1
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Wang J, Meng X, Chen X, Xiao J, Yu X, Wu L, Li Z, Chen K, Zhang X, Xiong B, Feng J. Cinchophen induces RPA1 related DNA damage and apoptosis to impair ENS development of zebrafish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116032. [PMID: 38306819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have become contaminants widely distributed in the environment due to improper disposal and discharge. Previous study has found several components might involve in impairing enteric nervous system (ENS) development of zebrafish, including NSAIDs cinchophen. Deficient ENS development in fetal could lead to Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), a congenital neurocristopathy characterized by absence of enteric neurons in hindgut. However, the intrinsic mechanism of neurotoxicity of cinchophen is unclear. We confirmed that cinchophen could impair ENS development of zebrafish and transcriptome sequencing revealed that disfunction of Replication protein A1 (RPA1), which is involved in DNA replication and repairment, might be relevant to the neurotoxicity effects induced by cinchophen. Based on previous data of single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of zebrafish gut cells, we observed that rpa1 mainly expressed in proliferating, differentiating ENS cells and neural crest progenitors. Interestingly, cinchophen induced apoptosis and impaired proliferation. Furthermore, cinchophen caused DNA damage and abnormal activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated/ Rad3 related (ATM/ATR) and checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2). Finally, molecular docking indicated cinchophen could bind and antagonize RPA1 more effectively. Our study might provide a better understanding and draw more attention to the role of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of HSCR. And the mechanism of cinchophen neurotoxicity would give theoretical guidance for clinical pharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xinyao Meng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xuyong Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaosi Yu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Luyao Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zejian Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pingshan District Maternal & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Bo Xiong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Jiexiong Feng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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2
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Mujica E, den Hoed M. Investigating the role of lipid genes in liver disease using models of steatotic liver disease in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Liver Int 2023; 43:2348-2350. [PMID: 37846802 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Endrina Mujica
- The Beijer Laboratory and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcel den Hoed
- The Beijer Laboratory and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Langenbacher AD, Lu F, Tsang L, Huang ZYS, Keer B, Tian Z, Eide A, Pellegrini M, Nakano H, Nakano A, Chen JN. Rtf1-dependent transcriptional pausing regulates cardiogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.13.562296. [PMID: 37873297 PMCID: PMC10592831 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.13.562296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
During heart development, a well-characterized network of transcription factors initiates cardiac gene expression and defines the precise timing and location of cardiac progenitor specification. However, our understanding of the post-initiation transcriptional events that regulate cardiac gene expression is still incomplete. The PAF1C component Rtf1 is a transcription regulatory protein that modulates pausing and elongation of RNA Pol II, as well as cotranscriptional histone modifications. Here we report that Rtf1 is essential for cardiogenesis in fish and mammals, and that in the absence of Rtf1 activity, cardiac progenitors arrest in an immature state. We found that Rtf1's Plus3 domain, which confers interaction with the transcriptional pausing and elongation regulator Spt5, was necessary for cardiac progenitor formation. ChIP-seq analysis further revealed changes in the occupancy of RNA Pol II around the transcription start site (TSS) of cardiac genes in rtf1 morphants reflecting a reduction in transcriptional pausing. Intriguingly, inhibition of pause release in rtf1 morphants and mutants restored the formation of cardiac cells and improved Pol II occupancy at the TSS of key cardiac genes. Our findings highlight the crucial role that transcriptional pausing plays in promoting normal gene expression levels in a cardiac developmental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Langenbacher
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Fei Lu
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Luna Tsang
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Zi Yi Stephanie Huang
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Keer
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Zhiyu Tian
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alette Eide
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Haruko Nakano
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Atsushi Nakano
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jau-Nian Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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4
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Shimizu N, Shiraishi H, Hanada T. Zebrafish as a Useful Model System for Human Liver Disease. Cells 2023; 12:2246. [PMID: 37759472 PMCID: PMC10526867 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases represent a significant global health challenge, thereby necessitating extensive research to understand their intricate complexities and to develop effective treatments. In this context, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as a valuable model organism for studying various aspects of liver disease. The zebrafish liver has striking similarities to the human liver in terms of structure, function, and regenerative capacity. Researchers have successfully induced liver damage in zebrafish using chemical toxins, genetic manipulation, and other methods, thereby allowing the study of disease mechanisms and the progression of liver disease. Zebrafish embryos or larvae, with their transparency and rapid development, provide a unique opportunity for high-throughput drug screening and the identification of potential therapeutics. This review highlights how research on zebrafish has provided valuable insights into the pathological mechanisms of human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Shimizu
- Department of Cell Biology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan;
| | | | - Toshikatsu Hanada
- Department of Cell Biology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan;
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5
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Frommelt J, Liu E, Bhaidani A, Hu B, Gao Y, Ye D, Lin F. Flat mount preparation for whole-mount fluorescent imaging of zebrafish embryos. Biol Open 2023; 12:bio060048. [PMID: 37746815 PMCID: PMC10373579 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish is a widely used model organism for biomedical research due to its ease of maintenance, external fertilization of embryos, rapid embryonic development, and availability of established genetic tools. One notable advantage of using zebrafish is the transparency of the embryos, which enables high-resolution imaging of specific cells, tissues, and structures through the use of transgenic and knock-in lines. However, as the embryo develops, multiple layers of tissue wrap around the lipid-enriched yolk, which can create a challenge to image tissues located deep within the embryo. While various methods are available, such as two-photon imaging, cryosectioning, vibratome sectioning, and micro-surgery, each of these has limitations. In this study, we present a novel deyolking method that allows for high-quality imaging of tissues that are obscured by other tissues and the yolk. Embryos are lightly fixed in 1% PFA to remove the yolk without damaging embryonic tissues and are then refixed in 4% PFA and mounted on custom-made bridged slides. This method offers a simple way to prepare imaging samples that can be subjected to further preparation, such as immunostaining. Furthermore, the bridged slides described in this study can be used for imaging tissue and organ preparations from various model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Frommelt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Emily Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Afraz Bhaidani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ding Ye
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Fang Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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6
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Tzung KW, Lalonde RL, Prummel KD, Mahabaleshwar H, Moran HR, Stundl J, Cass AN, Le Y, Lea R, Dorey K, Tomecka MJ, Zhang C, Brombacher EC, White WT, Roehl HH, Tulenko FJ, Winkler C, Currie PD, Amaya E, Davis MC, Bronner ME, Mosimann C, Carney TJ. A median fin derived from the lateral plate mesoderm and the origin of paired fins. Nature 2023; 618:543-549. [PMID: 37225983 PMCID: PMC10266977 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06100-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of paired appendages was a key innovation during evolution and facilitated the aquatic to terrestrial transition of vertebrates. Largely derived from the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM), one hypothesis for the evolution of paired fins invokes derivation from unpaired median fins via a pair of lateral fin folds located between pectoral and pelvic fin territories1. Whilst unpaired and paired fins exhibit similar structural and molecular characteristics, no definitive evidence exists for paired lateral fin folds in larvae or adults of any extant or extinct species. As unpaired fin core components are regarded as exclusively derived from paraxial mesoderm, any transition presumes both co-option of a fin developmental programme to the LPM and bilateral duplication2. Here, we identify that the larval zebrafish unpaired pre-anal fin fold (PAFF) is derived from the LPM and thus may represent a developmental intermediate between median and paired fins. We trace the contribution of LPM to the PAFF in both cyclostomes and gnathostomes, supporting the notion that this is an ancient trait of vertebrates. Finally, we observe that the PAFF can be bifurcated by increasing bone morphogenetic protein signalling, generating LPM-derived paired fin folds. Our work provides evidence that lateral fin folds may have existed as embryonic anlage for elaboration to paired fins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keh-Weei Tzung
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robert L Lalonde
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Karin D Prummel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harsha Mahabaleshwar
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hannah R Moran
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jan Stundl
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Amanda N Cass
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Yao Le
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robert Lea
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Karel Dorey
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Monika J Tomecka
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eline C Brombacher
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - William T White
- CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, Australia National Fish Collection, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Henry H Roehl
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Frank J Tulenko
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christoph Winkler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter D Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- EMBL Australia, Victorian Node, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Enrique Amaya
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marcus C Davis
- Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Christian Mosimann
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Tom J Carney
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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7
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Oderberg IM, Goessling W. Biliary epithelial cells are facultative liver stem cells during liver regeneration in adult zebrafish. JCI Insight 2023; 8:163929. [PMID: 36625346 PMCID: PMC9870093 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.163929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a highly regenerative organ, yet the presence of a dedicated stem cell population remains controversial. Here, we interrogate a severe hepatocyte injury model in adult zebrafish to define that regeneration involves a stem cell population. After near-total hepatocyte ablation, single-cell transcriptomic and high-resolution imaging analyses throughout the entire regenerative timeline reveal that biliary epithelial cells undergo transcriptional and morphological changes to become hepatocytes. As a population, biliary epithelial cells give rise to both hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells. Biliary epithelial cells proliferate and dedifferentiate to express hepatoblast transcription factors prior to hepatocyte differentiation. This process is characterized by increased MAPK, PI3K, and mTOR signaling, and chemical inhibition of these pathways impairs biliary epithelial cell proliferation and fate conversion. We conclude that, upon severe hepatocyte ablation in the adult liver, biliary epithelial cells act as facultative liver stem cells in an EGFR-PI3K-mTOR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M. Oderberg
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Crucial Convolution: Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms of Coiling during Epididymis Formation and Development in Embryogenesis. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10020025. [PMID: 35735916 PMCID: PMC9225329 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As embryonic development proceeds, numerous organs need to coil, bend or fold in order to establish their final shape. Generally, this occurs so as to maximise the surface area for absorption or secretory functions (e.g., in the small and large intestines, kidney or epididymis); however, mechanisms of bending and shaping also occur in other structures, notably the midbrain–hindbrain boundary in some teleost fish models such as zebrafish. In this review, we will examine known genetic and molecular factors that operate to pattern complex, coiled structures, with a primary focus on the epididymis as an excellent model organ to examine coiling. We will also discuss genetic mechanisms involving coiling in the seminiferous tubules and intestine to establish the final form and function of these coiled structures in the mature organism.
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9
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Derrick CJ, Santos-Ledo A, Eley L, Paramita IA, Henderson DJ, Chaudhry B. Sequential action of JNK genes establishes the embryonic left-right axis. Development 2022; 149:274898. [PMID: 35352808 PMCID: PMC9148569 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of the left-right axis is crucial for the placement, morphogenesis and function of internal organs. Left-right specification is proposed to be dependent on cilia-driven fluid flow in the embryonic node. Planar cell polarity (PCP) signalling is crucial for patterning of nodal cilia, yet downstream effectors driving this process remain elusive. We have examined the role of the JNK gene family, a proposed downstream component of PCP signalling, in the development and function of the zebrafish node. We show jnk1 and jnk2 specify length of nodal cilia, generate flow in the node and restrict southpaw to the left lateral plate mesoderm. Moreover, loss of asymmetric southpaw expression does not result in disturbances to asymmetric organ placement, supporting a model in which nodal flow may be dispensable for organ laterality. Later, jnk3 is required to restrict pitx2c expression to the left side and permit correct endodermal organ placement. This work uncovers multiple roles for the JNK gene family acting at different points during left-right axis establishment. It highlights extensive redundancy and indicates JNK activity is distinct from the PCP signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Derrick
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Adrian Santos-Ledo
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Lorraine Eley
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Isabela Andhika Paramita
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Bill Chaudhry
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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10
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Prummel KD, Crowell HL, Nieuwenhuize S, Brombacher EC, Daetwyler S, Soneson C, Kresoja-Rakic J, Kocere A, Ronner M, Ernst A, Labbaf Z, Clouthier DE, Firulli AB, Sánchez-Iranzo H, Naganathan SR, O'Rourke R, Raz E, Mercader N, Burger A, Felley-Bosco E, Huisken J, Robinson MD, Mosimann C. Hand2 delineates mesothelium progenitors and is reactivated in mesothelioma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1677. [PMID: 35354817 PMCID: PMC8967825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mesothelium lines body cavities and surrounds internal organs, widely contributing to homeostasis and regeneration. Mesothelium disruptions cause visceral anomalies and mesothelioma tumors. Nonetheless, the embryonic emergence of mesothelia remains incompletely understood. Here, we track mesothelial origins in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) using zebrafish. Single-cell transcriptomics uncovers a post-gastrulation gene expression signature centered on hand2 in distinct LPM progenitor cells. We map mesothelial progenitors to lateral-most, hand2-expressing LPM and confirm conservation in mouse. Time-lapse imaging of zebrafish hand2 reporter embryos captures mesothelium formation including pericardium, visceral, and parietal peritoneum. We find primordial germ cells migrate with the forming mesothelium as ventral migration boundary. Functionally, hand2 loss disrupts mesothelium formation with reduced progenitor cells and perturbed migration. In mouse and human mesothelioma, we document expression of LPM-associated transcription factors including Hand2, suggesting re-initiation of a developmental program. Our data connects mesothelium development to Hand2, expanding our understanding of mesothelial pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin D Prummel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helena L Crowell
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Susan Nieuwenhuize
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eline C Brombacher
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Daetwyler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Charlotte Soneson
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jelena Kresoja-Rakic
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Agnese Kocere
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Ronner
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Zahra Labbaf
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Muenster, Germany
| | - David E Clouthier
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anthony B Firulli
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Medical School, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Héctor Sánchez-Iranzo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biological and Chemical System - Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sundar R Naganathan
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca O'Rourke
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Muenster, Germany
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexa Burger
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Emanuela Felley-Bosco
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Huisken
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark D Robinson
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Mosimann
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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11
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Reynolds S, Pierce C, Powell B, Kite A, Hall-Ruiz N, Schilling T, Le Pabic P. A show of Hands: Novel and conserved expression patterns of teleost hand paralogs during craniofacial, heart, fin, peripheral nervous system and gut development. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1796-1809. [PMID: 34091971 PMCID: PMC8639631 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand genes are required for the development of the vertebrate jaw, heart, peripheral nervous system, limb, gut, placenta, and decidua. Two Hand paralogues, Hand1 and Hand2, are present in most vertebrates, where they mediate different functions yet overlap in expression. In ray-finned fishes, Hand gene expression and function is only known for the zebrafish, which represents the rare condition of having a single Hand gene, hand2. Here we describe the developmental expression of hand1 and hand2 in the cichlid Copadichromis azureus. RESULTS hand1 and hand2 are expressed in the cichlid heart, paired fins, pharyngeal arches, peripheral nervous system, gut, and lateral plate mesoderm with different degrees of overlap. CONCLUSIONS Hand gene expression in the gut, peripheral nervous system, and pharyngeal arches may have already been fixed in the lobe- and ray-finned fish common ancestor. In other embryonic regions, such as paired appendages, hand2 expression was fixed, while hand1 expression diverged in lobe- and ray-finned fish lineages. In the lateral plate mesoderm and arch associated catecholaminergic cells, hand1 and hand2 swapped expression between divergent lineages. Distinct expression of cichlid hand1 and hand2 in the epicardium and myocardium of the developing heart may represent the ancestral pattern for bony fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Reynolds
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Christian Pierce
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Benjamin Powell
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Alexandra Kite
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Nicholas Hall-Ruiz
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Thomas Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Pierre Le Pabic
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
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12
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Donadon M, Santoro MM. The origin and mechanisms of smooth muscle cell development in vertebrates. Development 2021; 148:148/7/dev197384. [PMID: 33789914 DOI: 10.1242/dev.197384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) represent a major structural and functional component of many organs during embryonic development and adulthood. These cells are a crucial component of vertebrate structure and physiology, and an updated overview of the developmental and functional process of smooth muscle during organogenesis is desirable. Here, we describe the developmental origin of SMCs within different tissues by comparing their specification and differentiation with other organs, including the cardiovascular, respiratory and intestinal systems. We then discuss the instructive roles of smooth muscle in the development of such organs through signaling and mechanical feedback mechanisms. By understanding SMC development, we hope to advance therapeutic approaches related to tissue regeneration and other smooth muscle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Donadon
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo M Santoro
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padua, Italy
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13
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Kemmler CL, Riemslagh FW, Moran HR, Mosimann C. From Stripes to a Beating Heart: Early Cardiac Development in Zebrafish. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:17. [PMID: 33578943 PMCID: PMC7916704 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is the first functional organ to form during vertebrate development. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of human birth defect, many originating as anomalies in early heart development. The zebrafish model provides an accessible vertebrate system to study early heart morphogenesis and to gain new insights into the mechanisms of congenital disease. Although composed of only two chambers compared with the four-chambered mammalian heart, the zebrafish heart integrates the core processes and cellular lineages central to cardiac development across vertebrates. The rapid, translucent development of zebrafish is amenable to in vivo imaging and genetic lineage tracing techniques, providing versatile tools to study heart field migration and myocardial progenitor addition and differentiation. Combining transgenic reporters with rapid genome engineering via CRISPR-Cas9 allows for functional testing of candidate genes associated with congenital heart defects and the discovery of molecular causes leading to observed phenotypes. Here, we summarize key insights gained through zebrafish studies into the early patterning of uncommitted lateral plate mesoderm into cardiac progenitors and their regulation. We review the central genetic mechanisms, available tools, and approaches for modeling congenital heart anomalies in the zebrafish as a representative vertebrate model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christian Mosimann
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (C.L.K.); (F.W.R.); (H.R.M.)
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14
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Dalgin G, Prince VE. Midline morphogenesis of zebrafish foregut endoderm is dependent on Hoxb5b. Dev Biol 2020; 471:1-9. [PMID: 33290819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During vertebrate embryonic development complex morphogenetic events drive the formation of internal organs associated with the developing digestive tract. The foregut organs derive from hepatopancreatic precursor cells that originate bilaterally within the endoderm monolayer, and subsequently converge toward the midline where they coalesce to produce the gut tube from which the liver and pancreas form. The progenitor cells of these internal organs are influenced by the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM), which helps direct them towards their specific fates. However, it is not completely understood how the bilateral organ precursors move toward the embryonic midline and ultimately coalesce to form functional organs. Here we demonstrate that the zebrafish homeobox gene hoxb5b regulates morphogenesis of the foregut endoderm at the midline. At early segmentation stages, hoxb5b is expressed in the LPM adjacent to the developing foregut endoderm. By 24 hpf hoxb5b is expressed directly in the endoderm cells of the developing gut tube. When Hoxb5b function is disrupted, either by morpholino knockdown or sgRNA/Cas9 somatic disruption, the process of foregut morphogenesis is disrupted, resulting in a bifurcated foregut. By contrast, knockdown of the paralogous hoxb5a gene does not alter gut morphology. Further analysis has indicated that Hoxb5b knockdown specimens produce endocrine pancreas cell types, but liver cells are absent. Finally, cell transplantation experiments revealed that Hoxb5b function in the endoderm is not needed for proper coalescence of the foregut at the midline. Together, our findings imply that midline morphogenesis of foregut endoderm is guided by a hoxb5b-mediated mechanism that functions extrinsically, likely within the LPM. Loss of hoxb5b function prevents normal coalescence of endoderm cells at the midline and thus disrupts gut morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Dalgin
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Victoria E Prince
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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15
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Durel JF, Nerurkar NL. Mechanobiology of vertebrate gut morphogenesis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 63:45-52. [PMID: 32413823 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Approximately a century after D'Arcy Thompson's On Growth and Form, there continues to be widespread interest in the biophysical and mathematical basis of morphogenesis. Particularly over the past 20 years, this interest has led to great advances in our understanding of a broad range of processes in embryonic development through a quantitative, mechanically driven framework. Nowhere in vertebrate development is this more apparent than the development of endodermally derived organs. Here, we discuss recent advances in the study of gut development that have emerged primarily from mechanobiology-motivated approaches that span from gut tube morphogenesis and later organogenesis of the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Durel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Nandan L Nerurkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States; Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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16
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Meinecke L, Sharma PP, Du H, Zhang L, Nie Q, Schilling TF. Modeling craniofacial development reveals spatiotemporal constraints on robust patterning of the mandibular arch. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006569. [PMID: 30481168 PMCID: PMC6258504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
How does pattern formation occur accurately when confronted with tissue growth and stochastic fluctuations (noise) in gene expression? Dorso-ventral (D-V) patterning of the mandibular arch specifies upper versus lower jaw skeletal elements through a combination of Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp), Endothelin-1 (Edn1), and Notch signaling, and this system is highly robust. We combine NanoString experiments of early D-V gene expression with live imaging of arch development in zebrafish to construct a computational model of the D-V mandibular patterning network. The model recapitulates published genetic perturbations in arch development. Patterning is most sensitive to changes in Bmp signaling, and the temporal order of gene expression modulates the response of the patterning network to noise. Thus, our integrated systems biology approach reveals non-intuitive features of the complex signaling system crucial for craniofacial development, including novel insights into roles of gene expression timing and stochasticity in signaling and gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Meinecke
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Praveer P. Sharma
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Huijing Du
- Department of Mathematics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing International Center for Mathematical Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
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17
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Cantù C, Felker A, Zimmerli D, Prummel KD, Cabello EM, Chiavacci E, Méndez-Acevedo KM, Kirchgeorg L, Burger S, Ripoll J, Valenta T, Hausmann G, Vilain N, Aguet M, Burger A, Panáková D, Basler K, Mosimann C. Mutations in Bcl9 and Pygo genes cause congenital heart defects by tissue-specific perturbation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Genes Dev 2018; 32:1443-1458. [PMID: 30366904 PMCID: PMC6217730 DOI: 10.1101/gad.315531.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bcl9 and Pygopus (Pygo) are obligate Wnt/β-catenin cofactors in Drosophila, yet their contribution to Wnt signaling during vertebrate development remains unresolved. Combining zebrafish and mouse genetics, we document a conserved, β-catenin-associated function for BCL9 and Pygo proteins during vertebrate heart development. Disrupting the β-catenin-BCL9-Pygo complex results in a broadly maintained canonical Wnt response yet perturbs heart development and proper expression of key cardiac regulators. Our work highlights BCL9 and Pygo as selective β-catenin cofactors in a subset of canonical Wnt responses during vertebrate development. Moreover, our results implicate alterations in BCL9 and BCL9L in human congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cantù
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anastasia Felker
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Zimmerli
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karin D Prummel
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elena M Cabello
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Chiavacci
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kevin M Méndez-Acevedo
- Electrochemical Signaling in Development and Disease, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Lucia Kirchgeorg
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Burger
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jorge Ripoll
- Department of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomas Valenta
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - George Hausmann
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Vilain
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Life Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Aguet
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Life Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexa Burger
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Panáková
- Electrochemical Signaling in Development and Disease, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), partner site Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Konrad Basler
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Mosimann
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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18
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Fukui H, Miyazaki T, Chow RWY, Ishikawa H, Nakajima H, Vermot J, Mochizuki N. Hippo signaling determines the number of venous pole cells that originate from the anterior lateral plate mesoderm in zebrafish. eLife 2018; 7:29106. [PMID: 29809141 PMCID: PMC5995544 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of the lateral plate mesoderm cells into heart field cells constitutes a critical step in the development of cardiac tissue and the genesis of functional cardiomyocytes. Hippo signaling controls cardiomyocyte proliferation, but the role of Hippo signaling during early cardiogenesis remains unclear. Here, we show that Hippo signaling regulates atrial cell number by specifying the developmental potential of cells within the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (ALPM), which are incorporated into the venous pole of the heart tube and ultimately into the atrium of the heart. We demonstrate that Hippo signaling acts through large tumor suppressor kinase 1/2 to modulate BMP signaling and the expression of hand2, a key transcription factor that is involved in the differentiation of atrial cardiomyocytes. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Hippo signaling defines venous pole cardiomyocyte number by modulating both the number and the identity of the ALPM cells that will populate the atrium of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Fukui
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan.,University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Takahiro Miyazaki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Renee Wei-Yan Chow
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
| | - Hiroyuki Ishikawa
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakajima
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan.,AMED-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Ober EA, Lemaigre FP. Development of the liver: Insights into organ and tissue morphogenesis. J Hepatol 2018; 68:1049-1062. [PMID: 29339113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent development of improved tools and methods to analyse tissues at the three-dimensional level has expanded our capacity to investigate morphogenesis of foetal liver. Here, we review the key morphogenetic steps during liver development, from the prehepatic endoderm stage to the postnatal period, and consider several model organisms while focussing on the mammalian liver. We first discuss how the liver buds out of the endoderm and gives rise to an asymmetric liver. We next outline the mechanisms driving liver and lobe growth, and review morphogenesis of the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts; morphogenetic responses of the biliary tract to liver injury are discussed. Finally, we describe the mechanisms driving formation of the vasculature, namely venous and arterial vessels, as well as sinusoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke A Ober
- Novo Nordisk Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Uribe RA, Hong SS, Bronner ME. Retinoic acid temporally orchestrates colonization of the gut by vagal neural crest cells. Dev Biol 2018; 433:17-32. [PMID: 29108781 PMCID: PMC5722660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system arises from neural crest cells that migrate as chains into and along the primitive gut, subsequently differentiating into enteric neurons and glia. Little is known about the mechanisms governing neural crest migration en route to and along the gut in vivo. Here, we report that Retinoic Acid (RA) temporally controls zebrafish enteric neural crest cell chain migration. In vivo imaging reveals that RA loss severely compromises the integrity and migration of the chain of neural crest cells during the window of time window when they are moving along the foregut. After loss of RA, enteric progenitors accumulate in the foregut and differentiate into enteric neurons, but subsequently undergo apoptosis resulting in a striking neuronal deficit. Moreover, ectopic expression of the transcription factor meis3 and/or the receptor ret, partially rescues enteric neuron colonization after RA attenuation. Collectively, our findings suggest that retinoic acid plays a critical temporal role in promoting enteric neural crest chain migration and neuronal survival upstream of Meis3 and RET in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A Uribe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Stephanie S Hong
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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21
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Grimes DT, Burdine RD. Left-Right Patterning: Breaking Symmetry to Asymmetric Morphogenesis. Trends Genet 2017; 33:616-628. [PMID: 28720483 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrates exhibit striking left-right (L-R) asymmetries in the structure and position of the internal organs. Symmetry is broken by motile cilia-generated asymmetric fluid flow, resulting in a signaling cascade - the Nodal-Pitx2 pathway - being robustly established within mesodermal tissue on the left side only. This pathway impinges upon various organ primordia to instruct their side-specific development. Recently, progress has been made in understanding both the breaking of embryonic L-R symmetry and how the Nodal-Pitx2 pathway controls lateralized cell differentiation, migration, and other aspects of cell behavior, as well as tissue-level mechanisms, that drive asymmetries in organ formation. Proper execution of asymmetric organogenesis is critical to health, making furthering our understanding of L-R development an important concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Grimes
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Rebecca D Burdine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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22
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Cayuso J, Dzementsei A, Fischer JC, Karemore G, Caviglia S, Bartholdson J, Wright GJ, Ober EA. EphrinB1/EphB3b Coordinate Bidirectional Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions Controlling Liver Morphogenesis and Laterality. Dev Cell 2017; 39:316-328. [PMID: 27825440 PMCID: PMC5107609 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Positioning organs in the body often requires the movement of multiple tissues, yet the molecular and cellular mechanisms coordinating such movements are largely unknown. Here, we show that bidirectional signaling between EphrinB1 and EphB3b coordinates the movements of the hepatic endoderm and adjacent lateral plate mesoderm (LPM), resulting in asymmetric positioning of the zebrafish liver. EphrinB1 in hepatoblasts regulates directional migration and mediates interactions with the LPM, where EphB3b controls polarity and movement of the LPM. EphB3b in the LPM concomitantly repels hepatoblasts to move leftward into the liver bud. Cellular protrusions controlled by Eph/Ephrin signaling mediate hepatoblast motility and long-distance cell-cell contacts with the LPM beyond immediate tissue interfaces. Mechanistically, intracellular EphrinB1 domains mediate EphB3b-independent hepatoblast extension formation, while EpB3b interactions cause their destabilization. We propose that bidirectional short- and long-distance cell interactions between epithelial and mesenchyme-like tissues coordinate liver bud formation and laterality via cell repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Cayuso
- Division of Developmental Biology, Mill Hill Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Aliaksandr Dzementsei
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Johanna C Fischer
- Division of Developmental Biology, Mill Hill Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Gopal Karemore
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Protein Imaging Platform, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Sara Caviglia
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Josefin Bartholdson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Elke A Ober
- Division of Developmental Biology, Mill Hill Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, UK; Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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23
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Ferreira RR, Vermot J. The balancing roles of mechanical forces during left-right patterning and asymmetric morphogenesis. Mech Dev 2017; 144:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Villasenor A, Stainier DYR. On the development of the hepatopancreatic ductal system. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 66:69-80. [PMID: 28214561 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hepatopancreatic ductal system is the collection of ducts that connect the liver and pancreas to the digestive tract. The formation of this system is necessary for the transport of exocrine secretions, for the correct assembly of the pancreatobiliary ductal system, and for the overall function of the digestive system. Studies on endoderm organ formation have significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern organ induction, organ specification and morphogenesis of the major foregut-derived organs. However, little is known about the mechanisms that control the development of the hepatopancreatic ductal system. Here, we provide a description of the different components of the system, summarize its development from the endoderm to a complex system of tubes, list the pathologies produced by anomalies in its development, as well as the molecules and signaling pathways that are known to be involved in its formation. Finally, we discuss its proposed potential as a multipotent cell reservoir and the unresolved questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alethia Villasenor
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
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25
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Wang S, Miller SR, Ober EA, Sadler KC. Making It New Again: Insight Into Liver Development, Regeneration, and Disease From Zebrafish Research. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 124:161-195. [PMID: 28335859 PMCID: PMC6450094 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adult liver of most vertebrates is predominantly comprised of hepatocytes. However, these cells must work in concert with biliary, stellate, vascular, and immune cells to accomplish the vast array of hepatic functions required for physiological homeostasis. Our understanding of liver development was accelerated as zebrafish emerged as an ideal vertebrate system to study embryogenesis. Through work in zebrafish and other models, it is now clear that the cells in the liver develop in a coordinated fashion during embryogenesis through a complex yet incompletely understood set of molecular guidelines. Zebrafish research has uncovered many key players that govern the acquisition of hepatic potential, cell fate, and plasticity. Although rare, some hepatobiliary diseases-especially biliary atresia-are caused by developmental defects; we discuss how research using zebrafish to study liver development has informed our understanding of and approaches to liver disease. The liver can be injured in response to an array of stressors including viral, mechanical/surgical, toxin-induced, immune-mediated, or inborn defects in metabolism. The liver has thus evolved the capacity to efficiently repair and regenerate. We discuss the emerging field of using zebrafish to study liver regeneration and highlight recent advances where zebrafish genetics and imaging approaches have provided novel insights into how cell plasticity contributes to liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sophie R Miller
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Elke A Ober
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kirsten C Sadler
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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26
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Gays D, Hess C, Camporeale A, Ala U, Provero P, Mosimann C, Santoro MM. An exclusive cellular and molecular network governs intestinal smooth muscle cell differentiation in vertebrates. Development 2017; 144:464-478. [PMID: 28049660 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal smooth muscle cells (iSMCs) are a crucial component of the adult gastrointestinal tract and support intestinal differentiation, peristalsis and epithelial homeostasis during development. Despite these crucial roles, the origin of iSMCs and the mechanisms responsible for their differentiation and function remain largely unknown in vertebrates. Here, we demonstrate that iSMCs arise from the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) in a stepwise process. Combining pharmacological and genetic approaches, we show that TGFβ/Alk5 signaling drives the LPM ventral migration and commitment to an iSMC fate. The Alk5-dependent induction of zeb1a and foxo1a is required for this morphogenetic process: zeb1a is responsible for driving LPM migration around the gut, whereas foxo1a regulates LPM predisposition to iSMC differentiation. We further show that TGFβ, zeb1a and foxo1a are tightly linked together by miR-145 In iSMC-committed cells, TGFβ induces the expression of miR-145, which in turn is able to downregulate zeb1a and foxo1a The absence of miR-145 results in only a slight reduction in the number of iSMCs, which still express mesenchymal genes but fail to contract. Together, our data uncover a cascade of molecular events that govern distinct morphogenetic steps during the emergence and differentiation of vertebrate iSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Gays
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Christopher Hess
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (IMLS), University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Annalisa Camporeale
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Christian Mosimann
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (IMLS), University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Massimo M Santoro
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin 10126, Italy .,Vesalius Research Center, VIB-KUL, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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27
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Perens EA, Garavito-Aguilar ZV, Guio-Vega GP, Peña KT, Schindler YL, Yelon D. Hand2 inhibits kidney specification while promoting vein formation within the posterior mesoderm. eLife 2016; 5:19941. [PMID: 27805568 PMCID: PMC5132343 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper organogenesis depends upon defining the precise dimensions of organ progenitor territories. Kidney progenitors originate within the intermediate mesoderm (IM), but the pathways that set the boundaries of the IM are poorly understood. Here, we show that the bHLH transcription factor Hand2 limits the size of the embryonic kidney by restricting IM dimensions. The IM is expanded in zebrafish hand2 mutants and is diminished when hand2 is overexpressed. Within the posterior mesoderm, hand2 is expressed laterally adjacent to the IM. Venous progenitors arise between these two territories, and hand2 promotes venous development while inhibiting IM formation at this interface. Furthermore, hand2 and the co-expressed zinc-finger transcription factor osr1 have functionally antagonistic influences on kidney development. Together, our data suggest that hand2 functions in opposition to osr1 to balance the formation of kidney and vein progenitors by regulating cell fate decisions at the lateral boundary of the IM. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19941.001 The human body is made up of many different types of cells, yet they are all descended from one single fertilized egg cell. The process by which cells specialize into different types is complex and has many stages. At each step of the process, the selection of cell types that a cell can eventually become is increasingly restricted. The entire system is controlled by switching different genes on and off in different groups of cells. Balancing the activity of these genes ensures that enough cells of each type are made in order to build a complete and healthy body. Upsetting this balance can result in organs that are too large, too small or even missing altogether. The cells that form the kidneys and bladder originate within a tissue called the intermediate mesoderm. Controlling the size of this tissue is an important part of building working kidneys. Perens et al. studied how genes control the size of the intermediate mesoderm of zebrafish embryos, which is very similar to the intermediate mesoderm of humans. The experiments revealed that a gene called hand2, which is switched on in cells next to the intermediate mesoderm, restricts the size of this tissue in order to determine the proper size of the kidney. Switching off the hand2 gene resulted in zebrafish with abnormally large kidneys. Loss of hand2 also led to the loss of a different type of cell that forms veins. These findings suggest that cells with an active hand2 gene are unable to become intermediate mesoderm cells and instead go on to become part of the veins. These experiments also demonstrated that a gene called osr1 works in opposition to hand2 to determine the right number of cells that are needed to build the kidneys. Further work will reveal how hand2 prevents cells from joining the intermediate mesoderm and how its role is balanced by the activity of osr1. Understanding how the kidneys form could eventually help to diagnose or treat several genetic diseases and may make it possible to grow replacement kidneys from unspecialized cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19941.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot A Perens
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Zayra V Garavito-Aguilar
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gina P Guio-Vega
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Karen T Peña
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yocheved L Schindler
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Deborah Yelon
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
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Zhang C, Ellis JL, Yin C. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling facilitates liver repair from acute ethanol-induced injury in zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:1383-1396. [PMID: 27562099 PMCID: PMC5117223 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.024950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) results from alcohol overconsumption and is among the leading causes of liver-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elevated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors has been observed in ALD, but how it contributes to ALD pathophysiology is unclear. Here, we investigated the impact of VEGF signaling inhibition on an established zebrafish model of acute alcoholic liver injury. Kdrl activity was blocked by chemical inhibitor treatment or by genetic mutation. Exposing 4-day-old zebrafish larvae to 2% ethanol for 24 h induced hepatic steatosis, angiogenesis and fibrogenesis. The liver started self-repair once ethanol was removed. Although inhibiting Kdrl did not block the initial activation of hepatic stellate cells during ethanol treatment, it suppressed their proliferation, extracellular matrix protein deposition and fibrogenic gene expression after ethanol exposure, thus enhancing the liver repair. It also ameliorated hepatic steatosis and attenuated hepatic angiogenesis that accelerated after the ethanol treatment. qPCR showed that hepatic stellate cells are the first liver cell type to increase the expression of VEGF ligand and receptor genes in response to ethanol exposure. Both hepatic stellate cells and endothelial cells, but not hepatic parenchymal cells, expressed kdrl upon ethanol exposure and were likely the direct targets of Kdrl inhibition. Ethanol-induced steatosis and fibrogenesis still occurred in cloche mutants that have hepatic stellate cells but lack hepatic endothelial cells, and Kdrl inhibition suppressed both phenotypes in the mutants. These results suggest that VEGF signaling mediates interactions between activated hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes that lead to steatosis. Our study demonstrates the involvement of VEGF signaling in regulating sustained liver injuries after acute alcohol exposure. It also provides a proof of principle of using the zebrafish model to identify molecular targets for developing ALD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwen Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jillian L Ellis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Chunyue Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA .,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Abstract
The endoderm is the innermost embryonic germ layer, and in zebrafish, it gives rise to the lining of the gut, the gills, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and derivatives of the pharyngeal pouch. These organs form the gastrointestinal tract and are involved with the absorption, delivery, and metabolism of nutrients. The liver has a central role in regulating these processes because it controls carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, and breakdown of endogenous and xenobiotic products. Liver dysfunction frequently leads to significant morbidity and mortality; however, in most settings of organ injury, the liver exhibits remarkable regenerative capacity. In this chapter, we review the principal mechanisms of endoderm and liver formation and provide protocols to assess liver formation and liver regeneration.
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30
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Perles Z, Moon S, Ta-Shma A, Yaacov B, Francescatto L, Edvardson S, Rein AJJT, Elpeleg O, Katsanis N. A human laterality disorder caused by a homozygous deleterious mutation in MMP21. J Med Genet 2015; 52:840-7. [PMID: 26429889 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laterality in the vertebrate embryo is determined by left-right asymmetric gene expression driven by the flow of extraembryonic fluid across the embryonic node. Defects in these processes cause heterotaxy, the abnormal formation and arrangement of visceral organs that can range from complete inversion of symmetry to the selective misarrangement of organs. However, our understanding of the genetic causality for laterality defects in human beings remains relatively limited. METHODS We performed whole exome sequencing in a consanguineous family with heterotaxia. To interrogate the pathogenic potential of the discovered variant, we used an in vivo system in which the potential of the candidate gene to induce L-R asymmetry was tested by transient suppression and CRISPR/Cas9-induced deletions. We also used in vitro assays to test a possible link between our exome-derived candidate and Notch signaling. RESULTS We identified a homozygous 2 bp deletion in MMP21, encoding matrix metalloproteinase-21, as the sole coding mutation that segregated with the phenotype. Transient suppression or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of mmp21 in zebrafish embryos induced cardiac looping defects, with concomitant disruption of laterality markers in the lateral plate mesoderm and disrupted notch signalling in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our data implicate loss of MMP21 as a cause of heterotaxy in humans with concomitant defects in Notch signaling. In support of this finding, a homozygous missense mutation in MMP21 was identified previously in mice with N-Ethyl-N-Nitrosourea (ENU)-induced heterotaxy. Taken together, these observations suggest a role of matrix metalloproteinases in the establishment of asymmetric organ development, likely through the regulation of morphogenetic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeev Perles
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sungjin Moon
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Asaf Ta-Shma
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Barak Yaacov
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Simon Edvardson
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Azaria J J T Rein
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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31
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Ye D, Xie H, Hu B, Lin F. Endoderm convergence controls subduction of the myocardial precursors during heart-tube formation. Development 2015; 142:2928-40. [PMID: 26329600 PMCID: PMC10682956 DOI: 10.1242/dev.113944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Coordination between the endoderm and adjacent cardiac mesoderm is crucial for heart development. We previously showed that myocardial migration is promoted by convergent movement of the endoderm, which itself is controlled by the S1pr2/Gα13 signaling pathway, but it remains unclear how the movements of the two tissues is coordinated. Here, we image live and fixed embryos to follow these movements, revealing previously unappreciated details of strikingly complex and dynamic associations between the endoderm and myocardial precursors. We found that during segmentation the endoderm underwent three distinct phases of movement relative to the midline: rapid convergence, little convergence and slight expansion. During these periods, the myocardial cells exhibited different stage-dependent migratory modes: co-migration with the endoderm, movement from the dorsal to the ventral side of the endoderm (subduction) and migration independent of endoderm convergence. We also found that defects in S1pr2/Gα13-mediated endodermal convergence affected all three modes of myocardial cell migration, probably due to the disruption of fibronectin assembly around the myocardial cells and consequent disorganization of the myocardial epithelium. Moreover, we found that additional cell types within the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (ALPM) also underwent subduction, and that this movement likewise depended on endoderm convergence. Our study delineates for the first time the details of the intricate interplay between the endoderm and ALPM during embryogenesis, highlighting why endoderm movement is essential for heart development, and thus potential underpinnings of congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Ye
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 1-400 Bowen Science Building, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - Huaping Xie
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 1-400 Bowen Science Building, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 1-400 Bowen Science Building, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - Fang Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 1-400 Bowen Science Building, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
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32
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Soffers JHM, Hikspoors JPJM, Mekonen HK, Koehler SE, Lamers WH. The growth pattern of the human intestine and its mesentery. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 15:31. [PMID: 26297675 PMCID: PMC4546136 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear to what extent midgut rotation determines human intestinal topography and pathology. We reinvestigated the midgut during its looping and herniation phases of development, using novel 3D visualization techniques. RESULTS We distinguished 3 generations of midgut loops. The topography of primary and secondary loops was constant, but that of tertiary loops not. The orientation of the primary loop changed from sagittal to transverse due to the descent of ventral structures in a body with a still helical body axis. The 1st secondary loop (duodenum, proximal jejunum) developed intraabdominally towards a left-sided position. The 2nd secondary loop (distal jejunum) assumed a left-sided position inside the hernia before returning, while the 3rd and 4th secondary loops retained near-midline positions. Intestinal return into the abdomen resembled a backward sliding movement. Only after return, the 4th secondary loop (distal ileum, cecum) rapidly "slid" into the right lower abdomen. The seemingly random position of the tertiary small-intestinal loops may have a biomechanical origin. CONCLUSIONS The interpretation of "intestinal rotation" as a mechanistic rather than a descriptive concept underlies much of the confusion accompanying the physiological herniation. We argue, instead, that the concept of "en-bloc rotation" of the developing midgut is a fallacy of schematic drawings. Primary, secondary and tertiary loops arise in a hierarchical fashion. The predictable position and growth of secondary loops is pre-patterned and determines adult intestinal topography. We hypothesize based on published accounts that malrotations result from stunted development of secondary loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelly H M Soffers
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jill P J M Hikspoors
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Hayelom K Mekonen
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - S Eleonore Koehler
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter H Lamers
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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33
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Jessen JR. Recent advances in the study of zebrafish extracellular matrix proteins. Dev Biol 2015; 401:110-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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Guo S, Guo Y, Ergun A, Lu L, Walker WA, Ganguli K. Secreted Metabolites of Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus acidophilus Protect Immature Human Enterocytes from IL-1β-Induced Inflammation: A Transcription Profiling Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124549. [PMID: 25906317 PMCID: PMC4407962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination regimens of Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus acidophilus have been demonstrated to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in clinical trials. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for this protective effect are not well understood. Additionally, conditioned media from individual cultures of these two probiotics show strain specific modulation of inflammation using in vitro human intestinal NEC models. Here we report a transcription profiling analysis of gene expression in immature human fetal intestinal epithelial cells (H4 cells) pretreated with conditioned media from B. infantis (BCM) or L. acidophilus (LCM) prior to IL-1β stimulation. Compared with control media, the two probiotic-conditioned media (PCM) treatments altered the expression of hundreds of genes involved in the immune response, apoptosis and cell survival, cell adhesion, the cell cycle, development and angiogenesis. In IL-1β-stimulated cells, PCM treatment decreased the upregulation of genes in the NF-κB activation pathway and downregulated genes associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Compared with LCM, BCM showed more significant modulatory effects on ECM remodeling, reflected by a lower p value. IL-6 and IL-8 production was significantly reduced in IL-1β-stimulated cells pretreated with PCM (p<0.05), which was consistent with their altered gene expression. Western blot analysis showed that compared with IL-1β stimulation alone, PCM treatment attenuated the decrease of cytoplasmic IκBα and NF-κB p65 levels as well as the increase of nuclear NF-κB p65 levels in the stimulated cells (p<0.05). In conclusion, PCM treatment exerted anti-inflammatory effects in immature human fetal enterocytes primarily by modulating genes in the NF-κB signaling and ECM remodeling pathways. Additionally, some components of these signaling pathways, particularly the ECM remodeling pathway, were more profoundly affected by BCM than LCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ayla Ergun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lei Lu
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - W. Allan Walker
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WAW); (KG)
| | - Kriston Ganguli
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WAW); (KG)
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Wegener A, Deboux C, Bachelin C, Frah M, Kerninon C, Seilhean D, Weider M, Wegner M, Nait-Oumesmar B. Gain of Olig2 function in oligodendrocyte progenitors promotes remyelination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 138:120-35. [PMID: 25564492 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Olig2 is a key determinant for the specification of neural precursor cells into oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. However, the functional role of Olig2 in oligodendrocyte migration and differentiation remains elusive both during developmental myelination and under demyelinating conditions of the adult central nervous system. To decipher Olig2 functions, we generated transgenic mice (TetOlig2:Sox10(rtTA/+)) overexpressing Olig2 in Sox10(+) oligodendroglial cells in a doxycycline inducible manner. We show that Olig2 overexpression increases the generation of differentiated oligodendrocytes, leading to precocious myelination of the central nervous system. Unexpectedly, we found that gain of Olig2 function in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells enhances their migration rate. To determine whether Olig2 overexpression in adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells promotes oligodendrocyte regeneration for myelin repair, we induced lysophosphatidylcholine demyelination in the corpus callosum of TetOlig2:Sox10(rtTA/+) and control mice. We found that Olig2 overexpression enhanced oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and remyelination. To assess the relevance of these findings in demyelinating diseases, we also examined OLIG2 expression in multiple sclerosis lesions. We demonstrate that OLIG2 displays a differential expression pattern in multiple sclerosis lesions that correlates with lesion activity. Strikingly, OLIG2 was predominantly detected in NOGO-A(+) (now known as RTN4-A) maturing oligodendrocytes, which prevailed in active lesion borders, rather than chronic silent and shadow plaques. Taken together, our data provide proof of principle indicating that OLIG2 overexpression in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells might be a possible therapeutic mechanism for enhancing myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Wegener
- 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Cyrille Deboux
- 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Bachelin
- 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Magali Frah
- 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Kerninon
- 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Seilhean
- 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Brahim Nait-Oumesmar
- 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France
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Huang M, Chang A, Choi M, Zhou D, Anania FA, Shin CH. Antagonistic interaction between Wnt and Notch activity modulates the regenerative capacity of a zebrafish fibrotic liver model. Hepatology 2014; 60:1753-66. [PMID: 24995814 PMCID: PMC4211965 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In chronic liver failure patients with sustained fibrosis, excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins substantially dampens the regenerative capacity of the hepatocytes, resulting in poor prognosis and high mortality. Currently, the mechanisms and the strategies of inducing endogenous cellular sources such as hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) to regenerate hepatocytes in various contexts of fibrogenic stimuli remain elusive. Here we aim to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that mediate the effects of sustained fibrosis on hepatocyte regeneration using the zebrafish as a model. In the ethanol-induced fibrotic zebrafish model, we identified a subset of HPCs, responsive to Notch signaling, that retains its capacity to regenerate as hepatocytes. Discrete levels of Notch signaling modulate distinct cellular outcomes of these Notch-responsive HPCs in hepatocyte regeneration. Lower levels of Notch signaling promote amplification and subsequent differentiation of these cells into hepatocytes, while high levels of Notch signaling suppress these processes. To identify small molecules facilitating hepatocyte regeneration in the fibrotic liver, we performed chemical screens and identified a number of Wnt agonists and Notch antagonists. Further analyses demonstrated that these Wnt agonists are capable of attenuating Notch signaling by inducing Numb, a membrane-associated protein that inhibits Notch signaling. This suggests that the antagonistic interplay between Wnt and Notch signaling crucially affects hepatocyte regeneration in the fibrotic liver. CONCLUSION Our findings not only elucidate how signaling pathways and cell-cell communications direct the cellular response of HPCs to fibrogenic stimuli, but also identify novel potential therapeutic strategies for chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianbo Huang
- School of Biology and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Angela Chang
- School of Biology and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Minna Choi
- School of Biology and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - David Zhou
- School of Biology and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Frank A. Anania
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chong Hyun Shin
- School of Biology and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Chong Hyun Shin, Ph.D., School of Biology and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Room 1313, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA, , Telephone: 404-385-4211
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Crawford BD, Po MD, Saranyan PV, Forsberg D, Schulz R, Pilgrim DB. Mmp25β facilitates elongation of sensory neurons during zebrafish development. Genesis 2014; 52:833-48. [PMID: 25074687 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large and complex family of zinc-dependent endoproteinases widely recognized for their roles in remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM) during embryonic development, wound healing, and tissue homeostasis. Their misregulation is central to many pathologies, and they have therefore been the focus of biomedical research for decades. These proteases have also recently emerged as mediators of neural development and synaptic plasticity in vertebrates, however, understanding of the mechanistic basis of these roles and the molecular identities of the MMPs involved remains far from complete. We have identified a zebrafish orthologue of mmp25 (a.k.a. leukolysin; MT6-MMP), a membrane-type, furin-activated MMP associated with leukocytes and invasive carcinomas, but which we find is expressed by a subset of the sensory neurons during normal embryonic development. We detect high levels of Mmp25β expression in the trigeminal, craniofacial, and posterior lateral line ganglia in the hindbrain, and in Rohon-Beard cells in the dorsal neural tube during the first 48 h of embryonic development. Knockdown of Mmp25β expression with morpholino oligonucleotides results in larvae that are uncoordinated and insensitive to touch, and which exhibit defects in the development of sensory neural structures. Using in vivo zymography, we observe that Mmp25β morphant embryos show reduced Type IV collagen degradation in regions of the head traversed by elongating axons emanating from the trigeminal ganglion, suggesting that Mmp25β may play a pivotal role in mediating ECM remodeling in the vicinity of these elongating axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Crawford
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
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Ganassi M, Badodi S, Polacchini A, Baruffaldi F, Battini R, Hughes SM, Hinits Y, Molinari S. Distinct functions of alternatively spliced isoforms encoded by zebrafish mef2ca and mef2cb. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:559-70. [PMID: 24844180 PMCID: PMC4064114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, an array of MEF2C proteins is generated by alternative splicing (AS), yet specific functions have not been ascribed to each isoform. Teleost fish possess two MEF2C paralogues, mef2ca and mef2cb. In zebrafish, the Mef2cs function to promote cardiomyogenic differentiation and myofibrillogenesis in nascent skeletal myofibers. We found that zebrafish mef2ca and mef2cb are alternatively spliced in the coding exons 4–6 region and these splice variants differ in their biological activity. Of the two, mef2ca is more abundantly expressed in developing skeletal muscle, its activity is tuned through zebrafish development by AS. By 24 hpf, we found the prevalent expression of the highly active full length protein in differentiated muscle in the somites. The splicing isoform of mef2ca that lacks exon 5 (mef2ca 4–6), encodes a protein that has 50% lower transcriptional activity, and is found mainly earlier in development, before muscle differentiation. mef2ca transcripts including exon 5 (mef2ca 4–5–6) are present early in the embryo. Over-expression of this isoform alters the expression of genes involved in early dorso-ventral patterning of the embryo such as chordin, nodal related 1 and goosecoid, and induces severe developmental defects. AS of mef2cb generates a long splicing isoform in the exon 5 region (Mef2cbL) that predominates during somitogenesis. Mef2cbL contains an evolutionarily conserved domain derived from exonization of a fragment of intron 5, which confers the ability to induce ectopic muscle in mesoderm upon over-expression of the protein. Taken together, the data show that AS is a significant regulator of Mef2c activity. mef2ca and mef2cb gene products are alternatively spliced in zebrafish. Inclusion of exon 5 in mef2ca transcripts is regulated during zebrafish development. Exon 5 confers on Mef2ca the ability to activate early patterning genes. Mef2cb includes an extra octapeptide encoded by a region of intron 5. Inclusion of the extra-octapeptide confers on Mef2cb pro-myogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ganassi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Life Sciences, Italy; Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - S Badodi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Life Sciences, Italy
| | - A Polacchini
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Life Sciences, Italy
| | - F Baruffaldi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Life Sciences, Italy
| | - R Battini
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Life Sciences, Italy
| | - S M Hughes
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Y Hinits
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - S Molinari
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Life Sciences, Italy.
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Huang S, Xu W, Su B, Luo L. Distinct mechanisms determine organ left-right asymmetry patterning in an uncoupled way. Bioessays 2014; 36:293-304. [PMID: 24464475 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of Nodal in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) usually leads to left-right (LR) patterning defects in multiple organs. However, whether the LR patterning of organs is always regulated in a coupled way has largely not yet been elucidated. In addition, whether other crucial regulators exist in the LPM that coordinate with Nodal in regulating organ LR patterning is also undetermined. In this paper, after briefly summarizing the common process of LR patterning, the most puzzling question regarding the initiation of asymmetry is considered and the divergent mechanisms underlying the uncoupled LR patterning in different organs are discussed. On the basis of cases in which different organ LR patterning is determined in an uncoupled way via an independent mechanism or at a different time, we propose that there are other critical factors in the LPM that coordinate with Nodal to regulate heart LR asymmetry patterning during early LR patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhou Huang
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
Morphogenesis is the remarkable process by which cells self-assemble into complex tissues and organs that exhibit specialized form and function during embryological development. Many of the genes and chemical cues that mediate tissue and organ formation have been identified; however, these signals alone are not sufficient to explain how tissues and organs are constructed that exhibit their unique material properties and three-dimensional forms. Here, we review work that has revealed the central role that physical forces and extracellular matrix mechanics play in the control of cell fate switching, pattern formation, and tissue development in the embryo and how these same mechanical signals contribute to tissue homeostasis and developmental control throughout adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanori Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
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Lü D, Liu X, Gao Y, Huo B, Kang Y, Chen J, Sun S, Chen L, Luo X, Long M. Asymmetric migration of human keratinocytes under mechanical stretch and cocultured fibroblasts in a wound repair model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74563. [PMID: 24086354 PMCID: PMC3781156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte migration during re-epithelization is crucial in wound healing under biochemical and biomechanical microenvironment. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms whereby mechanical tension and cocultured fibroblasts or keratinocytes modulate the migration of keratinocytes or fibroblasts. Here we applied a tensile device together with a modified transwell assay to determine the lateral and transmembrane migration dynamics of human HaCaT keratinocytes or HF fibroblasts. A novel pattern of asymmetric migration was observed for keratinocytes when they were cocultured with non-contact fibroblasts, i.e., the accumulative distance of HaCaT cells was significantly higher when moving away from HF cells or migrating from down to up cross the membrane than that when moving close to HF cells or when migrating from up to down, whereas HF migration was symmetric. This asymmetric migration was mainly regulated by EGF derived from fibroblasts, but not transforming growth factor α or β1 production. Mechanical stretch subjected to fibroblasts fostered keratinocyte asymmetric migration by increasing EGF secretion, while no role of mechanical stretch was found for EGF secretion by keratinocytes. These results provided a new insight into understanding the regulating mechanisms of two- or three-dimensional migration of keratinocytes or fibroblasts along or across dermis and epidermis under biomechanical microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyuan Lü
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Huo
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingyong Kang
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shujin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Burn Research Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangdong Luo
- Burn Research Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mian Long
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: .
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Hochgreb-Hägele T, Yin C, Koo DES, Bronner ME, Stainier DYR. Laminin β1a controls distinct steps during the establishment of digestive organ laterality. Development 2013; 140:2734-45. [PMID: 23757411 DOI: 10.1242/dev.097618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Visceral organs, including the liver and pancreas, adopt asymmetric positions to ensure proper function. Yet the molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling organ laterality are not well understood. We identified a mutation affecting zebrafish laminin β1a (lamb1a) that disrupts left-right asymmetry of the liver and pancreas. In these mutants, the liver spans the midline and the ventral pancreatic bud remains split into bilateral structures. We show that lamb1a regulates asymmetric left-right gene expression in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). In particular, lamb1a functions in Kupffer's vesicle (KV), a ciliated organ analogous to the mouse node, to control the length and function of the KV cilia. Later during gut-looping stages, dynamic expression of Lamb1a is required for the bilayered organization and asymmetric migration of the LPM. Loss of Lamb1a function also results in aberrant protrusion of LPM cells into the gut. Collectively, our results provide cellular and molecular mechanisms by which extracellular matrix proteins regulate left-right organ morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Hochgreb-Hägele
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, Liver Center and Diabetes Center, Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Tsedensodnom O, Vacaru AM, Howarth DL, Yin C, Sadler KC. Ethanol metabolism and oxidative stress are required for unfolded protein response activation and steatosis in zebrafish with alcoholic liver disease. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:1213-26. [PMID: 23798569 PMCID: PMC3759341 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.012195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory pathway dysfunction and lipid accumulation (steatosis) are the two most common responses of hepatocytes to ethanol exposure and are major factors in the pathophysiology of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). However, the mechanisms by which ethanol elicits these cellular responses are not fully understood. Recent data indicates that activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in response to secretory pathway dysfunction can cause steatosis. Here, we examined the relationship between alcohol metabolism, oxidative stress, secretory pathway stress and steatosis using zebrafish larvae. We found that ethanol was immediately internalized and metabolized by larvae, such that the internal ethanol concentration in 4-day-old larvae equilibrated to 160 mM after 1 hour of exposure to 350 mM ethanol, with an average ethanol metabolism rate of 56 μmol/larva/hour over 32 hours. Blocking alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh1) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (Cyp2e1), the major enzymes that metabolize ethanol, prevented alcohol-induced steatosis and reduced induction of the UPR in the liver. Thus, we conclude that ethanol metabolism causes ALD in zebrafish. Oxidative stress generated by Cyp2e1-mediated ethanol metabolism is proposed to be a major culprit in ALD pathology. We found that production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased in larvae exposed to ethanol, whereas inhibition of the zebrafish CYP2E1 homolog or administration of antioxidants reduced ROS levels. Importantly, these treatments also blocked ethanol-induced steatosis and reduced UPR activation, whereas hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) acted as a pro-oxidant that synergized with low doses of ethanol to induce the UPR. Collectively, these data demonstrate that ethanol metabolism and oxidative stress are conserved mechanisms required for the development of steatosis and hepatic dysfunction in ALD, and that these processes contribute to ethanol-induced UPR activation and secretory pathway stress in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkhontuya Tsedensodnom
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Zebrafish Development. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IN DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-35935-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Björck HM, Renner J, Maleki S, Nilsson SFE, Kihlberg J, Folkersen L, Karlsson M, Ebbers T, Eriksson P, Länne T. Characterization of shear-sensitive genes in the normal rat aorta identifies Hand2 as a major flow-responsive transcription factor. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52227. [PMID: 23284944 PMCID: PMC3527404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Shear forces play a key role in the maintenance of vessel wall integrity. Current understanding regarding shear-dependent gene expression is mainly based on in vitro or in vivo observations with experimentally deranged shear, hence reflecting acute molecular events in relation to flow. Our objective was to combine computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations with global microarray analysis to study flow-dependent vessel wall biology in the aortic wall under physiological conditions. Methods and Results Male Wistar rats were used. Animal-specific wall shear stress (WSS) magnitude and vector direction were estimated using CFD based on aortic geometry and flow information acquired by magnetic resonance imaging. Two distinct flow pattern regions were identified in the normal rat aortic arch; the distal part of the lesser curvature being exposed to low WSS and a non-uniform vector direction, and a region along the greater curvature being subjected to markedly higher levels of WSS and a uniform vector direction. Microarray analysis identified numerous novel mechanosensitive genes, including Trpc4 and Fgf12, and confirmed well-known ones, e.g. Klf2 and Nrf2. Gene ontology analysis revealed an over-representation of genes involved in transcriptional regulation. The most differentially expressed gene, Hand2, is a transcription factor previously shown to be involved in extracellular matrix remodeling. HAND2 protein was endothelial specific and showed higher expression in the regions exposed to low WSS with disturbed flow. Conclusions Microarray analysis validated the CFD-defined WSS regions in the rat aortic arch, and identified numerous novel shear-sensitive genes. Defining the functional importance of these genes in relation to atherosusceptibility may provide important insight into the understanding of vascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Björck
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Garnaas MK, Cutting CC, Meyers A, Kelsey PB, Harris JM, North TE, Goessling W. Rargb regulates organ laterality in a zebrafish model of right atrial isomerism. Dev Biol 2012; 372:178-89. [PMID: 22982668 PMCID: PMC3697125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Developmental signals determine organ morphology and position during embryogenesis. To discover novel modifiers of liver development, we performed a chemical genetic screen in zebrafish and identified retinoic acid as a positive regulator of hepatogenesis. Knockdown of the four RA receptors revealed that all receptors affect liver formation, however specific receptors exert differential effects. Rargb knockdown results in bilateral livers but does not impact organ size, revealing a unique role for Rargb in conferring left-right positional information. Bilateral populations of hepatoblasts are detectable in rargb morphants, indicating Rargb acts during hepatic specification to position the liver, and primitive endoderm is competent to form liver on both sides. Hearts remain at the midline and gut looping is perturbed in rargb morphants, suggesting Rargb affects lateral plate mesoderm migration. Overexpression of Bmp during somitogenesis similarly results in bilateral livers and midline hearts, and inhibition of Bmp signaling rescues the rargb morphant phenotype, indicating Rargb functions upstream of Bmp to regulate organ sidedness. Loss of rargb causes biliary and organ laterality defects as well as asplenia, paralleling symptoms of the human condition right atrial isomerism. Our findings uncover a novel role for RA in regulating organ laterality and provide an animal model of one form of human heterotaxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija K Garnaas
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Yin C, Evason KJ, Maher JJ, Stainier DY. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, heart and neural crest derivatives expressed transcript 2, marks hepatic stellate cells in zebrafish: analysis of stellate cell entry into the developing liver. Hepatology 2012; 56:1958-70. [PMID: 22488653 PMCID: PMC3407311 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are liver-specific mesenchymal cells that play vital roles in liver development and injury. Our knowledge of HSC biology is limited by the paucity of in vivo data. HSCs and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) reside in close proximity, and interactions between these two cell types are potentially critical for their development and function. Here, we introduce a transgenic zebrafish line, Tg(hand2:EGFP), that labels HSCs. We find that zebrafish HSCs share many similarities with their mammalian counterparts, including morphology, location, lipid storage, gene-expression profile, and increased proliferation and matrix production, in response to an acute hepatic insult. Using the Tg(hand2:EGFP) line, we conducted time-course analyses during development to reveal that HSCs invade the liver after SECs do. However, HSCs still enter the liver in mutants that lack most endothelial cells, including SECs, indicating that SECs are not required for HSC differentiation or their entry into the liver. In the absence of SECs, HSCs become abnormally associated with hepatic biliary cells, suggesting that SECs influence HSC localization during liver development. We analyzed factors that regulate HSC development and show that inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling significantly reduces the number of HSCs that enter the liver. We also performed a pilot chemical screen and identified two compounds that affect HSC numbers during development. CONCLUSION Our work provides the first comprehensive description of HSC development in zebrafish and reveals the requirement of SECs in HSC localization. The Tg(hand2:EGFP) line represents a unique tool for in vivo analysis and molecular dissection of HSC behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, Liver Center and Diabetes Center, Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kimberley J. Evason
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, Liver Center and Diabetes Center, Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jacquelyn J. Maher
- Department of Medicine, and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Didier Y.R. Stainier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, Liver Center and Diabetes Center, Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Nakamura T, Hamada H. Left-right patterning: conserved and divergent mechanisms. Development 2012; 139:3257-62. [PMID: 22912409 DOI: 10.1242/dev.061606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The left-right (LR) asymmetry of visceral organs is fundamental to their function and position within the body. Over the past decade or so, the molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment of such LR asymmetry have been revealed in many vertebrate and invertebrate model organisms. These studies have identified a gene network that contributes to this process and is highly conserved from sea urchin to mouse. By contrast, some specific steps of the process, such as the symmetry-breaking event and situs-specific organogenesis, appear to have diverged during evolution. Here, we summarize the common and divergent mechanisms by which LR asymmetry is established in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Nakamura
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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New perspectives on pharyngeal dorsoventral patterning in development and evolution of the vertebrate jaw. Dev Biol 2012; 371:121-35. [PMID: 22960284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Patterning of the vertebrate facial skeleton involves the progressive partitioning of neural-crest-derived skeletal precursors into distinct subpopulations along the anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) axes. Recent evidence suggests that complex interactions between multiple signaling pathways, in particular Endothelin-1 (Edn1), Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP), and Jagged-Notch, are needed to pattern skeletal precursors along the DV axis. Rather than directly determining the morphology of individual skeletal elements, these signals appear to act through several families of transcription factors, including Dlx, Msx, and Hand, to establish dynamic zones of skeletal differentiation. Provocatively, this patterning mechanism is largely conserved from mouse and zebrafish to the jawless vertebrate, lamprey. This implies that the diversification of the vertebrate facial skeleton, including the evolution of the jaw, was driven largely by modifications downstream of a conversed pharyngeal DV patterning program.
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