or ER stress are recognized by the pre-emptive ER associated quality control (pEQC) pathway and degraded by the 26 S proteasome. In this report we reveal the role of RNF149, a membrane bound E3 ligase in the ubiquitination of known pEQC substrates. We demonstrate its selective binding only to non-translocated proteins and its association with known pEQC components. Impairment in RNF149 function increases translocation flux into the ER and manifests in a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) phenotype, a pathological condition associated with pEQC impairment. Finally, the dynamic localization of RNF149 may provide a molecular switch to regulate pEQC during ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aster Legesse
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, 43710, Israel
| | - Nathali Kaushansky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ilana Braunstein
- Department of Biochemistry, Technion School of Medicine, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Haddas Saad
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Gerardo Lederkremer
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ami Navon
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ariel Stanhill
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, 43710, Israel.
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5
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Yoo YM, Joo SS. Melatonin Can Modulate Neurodegenerative Diseases by Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032381. [PMID: 36768703 PMCID: PMC9916953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As people age, their risks of developing degenerative diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Parkinson's Disease (PD), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis are generally increasing. Millions of people worldwide suffer from these diseases as they age. In most countries, neurodegenerative diseases are generally recognized as the number one cause afflicting the elderly. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been suggested to be associated with some human neurological diseases, such as PD and AD. Melatonin, a neuroendocrine hormone mainly synthesized in the pineal gland, is involved in pleiotropically biological functions, including the control of the circadian rhythm, immune enhancement, and antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-tumor effects. Although there are many papers on the prevention or suppression of diseases by melatonin, there are very few papers about the effects of melatonin on ER stress in neurons and neurodegenerative diseases. This paper aims to summarize and present the effects of melatonin reported so far, focusing on its effects on neurons and neurodegenerative diseases related to ER stress. Studies have shown that the primary target molecule of ER stress for melatonin is CHOP, and PERK and GRP78/BiP are the secondary target molecules. Therefore, melatonin is crucial in protecting neurons and treating neurodegeneration against ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Min Yoo
- East Coast Life Sciences Institute, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.Y.); (S.S.J.); Tel.: +82-10-2494-5309 (Y.-M.Y.); +82-33-640-2856 (S.S.J.); Fax: +82-33-640-2849 (Y.-M.Y. & S.S.J.)
| | - Seong Soo Joo
- Department of Marine Bioscience, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.Y.); (S.S.J.); Tel.: +82-10-2494-5309 (Y.-M.Y.); +82-33-640-2856 (S.S.J.); Fax: +82-33-640-2849 (Y.-M.Y. & S.S.J.)
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6
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Heat shock protein Hspa13 regulates endoplasmic reticulum and cytosolic proteostasis through modulation of protein translocation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102597. [PMID: 36244454 PMCID: PMC9691929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most eukaryotic secretory proteins are cotranslationally translocated through Sec61 into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Because these proteins have evolved to fold in the ER, their mistargeting is associated with toxicity. Genetic experiments have implicated the ER heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) Hspa13/STCH as involved in processing of nascent secretory proteins. Herein, we evaluate the role of Hspa13 in protein import and the maintenance of cellular proteostasis in human cells, primarily using the human embryonic kidney 293T cell line. We find that Hspa13 interacts primarily with the Sec61 translocon and its associated factors. Hspa13 overexpression inhibits translocation of the secreted protein transthyretin, leading to accumulation and aggregation of immature transthyretin in the cytosol. ATPase-inactive mutants of Hspa13 further inhibit translocation and maturation of secretory proteins. While Hspa13 overexpression inhibits cell growth and ER quality control, we demonstrate that HSPA13 knockout destabilizes proteostasis and increases sensitivity to ER disruption. Thus, we propose that Hspa13 regulates import through the translocon to maintain both ER and cytosolic protein homeostasis. The raw mass spectrometry data associated with this article have been deposited in the PRIDE archive and can be accessed at PXD033498.
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7
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The Role of Protein Kinase CK2 in Development and Disease Progression: A Critical Review. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10030031. [PMID: 35997395 PMCID: PMC9397010 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 (CK2) is a ubiquitous holoenzyme involved in a wide array of developmental processes. The involvement of CK2 in events such as neurogenesis, cardiogenesis, skeletogenesis, and spermatogenesis is essential for the viability of almost all organisms, and its role has been conserved throughout evolution. Further into adulthood, CK2 continues to function as a key regulator of pathways affecting crucial processes such as osteogenesis, adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, neuron differentiation, and the immune response. Due to its vast role in a multitude of pathways, aberrant functioning of this kinase leads to embryonic lethality and numerous diseases and disorders, including cancer and neurological disorders. As a result, CK2 is a popular target for interventions aiming to treat the aforementioned diseases. Specifically, two CK2 inhibitors, namely CX-4945 and CIBG-300, are in the early stages of clinical testing and exhibit promise for treating cancer and other disorders. Further, other researchers around the world are focusing on CK2 to treat bone disorders. This review summarizes the current understanding of CK2 in development, the structure of CK2, the targets and signaling pathways of CK2, the implication of CK2 in disease progression, and the recent therapeutics developed to inhibit the dysregulation of CK2 function in various diseases.
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Lyu Z, Sycks MM, Espinoza MF, Nguyen KK, Montoya MR, Galapate CM, Mei L, Genereux JC. Monitoring Protein Import into the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Living Cells with Proximity Labeling. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1963-1977. [PMID: 35675579 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The proper trafficking of eukaryotic proteins is essential to cellular function. Genetic, environmental, and other stresses can induce protein mistargeting and, in turn, threaten cellular protein homeostasis. Current methods for measuring protein mistargeting are difficult to translate to living cells, and thus the role of cellular signaling networks in stress-dependent protein mistargeting processes, such as ER pre-emptive quality control (ER pQC), is difficult to parse. Herein, we use genetically encoded peroxidases to characterize protein import into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We show that the ERHRP/cytAPEX pair provides good selectivity and sensitivity for both multiplexed protein labeling and for identifying protein mistargeting, using the known ER pQC substrate transthyretin (TTR). Although ERHRP labeling induces formation of detergent-resistant TTR aggregates, this is minimized by using low ERHRP expression, without loss of labeling efficiency. cytAPEX labeling recovers TTR that is mistargeted as a consequence of Sec61 inhibition or ER stress-induced ER pQC. Furthermore, we discover that stress-free activation of the ER stress-associated transcription factor ATF6 recapitulates the TTR import deficiency of ER pQC. Hence, proximity labeling is an effective strategy for characterizing factors that influence ER protein import in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Melody M Sycks
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Mateo F Espinoza
- Graduate Program of Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Khanh K Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Maureen R Montoya
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Cheska M Galapate
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Liangyong Mei
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Joseph C Genereux
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Graduate Program of Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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9
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Lang S, Nguyen D, Bhadra P, Jung M, Helms V, Zimmermann R. Signal Peptide Features Determining the Substrate Specificities of Targeting and Translocation Components in Human ER Protein Import. Front Physiol 2022; 13:833540. [PMID: 35899032 PMCID: PMC9309488 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.833540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In human cells, approximately 30% of all polypeptides enter the secretory pathway at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This process involves cleavable amino-terminal signal peptides (SPs) or more or less amino-terminal transmembrane helices (TMHs), which serve as targeting determinants, at the level of the precursor polypeptides and a multitude of cytosolic and ER proteins, which facilitate their ER import. Alone or in combination SPs and TMHs guarantee the initial ER targeting as well as the subsequent membrane integration or translocation. Cytosolic SRP and SR, its receptor in the ER membrane, mediate cotranslational targeting of most nascent precursor polypeptide chains to the polypeptide-conducting Sec61 complex in the ER membrane. Alternatively, fully-synthesized precursor polypeptides and certain nascent precursor polypeptides are targeted to the ER membrane by either the PEX-, SND-, or TRC-pathway. Although these targeting pathways may have overlapping functions, the question arises how relevant this is under cellular conditions and which features of SPs and precursor polypeptides determine preference for a certain pathway. Irrespective of their targeting pathway(s), most precursor polypeptides are integrated into or translocated across the ER membrane via the Sec61 channel. For some precursor polypeptides specific Sec61 interaction partners have to support the gating of the channel to the open state, again raising the question why and when this is the case. Recent progress shed light on the client spectrum and specificities of some auxiliary components, including Sec62/Sec63, TRAM1 protein, and TRAP. To address the question which precursors use a certain pathway or component in intact human cells, i.e., under conditions of fast translation rates and molecular crowding, in the presence of competing precursors, different targeting organelles, and relevant stoichiometries of the involved components, siRNA-mediated depletion of single targeting or transport components in HeLa cells was combined with label-free quantitative proteomics and differential protein abundance analysis. Here, we present a summary of the experimental approach as well as the resulting differential protein abundance analyses and discuss their mechanistic implications in light of the available structural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Lang
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sven Lang, ; Richard Zimmermann,
| | - Duy Nguyen
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Pratiti Bhadra
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Martin Jung
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Volkhard Helms
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Richard Zimmermann
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sven Lang, ; Richard Zimmermann,
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10
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Critical roles of protein disulfide isomerases in balancing proteostasis in the nervous system. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102087. [PMID: 35654139 PMCID: PMC9253707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) constitute a family of oxidoreductases promoting redox protein folding and quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum. PDIs catalyze disulfide bond formation, isomerization, and reduction, operating in concert with molecular chaperones to fold secretory cargoes in addition to directing misfolded proteins to be refolded or degraded. Importantly, PDIs are emerging as key components of the proteostasis network, integrating protein folding status with central surveillance mechanisms to balance proteome stability according to cellular needs. Recent advances in the field driven by the generation of new mouse models, human genetic studies, and omics methodologies, in addition to interventions using small molecules and gene therapy, have revealed the significance of PDIs to the physiology of the nervous system. PDIs are also implicated in diverse pathologies, ranging from neurodevelopmental conditions to neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic injuries. Here, we review the principles of redox protein folding in the ER with a focus on current evidence linking genetic mutations and biochemical alterations to PDIs in the etiology of neurological conditions.
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11
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The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase TRAF6 Interacts with the Cellular Prion Protein and Modulates Its Solubility and Recruitment to Cytoplasmic p62/SQSTM1-Positive Aggresome-Like Structures. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1577-1588. [PMID: 35000151 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a ubiquitous glycoprotein highly expressed in the brain where it is involved in neurite outgrowth, copper homeostasis, NMDA receptor regulation, cell adhesion, and cell signaling. Conformational conversion of PrPC into its insoluble and aggregation-prone scrapie form (PrPSc) is the trigger for several rare devastating neurodegenerative disorders, collectively referred to as prion diseases. Recent work indicates that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in quality control of PrPC. To better dissect the role of ubiquitination in PrPC physiology, we focused on the E3 RING ubiquitin ligase tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Here, we report that PrPC interacts with TRAF6 both in vitro, in cells, and in vivo, in the mouse brain. Transient overexpression of TRAF6 indirectly modulates PrPC ubiquitination and triggers redistribution of PrPC into the insoluble fraction. Importantly, in the presence of wild-type TRAF6, but not a mutant lacking E3 ligase activity, PrPC accumulates into cytoplasmic aggresome-like inclusions containing TRAF6 and p62/SQSTM1. Our results suggest that TRAF6 ligase activity could exert a role in the regulation of PrPC redistribution in cells under physiological conditions. This novel interaction may uncover possible mechanisms of cell clearance/reorganization in prion diseases.
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12
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Kong KYE, Coelho JPL, Feige MJ, Khmelinskii A. Quality control of mislocalized and orphan proteins. Exp Cell Res 2021; 403:112617. [PMID: 33930402 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A healthy and functional proteome is essential to cell physiology. However, this is constantly being challenged as most steps of protein metabolism are error-prone and changes in the physico-chemical environment can affect protein structure and function, thereby disrupting proteome homeostasis. Among a variety of potential mistakes, proteins can be targeted to incorrect compartments or subunits of protein complexes may fail to assemble properly with their partners, resulting in the formation of mislocalized and orphan proteins, respectively. Quality control systems are in place to handle these aberrant proteins, and to minimize their detrimental impact on cellular functions. Here, we discuss recent findings on quality control mechanisms handling mislocalized and orphan proteins. We highlight common principles involved in their recognition and summarize how accumulation of these aberrant molecules is associated with aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João P L Coelho
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias J Feige
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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13
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Liu M, Huang Y, Xu X, Li X, Alam M, Arunagiri A, Haataja L, Ding L, Wang S, Itkin-Ansari P, Kaufman RJ, Tsai B, Qi L, Arvan P. Normal and defective pathways in biogenesis and maintenance of the insulin storage pool. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142240. [PMID: 33463547 PMCID: PMC7810482 DOI: 10.1172/jci142240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both basal and glucose-stimulated insulin release occur primarily by insulin secretory granule exocytosis from pancreatic β cells, and both are needed to maintain normoglycemia. Loss of insulin-secreting β cells, accompanied by abnormal glucose tolerance, may involve simple exhaustion of insulin reserves (which, by immunostaining, appears as a loss of β cell identity), or β cell dedifferentiation, or β cell death. While various sensing and signaling defects can result in diminished insulin secretion, somewhat less attention has been paid to diabetes risk caused by insufficiency in the biosynthetic generation and maintenance of the total insulin granule storage pool. This Review offers an overview of insulin biosynthesis, beginning with the preproinsulin mRNA (translation and translocation into the ER), proinsulin folding and export from the ER, and delivery via the Golgi complex to secretory granules for conversion to insulin and ultimate hormone storage. All of these steps are needed for generation and maintenance of the total insulin granule pool, and defects in any of these steps may, weakly or strongly, perturb glycemic control. The foregoing considerations have obvious potential relevance to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and some forms of monogenic diabetes; conceivably, several of these concepts might also have implications for β cell failure in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yumeng Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Maroof Alam
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anoop Arunagiri
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shusen Wang
- Organ Transplant Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Randal J. Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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14
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Garin S, Levi O, Cohen B, Golani-Armon A, Arava YS. Localization and RNA Binding of Mitochondrial Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101185. [PMID: 33053729 PMCID: PMC7600831 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria contain a complete translation machinery that is used to translate its internally transcribed mRNAs. This machinery uses a distinct set of tRNAs that are charged with cognate amino acids inside the organelle. Interestingly, charging is executed by aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (aaRS) that are encoded by the nuclear genome, translated in the cytosol, and need to be imported into the mitochondria. Here, we review import mechanisms of these enzymes with emphasis on those that are localized to both mitochondria and cytosol. Furthermore, we describe RNA recognition features of these enzymes and their interaction with tRNA and non-tRNA molecules. The dual localization of mitochondria-destined aaRSs and their association with various RNA types impose diverse impacts on cellular physiology. Yet, the breadth and significance of these functions are not fully resolved. We highlight here possibilities for future explorations.
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15
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Ghemrawi R, Khair M. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6127. [PMID: 32854418 PMCID: PMC7503386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important organelle involved in protein quality control and cellular homeostasis. The accumulation of unfolded proteins leads to an ER stress, followed by an adaptive response via the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1α (IRE1α) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) pathways. However, prolonged cell stress activates apoptosis signaling leading to cell death. Neuronal cells are particularly sensitive to protein misfolding, consequently ER and UPR dysfunctions were found to be involved in many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and prions diseases, among others characterized by the accumulation and aggregation of misfolded proteins. Pharmacological UPR modulation in affected tissues may contribute to the treatment and prevention of neurodegeneration. The association between ER stress, UPR and neuropathology is well established. In this review, we provide up-to-date evidence of UPR activation in neurodegenerative disorders followed by therapeutic strategies targeting the UPR and ameliorating the toxic effects of protein unfolding and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Ghemrawi
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 112612, UAE
| | - Mostafa Khair
- Core Technology Platforms, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, UAE;
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16
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Kriegler T, Lang S, Notari L, Hessa T. Prion Protein Translocation Mechanism Revealed by Pulling Force Studies. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:4447-4465. [PMID: 32502491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian prion protein (PrP) engages with the ribosome-Sec61 translocation channel complex to generate different topological variants that are either physiological, or involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we describe cotranslational folding and translocation mechanisms of PrP coupled to an Xbp1-based arrest peptide as folding sensor, to measure forces acting on PrP nascent chain. Our data reveal two main pulling events followed by a minor third one exerted on the nascent chains during their translocation. Using those force landscapes, we show that a specific sequence within an intrinsically disordered region, containing a polybasic and glycine-proline rich residues, modulates the second pulling event by interacting with TRAP complex. This work also delineates the sequence of events involved in generation of PrP toxic transmembrane topologies during its synthesis. Our results shed new insight into the folding of such a topological complex protein, where marginal pulling by the signal sequence, together with the flanking downstream sequence in the mature domain, primarily drives an overall inefficient translocation resulting in the nascent chain to adopt alternative topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kriegler
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories of Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Lang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Luigi Notari
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Therapeutic Immune Design Unit, CMM, L8:02, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Tara Hessa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories of Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Mookherjee D, Das S, Mukherjee R, Bera M, Jana SC, Chakrabarti S, Chakrabarti O. RETREG1/FAM134B mediated autophagosomal degradation of AMFR/GP78 and OPA1 -a dual organellar turnover mechanism. Autophagy 2020; 17:1729-1752. [PMID: 32559118 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1783118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Turnover of cellular organelles, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, is orchestrated by an efficient cellular surveillance system. We have identified a mechanism for dual regulation of ER and mitochondria under stress. It is known that AMFR, an ER E3 ligase and ER-associated degradation (ERAD) regulator, degrades outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) proteins, MFNs (mitofusins), via the proteasome and triggers mitophagy. We show that destabilized mitochondria are almost devoid of the OMM and generate "mitoplasts". This brings the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) in the proximity of the ER. When AMFR levels are high and the mitochondria are stressed, the reticulophagy regulatory protein RETREG1 participates in the formation of the mitophagophore by interacting with OPA1. Interestingly, OPA1 and other IMM proteins exhibit similar RETREG1-dependent autophagosomal degradation as AMFR, unlike most of the OMM proteins. The "mitoplasts" generated are degraded by reticulo-mito-phagy - simultaneously affecting dual organelle turnover.Abbreviations: AMFR/GP78: autocrine motility factor receptor; BAPTA: 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid; BFP: blue fluorescent protein; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone; CNBr: cyanogen bromide; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD: endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation; FL: fluorescence, GFP: green fluorescent protein; HA: hemagglutinin; HEPES: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid; IMM: inner mitochondrial membrane; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MFN: mitofusin, MGRN1: mahogunin ring finger 1; NA: numerical aperature; OMM: outer mitochondrial membrane; OPA1: OPA1 mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase; PRNP/PrP: prion protein; RER: rough endoplasmic reticulum; RETREG1/FAM134B: reticulophagy regulator 1; RFP: red fluorescent protein; RING: really interesting new gene; ROI: region of interest; RTN: reticulon; SEM: standard error of the mean; SER: smooth endoplasmic reticulum; SIM: structured illumination microscopy; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STED: stimulated emission depletion; STOML2: stomatin like 2; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; UPR: unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debdatto Mookherjee
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhrangshu Das
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Rukmini Mukherjee
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India.,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Manindra Bera
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, the Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | | | - Saikat Chakrabarti
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Oishee Chakrabarti
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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18
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Mohammadi B, Linsenmeier L, Shafiq M, Puig B, Galliciotti G, Giudici C, Willem M, Eden T, Koch-Nolte F, Lin YH, Tatzelt J, Glatzel M, Altmeppen HC. Transgenic Overexpression of the Disordered Prion Protein N1 Fragment in Mice Does Not Protect Against Neurodegenerative Diseases Due to Impaired ER Translocation. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2812-2829. [PMID: 32367491 PMCID: PMC7253391 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The structurally disordered N-terminal half of the prion protein (PrPC) is constitutively released into the extracellular space by an endogenous proteolytic cleavage event. Once liberated, this N1 fragment acts neuroprotective in ischemic conditions and interferes with toxic peptides associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyloid-beta (Aβ) in Alzheimer’s disease. Since analog protective effects of N1 in prion diseases, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, have not been studied, and given that the protease releasing N1 has not been identified to date, we have generated and characterized transgenic mice overexpressing N1 (TgN1). Upon intracerebral inoculation of TgN1 mice with prions, no protective effects were observed at the levels of survival, clinical course, neuropathological, or molecular assessment. Likewise, primary neurons of these mice did not show protection against Aβ toxicity. Our biochemical and morphological analyses revealed that this lack of protective effects is seemingly due to an impaired ER translocation of the disordered N1 resulting in its cytosolic retention with an uncleaved signal peptide. Thus, TgN1 mice represent the first animal model to prove the inefficient ER translocation of intrinsically disordered domains (IDD). In contrast to earlier studies, our data challenge roles of cytoplasmic N1 as a cell penetrating peptide or as a potent “anti-prion” agent. Lastly, our study highlights both the importance of structured domains in the nascent chain for proteins to be translocated and aspects to be considered when devising novel N1-based therapeutic approaches against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Mohammadi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luise Linsenmeier
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohsin Shafiq
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Department of Neurology, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giovanna Galliciotti
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Camilla Giudici
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Willem
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Eden
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann C Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.
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19
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Thapa S, Abdelaziz DH, Abdulrahman BA, Schatzl HM. Sephin1 Reduces Prion Infection in Prion-Infected Cells and Animal Model. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2206-2219. [PMID: 31981074 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal infectious neurodegenerative disorders in human and animals caused by misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the infectious isoform PrPSc. These diseases have the potential to transmit within or between species, and no cure is available to date. Targeting the unfolded protein response (UPR) as an anti-prion therapeutic approach has been widely reported for prion diseases. Here, we describe the anti-prion effect of the chemical compound Sephin1 which has been shown to protect in mouse models of protein misfolding diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS) by selectively inhibiting the stress-induced regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1, thus prolonging eIF2α phosphorylation. We show here that Sephin1 dose and time dependently reduced PrPSc in different neuronal cell lines which were persistently infected with various prion strains. In addition, prion seeding activity was reduced in Sephin1-treated cells. Importantly, we found that Sephin1 significantly overcame the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced in treated cells, as measured by lower expression of stress-induced aberrant prion protein. In a mouse model of prion infection, intraperitoneal treatment with Sephin1 significantly prolonged survival of prion-infected mice. When combining Sephin1 with the neuroprotective drug metformin, the survival of prion-infected mice was also prolonged. These results suggest that Sephin1 could be a potential anti-prion drug selectively targeting one component of the UPR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simrika Thapa
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, TRW 2D10, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dalia H Abdelaziz
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, TRW 2D10, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Basant A Abdulrahman
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, TRW 2D10, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hermann M Schatzl
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, TRW 2D10, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada. .,Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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20
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Hegde RS, Zavodszky E. Recognition and Degradation of Mislocalized Proteins in Health and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a033902. [PMID: 30833453 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A defining feature of eukaryotic cells is the segregation of complex biochemical processes among different intracellular compartments. The protein targeting, translocation, and trafficking pathways that sustain compartmentalization must recognize a diverse range of clients via degenerate signals. This recognition is imperfect, resulting in polypeptides at incorrect cellular locations. Cells have evolved mechanisms to selectively recognize mislocalized proteins and triage them for degradation or rescue. These spatial quality control pathways maintain cellular protein homeostasis, become especially important during organelle stress, and might contribute to disease when they are impaired or overwhelmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanujan S Hegde
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Eszter Zavodszky
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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21
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Mookherjee D, Majumder P, Mukherjee R, Chatterjee D, Kaul Z, Das S, Sougrat R, Chakrabarti S, Chakrabarti O. Cytosolic aggregates in presence of non‐translocated proteins perturb endoplasmic reticulum structure and dynamics. Traffic 2019; 20:943-960. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debdatto Mookherjee
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics DivisionSaha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata India
| | - Priyanka Majumder
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics DivisionSaha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata India
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural SciencesShiv Nadar University Dadri UP India
| | - Rukmini Mukherjee
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics DivisionSaha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata India
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Frankfurt Am Main Germany
| | - Debmita Chatterjee
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics DivisionSaha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata India
| | - Zenia Kaul
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics DivisionSaha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata India
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia
| | - Subhrangshu Das
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics DivisionCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata India
| | - Rachid Sougrat
- Imaging and Characterization Lab4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saikat Chakrabarti
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics DivisionCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata India
| | - Oishee Chakrabarti
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics DivisionSaha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Mumbai India
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22
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Reynoso-Robles R, González-Maciel A. Combustion and friction-derived nanoparticles and industrial-sourced nanoparticles: The culprit of Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108574. [PMID: 31299618 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Redox-active, strongly magnetic, combustion and friction-derived nanoparticles (CFDNPs) are abundant in particulate matter air pollution. Urban children and young adults with Alzheimer disease Continuum have higher numbers of brain CFDNPs versus clean air controls. CFDNPs surface charge, dynamic magnetic susceptibility, iron content and redox activity contribute to ROS generation, neurovascular unit (NVU), mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) damage, and are catalysts for protein misfolding, aggregation and fibrillation. CFDNPs respond to external magnetic fields and are involved in cell damage by agglomeration/clustering, magnetic rotation and/or hyperthermia. This review focus in the interaction of CFDNPs, nanomedicine and industrial NPs with biological systems and the impact of portals of entry, particle sizes, surface charge, biomolecular corona, biodistribution, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular toxicity, anterograde and retrograde axonal transport, brain dysfunction and pathology. NPs toxicity information come from researchers synthetizing particles and improving their performance for drug delivery, drug targeting, magnetic resonance imaging and heat mediators for cancer therapy. Critical information includes how these NPs overcome all barriers, the NPs protein corona changes as they cross the NVU and the complexity of NPs interaction with soluble proteins and key organelles. Oxidative, ER and mitochondrial stress, and a faulty complex protein quality control are at the core of Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases and NPs mechanisms of action and toxicity are strong candidates for early development and progression of both fatal diseases. Nanoparticle exposure regardless of sources carries a high risk for the developing brain homeostasis and ought to be included in the AD and PD research framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA; Universidad Del Valle de México, 04850, Mexico City, Mexico.
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23
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Lee Y, Eum H, Lee D, Lee S, Song Y, Kang SW. Mutant-selective topologic conversion facilitates selective degradation of a pathogenic prion isoform. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:284-296. [PMID: 31127199 PMCID: PMC7205900 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulating protein import across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane occasionally results in the synthesis of topologically unnatural variants, and their accumulation often leads to proteotoxicity. However, since this is a regulated process, it is questionable whether the topological rearrangement really has adverse consequences. In the present study, we provide an insight into the functional benefit of translocational regulation by illustrating mutant-selective topologic conversion (MSTC) and demonstrate that MSTC contributes to selective degradation of a membrane-anchored prion protein isoform (ctmPrP). We find that ctmPrP is inherently short-lived and topologically competent for degradation rather than accumulation. MSTC achieves, cotranslationally, the unique topology of ctmPrP during translocation, facilitating selective ctmPrP degradation from the ER via the proteasome-dependent pathway before entering the secretory pathway. At this time, the N-terminal polycationic cluster is essential for MSTC, and its cytosolic exposure acquires “ERAD-degron”-like activity for ctmPrP. Bypassing MSTC delays ctmPrP degradation, thus increasing prion proteotoxicity. Thus, topological rearrangement is used for the MSTC as a part of the protein quality control pathway to ensure the safety of the secretory pathway from misfolded PrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongsik Eum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duri Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsup Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Fregno I, Molinari M. Proteasomal and lysosomal clearance of faulty secretory proteins: ER-associated degradation (ERAD) and ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD) pathways. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 54:153-163. [PMID: 31084437 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2019.1610351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
About 40% of the eukaryotic cell's proteins are inserted co- or post-translationally in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they attain the native structure under the assistance of resident molecular chaperones and folding enzymes. Subsequently, these proteins are secreted from cells or are transported to their sites of function at the plasma membrane or in organelles of the secretory and endocytic compartments. Polypeptides that are not delivered within the ER (mis-localized proteins, MLPs) are rapidly destroyed by cytosolic proteasomes, with intervention of the membrane protease ZMPSTE24 if they remained trapped in the SEC61 translocation machinery. Proteins that enter the ER, but fail to attain the native structure are rapidly degraded to prevent toxic accumulation of aberrant gene products. The ER does not contain degradative devices and the majority of misfolded proteins generated in this biosynthetic compartment are dislocated across the membrane for degradation by cytosolic 26S proteasomes by mechanisms and pathways collectively defined as ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Proteins that do not engage ERAD factors, that enter aggregates or polymers, are too large, display chimico/physical features that prevent dislocation across the ER membrane (ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins) are delivered to endo-lysosome for clearance, by mechanisms and pathways collectively defined as ER-to-lysosomes-associated degradation (ERLAD). Emerging evidences lead us to propose ERLAD as an umbrella term that includes the autophagic and non-autophagic pathways activated and engaged by ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins generated in the ER for delivery to degradative endo-lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Fregno
- a Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences , Università della Svizzera italiana (USI) , Bellinzona , Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- a Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences , Università della Svizzera italiana (USI) , Bellinzona , Switzerland.,b School of Life Sciences , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
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25
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Ziska A, Tatzelt J, Dudek J, Paton AW, Paton JC, Zimmermann R, Haßdenteufel S. The signal peptide plus a cluster of positive charges in prion protein dictate chaperone-mediated Sec61 channel gating. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.040691. [PMID: 30745438 PMCID: PMC6451349 DOI: 10.1242/bio.040691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sec61-complex as a dynamic polypeptide-conducting channel mediates protein transport into the human endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with the help of additional components. ER membrane resident Hsp40-type co-chaperone Sec63 as well as the ER lumenal Hsp70-type chaperone BiP were proposed to facilitate channel opening in a precursor-specific fashion. Here, we report on their rules of engagement in ER import of the prion protein (PrP) by addressing sixteen PrP-related variants which differ in their signal peptides and mature parts, respectively. Transport into the ER of semi-permeabilized human cells was analyzed upon depletion of the components by siRNA- or toxin-treatment. The results are consistent with the view of separate functions of BiP and Sec63 and strongly suggest that the co-chaperone/chaperone-pair facilitates Sec61 channel gating to the open state when precursor polypeptides with weak signal peptides in combination with detrimental features in the adjacent mature part were targeted. Thus, we expand the view of chaperone-mediated Sec61 channel gating by providing a novel example of a polybasic motif that interferes with signal peptide-mediated Sec61 channel gating. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Ziska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Department Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Johanna Dudek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Adrienne W Paton
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Research Centre for Infectious Disease, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - James C Paton
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Research Centre for Infectious Disease, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Richard Zimmermann
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Haßdenteufel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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26
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Liu M, Weiss MA, Arunagiri A, Yong J, Rege N, Sun J, Haataja L, Kaufman RJ, Arvan P. Biosynthesis, structure, and folding of the insulin precursor protein. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20 Suppl 2:28-50. [PMID: 30230185 PMCID: PMC6463291 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin synthesis in pancreatic β-cells is initiated as preproinsulin. Prevailing glucose concentrations, which oscillate pre- and postprandially, exert major dynamic variation in preproinsulin biosynthesis. Accompanying upregulated translation of the insulin precursor includes elements of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) translocation apparatus linked to successful orientation of the signal peptide, translocation and signal peptide cleavage of preproinsulin-all of which are necessary to initiate the pathway of proper proinsulin folding. Evolutionary pressures on the primary structure of proinsulin itself have preserved the efficiency of folding ("foldability"), and remarkably, these evolutionary pressures are distinct from those protecting the ultimate biological activity of insulin. Proinsulin foldability is manifest in the ER, in which the local environment is designed to assist in the overall load of proinsulin folding and to favour its disulphide bond formation (while limiting misfolding), all of which is closely tuned to ER stress response pathways that have complex (beneficial, as well as potentially damaging) effects on pancreatic β-cells. Proinsulin misfolding may occur as a consequence of exuberant proinsulin biosynthetic load in the ER, proinsulin coding sequence mutations, or genetic predispositions that lead to an altered ER folding environment. Proinsulin misfolding is a phenotype that is very much linked to deficient insulin production and diabetes, as is seen in a variety of contexts: rodent models bearing proinsulin-misfolding mutants, human patients with Mutant INS-gene-induced Diabetes of Youth (MIDY), animal models and human patients bearing mutations in critical ER resident proteins, and, quite possibly, in more common variety type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China 300052
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105 MI USA
| | - Michael A. Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202 IN USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Case-Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44016 OH USA
| | - Anoop Arunagiri
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105 MI USA
| | - Jing Yong
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307 USA
| | - Nischay Rege
- Department of Biochemistry, Case-Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44016 OH USA
| | - Jinhong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China 300052
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105 MI USA
| | - Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105 MI USA
| | - Randal J. Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307 USA
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105 MI USA
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27
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Thapa S, Abdulrahman B, Abdelaziz DH, Lu L, Ben Aissa M, Schatzl HM. Overexpression of quality control proteins reduces prion conversion in prion-infected cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16069-16082. [PMID: 30154245 PMCID: PMC6187620 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal infectious neurodegenerative disorders in humans and other animals and are caused by misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the pathological isoform PrPSc. These diseases have the potential to transmit within or between species, including zoonotic transmission to humans. Elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying prion propagation and transmission is therefore critical for developing molecular strategies for disease intervention. We have shown previously that impaired quality control mechanisms directly influence prion propagation. In this study, we manipulated cellular quality control pathways in vitro by stably and transiently overexpressing selected quality control folding (ERp57) and cargo (VIP36) proteins and investigated the effects of this overexpression on prion propagation. We found that ERp57 or VIP36 overexpression in persistently prion-infected neuroblastoma cells significantly reduces the amount of PrPSc in immunoblots and prion-seeding activity in the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay. Using different cell lines infected with various prion strains confirmed that this effect is not cell type– or prion strain–specific. Moreover, de novo prion infection revealed that the overexpression significantly reduced newly formed PrPSc in acutely infected cells. ERp57-overexpressing cells significantly overcame endoplasmic reticulum stress, as revealed by expression of lower levels of the stress markers BiP and CHOP, accompanied by a decrease in PrP aggregates. Furthermore, application of ERp57-expressing lentiviruses prolonged the survival of prion-infected mice. Taken together, improved cellular quality control via ERp57 or VIP36 overexpression impairs prion propagation and could be utilized as a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simrika Thapa
- From the Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada.,the Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Basant Abdulrahman
- From the Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada.,the Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada.,the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, 11795 Cairo, Egypt, and
| | - Dalia H Abdelaziz
- From the Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada.,the Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada.,the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, 11795 Cairo, Egypt, and
| | - Li Lu
- From the Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada.,the Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Manel Ben Aissa
- From the Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada.,the Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Hermann M Schatzl
- From the Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada, .,the Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada.,the Departments of Veterinary Sciences and of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071
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28
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Abstract
The billions of proteins inside a eukaryotic cell are organized among dozens of sub-cellular compartments, within which they are further organized into protein complexes. The maintenance of both levels of organization is crucial for normal cellular function. Newly made proteins that fail to be segregated to the correct compartment or assembled into the appropriate complex are defined as orphans. In this review, we discuss the challenges faced by a cell of minimizing orphaned proteins, the quality control systems that recognize orphans, and the consequences of excess orphans for protein homeostasis and disease.
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29
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Kadowaki H, Nishitoh H. Endoplasmic reticulum quality control by garbage disposal. FEBS J 2018; 286:232-240. [PMID: 29923316 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Various types of intracellular and extracellular stresses disturb homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and, thus, trigger the ER stress response. Unavoidable and/or prolonged ER stress causes cell toxicity and occasionally cell death. The malfunction or death of irreplaceable cells leads to conformational diseases, including diabetes mellitus, ischemic diseases, metabolic diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. In the past several decades, many studies have revealed the molecular mechanisms of the ER quality control system. Cells resolve ER stress by promptly and accurately reducing the amount of malfolded proteins. Recent reports have revealed that cells possess several types of ER-related disposal systems, including mRNA decay, proteasomal degradation, and autophagy. The removal of dispensable RNAs, proteins, and organelle parts may enable the effective maintenance of a functional ER. Here, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the ER quality control system by focusing on ER-related garbage disposal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisae Kadowaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Nishitoh
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Japan
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30
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Molecular mechanism of ER stress-induced pre-emptive quality control involving association of the translocon, Derlin-1, and HRD1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7317. [PMID: 29743537 PMCID: PMC5943263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25724-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis is essential for cell function. ER stress-induced pre-emptive quality control (ERpQC) helps alleviate the burden to a stressed ER by limiting further protein loading. We have previously reported the mechanisms of ERpQC, which includes a rerouting step and a degradation step. Under ER stress conditions, Derlin family proteins (Derlins), which are components of ER-associated degradation, reroute specific ER-targeting proteins to the cytosol. Newly synthesized rerouted polypeptides are degraded via the cytosolic chaperone Bag6 and the AAA-ATPase p97 in the ubiquitin-proteasome system. However, the mechanisms by which ER-targeting proteins are rerouted from the ER translocation pathway to the cytosolic degradation pathway and how the E3 ligase ubiquitinates ERpQC substrates remain unclear. Here, we show that ERpQC substrates are captured by the carboxyl-terminus region of Derlin-1 and ubiquitinated by the HRD1 E3 ubiquitin ligase prior to degradation. Moreover, HRD1 forms a large ERpQC-related complex composed of Sec61α and Derlin-1 during ER stress. These findings indicate that the association of the degradation factor HRD1 with the translocon and the rerouting factor Derlin-1 may be necessary for the smooth and effective clearance of ERpQC substrates.
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31
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Prion protein inhibits fast axonal transport through a mechanism involving casein kinase 2. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188340. [PMID: 29261664 PMCID: PMC5737884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases include a number of progressive neuropathies involving conformational changes in cellular prion protein (PrPc) that may be fatal sporadic, familial or infectious. Pathological evidence indicated that neurons affected in prion diseases follow a dying-back pattern of degeneration. However, specific cellular processes affected by PrPc that explain such a pattern have not yet been identified. Results from cell biological and pharmacological experiments in isolated squid axoplasm and primary cultured neurons reveal inhibition of fast axonal transport (FAT) as a novel toxic effect elicited by PrPc. Pharmacological, biochemical and cell biological experiments further indicate this toxic effect involves casein kinase 2 (CK2) activation, providing a molecular basis for the toxic effect of PrPc on FAT. CK2 was found to phosphorylate and inhibit light chain subunits of the major motor protein conventional kinesin. Collectively, these findings suggest CK2 as a novel therapeutic target to prevent the gradual loss of neuronal connectivity that characterizes prion diseases.
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32
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Elimination of a signal sequence-uncleaved form of defective HLA protein through BAG6. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14545. [PMID: 29109525 PMCID: PMC5674028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A portion of newly synthesized transmembrane domain proteins tend to fail to assemble correctly in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, thus resulting in the production of a signal sequence-uncleaved form of the defective species. Although the efficient degradation of these mistargeted polypeptides is crucial, the molecular mechanism of their elimination pathway has not been adequately characterized. In this study, we focused on one such cryptic portion of a defective transmembrane domain protein, HLA-A, and show that a part of HLA-A is produced as a signal sequence-uncleaved labile species that is immediately targeted to the degradation pathway. We found that both BAG6 and proteasomes are indispensable for elimination of mislocalized HLA-A species. Furthermore, defective HLA-A is subjected to BAG6-dependent solubilization in the cytoplasm. These observations suggest that BAG6 acts as a critical factor for proteasome-mediated degradation of mislocalized HLA-A with a non-cleaved signal sequence at its N-terminus.
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33
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Shah SZA, Zhao D, Hussain T, Yang L. Role of the AMPK pathway in promoting autophagic flux via modulating mitochondrial dynamics in neurodegenerative diseases: Insight into prion diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 40:51-63. [PMID: 28903070 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are highly energy demanding cells dependent on the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system. Mitochondria generate energy via respiratory complexes that constitute the electron transport chain. Adenosine triphosphate depletion or glucose starvation act as a trigger for the activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is an evolutionarily conserved protein that plays an important role in cell survival and organismal longevity through modulation of energy homeostasis and autophagy. Several studies suggest that AMPK activation may improve energy metabolism and protein clearance in the brains of patients with vascular injury or neurodegenerative disease. Mild mitochondrial dysfunction leads to activated AMPK signaling, but severe endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to a shift from autophagy towards apoptosis and perturbed AMPK signaling. Hence, controlling mitochondrial dynamics and autophagic flux via AMPK activation might be a useful therapeutic strategy in neurodegenerative diseases to reinstate energy homeostasis and degrade misfolded proteins. In this review article, we discuss briefly the role of AMPK signaling in energy homeostasis, the structure of AMPK, activation mechanisms of AMPK, regulation of AMPK, the role of AMPK in autophagy, the role of AMPK in neurodegenerative diseases, and finally the role of autophagic flux in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tariq Hussain
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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34
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Li X, Song Y, Sanders CR, Buxbaum JN. Transthyretin Suppresses Amyloid-β Secretion by Interfering with Processing of the Amyloid-β Protein Precursor. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:1263-75. [PMID: 27079720 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), most hippocampal and cortical neurons show increased staining with anti-transthyretin (TTR) antibodies. Genetically programmed overexpression of wild type human TTR suppressed the neuropathologic and behavioral abnormalities in APP23 AD model mice and TTR-Aβ complexes have been isolated from some human AD brains and those of APP23 transgenic mice. In the present study, in vitro NMR analysis showed interaction between the hydrophobic thyroxine binding pocket of TTR and the cytoplasmic loop of the C99 fragment released by β-secretase cleavage of AβPP, with Kd = 86±9 μM. In cultured cells expressing both proteins, the interaction reduced phosphorylation of C99 (at T668) and suppressed its cleavage by γ-secretase, significantly decreasing Aβ secretion. Coupled with its previously demonstrated capacity to inhibit Aβ aggregation (with the resultant cytotoxicity in tissue culture) and its regulation by HSF1, these findings indicate that TTR can behave as a stress responsive multimodal suppressor of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Johnson & Johnson, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yuanli Song
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Biologics Process Development, Devens, MA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Charles R Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joel N Buxbaum
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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35
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Abstract
A healthy proteome is essential for cell survival. Protein misfolding is linked to a rapidly expanding list of human diseases, ranging from neurodegenerative diseases to aging and cancer. Many of these diseases are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in intra- and extracellular inclusions, such as amyloid plaques. The clear link between protein misfolding and disease highlights the need to better understand the elaborate machinery that manages proteome homeostasis, or proteostasis, in the cell. Proteostasis depends on a network of molecular chaperones and clearance pathways involved in the recognition, refolding, and/or clearance of aberrant proteins. Recent studies reveal that an integral part of the cellular management of misfolded proteins is their spatial sequestration into several defined compartments. Here, we review the properties, function, and formation of these compartments. Spatial sequestration plays a central role in protein quality control and cellular fitness and represents a critical link to the pathogenesis of protein aggregation-linked diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahul S Samant
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; , ,
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; , ,
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36
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Sepulveda M, Rozas P, Hetz C, Medinas DB. ERp57 as a novel cellular factor controlling prion protein biosynthesis: Therapeutic potential of protein disulfide isomerases. Prion 2017; 10:50-6. [PMID: 26864548 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2015.1129485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis is observed in Prion-related disorders (PrDs). The protein disulfide isomerase ERp57 is a stress-responsive ER chaperone up-regulated in the brain of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients. However, the actual role of ERp57 in prion protein (PrP) biogenesis and the ER stress response remained poorly defined. We have recently addressed this question using gain- and loss-of-function approaches in vitro and animal models, observing that ERp57 regulates steady-state levels of PrP. Our results revealed that ERp57 modulates the biosynthesis and maturation of PrP but, surprisingly, does not contribute to the global cellular reaction against ER stress in neurons. Here we discuss the relevance of ERp57 as a possible therapeutic target in PrDs and other protein misfolding disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sepulveda
- a Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,b Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,c Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Pablo Rozas
- a Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,b Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,c Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- a Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,b Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,c Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,d Harvard School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Danilo B Medinas
- a Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,b Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,c Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
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37
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38
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Mukundan V, Maksoudian C, Vogel MC, Chehade I, Katsiotis MS, Alhassan SM, Magzoub M. Cytotoxicity of prion protein-derived cell-penetrating peptides is modulated by pH but independent of amyloid formation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 613:31-42. [PMID: 27818203 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are associated with conversion of cellular prion protein (PrPC) into an abnormally folded and infectious scrapie isoform (PrPSc). We previously showed that peptides derived from the unprocessed N-termini of mouse and bovine prion proteins, mPrP1-28 and bPrP1-30, function as cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), and destabilize model membrane systems, which could explain the infectivity and toxicity of prion diseases. However, subsequent studies revealed that treatment with mPrP1-28 or bPrP1-30 significantly reduce PrPSc levels in prion-infected cells. To explain these seemingly contradictory results, we correlated the aggregation, membrane perturbation and cytotoxicity of the peptides with their cellular uptake and intracellular localization. Although the peptides have a similar primary sequence, mPrP1-28 is amyloidogenic, whereas bPrP1-30 forms smaller oligomeric or non-fibrillar aggregates. Surprisingly, bPrP1-30 induces much higher cytotoxicity than mPrP1-28, indicating that amyloid formation and toxicity are independent. The toxicity is correlated with prolonged residence at the plasma membrane and membrane perturbation. Both ordered aggregation and toxicity of the peptides are inhibited by low pH. Under non-toxic conditions, the peptides are internalized by lipid-raft dependent macropinocytosis and localize to acidic lysosomal compartments. Our results shed light on the antiprion mechanism of the prion protein-derived CPPs and identify a potential site for PrPSc formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeth Mukundan
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Christy Maksoudian
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maria C Vogel
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ibrahim Chehade
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marios S Katsiotis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed M Alhassan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mazin Magzoub
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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39
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Mays CE, Soto C. The stress of prion disease. Brain Res 2016; 1648:553-560. [PMID: 27060771 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that include scrapie of sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy of cattle, chronic wasting disease of cervids, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) of humans. The etiology for prion diseases can be infectious, sporadic, or hereditary. However, the common denominator for all types is the formation of a transmissible agent composed of a β-sheet-rich, misfolded version of the host-encoded prion protein (PrPC), known as PrPSc. PrPSc self-replicates through a template-assisted process that converts the α-helical conformation of PrPC into the disease-associated isoform. In parallel with PrPSc accumulation, spongiform change is pathologically observed in the central nervous system, where "holes" appear because of massive neuronal death. Here, we review the cellular pathways triggered in response to PrPSc formation and accumulation. Available data suggest that neuronal dysfunction and death may be caused by what originates as a cellular pro-survival response to chronic PrPSc accumulation. We also discuss what is known about the complex cross-talk between the endoplasmic reticulum stress components and the quality control pathways. Better knowledge about these processes may lead to innovative therapeutic strategies based on manipulating the stress response and its consequences for neurodegeneration. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Mays
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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40
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Garcia-Huerta P, Bargsted L, Rivas A, Matus S, Vidal RL. ER chaperones in neurodegenerative disease: Folding and beyond. Brain Res 2016; 1648:580-587. [PMID: 27134034 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteins along the secretory pathway are co-translationally translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as unfolded polypeptide chains. Afterwards, they are usually modified with N-linked glycans, correctly folded and stabilized by disulfide bonds. ER chaperones and folding enzymes control these processes. The accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER activates a signaling response, termed the unfolded protein response (UPR). The hallmark of this response is the coordinated transcriptional up-regulation of ER chaperones and folding enzymes. In order to discuss the importance of the proper folding of certain substrates we will address the role of ER chaperones in normal physiological conditions and examine different aspects of its contribution in neurodegenerative disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Garcia-Huerta
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leslie Bargsted
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Rivas
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soledad Matus
- Neurounion Biomedical Foundation, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; CENPAR, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rene L Vidal
- Neurounion Biomedical Foundation, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; CENPAR, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
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41
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Suzuki R, Kawahara H. UBQLN4 recognizes mislocalized transmembrane domain proteins and targets these to proteasomal degradation. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:842-57. [PMID: 27113755 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of transmembrane proteins are integrated into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by virtue of a signal sequence-mediated co-translational process. However, a substantial portion of transmembrane proteins fails to reach the ER, leading to mislocalized cytosolic polypeptides. Their appropriate recognition and removal are of the utmost importance to avoid proteotoxic stress. Here, we identified UBQLN4 as a BAG6-binding factor that eliminates newly synthesized defective polypeptides. Using a truncated transmembrane domain protein whose degradation occurs during a pre-ER incorporation process as a model, we show that UBQLN4 recognizes misassembled proteins in the cytoplasm and targets these to the proteasome. We suggest that the exposed transmembrane segment of the defective polypeptides is essential for the UBQLN4-mediated substrate discrimination. Importantly, UBQLN4 recognizes not only the defective model substrate but also a pool of endogenous defective proteins that were induced by the depletion of the SRP54 subunit of the signal recognition particle. This study identifies a novel quality control mechanism for newly synthesized and defective transmembrane domain polypeptides that fail to reach their correct destination at the ER membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigel Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawahara
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
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42
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Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterised by long incubation period, short clinical duration, and transmissibility to susceptible species. Neuronal loss, spongiform changes, gliosis and the accumulation in the brain of the misfolded version of a membrane-bound cellular prion protein (PrP(C)), termed PrP(TSE), are diagnostic markers of these diseases. Compelling evidence links protein misfolding and its accumulation with neurodegenerative changes. Accordingly, several mechanisms of prion-mediated neurotoxicity have been proposed. In this paper, we provide an overview of the recent knowledge on the mechanisms of neuropathogenesis, the neurotoxic PrP species and the possible therapeutic approaches to treat these devastating disorders.
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43
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Papaevgeniou N, Chondrogianni N. UPS Activation in the Battle Against Aging and Aggregation-Related Diseases: An Extended Review. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1449:1-70. [PMID: 27613027 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3756-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a biological process accompanied by gradual increase of damage in all cellular macromolecules, i.e., nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. When the proteostasis network (chaperones and proteolytic systems) cannot reverse the damage load due to its excess as compared to cellular repair/regeneration capacity, failure of homeostasis is established. This failure is a major hallmark of aging and/or aggregation-related diseases. Dysfunction of the major cellular proteolytic machineries, namely the proteasome and the lysosome, has been reported during the progression of aging and aggregation-prone diseases. Therefore, activation of these pathways is considered as a possible preventive or therapeutic approach against the progression of these processes. This chapter focuses on UPS activation studies in cellular and organismal models and the effects of such activation on aging, longevity and disease prevention or reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Papaevgeniou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Niki Chondrogianni
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece.
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44
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Milisav I, Šuput D, Ribarič S. Unfolded Protein Response and Macroautophagy in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Prion Diseases. Molecules 2015; 20:22718-56. [PMID: 26694349 PMCID: PMC6332363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteostasis are integrated biological pathways within cells that control synthesis, folding, trafficking and degradation of proteins. The absence of cell division makes brain proteostasis susceptible to age-related changes and neurodegeneration. Two key processes involved in sustaining normal brain proteostasis are the unfolded protein response and autophagy. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and prion diseases (PrDs) have different clinical manifestations of neurodegeneration, however, all share an accumulation of misfolded pathological proteins associated with perturbations in unfolded protein response and macroautophagy. While both the unfolded protein response and macroautophagy play an important role in the prevention and attenuation of AD and PD progression, only macroautophagy seems to play an important role in the development of PrDs. Macroautophagy and unfolded protein response can be modulated by pharmacological interventions. However, further research is necessary to better understand the regulatory pathways of both processes in health and neurodegeneration to be able to develop new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Milisav
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija.
| | - Dušan Šuput
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Samo Ribarič
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
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45
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Amaya Y, Nakai T, Miura S. Evolutionary well-conserved region in the signal peptide of parathyroid hormone-related protein is critical for its dual localization through the regulation of ER translocation. J Biochem 2015; 159:393-406. [PMID: 26538570 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) has two different targeting signals: an N-terminal signal peptide for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeting and an internal nuclear localization signal. The protein not only functions as a secretory protein, but is also found in the nucleus and/or nucleolus under certain conditions. PTHrP signal peptide is less hydrophobic than most signal peptides mainly due to its evolutionarily well-conserved region (QQWS). The substitution of four tandem leucine residues for this conserved region resulted in a significant inhibition of the signal peptide cleavage. At the same time, proportion of nuclear and/or nucleolar localization decreased, probably due to tethering of the protein to the ER membrane by the uncleaved mutant signal peptide. Almost complete cleavage of the signal peptide accompanied by a lack of nuclear/nucleolar localization was achieved by combining the hydrophobic h-region and an optimized sequence of the cleavage site. In addition, mutational modifications of the distribution of charged residues in and around the signal peptide affect its cleavage and/or nuclear/nucleolar localization of the protein. These results indicate that the well-conserved region in the signal peptide plays an essential role in the dual localization of PTHrP through ER targeting and/or the membrane translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Amaya
- Division of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan and
| | - Toshiki Nakai
- Radioisotope Research Center, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miura
- Radioisotope Research Center, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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46
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Kadowaki H, Nagai A, Maruyama T, Takami Y, Satrimafitrah P, Kato H, Honda A, Hatta T, Natsume T, Sato T, Kai H, Ichijo H, Nishitoh H. Pre-emptive Quality Control Protects the ER from Protein Overload via the Proximity of ERAD Components and SRP. Cell Rep 2015; 13:944-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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47
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Braunstein I, Zach L, Allan S, Kalies KU, Stanhill A. Proteasomal degradation of preemptive quality control (pQC) substrates is mediated by an AIRAPL-p97 complex. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3719-27. [PMID: 26337389 PMCID: PMC4626058 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-02-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The preemptive quality control (pQC) pathway participates in the unfolded protein response regulating ER homeostasis, yet many components are not known. The role of p97 and its adaptor, AIRAPL, in proteasomal processing of pQC substrates is shown, and an insulin-processing mutant (R6C) is identified as a pQC substrate. The initial folding of secreted proteins occurs in the ER lumen, which contains specific chaperones and where posttranslational modifications may occur. Therefore lack of translocation, regardless of entry route or protein identity, is a highly toxic event, as the newly synthesized polypeptide is misfolded and can promiscuously interact with cytosolic factors. Mislocalized proteins bearing a signal sequence that did not successfully translocate through the translocon complex are subjected to a preemptive quality control (pQC) pathway and are degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). In contrast to UPS-mediated, ER-associated degradation, few components involved in pQC have been identified. Here we demonstrate that on specific translocation inhibition, a p97–AIRAPL complex directly binds and regulates the efficient processing of polyubiquitinated pQC substrates by the UPS. We also demonstrate p97’s role in pQC processing of preproinsulin in cases of naturally occurring mutations within the signal sequence of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Braunstein
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Lolita Zach
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Susanne Allan
- Centre for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Kalies
- Centre for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ariel Stanhill
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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48
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Torres M, Matamala JM, Duran-Aniotz C, Cornejo VH, Foley A, Hetz C. ER stress signaling and neurodegeneration: At the intersection between Alzheimer's disease and Prion-related disorders. Virus Res 2015; 207:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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49
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Torres M, Medinas DB, Matamala JM, Woehlbier U, Cornejo VH, Solda T, Andreu C, Rozas P, Matus S, Muñoz N, Vergara C, Cartier L, Soto C, Molinari M, Hetz C. The Protein-disulfide Isomerase ERp57 Regulates the Steady-state Levels of the Prion Protein. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23631-45. [PMID: 26170458 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.635565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the accumulation of a misfolded and protease-resistant form of the prion protein (PrP) is a key event in prion pathogenesis, the cellular factors involved in its folding and quality control are poorly understood. PrP is a glycosylated and disulfide-bonded protein synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER foldase ERp57 (also known as Grp58) is highly expressed in the brain of sporadic and infectious forms of prion-related disorders. ERp57 is a disulfide isomerase involved in the folding of a subset of glycoproteins in the ER as part of the calnexin/calreticulin cycle. Here, we show that levels of ERp57 increase mainly in neurons of Creutzfeldt-Jacob patients. Using gain- and loss-of-function approaches in cell culture, we demonstrate that ERp57 expression controls the maturation and total levels of wild-type PrP and mutant forms associated with human disease. In addition, we found that PrP physically interacts with ERp57, and also with the closest family member PDIA1, but not ERp72. Furthermore, we generated a conditional knock-out mouse for ERp57 in the nervous system and detected a reduction in the steady-state levels of the mono- and nonglycosylated forms of PrP in the brain. In contrast, ERp57 transgenic mice showed increased levels of endogenous PrP. Unexpectedly, ERp57 expression did not affect the susceptibility of cells to ER stress in vitro and in vivo. This study identifies ERp57 as a new modulator of PrP levels and may help with understanding the consequences of ERp57 up-regulation observed in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Torres
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Danilo B Medinas
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - José Manuel Matamala
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Department of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 7500691, Chile
| | - Ute Woehlbier
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Víctor Hugo Cornejo
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Tatiana Solda
- the Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona CH6500, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Andreu
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Pablo Rozas
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Soledad Matus
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Neurounion Biomedical Foundation, CENPAR, Santiago 7630614, Chile
| | - Natalia Muñoz
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Neurounion Biomedical Foundation, CENPAR, Santiago 7630614, Chile
| | - Carmen Vergara
- the Department of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 7500691, Chile
| | - Luis Cartier
- the Department of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 7500691, Chile
| | - Claudio Soto
- the Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- the Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona CH6500, Switzerland, the Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano CH6900, Switzerland, the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, Lausanne CH1015, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Hetz
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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50
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Davis EM, Kim J, Menasche BL, Sheppard J, Liu X, Tan AC, Shen J. Comparative Haploid Genetic Screens Reveal Divergent Pathways in the Biogenesis and Trafficking of Glycophosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1727-36. [PMID: 26074080 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) play essential roles in physiology, but their biogenesis and trafficking have not been systematically characterized. Here, we took advantage of the recently available haploid genetics approach to dissect GPI-AP pathways in human cells using prion protein (PrP) and CD59 as model molecules. Our screens recovered a large number of common and unexpectedly specialized factors in the GPI-AP pathways. PIGN, PGAP2, and PIGF, which encode GPI anchor-modifying enzymes, were selectively isolated in the CD59 screen, suggesting that GPI anchor composition significantly influences the biogenesis of GPI-APs in a substrate-dependent manner. SEC62 and SEC63, which encode components of the ER-targeting machinery, were selectively recovered in the PrP screen, indicating that they do not constitute a universal route for the biogenesis of mammalian GPI-APs. Together, these comparative haploid genetic screens demonstrate that, despite their similarity in overall architecture and subcellular localization, GPI-APs follow markedly distinct biosynthetic and trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Davis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Bridget L Menasche
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jacob Sheppard
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Xuedong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Aik-Choon Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jingshi Shen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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