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Franz H, Rathod M, Zimmermann A, Stüdle C, Beyersdorfer V, Leal-Fischer K, Hanns P, Cunha T, Didona D, Hertl M, Scheibe M, Butter F, Schmidt E, Spindler V. Unbiased screening identifies regulators of cell-cell adhesion and treatment options in pemphigus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8044. [PMID: 39271654 PMCID: PMC11399147 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell junctions, and specifically desmosomes, are crucial for robust intercellular adhesion. Desmosomal function is compromised in the autoimmune blistering skin disease pemphigus vulgaris. We combine whole-genome knockout screening and a promotor screen of the desmosomal gene desmoglein 3 in human keratinocytes to identify novel regulators of intercellular adhesion. Kruppel-like-factor 5 (KLF5) directly binds to the desmoglein 3 regulatory region and promotes adhesion. Reduced levels of KLF5 in patient tissue indicate a role in pemphigus vulgaris. Autoantibody fractions from patients impair intercellular adhesion and reduce KLF5 levels in in vitro and in vivo disease models. These effects were dependent on increased activity of histone deacetylase 3, leading to transcriptional repression of KLF5. Inhibiting histone deacetylase 3 increases KLF5 levels and protects against the deleterious effects of autoantibodies in murine and human pemphigus vulgaris models. Together, KLF5 and histone deacetylase 3 are regulators of desmoglein 3 gene expression and intercellular adhesion and represent potential therapeutic targets in pemphigus vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Franz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maitreyi Rathod
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aude Zimmermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Stüdle
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vivien Beyersdorfer
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Pauline Hanns
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tomás Cunha
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Deutschland
| | - Dario Didona
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Deutschland
| | - Michael Hertl
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Deutschland
| | - Marion Scheibe
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Lübeck Institute for Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.
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2
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Vlashi R, Sun F, Zheng C, Zhang X, Liu J, Chen G. The molecular biology of NF2/Merlin on tumorigenesis and development. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23809. [PMID: 38967126 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400019rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) gene, known for encoding the tumor suppressor protein Merlin, is central to the study of tumorigenesis and associated cellular processes. This review comprehensively examines the multifaceted role of NF2/Merlin, detailing its structural characteristics, functional diversity, and involvement in various signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, Hippo, TGF-β, RTKs, mTOR, Notch, and Hedgehog. These pathways are crucial for cellular growth, proliferation, and differentiation. NF2 mutations are specifically linked to the development of schwannomas, meningiomas, and ependymomas, although the precise mechanisms of tumor formation in these specific cell types remain unclear. Additionally, the review explores Merlin's role in embryogenesis, highlighting the severe developmental defects and embryonic lethality caused by NF2 deficiency. The potential therapeutic strategies targeting these genetic aberrations are also discussed, emphasizing inhibitors of mTOR, HDAC, and VEGF as promising avenues for treatment. This synthesis of current knowledge underscores the necessity for ongoing research to elucidate the detailed mechanisms of NF2/Merlin and develop effective therapeutic strategies, ultimately aiming to improve the prognosis and quality of life for individuals with NF2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rexhina Vlashi
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuju Sun
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenggong Zheng
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Minimally Invasive Surgery in Orthopaedics & Skeletal Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Cancer Center, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing, China
| | - Guiqian Chen
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Xu D, Yin S, Shu Y. NF2: An underestimated player in cancer metabolic reprogramming and tumor immunity. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:133. [PMID: 38879686 PMCID: PMC11180135 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a tumor suppressor gene implicated in various tumors, including mesothelioma, schwannomas, and meningioma. As a member of the ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) family of proteins, merlin, which is encoded by NF2, regulates diverse cellular events and signalling pathways, such as the Hippo, mTOR, RAS, and cGAS-STING pathways. However, the biological role of NF2 in tumorigenesis has not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, cross-cancer mutations may exert distinct biological effects on tumorigenesis and treatment response. In addition to the functional inactivation of NF2, the codeficiency of other genes, such as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A/B (CDKN2A/B), BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1), and large tumor suppressor 2 (LATS2), results in unique tumor characteristics that should be considered in clinical treatment decisions. Notably, several recent studies have explored the metabolic and immunological features associated with NF2, offering potential insights into tumor biology and the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. In this review, we consolidate the current knowledge on NF2 and examine the potential connection between cancer metabolism and tumor immunity in merlin-deficient malignancies. This review may provide a deeper understanding of the biological roles of NF2 and guide possible therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiyuan Yin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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4
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Kim BH, Chung YH, Woo TG, Kang SM, Park S, Kim M, Park BJ. NF2-Related Schwannomatosis (NF2): Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Avenues. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6558. [PMID: 38928264 PMCID: PMC11204266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2) is a genetic syndrome characterized by the growth of benign tumors in the nervous system, particularly bilateral vestibular schwannomas, meningiomas, and ependymomas. This review consolidates the current knowledge on NF2 syndrome, emphasizing the molecular pathology associated with the mutations in the gene of the same name, the NF2 gene, and the subsequent dysfunction of its product, the Merlin protein. Merlin, a tumor suppressor, integrates multiple signaling pathways that regulate cell contact, proliferation, and motility, thereby influencing tumor growth. The loss of Merlin disrupts these pathways, leading to tumorigenesis. We discuss the roles of another two proteins potentially associated with NF2 deficiency as well as Merlin: Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP), which may promote tumor growth, and Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP), which appears to suppress tumor development. Additionally, this review discusses the efficacy of various treatments, such as molecular therapies that target specific pathways or inhibit neomorphic protein-protein interaction caused by NF2 deficiency. This overview not only expands on the fundamental understanding of NF2 pathophysiology but also explores the potential of novel therapeutic targets that affect the clinical approach to NF2 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bae-Hoon Kim
- Rare Disease R&D Center, PRG S&T Co., Ltd., Busan 46274, Republic of Korea; (B.-H.K.)
| | - Yeon-Ho Chung
- Rare Disease R&D Center, PRG S&T Co., Ltd., Busan 46274, Republic of Korea; (B.-H.K.)
| | - Tae-Gyun Woo
- Rare Disease R&D Center, PRG S&T Co., Ltd., Busan 46274, Republic of Korea; (B.-H.K.)
| | - So-mi Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Kim
- Rare Disease R&D Center, PRG S&T Co., Ltd., Busan 46274, Republic of Korea; (B.-H.K.)
| | - Bum-Joon Park
- Rare Disease R&D Center, PRG S&T Co., Ltd., Busan 46274, Republic of Korea; (B.-H.K.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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5
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Ma N, Wibowo YC, Wirtz P, Baltus D, Wieland T, Jansen S. Tankyrase inhibition interferes with junction remodeling, induces leakiness, and disturbs YAP1/TAZ signaling in the endothelium. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:1763-1789. [PMID: 37741944 PMCID: PMC10858845 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Tankyrase inhibitors are increasingly considered for therapeutic use in malignancies that are characterized by high intrinsic β-catenin activity. However, how tankyrase inhibition affects the endothelium after systemic application remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate how the tankyrase inhibitor XAV939 affects endothelial cell function and the underlying mechanism involved. Endothelial cell function was analyzed using sprouting angiogenesis, endothelial cell migration, junctional dynamics, and permeability using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and explanted mouse retina. Underlying signaling was studied using western blot, immunofluorescence, and qPCR in HUVEC in addition to luciferase reporter gene assays in human embryonic kidney cells. XAV939 treatment leads to altered junctional dynamics and permeability as well as impaired endothelial migration. Mechanistically, XAV939 increased stability of the angiomotin-like proteins 1 and 2, which impedes the nuclear translocation of YAP1/TAZ and consequently suppresses TEAD-mediated transcription. Intriguingly, XAV939 disrupts adherens junctions by inducing RhoA-Rho dependent kinase (ROCK)-mediated F-actin bundling, whereas disruption of F-actin bundling through the ROCK inhibitor H1152 restores endothelial cell function. Unexpectedly, this was accompanied by an increase in nuclear TAZ and TEAD-mediated transcription, suggesting differential regulation of YAP1 and TAZ by the actin cytoskeleton in endothelial cells. In conclusion, our findings elucidate the complex relationship between the actin cytoskeleton, YAP1/TAZ signaling, and endothelial cell function and how tankyrase inhibition disturbs this well-balanced signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ma
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Mannheim Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yohanes Cakrapradipta Wibowo
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Mannheim Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Phillip Wirtz
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Mannheim Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Doris Baltus
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Mannheim Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Mannheim Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
- DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Sepp Jansen
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Mannheim Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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6
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Lin WH, Cooper LM, Anastasiadis PZ. Cadherins and catenins in cancer: connecting cancer pathways and tumor microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1137013. [PMID: 37255594 PMCID: PMC10225604 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1137013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin-catenin complexes are integral components of the adherens junctions crucial for cell-cell adhesion and tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of these complexes is linked to cancer development via alteration of cell-autonomous oncogenic signaling pathways and extrinsic tumor microenvironment. Advances in multiomics have uncovered key signaling events in multiple cancer types, creating a need for a better understanding of the crosstalk between cadherin-catenin complexes and oncogenic pathways. In this review, we focus on the biological functions of classical cadherins and associated catenins, describe how their dysregulation influences major cancer pathways, and discuss feedback regulation mechanisms between cadherin complexes and cellular signaling. We discuss evidence of cross regulation in the following contexts: Hippo-Yap/Taz and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, key pathways involved in cell proliferation and growth; Wnt, Notch, and hedgehog signaling, key developmental pathways involved in human cancer; as well as TGFβ and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition program, an important process for cancer cell plasticity. Moreover, we briefly explore the role of cadherins and catenins in mechanotransduction and the immune tumor microenvironment.
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7
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Chiasson-MacKenzie C, Vitte J, Liu CH, Wright EA, Flynn EA, Stott SL, Giovannini M, McClatchey AI. Cellular mechanisms of heterogeneity in NF2-mutant schwannoma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1559. [PMID: 36944680 PMCID: PMC10030849 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwannomas are common sporadic tumors and hallmarks of familial neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) that develop predominantly on cranial and spinal nerves. Virtually all schwannomas result from inactivation of the NF2 tumor suppressor gene with few, if any, cooperating mutations. Despite their genetic uniformity schwannomas exhibit remarkable clinical and therapeutic heterogeneity, which has impeded successful treatment. How heterogeneity develops in NF2-mutant schwannomas is unknown. We have found that loss of the membrane:cytoskeleton-associated NF2 tumor suppressor, merlin, yields unstable intrinsic polarity and enables Nf2-/- Schwann cells to adopt distinct programs of ErbB ligand production and polarized signaling, suggesting a self-generated model of schwannoma heterogeneity. We validated the heterogeneous distribution of biomarkers of these programs in human schwannoma and exploited the synchronous development of lesions in a mouse model to establish a quantitative pipeline for studying how schwannoma heterogeneity evolves. Our studies highlight the importance of intrinsic mechanisms of heterogeneity across human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Chiasson-MacKenzie
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jeremie Vitte
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ching-Hui Liu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Emily A Wright
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Flynn
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and BioMEMS Resource Center, Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Shannon L Stott
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and BioMEMS Resource Center, Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Marco Giovannini
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Andrea I McClatchey
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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8
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Senju Y, Hibino E. Moesin-ezrin-radixin-like protein merlin: Its conserved and distinct functions from those of ERM proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184076. [PMID: 36302494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Senju
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (RIIS), Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Emi Hibino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
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9
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Cunningham R, Jia S, Purohit K, Salem O, Hui NS, Lin Y, Carragher NO, Hansen CG. YAP/TAZ activation predicts clinical outcomes in mesothelioma and is conserved in in vitro model of driver mutations. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1190. [PMID: 36740402 PMCID: PMC9899629 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signalling pathway is dysregulated across a wide range of cancer types and, although driver mutations that directly affect the core Hippo components are rare, a handful is found within pleural mesothelioma (PM). PM is a deadly disease of the lining of the lung caused by asbestos exposure. By pooling the largest-scale clinical datasets publicly available, we here interrogate associations between the most prevalent driver mutations within PM and Hippo pathway disruption in patients, while assessing correlations with a variety of clinical markers. This analysis reveals a consistent worse outcome in patients exhibiting transcriptional markers of YAP/TAZ activation, pointing to the potential of leveraging Hippo pathway transcriptional activation status as a metric by which patients may be meaningfully stratified. Preclinical models recapitulating disease are transformative in order to develop new therapeutic strategies. We here establish an isogenic cell-line model of PM, which represents the most frequently mutated genes and which faithfully recapitulates the molecular features of clinical PM. This preclinical model is developed to probe the molecular basis by which the Hippo pathway and key driver mutations affect cancer initiation and progression. Implementing this approach, we reveal the role of NF2 as a mechanosensory component of the Hippo pathway in mesothelial cells. Cellular NF2 loss upon physiological stiffnesses analogous to the tumour niche drive YAP/TAZ-dependent anchorage-independent growth. Consequently, the development and characterisation of this cellular model provide a unique resource to obtain molecular insights into the disease and progress new drug discovery programs together with future stratification of PM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Cunningham
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchInstitute for Regeneration and RepairEdinburgh BioQuarterUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Siyang Jia
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchInstitute for Regeneration and RepairEdinburgh BioQuarterUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Krishna Purohit
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchInstitute for Regeneration and RepairEdinburgh BioQuarterUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Omar Salem
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchInstitute for Regeneration and RepairEdinburgh BioQuarterUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Ning Sze Hui
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchInstitute for Regeneration and RepairEdinburgh BioQuarterUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Yue Lin
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchInstitute for Regeneration and RepairEdinburgh BioQuarterUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Neil O. Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Scotland CentreInstitute of Genetics and CancerUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Carsten Gram Hansen
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchInstitute for Regeneration and RepairEdinburgh BioQuarterUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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10
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pTINCR microprotein promotes epithelial differentiation and suppresses tumor growth through CDC42 SUMOylation and activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6840. [PMID: 36369429 PMCID: PMC9652315 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human transcriptome contains thousands of small open reading frames (sORFs) that encode microproteins whose functions remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that TINCR lncRNA encodes pTINCR, an evolutionary conserved ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) expressed in many epithelia and upregulated upon differentiation and under cellular stress. By gain- and loss-of-function studies, we demonstrate that pTINCR is a key inducer of epithelial differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, low expression of TINCR associates with worse prognosis in several epithelial cancers, and pTINCR overexpression reduces malignancy in patient-derived xenografts. At the molecular level, pTINCR binds to SUMO through its SUMO interacting motif (SIM) and to CDC42, a Rho-GTPase critical for actin cytoskeleton remodeling and epithelial differentiation. Moreover, pTINCR increases CDC42 SUMOylation and promotes its activation, triggering a pro-differentiation cascade. Our findings suggest that the microproteome is a source of new regulators of cell identity relevant for cancer.
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11
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Guo CL. Self-Sustained Regulation or Self-Perpetuating Dysregulation: ROS-dependent HIF-YAP-Notch Signaling as a Double-Edged Sword on Stem Cell Physiology and Tumorigenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:862791. [PMID: 35774228 PMCID: PMC9237464 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.862791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ development, homeostasis, and repair often rely on bidirectional, self-organized cell-niche interactions, through which cells select cell fate, such as stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. The niche contains multiplexed chemical and mechanical factors. How cells interpret niche structural information such as the 3D topology of organs and integrate with multiplexed mechano-chemical signals is an open and active research field. Among all the niche factors, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have recently gained growing interest. Once considered harmful, ROS are now recognized as an important niche factor in the regulation of tissue mechanics and topology through, for example, the HIF-YAP-Notch signaling pathways. These pathways are not only involved in the regulation of stem cell physiology but also associated with inflammation, neurological disorder, aging, tumorigenesis, and the regulation of the immune checkpoint molecule PD-L1. Positive feedback circuits have been identified in the interplay of ROS and HIF-YAP-Notch signaling, leading to the possibility that under aberrant conditions, self-organized, ROS-dependent physiological regulations can be switched to self-perpetuating dysregulation, making ROS a double-edged sword at the interface of stem cell physiology and tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the recent findings on how ROS and tissue mechanics affect YAP-HIF-Notch-PD-L1 signaling, hoping that the knowledge can be used to design strategies for stem cell-based and ROS-targeting therapy and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Lin Guo
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Zheng H, Wang N, Yun J, Xu H, Yang J, Zhou S. Juvenile hormone promotes paracellular transport of yolk proteins via remodeling zonula adherens at tricellular junctions in the follicular epithelium. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010292. [PMID: 35759519 PMCID: PMC9269875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) acts as a gonadotrophic hormone stimulating insect vitellogenesis and oogenesis. Paracellular transport of yolk proteins through intercellular channels (patency) in the follicular epithelium is a developmentally regulated and evolutionarily conserved process during vitellogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying patency opening are poorly understood. Using the migratory locust Locusta migratoria as a model system, we report here that JH-regulated remodeling of zonula adherens (ZA), the belt-like adherens junction maintaining physical linking between follicle cells controlled the opening of patency. JH triggered phosphorylation of Partitioning defective protein 3 (Par3) via a signaling cascade including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), small GTPase Cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) and atypical Protein kinase C (aPKC). Par3 phosphorylation resulted in its disassociation from β-Catenin, the cytoplasmic partner of ZA core component E-Cadherin. Release of Par3 from the β-Catenin/E-Cadherin complex caused ZA disassembly at tricellular contacts, consequently leading to patency enlargement. This study provides new insight into how JH stimulates insect vitellogenesis and egg production via inducing the opening of paracellular route for vitellogenin transport crossing the follicular epithelium barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Ningbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Jiaqi Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Huijing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Jiebing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Shutang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
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13
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Tamura R, Toda M. A Critical Overview of Targeted Therapies for Vestibular Schwannoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5462. [PMID: 35628268 PMCID: PMC9143502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Vestibular schwannoma (VS) is a benign tumor that originates from Schwann cells in the vestibular component. Surgical treatment for VS has gradually declined over the past few decades, especially for small tumors. Gamma knife radiosurgery has become an accepted treatment for VS, with a high rate of tumor control. For neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)-associated VS resistant to radiotherapy, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A/VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-targeted therapy (e.g., bevacizumab) may become the first-line therapy. Recently, a clinical trial using a VEGFR1/2 peptide vaccine was also conducted in patients with progressive NF2-associated schwannomas, which was the first immunotherapeutic approach for NF2 patients. Targeted therapies for the gene product of SH3PXD2A-HTRA1 fusion may be effective for sporadic VS. Several protein kinase inhibitors could be supportive to prevent tumor progression because merlin inhibits signaling by tyrosine receptor kinases and the activation of downstream pathways, including the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 pathways. Tumor-microenvironment-targeted therapy may be supportive for the mainstays of management. The tumor-associated macrophage is the major component of immunosuppressive cells in schwannomas. Here, we present a critical overview of targeted therapies for VS. Multimodal therapy is required to manage patients with refractory VS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
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14
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Moon S, Hwang S, Kim B, Lee S, Kim H, Lee G, Hong K, Song H, Choi Y. Hippo Signaling in the Endometrium. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073852. [PMID: 35409214 PMCID: PMC8998929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The uterus is essential for embryo implantation and fetal development. During the estrous cycle, the uterine endometrium undergoes dramatic remodeling to prepare for pregnancy. Angiogenesis is an essential biological process in endometrial remodeling. Steroid hormones regulate the series of events that occur during such remodeling. Researchers have investigated the potential factors, including angiofactors, involved in endometrial remodeling. The Hippo signaling pathway discovered in the 21st century, plays important roles in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation and cell death. However, its role in the endometrium remains unclear. In this review, we describe the female reproductive system and its association with the Hippo signaling pathway, as well as novel Hippo pathway genes and potential target genes.
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15
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Roehrig AE, Klupsch K, Oses-Prieto JA, Chaib S, Henderson S, Emmett W, Young LC, Surinova S, Blees A, Pfeiffer A, Tijani M, Brunk F, Hartig N, Muñoz-Alegre M, Hergovich A, Jennings BH, Burlingame AL, Rodriguez-Viciana P. Cell-cell adhesion regulates Merlin/NF2 interaction with the PAF complex. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254697. [PMID: 34424918 PMCID: PMC8382200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The PAF complex (PAFC) coordinates transcription elongation and mRNA processing and its CDC73/parafibromin subunit functions as a tumour suppressor. The NF2/Merlin tumour suppressor functions both at the cell cortex and nucleus and is a key mediator of contact inhibition but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study we have used affinity proteomics to identify novel Merlin interacting proteins and show that Merlin forms a complex with multiple proteins involved in RNA processing including the PAFC and the CHD1 chromatin remodeller. Tumour-derived inactivating mutations in both Merlin and the CDC73 PAFC subunit mutually disrupt their interaction and growth suppression by Merlin requires CDC73. Merlin interacts with the PAFC in a cell density-dependent manner and we identify a role for FAT cadherins in regulating the Merlin-PAFC interaction. Our results suggest that in addition to its function within the Hippo pathway, Merlin is part of a tumour suppressor network regulated by cell-cell adhesion which coordinates post-initiation steps of the transcription cycle of genes mediating contact inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. Roehrig
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina Klupsch
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan A. Oses-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Selim Chaib
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Henderson
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Warren Emmett
- University College London Genetics Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy C. Young
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Surinova
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Blees
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anett Pfeiffer
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maha Tijani
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Brunk
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Hartig
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Alma L. Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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16
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Morciano G, Vezzani B, Missiroli S, Boncompagni C, Pinton P, Giorgi C. An Updated Understanding of the Role of YAP in Driving Oncogenic Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123100. [PMID: 34205830 PMCID: PMC8234554 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In 2020, the global cancer database GLOBOCAN estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases worldwide. The discovery of targeted therapies may help prognosis and outcome of the patients affected, but the understanding of the plethora of highly interconnected pathways that modulate cell transformation, proliferation, invasion, migration and survival remains an ambitious goal. Here we propose an updated state of the art of YAP as the key protein driving oncogenic response via promoting all those steps at multiple levels. Of interest, the role of YAP in immunosuppression is a field of evolving research and growing interest and this summary about the current pharmacological therapies impacting YAP serves as starting point for future studies. Abstract Yes-associated protein (YAP) has emerged as a key component in cancer signaling and is considered a potent oncogene. As such, nuclear YAP participates in complex and only partially understood molecular cascades that are responsible for the oncogenic response by regulating multiple processes, including cell transformation, tumor growth, migration, and metastasis, and by acting as an important mediator of immune and cancer cell interactions. YAP is finely regulated at multiple levels, and its localization in cells in terms of cytoplasm–nucleus shuttling (and vice versa) sheds light on interesting novel anticancer treatment opportunities and putative unconventional functions of the protein when retained in the cytosol. This review aims to summarize and present the state of the art knowledge about the role of YAP in cancer signaling, first focusing on how YAP differs from WW domain-containing transcription regulator 1 (WWTR1, also named as TAZ) and which upstream factors regulate it; then, this review focuses on the role of YAP in different cancer stages and in the crosstalk between immune and cancer cells as well as growing translational strategies derived from its inhibitory and synergistic effects with existing chemo-, immuno- and radiotherapies.
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17
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Goswami S, Balasubramanian I, D'Agostino L, Bandyopadhyay S, Patel R, Avasthi S, Yu S, Goldenring JR, Bonder EM, Gao N. RAB11A-mediated YAP localization to adherens and tight junctions is essential for colonic epithelial integrity. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100848. [PMID: 34058200 PMCID: PMC8254046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the intestinal epithelium, regulation of intracellular protein and vesicular trafficking is of utmost importance for barrier maintenance, immune responses, and tissue polarity. RAB11A is a small GTPase that mediates the anterograde transport of protein cargos to the plasma membrane. Loss of RAB11A-dependent trafficking in mature intestinal epithelial cells results in increased epithelial proliferation and nuclear accumulation of Yes-associated protein (YAP), a key Hippo-signaling transducer that senses cell–cell contacts and regulates tissue growth. However, it is unclear how RAB11A regulates YAP intracellular localizations. In this report, we examined the relationship of RAB11A to epithelial junctional complexes, YAP, and the associated consequences on colonic epithelial tissue repair. We found that RAB11A controls the biochemical associations of YAP with multiple components of adherens and tight junctions, including α-catenin, β-catenin, and Merlin, a tumor suppressor. In the absence of RAB11A and Merlin, we observed enhanced YAP–β-catenin complex formation and nuclear translocation. Upon chemical injury to the intestine, mice deficient in RAB11A were found to have reduced epithelial integrity, decreased YAP localization to adherens and tight junctions, and increased nuclear YAP accumulation in the colon epithelium. Thus, RAB11A-regulated trafficking regulates the Hippo–YAP signaling pathway for rapid reparative response after tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Goswami
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Luca D'Agostino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Radha Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shail Avasthi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - James R Goldenring
- Department of Surgery, Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
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18
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Kurnit KC, Draisey A, Kazen RC, Chung C, Phan LH, Harvey JB, Feng J, Xie S, Broaddus RR, Bowser JL. Loss of CD73 shifts transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) from tumor suppressor to promoter in endometrial cancer. Cancer Lett 2021; 505:75-86. [PMID: 33609609 PMCID: PMC9812391 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In many tumors, CD73 (NT5E), a rate-limiting enzyme in adenosine biosynthesis, is upregulated by TGF-β and drives tumor progression. Conversely, CD73 is downregulated in endometrial carcinomas (EC) despite a TGF-β-rich environment. Through gene expression analyses of normal endometrium samples of the uterine cancer TCGA data set and genetic and pharmacological studies, we discovered CD73 loss shifts TGF-β1 from tumor suppressor to promoter in EC. TGF-β1 upregulated CD73 and epithelial integrity in vivo in the normal endometrium and in vitro in early stage EC cells. With loss of CD73, TGF-β1-mediated epithelial integrity was abrogated. EC cells developed TGF-β1-mediated stress fibers and macromolecule permeability, migration, and invasion increased. In human tumors, CD73 is downregulated in deeply invasive stage I EC. Consistent with shifting TGF-β1 activity, CD73 loss increased TGF-β1-mediated canonical signaling and upregulated cyclin D1 (CCND1) and downregulated p21 expression. This shift was clinically relevant, as CD73Low/CCND1High expression associated with poor tumor differentiation, increased myometrial and lymphatic/vascular space invasion, and patient death. Further loss of CD73 in CD73Low expressing advanced stage EC cells increased TGF-β-mediated stress fibers, signaling, and invasiveness, whereby adenosine A1 receptor agonist, CPA, dampened TGF-β-mediated invasion. These data identify CD73 loss as essential for shifting TGF-β activity in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Kurnit
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ashley Draisey
- University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, USA; CPRIT/CURE Summer Research Experience, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca C Kazen
- University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; CPRIT/CURE Summer Research Experience, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christine Chung
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luan H Phan
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Jiping Feng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - SuSu Xie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Russell R Broaddus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jessica L Bowser
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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19
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Heng BC, Zhang X, Aubel D, Bai Y, Li X, Wei Y, Fussenegger M, Deng X. An overview of signaling pathways regulating YAP/TAZ activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:497-512. [PMID: 32748155 PMCID: PMC11071991 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
YAP and TAZ are ubiquitously expressed homologous proteins originally identified as penultimate effectors of the Hippo signaling pathway, which plays a key role in maintaining mammalian tissue/organ size. Presently, it is known that YAP/TAZ also interact with various non-Hippo signaling pathways, and have diverse roles in multiple biological processes, including cell proliferation, tissue regeneration, cell lineage fate determination, tumorigenesis, and mechanosensing. In this review, we first examine the various microenvironmental cues and signaling pathways that regulate YAP/TAZ activation, through the Hippo and non-Hippo signaling pathways. This is followed by a brief summary of the interactions of YAP/TAZ with TEAD1-4 and a diverse array of other non-TEAD transcription factors. Finally, we offer a critical perspective on how increasing knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of YAP/TAZ signaling might open the door to novel therapeutic applications in the interrelated fields of biomaterials, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chin Heng
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Xuehui Zhang
- Department of Dental Materials & Dental Medical Devices Testing Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Dominique Aubel
- IUTA, Departement Genie Biologique, Universite, Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Yunyang Bai
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochan Li
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH-Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland.
| | - Xuliang Deng
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Sharma A, Sharma L, Goyal R. Molecular Signaling Pathways and Essential Metabolic Elements in Bone Remodeling: An Implication of Therapeutic Targets for Bone Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 22:77-104. [PMID: 32914712 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200910160404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone is one of the dynamic tissues in the human body that undergoes continuous remodelling through subsequent actions of bone cells, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts. Several signal transduction pathways are involved in the transition of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts. These primarily include Runx2, ATF4, Wnt signaling and sympathetic signalling. The differentiation of osteoclasts is controlled by M-CSF, RANKL, and costimulatory signalling. It is well known that bone remodelling is regulated through receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand followed by binding to RANK, which eventually induces the differentiation of osteoclasts. The resorbing osteoclasts secrete TRAP, cathepsin K, MMP-9 and gelatinase to digest the proteinaceous matrix of type I collagen and form a saucer-shaped lacuna along with resorption tunnels in the trabecular bone. Osteoblasts secrete a soluble decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin that prevents the binding of RANK/RANKL and thus moderating osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, bone homeostasis is also regulated by several growth factors like, cytokines, calciotropic hormones, parathyroid hormone and sex steroids. The current review presents a correlation of the probable molecular targets underlying the regulation of bone mass and the role of essential metabolic elements in bone remodelling. Targeting these signaling pathways may help to design newer therapies for treating bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173212, India
| | - Lalit Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173212, India
| | - Rohit Goyal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173212, India
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21
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Das B, Sivagnanam M. Congenital Tufting Enteropathy: Biology, Pathogenesis and Mechanisms. J Clin Med 2020; 10:E19. [PMID: 33374714 PMCID: PMC7793535 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE) is an autosomal recessive disease of infancy that causes severe intestinal failure with electrolyte imbalances and impaired growth. CTE is typically diagnosed by its characteristic histological features, including villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia and focal epithelial tufts consisting of densely packed enterocytes. Mutations in the EPCAM and SPINT2 genes have been identified as the etiology for this disease. The significant morbidity and mortality and lack of direct treatments for CTE patients demand a better understanding of disease pathophysiology. Here, the latest knowledge of CTE biology is systematically reviewed, including clinical aspects, disease genetics, and research model systems. Particular focus is paid to the pathogenesis of CTE and predicted mechanisms of the disease as these would provide insight for future therapeutic options. The contribution of intestinal homeostasis, including the role of intestinal cell differentiation, defective enterocytes, disrupted barrier and cell-cell junction, and cell-matrix adhesion, is vividly described here (see Graphical Abstract). Moreover, based on the known dynamics of EpCAM signaling, potential mechanistic pathways are highlighted that may contribute to the pathogenesis of CTE due to either loss of EpCAM function or EpCAM mutation. Although not fully elucidated, these pathways provide an improved understanding of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barun Das
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Mamata Sivagnanam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
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22
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Sun WR, Ramirez S, Spiller KE, Zhao Y, Fuhrmann S. Nf2 fine-tunes proliferation and tissue alignment during closure of the optic fissure in the embryonic mouse eye. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:3373-3387. [PMID: 33075808 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal coloboma represents one of the most common congenital ocular malformations accounting for up to 10% of childhood blindness (~1 in 5000 live birth). Coloboma originates from defective fusion of the optic fissure (OF), a transient gap that forms during eye morphogenesis by asymmetric, ventral invagination. Genetic heterogeneity combined with the activity of developmentally regulated genes suggests multiple mechanisms regulating OF closure. The tumor suppressor and FERM domain protein Neurofibromin 2 (NF2) controls diverse processes in cancer, development and regeneration, via Hippo pathway and cytoskeleton regulation. In humans, NF2 mutations can cause ocular abnormalities, including coloboma, however, its actual role in OF closure is unknown. Using conditional inactivation in the embryonic mouse eye, our data indicate that loss of Nf2 function results in a novel underlying cause for coloboma. In particular, mutant eyes show substantially increased retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) proliferation in the fissure region with concomitant acquisition of RPE cell fate. Cells lining the OF margin can maintain RPE fate ectopically and fail to transition from neuroepithelial to cuboidal shape. In the dorsal RPE of the optic cup, Nf2 inactivation leads to a robust increase in cell number, with local disorganization of the cytoskeleton components F-actin and pMLC2. We propose that RPE hyperproliferation is the primary cause for the observed defects causing insufficient alignment of the OF margins in Nf2 mutants and failure to fuse properly, resulting in persistent coloboma. Our findings indicate that limiting proliferation particularly in the RPE layer is a critical mechanism during OF closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley R Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, VEI, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sara Ramirez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, VEI, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Kelly E Spiller
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, VEI, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, VEI, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sabine Fuhrmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, VEI, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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23
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Hamid AB, Petreaca RC. Secondary Resistant Mutations to Small Molecule Inhibitors in Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040927. [PMID: 32283832 PMCID: PMC7226513 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary resistant mutations in cancer cells arise in response to certain small molecule inhibitors. These mutations inevitably cause recurrence and often progression to a more aggressive form. Resistant mutations may manifest in various forms. For example, some mutations decrease or abrogate the affinity of the drug for the protein. Others restore the function of the enzyme even in the presence of the inhibitor. In some cases, resistance is acquired through activation of a parallel pathway which bypasses the function of the drug targeted pathway. The Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) produced a compendium of resistant mutations to small molecule inhibitors reported in the literature. Here, we build on these data and provide a comprehensive review of resistant mutations in cancers. We also discuss mechanistic parallels of resistance.
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24
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Abstract
Epithelial cells form highly organized polarized sheets with characteristic cell morphologies and tissue architecture. Cell–cell adhesion and intercellular communication are prerequisites of such cohesive sheets of cells, and cell connectivity is mediated through several junctional assemblies, namely desmosomes, adherens, tight and gap junctions. These cell–cell junctions form signalling hubs that not only mediate cell–cell adhesion but impact on multiple aspects of cell behaviour, helping to coordinate epithelial cell shape, polarity and function. This review will focus on the tight and adherens junctions, constituents of the apical junctional complex, and aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the complex signalling that underlies junction assembly, integrity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D Rusu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Marios Georgiou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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25
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Huang SC, Liang JY, Vu LV, Yu FH, Ou AC, Ou JP, Zhang HS, Burnett KM, Benz EJ. Epithelial-specific isoforms of protein 4.1R promote adherens junction assembly in maturing epithelia. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:191-211. [PMID: 31776189 PMCID: PMC6952607 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial adherens junctions (AJs) and tight junctions (TJs) undergo disassembly and reassembly during morphogenesis and pathological states. The membrane-cytoskeleton interface plays a crucial role in junctional reorganization. Protein 4.1R (4.1R), expressed as a diverse array of spliceoforms, has been implicated in linking the AJ and TJ complex to the cytoskeleton. However, which specific 4.1 isoform(s) participate and the mechanisms involved in junctional stability or remodeling remain unclear. We now describe a role for epithelial-specific isoforms containing exon 17b and excluding exon 16 4.1R (4.1R+17b) in AJs. 4.1R+17b is exclusively co-localized with the AJs. 4.1R+17b binds to the armadillo repeats 1-2 of β-catenin via its membrane-binding domain. This complex is linked to the actin cytoskeleton via a bispecific interaction with an exon 17b-encoded peptide. Exon 17b peptides also promote fodrin-actin complex formation. Expression of 4.1R+17b forms does not disrupt the junctional cytoskeleton and AJs during the steady-state or calcium-dependent AJ reassembly. Overexpression of 4.1R-17b forms, which displace the endogenous 4.1R+17b forms at the AJs, as well as depletion of the 4.1R+17b forms both decrease junctional actin and attenuate the recruitment of spectrin to the AJs and also reduce E-cadherin during the initial junctional formation of the AJ reassembly process. Expressing 4.1R+17b forms in depleted cells rescues junctional localization of actin, spectrin, and E-cadherin assembly at the AJs. Together, our results identify a critical role for 4.1R+17b forms in AJ assembly and offer additional insights into the spectrin-actin-4.1R-based membrane skeleton as an emerging regulator of epithelial integrity and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ching Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
| | - Jia Y Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Long V Vu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Faye H Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Alexander C Ou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jennie Park Ou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Henry S Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Kimberly M Burnett
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Edward J Benz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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26
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van Soldt BJ, Cardoso WV. Hippo-Yap/Taz signaling: Complex network interactions and impact in epithelial cell behavior. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 9:e371. [PMID: 31828974 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway has emerged as a crucial integrator of signals in biological events from development to adulthood and in diseases. Although extensively studied in Drosophila and in cell cultures, major gaps of knowledge still remain on how this pathway functions in mammalian systems. The pathway consists of a growing number of components, including core kinases and adaptor proteins, which control the subcellular localization of the transcriptional co-activators Yap and Taz through phosphorylation of serines at key sites. When localized to the nucleus, Yap/Taz interact with TEAD transcription factors to induce transcriptional programs of proliferation, stemness, and growth. In the cytoplasm, Yap/Taz interact with multiple pathways to regulate a variety of cellular functions or are targeted for degradation. The Hippo pathway receives cues from diverse intracellular and extracellular inputs, including growth factor and integrin signaling, polarity complexes, and cell-cell junctions. This review highlights the mechanisms of regulation of Yap/Taz nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and their implications for epithelial cell behavior using the lung as an intriguing example of this paradigm. This article is categorized under: Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Cytoplasmic Localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J van Soldt
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Wellington V Cardoso
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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27
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Lee S, Cieply B, Yang Y, Peart N, Glaser C, Chan P, Carstens RP. Esrp1-Regulated Splicing of Arhgef11 Isoforms Is Required for Epithelial Tight Junction Integrity. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2417-2430.e5. [PMID: 30485810 PMCID: PMC6371790 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-specific splicing regulators Esrp1 and Esrp2 are required for mammalian development, including establishment of epidermal barrier functions. However, the mechanisms by which Esrp ablation causes defects in epithelial barriers remain undefined. We determined that the ablation of Esrp1 and Esrp2 impairs epithelial tight junction (TJ) integrity through loss of the epithelial isoform of Rho GTP exchange factor Arhgef11. Arhgef11 is required for the maintenance of TJs via RhoA activation and myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Ablation or depletion of Esrp1/2 or Arhgef11 inhibits MLC phosphorylation and only the epithelial Arhgef11 isoform rescues MLC phosphorylation in Arhgef11 KO epithelial cells. Mesenchymal Arhgef11 transcripts contain a C-terminal exon that binds to PAK4 and inhibits RhoA activation byArhgef11. Deletion of the mesenchymal-specific Arhgef11 exon in Esrp1/2 KO epithelial cells using CRISPR/Cas9 restored TJ function, illustrating how splicing alterations can be mechanistically linked to disease phenotypes that result from impaired functions of splicing regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- SungKyoung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin Cieply
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yueqin Yang
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Natoya Peart
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carl Glaser
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patricia Chan
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Russ P Carstens
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Dasgupta I, McCollum D. Control of cellular responses to mechanical cues through YAP/TAZ regulation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17693-17706. [PMID: 31594864 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.007963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To perceive their three-dimensional environment, cells and tissues must be able to sense and interpret various physical forces like shear, tensile, and compression stress. These forces can be generated both internally and externally in response to physical properties, like substrate stiffness, cell contractility, and forces generated by adjacent cells. Mechanical cues have important roles in cell fate decisions regarding proliferation, survival, and differentiation as well as the processes of tissue regeneration and wound repair. Aberrant remodeling of the extracellular space and/or defects in properly responding to mechanical cues likely contributes to various disease states, such as fibrosis, muscle diseases, and cancer. Mechanotransduction involves the sensing and translation of mechanical forces into biochemical signals, like activation of specific genes and signaling cascades that enable cells to adapt to their physical environment. The signaling pathways involved in mechanical signaling are highly complex, but numerous studies have highlighted a central role for the Hippo pathway and other signaling networks in regulating the YAP and TAZ (YAP/TAZ) proteins to mediate the effects of mechanical stimuli on cellular behavior. How mechanical cues control YAP/TAZ has been poorly understood. However, rapid progress in the last few years is beginning to reveal a surprisingly diverse set of pathways for controlling YAP/TAZ. In this review, we will focus on how mechanical perturbations are sensed through changes in the actin cytoskeleton and mechanosensors at focal adhesions, adherens junctions, and the nuclear envelope to regulate YAP/TAZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Dasgupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Dannel McCollum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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Kohno T, Konno T, Kojima T. Role of Tricellular Tight Junction Protein Lipolysis-Stimulated Lipoprotein Receptor (LSR) in Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3555. [PMID: 31330820 PMCID: PMC6679224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a robust epithelial barrier requires the accumulation of tight junction proteins, LSR/angulin-1 and tricellulin, at the tricellular contacts. Alterations in the localization of these proteins temporarily cause epithelial barrier dysfunction, which is closely associated with not only physiological differentiation but also cancer progression and metastasis. In normal human endometrial tissues, the endometrial cells undergo repeated proliferation and differentiation under physiological conditions. Recent observations have revealed that the localization and expression of LSR/angulin-1 and tricellulin are altered in a menstrual cycle-dependent manner. Moreover, it has been shown that endometrial cancer progression affects these alterations. This review highlights the differences in the localization and expression of tight junction proteins in normal endometrial cells and endometrial cancers and how they cause functional changes in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kohno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Takumi Konno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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30
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Kim NG, Gumbiner BM. Cell contact and Nf2/Merlin-dependent regulation of TEAD palmitoylation and activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9877-9882. [PMID: 31043565 PMCID: PMC6525549 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819400116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is involved in regulating contact inhibition of proliferation and organ size control and responds to various physical and biochemical stimuli. It is a kinase cascade that negatively regulates the activity of cotranscription factors YAP and TAZ, which interact with DNA binding transcription factors including TEAD and activate the expression of target genes. In this study, we show that the palmitoylation of TEAD, which controls the activity and stability of TEAD proteins, is actively regulated by cell density independent of Lats, the key kinase of the Hippo pathway. The expression of fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase involved in de novo biosynthesis of palmitate is reduced by cell density in an Nf2/Merlin-dependent manner. Depalmitoylation of TEAD is mediated by depalmitoylases including APT2 and ABHD17A. Palmitoylation-deficient TEAD4 mutant is unstable and degraded by proteasome through the activity of the E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP. These findings show that TEAD activity is tightly controlled through the regulation of palmitoylation and stability via the orchestration of FASN, depalmitoylases, and E3 ubiquitin ligase in response to cell contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Gyun Kim
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Barry M Gumbiner
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
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31
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Cofre J, Saalfeld K, Abdelhay E. Cancer as an Embryological Phenomenon and Its Developmental Pathways: A Hypothesis regarding the Contribution of the Noncanonical Wnt Pathway. ScientificWorldJournal 2019; 2019:4714781. [PMID: 30940992 PMCID: PMC6421044 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4714781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For gastrulation to occur in human embryos, a mechanism that simultaneously regulates many different processes, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, and invasion, is required to consistently and effectively create a human being during embryonic morphogenesis. The striking similarities in the processes of cancer and gastrulation have prompted speculation regarding the developmental pathways involved in their regulation. One of the fundamental requirements for the developmental pathways in gastrulation and cancer is the ability to respond to environmental stimuli, and it has been proposed that the Kaiso and noncanonical Wnt pathways participate in the mechanisms regulating these developmental pathways. In particular, these pathways might also explain the notable differences in invasive capacity between cancers of endodermal and mesodermal origins and cancers of ectodermal origin. Nevertheless, the available information indicates that cancer is an abnormal state of adult human cells in which developmental pathways are reactivated in inappropriate temporal and spatial contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Cofre
- Laboratório de Embriologia Molecular e Câncer, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Sala 313b, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Kay Saalfeld
- Laboratório de Filogenia Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Eliana Abdelhay
- Divisão de Laboratórios do CEMO, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Yu C, Zhang L, Luo D, Yan F, Liu J, Shao S, Zhao L, Jin T, Zhao J, Gao L. MicroRNA-146b-3p Promotes Cell Metastasis by Directly Targeting NF2 in Human Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2018; 28:1627-1641. [PMID: 30244634 PMCID: PMC6308293 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: MiR-146b has been reported to be overexpressed in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) tissues and associated with aggressive PTC. MiR-146b is regarded as a relevant diagnostic marker for this type of cancer. MiR-146b-5p has been confirmed to increase cell proliferation by repressing SMAD4. However, detailed functional analysis of another mature form of miR-146b, miR-146b-3p, has not been carried out. This study aimed to identify the differential expression of miR-146b-5p and miR-146b-3p in more aggressive PTC associated with lymph node metastasis, and further elucidate the contribution and mechanism of miR-146b-3p in the process of PTC metastasis. Methods: Expression of miR-146b-5p and miR-146b-3p was assessed in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from PTC patients, and the relationship with lymph node metastasis was analyzed. A variety of PTC cells, including BHP10-3, BHP10-3SCmice, and K1 cells, were cultured and treated with miR-146b-5p or miR-146b-3p mimics/inhibitors. The cell migration and invasion abilities were characterized by the real-time cell analyzer assay and Transwell™ assay. PTC xenograft models were used to examine the effect of miR-146b-3p on PTC metastatic ability in vivo. Direct downstream targets of miR-146b-3p were analyzed by luciferase reporter assay and Western blotting. The mechanism by which miR-146b-3p affects cell metastasis was further characterized by co-transfection with merlin, the protein product of the NF2 gene. Results: MiR-146b-5p and miR-146b-3p expression was significantly higher in thyroid cancer tissues and cell lines than in normal thyroid tissue and cells. Moreover, expression of miR-146b-5p and miR-146b-3p was further increased in thyroid metastatic nodes than in thyroid cancer. After overexpression of miR-146b-5p or miR-146b-3p in BHP10-3 or K1 cells, PTC migration and invasion were increased. Notably, miR-146b-3p increased cell migration and invasion more obviously than did miR-146b-5p. Overexpression of miR-146b-3p also significantly promoted PTC tumor metastasis in vivo. Luciferase reporter assay results revealed that NF2 is a downstream target of miR-146b-3p in PTC cells, as miR-146b-3p bound directly to the 3' untranslated region of NF2, thus reducing protein levels of NF2. Overexpression of merlin reversed the enhanced aggressive effects of miR-146b-3p. Conclusions: Overexpression of miR-146b-5p and miR-146b-3p is associated with PTC metastasis. MiR-146b-3p enhances cell invasion and metastasis more obviously than miR-146b-5p through the suppression of the NF2 gene. These findings suggest a potential diagnostic and therapeutic value of these miRNAs in PTC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Shandong, P.R. China
- Address correspondence to: Chunxiao Yu, PhD, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jing 5 Road, Jinan, Shandong 2500021, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Shandong, P.R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Shandong, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Shao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Lifang Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Tong Jin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Shandong, P.R. China
- Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, P.R. China
- Ling Gao, PhD, MD, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jing 5 Road, Jinan, Shandong 2500021, China
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Loss of Par3 promotes prostatic tumorigenesis by enhancing cell growth and changing cell division modes. Oncogene 2018; 38:2192-2205. [PMID: 30467379 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although cell polarity plays an important role in epithelial tumorigenesis, the consequence of polarity protein loss in prostatic tumorigenesis and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Using conditional knockout mouse models, we found in the current study that loss of polarity protein Par3 increases prostatic epithelial cell growth, elevates symmetrical cell divisions in basal cells, and randomizes spindle orientation in luminal cells, causing the development of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Mechanistically, loss of Par3 dissociates the Par3/merlin/Lats1 complex, consequently inhibiting phosphorylation of Lats1 to attenuate the Hippo pathway. Furthermore, attenuated Hippo pathway enhances nuclear translocation of Yes-associated protein (YAP), which promotes cell proliferation and symmetrical cell divisions through transcriptional activation of Ki-67 and Sox2. In addition, Lats1 dephosphorylation impairs its interaction with G protein signaling modulator 2 (GPSM2, which is also known as LGN) that causes randomization of spindle orientation in luminal cells. Interestingly, co-deletion of Par3 and Lats1 for complete blockade of the Hippo pathway in mice results in prostate tumor initiation, whereas co-deletion of Par3 and YAP for disrupting YAP nuclear translocation reverses the phenotypes to a relatively normal state. Therefore, our findings highlight combination of Par3 loss and blockade of the Hippo pathway as a novel mechanism for prostatic tumorigenesis.
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Mota MSV, Jackson WP, Bailey SK, Vayalil P, Landar A, Rostas JW, Mulekar MS, Samant RS, Shevde LA. Deficiency of tumor suppressor Merlin facilitates metabolic adaptation by co-operative engagement of SMAD-Hippo signaling in breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:1165-1175. [PMID: 29893810 PMCID: PMC6148973 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF2 gene encodes the tumor and metastasis suppressor protein Merlin. Merlin exerts its tumor suppressive role by inhibiting proliferation and inducing contact-growth inhibition and apoptosis. In the current investigation, we determined that loss of Merlin in breast cancer tissues is concordant with the loss of the inhibitory SMAD, SMAD7, of the TGF-β pathway. This was reflected as dysregulated activation of TGF-β signaling that co-operatively engaged with effectors of the Hippo pathway (YAP/TAZ/TEAD). As a consequence, the loss of Merlin in breast cancer resulted in a significant metabolic and bioenergetic adaptation of cells characterized by increased aerobic glycolysis and decreased oxygen consumption. Mechanistically, we determined that the co-operative activity of the Hippo and TGF-β transcription effectors caused upregulation of the long non-coding RNA Urothelial Cancer-Associated 1 (UCA1) that disengaged Merlin's check on STAT3 activity. The consequent upregulation of Hexokinase 2 (HK2) enabled a metabolic shift towards aerobic glycolysis. In fact, Merlin deficiency engendered cellular dependence on this metabolic adaptation, endorsing a critical role for Merlin in regulating cellular metabolism. This is the first report of Merlin functioning as a molecular restraint on cellular metabolism. Thus, breast cancer patients whose tumors demonstrate concordant loss of Merlin and SMAD7 may benefit from an approach of incorporating STAT3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus S V Mota
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - William P Jackson
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Sarah K Bailey
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Praveen Vayalil
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Aimee Landar
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jack W Rostas
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Madhuri S Mulekar
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Rajeev S Samant
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lalita A Shevde
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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35
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Chiasson-MacKenzie C, Morris ZS, Liu CH, Bradford WB, Koorman T, McClatchey AI. Merlin/ERM proteins regulate growth factor-induced macropinocytosis and receptor recycling by organizing the plasma membrane:cytoskeleton interface. Genes Dev 2018; 32:1201-1214. [PMID: 30143526 PMCID: PMC6120716 DOI: 10.1101/gad.317354.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The architectural and biochemical features of the plasma membrane are governed by its intimate association with the underlying cortical cytoskeleton. The neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) tumor suppressor merlin and closely related membrane:cytoskeleton-linking protein ezrin organize the membrane:cytoskeleton interface, a critical cellular compartment that both regulates and is regulated by growth factor receptors. An example of this poorly understood interrelationship is macropinocytosis, an ancient process of nutrient uptake and membrane remodeling that can both be triggered by growth factors and manage receptor availability. We show that merlin deficiency primes the membrane:cytoskeleton interface for epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced macropinocytosis via a mechanism involving increased cortical ezrin, altered actomyosin, and stabilized cholesterol-rich membranes. These changes profoundly alter EGF receptor (EGFR) trafficking in merlin-deficient cells, favoring increased membrane levels of its heterodimerization partner, ErbB2; clathrin-independent internalization; and recycling. Our work suggests that, unlike Ras transformed cells, merlin-deficient cells do not depend on macropinocytic protein scavenging and instead exploit macropinocytosis for receptor recycling. Finally, we provide evidence that the macropinocytic proficiency of NF2-deficient cells can be used for therapeutic uptake. This work provides new insight into fundamental mechanisms of macropinocytic uptake and processing and suggests new ways to interfere with or exploit macropinocytosis in NF2 mutant and other tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Chiasson-MacKenzie
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Zachary S Morris
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ching-Hui Liu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - William B Bradford
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Thijs Koorman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Andrea I McClatchey
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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The ERM family member Merlin is required for endometrial gland morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2018; 442:301-314. [PMID: 30118662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of endometrial gland formation or function can cause female infertility. Formation of endometrial glands via tubulogenesis of luminal epithelial cells requires the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity and cell adhesion. The FERM domain-containing protein Merlin coordinates epithelial cell polarity and cell adhesion and is critical for epithelial tissue function in the skin and kidney. We now demonstrate a requirement for Merlin in endometrial gland development. Conditional deletion of Merlin in the endometrium results in female infertility caused by the absence of gland formation. Interestingly, we observed glandular epithelial markers within discrete groups of cells in the Merlin-deficient luminal epithelium. Wnt signaling, a pathway necessary for endometrial gland development is maintained in Merlin-deficient endometrium, suggesting the glandular fate program is active. Instead, we observe increased levels of apical actin and markers indicative of high membrane tension on the basal surface of the Merlin-deficient luminal epithelium. These findings suggest that the structural integrity of the luminal epithelium during gland formation is required for appropriate endometrial tubulogenesis and tissue function. Moreover, our work implicates Merlin-dependent regulation of mechanical tension in the proper formation of endometrial gland architecture and function.
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Mechanoregulation and pathology of YAP/TAZ via Hippo and non-Hippo mechanisms. Clin Transl Med 2018; 7:23. [PMID: 30101371 PMCID: PMC6087706 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-018-0202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its paralog WW domain containing transcription regulator 1 (TAZ) are important regulators of multiple cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, and survival. On the tissue level, YAP/TAZ are essential for embryonic development, organ size control and regeneration, while their deregulation leads to carcinogenesis or other diseases. As an underlying principle for YAP/TAZ-mediated regulation of biological functions, a growing body of research reveals that YAP/TAZ play a central role in delivering information of mechanical environments surrounding cells to the nucleus transcriptional machinery. In this review, we discuss mechanical cue-dependent regulatory mechanisms for YAP/TAZ functions, as well as their clinical significance in cancer progression and treatment.
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Huang L, Yang Y, Yang F, Liu S, Zhu Z, Lei Z, Guo J. Functions of EpCAM in physiological processes and diseases (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1771-1785. [PMID: 30015855 PMCID: PMC6108866 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, which was originally identified as a tumor-associated antigen due to its high expression level in rapidly growing epithelial tumors. Germ line mutations of the human EpCAM gene have been indicated as the cause of congenital tufting enteropathy. Previous studies based on cell models have revealed that EpCAM contributes to various biological processes including cell adhesion, signaling, migration and proliferation. Due to the previous lack of genetic animal models, the in vivo functions of EpCAM remain largely unknown. However, EpCAM genetic animal models have recently been generated, and are useful for understanding the functions of EpCAM. The authors here briefly review the functions and mechanisms of EpCAM in physiological processes and different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Fei Yang
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Shaomin Liu
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Ziqin Zhu
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zili Lei
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
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Abstract
E-cadherin is a key component of the adherens junctions that are integral in cell adhesion and maintaining epithelial phenotype of cells. Homophilic E-cadherin binding between cells is important in mediating contact inhibition of proliferation when cells reach confluence. Loss of E-cadherin expression results in loss of contact inhibition and is associated with increased cell motility and advanced stages of cancer. In this review we discuss the role of E-cadherin and its downstream signaling in regulation of contact inhibition and the development and progression of cancer.
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Mihajlović AI, Bruce AW. The first cell-fate decision of mouse preimplantation embryo development: integrating cell position and polarity. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170210. [PMID: 29167310 PMCID: PMC5717349 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the first cell-fate decision of mouse preimplantation embryo development, a population of outer-residing polar cells is segregated from a second population of inner apolar cells to form two distinct cell lineages: the trophectoderm and the inner cell mass (ICM), respectively. Historically, two models have been proposed to explain how the initial differences between these two cell populations originate and ultimately define them as the two stated early blastocyst stage cell lineages. The 'positional' model proposes that cells acquire distinct fates based on differences in their relative position within the developing embryo, while the 'polarity' model proposes that the differences driving the lineage segregation arise as a consequence of the differential inheritance of factors, which exhibit polarized subcellular localizations, upon asymmetric cell divisions. Although these two models have traditionally been considered separately, a growing body of evidence, collected over recent years, suggests the existence of a large degree of compatibility. Accordingly, the main aim of this review is to summarize the major historical and more contemporarily identified events that define the first cell-fate decision and to place them in the context of both the originally proposed positional and polarity models, thus highlighting their functional complementarity in describing distinct aspects of the developmental programme underpinning the first cell-fate decision in mouse embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar I Mihajlović
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genetics (LDB&G), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander W Bruce
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genetics (LDB&G), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Benhamouche-Trouillet S, O'Loughlin E, Liu CH, Polacheck W, Fitamant J, McKee M, El-Bardeesy N, Chen CS, McClatchey AI. Proliferation-independent role of NF2 (merlin) in limiting biliary morphogenesis. Development 2018; 145:dev162123. [PMID: 29712669 PMCID: PMC10682933 DOI: 10.1242/dev.162123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The architecture of individual cells and cell collectives enables functional specification, a prominent example being the formation of epithelial tubes that transport fluid or gas in many organs. The intrahepatic bile ducts (IHBDs) form a tubular network within the liver parenchyma that transports bile to the intestine. Aberrant biliary 'neoductulogenesis' is also a feature of several liver pathologies including tumorigenesis. However, the mechanism of biliary tube morphogenesis in development or disease is not known. Elimination of the neurofibromatosis type 2 protein (NF2; also known as merlin or neurofibromin 2) causes hepatomegaly due to massive biliary neoductulogenesis in the mouse liver. We show that this phenotype reflects unlimited biliary morphogenesis rather than proliferative expansion. Our studies suggest that NF2 normally limits biliary morphogenesis by coordinating lumen expansion and cell architecture. This work provides fundamental insight into how biliary fate and tubulogenesis are coordinated during development and will guide analyses of disease-associated and experimentally induced biliary pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Benhamouche-Trouillet
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Evan O'Loughlin
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ching-Hui Liu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - William Polacheck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Wyss Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julien Fitamant
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Mary McKee
- Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114, USA
| | - Nabeel El-Bardeesy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Wyss Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrea I McClatchey
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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42
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Furukawa KT, Yamashita K, Sakurai N, Ohno S. The Epithelial Circumferential Actin Belt Regulates YAP/TAZ through Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling of Merlin. Cell Rep 2018; 20:1435-1447. [PMID: 28793266 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circumferential actin belts underlying the adherens junctions of columnar epithelial cell monolayers control intercellular surface tension and cell shape to maintain tissue integrity. Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its paralog TAZ are proliferation-activating transcriptional coactivators that shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Previous studies suggest the importance of stress fibers in the actin cytoskeleton for regulation of YAP nuclear localization; however, the role of the circumferential actin belt on YAP localization remains unclarified. By manipulating actin tension, we demonstrate that circumferential actin belt tension suppresses YAP/TAZ nuclear localization. This suppression requires Merlin, an F-actin binding protein associated with adherens junctions. Merlin physically interacts with YAP/TAZ, and nuclear export sequences of Merlin are required for suppression. Together, with the observation that the association between E-cadherin and Merlin was diminished by tension in circumferential actin belts, our results suggest that released Merlin undergoes nucleocytoplasmic shutting and mediates export of YAP/TAZ from the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana T Furukawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Natsuki Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ohno
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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43
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NF2/Merlin Inactivation and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Mesothelioma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040988. [PMID: 29587439 PMCID: PMC5979333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) gene encodes merlin, a tumor suppressor protein frequently inactivated in schwannoma, meningioma, and malignant mesothelioma (MM). The sequence of merlin is similar to that of ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins which crosslink actin with the plasma membrane, suggesting that merlin plays a role in transducing extracellular signals to the actin cytoskeleton. Merlin adopts a distinct closed conformation defined by specific intramolecular interactions and regulates diverse cellular events such as transcription, translation, ubiquitination, and miRNA biosynthesis, many of which are mediated through Hippo and mTOR signaling, which are known to be closely involved in cancer development. MM is a very aggressive tumor associated with asbestos exposure, and genetic alterations in NF2 that abrogate merlin’s functional activity are found in about 40% of MMs, indicating the importance of NF2 inactivation in MM development and progression. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of molecular events triggered by NF2/merlin inactivation, which lead to the development of mesothelioma and other cancers, and discuss potential therapeutic targets in merlin-deficient mesotheliomas.
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44
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Sehgal P, Kong X, Wu J, Sunyer R, Trepat X, Leckband D. Epidermal growth factor receptor and integrins control force-dependent vinculin recruitment to E-cadherin junctions. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs206656. [PMID: 29487179 PMCID: PMC5897709 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.206656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports novel findings that link E-cadherin (also known as CDH1)-mediated force-transduction signaling to vinculin targeting to intercellular junctions via epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and integrins. These results build on previous findings that demonstrated that mechanically perturbed E-cadherin receptors activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase and downstream integrins in an EGFR-dependent manner. Results of this study show that this EGFR-mediated kinase cascade controls the force-dependent recruitment of vinculin to stressed E-cadherin complexes - a key early signature of cadherin-based mechanotransduction. Vinculin targeting requires its phosphorylation at tyrosine 822 by Abl family kinases (hereafter Abl), but the origin of force-dependent Abl activation had not been identified. We now present evidence that integrin activation, which is downstream of EGFR signaling, controls Abl activation, thus linking E-cadherin to Abl through a mechanosensitive signaling network. These findings place EGFR and integrins at the center of a positive-feedback loop, through which force-activated E-cadherin signals regulate vinculin recruitment to cadherin complexes in response to increased intercellular tension.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sehgal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Xinyu Kong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Raimon Sunyer
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain 08028
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain 08028
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain 08028
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain 08028
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain 08028
| | - Deborah Leckband
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
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45
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Ibar C, Kirichenko E, Keepers B, Enners E, Fleisch K, Irvine KD. Tension-dependent regulation of mammalian Hippo signaling through LIMD1. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs214700. [PMID: 29440237 PMCID: PMC5897721 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.214700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippo signaling is regulated by biochemical and biomechanical cues that influence the cytoskeleton, but the mechanisms that mediate this have remained unclear. We show that all three mammalian Ajuba family proteins - AJUBA, LIMD1 and WTIP - exhibit tension-dependent localization to adherens junctions, and that both LATS family proteins, LATS1 and LATS2, exhibit an overlapping tension-dependent junctional localization. This localization of Ajuba and LATS family proteins is also influenced by cell density, and by Rho activation. We establish that junctional localization of LATS kinases requires LIMD1, and that LIMD1 is also specifically required for the regulation of LATS kinases and YAP1 by Rho. Our results identify a biomechanical pathway that contributes to regulation of mammalian Hippo signaling, establish that this occurs through tension-dependent LIMD1-mediated recruitment and inhibition of LATS kinases in junctional complexes, and identify roles for this pathway in both Rho-mediated and density-dependent regulation of Hippo signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Ibar
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Elmira Kirichenko
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Benjamin Keepers
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Edward Enners
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Katelyn Fleisch
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
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46
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Yang W, Han W, Qin A, Wang Z, Xu J, Qian Y. The emerging role of Hippo signaling pathway in regulating osteoclast formation. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:4606-4617. [PMID: 29219182 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A delicate balance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption is crucial for bone homeostasis. This process is regulated by the Hippo signaling pathway including key regulatory molecules RASSF2, NF2, MST1/2, SAV1, LATS1/2, MOB1, YAP, and TAZ. It is well established that the Hippo signaling pathway plays an important part in regulating osteoblast differentiation, but its role in osteoclast formation and activation remains poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of Hippo-signaling pathway in osteoclast formation and bone homeostasis. It is revealed that specific molecules of the Hippo-signaling pathway take part in a stage specific regulation in pre-osteoclast proliferation, osteoclast differentiation and osteoclast apoptosis and survival. Upon activation, MST and LAST, transcriptional co-activators YAP and TAZ bind to the members of the TEA domain (TEAD) family transcription factors, and influence osteoclast differentiation via regulating the expression of downstream target genes such as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) and cysteine-rich protein 61 (CYR61/CCN1). In addition, through interacting or cross talking with RANKL-mediated signaling cascades including NF-κB, MAPKs, AP1, and NFATc1, Hippo-signaling molecules such as YAP/TAZ/TEAD complex, RASSF2, MST2, and Ajuba could also potentially modulate osteoclast differentiation and function. Elucidating the roles of the Hippo-signaling pathway in osteoclast development and specific molecules involved is important for understanding the mechanism of bone homeostasis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Weiqi Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - An Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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47
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Moon KH, Kim HT, Lee D, Rao MB, Levine EM, Lim DS, Kim JW. Differential Expression of NF2 in Neuroepithelial Compartments Is Necessary for Mammalian Eye Development. Dev Cell 2017; 44:13-28.e3. [PMID: 29249622 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The optic neuroepithelial continuum of vertebrate eye develops into three differentially growing compartments: the retina, the ciliary margin (CM), and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Neurofibromin 2 (Nf2) is strongly expressed in slowly expanding RPE and CM compartments, and the loss of mouse Nf2 causes hyperplasia in these compartments, replicating the ocular abnormalities seen in human NF2 patients. The hyperplastic ocular phenotypes were largely suppressed by heterozygous deletion of Yap and Taz, key targets of the Nf2-Hippo signaling pathway. We also found that, in addition to feedback transcriptional regulation of Nf2 by Yap/Taz in the CM, activation of Nf2 expression by Mitf in the RPE and suppression by Sox2 in retinal progenitor cells are necessary for the differential growth of the corresponding cell populations. Together, our findings reveal that Nf2 is a key player that orchestrates the differential growth of optic neuroepithelial compartments during vertebrate eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Hwan Moon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Hyoung-Tai Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Dahye Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Mahesh B Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Edward M Levine
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Dae-Sik Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jin Woo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea.
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48
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Williams E, Villar-Prados A, Bowser J, Broaddus R, Gladden AB. Loss of polarity alters proliferation and differentiation in low-grade endometrial cancers by disrupting Notch signaling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189081. [PMID: 29206870 PMCID: PMC5716545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion and apicobasal polarity together maintain epithelial tissue organization and homeostasis. Loss of adhesion has been described as a prerequisite for the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. However, what role misregulation of apicobasal polarity promotes tumor initiation and/or early progression remains unclear. We find that human low-grade endometrial cancers are associated with disrupted localization of the apical polarity protein Par3 and Ezrin while, the adhesion molecule E-cadherin remains unchanged, accompanied by decreased Notch signaling, and altered Notch receptor localization. Depletion of Par3 or Ezrin, in a cell-based model, results in loss of epithelial architecture, differentiation, increased proliferation, migration and decreased Notch signaling. Re-expression of Par3 in endometrial cancer cell lines with disrupted Par3 protein levels blocks proliferation and reduces migration in a Notch dependent manner. These data uncover a function for apicobasal polarity independent of cell adhesion in regulating Notch-mediated differentiation signals in endometrial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Williams
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Program of Genes and Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Villar-Prados
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Program of Genes and Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jessica Bowser
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Russell Broaddus
- Program of Genes and Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. Gladden
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Program of Genes and Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
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49
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Bazellières E, Aksenova V, Barthélémy-Requin M, Massey-Harroche D, Le Bivic A. Role of the Crumbs proteins in ciliogenesis, cell migration and actin organization. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 81:13-20. [PMID: 29056580 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell organization relies on a set of proteins that interact in an intricate way and which are called polarity complexes. These complexes are involved in the determination of the apico-basal axis and in the positioning and stability of the cell-cell junctions called adherens junctions at the apico-lateral border in invertebrates. Among the polarity complexes, two are present at the apical side of epithelial cells. These are the Par complex including aPKC, PAR3 and PAR6 and the Crumbs complex including, CRUMBS, PALS1 and PATJ/MUPP1. These two complexes interact directly and in addition to their already well described functions, they play a role in other cellular processes such as ciliogenesis and polarized cell migration. In this review, we will focus on these aspects that involve the apical Crumbs polarity complex and its relation with the cortical actin cytoskeleton which might provide a more comprehensive hypothesis to explain the many facets of Crumbs cell and tissue properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Bazellières
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Case 907, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Veronika Aksenova
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Case 907, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | | | | | - André Le Bivic
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Case 907, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France.
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E-cadherin expression is correlated with focal adhesion kinase inhibitor resistance in Merlin-negative malignant mesothelioma cells. Oncogene 2017; 36:5522-5531. [PMID: 28553954 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive tumor commonly caused by asbestos exposure after a long latency. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitors inhibit the cell growth of Merlin-deficient MM cells; however, their clinical efficacy has not been clearly determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth inhibitory effect of the FAK inhibitor VS-4718 on MM cell lines and identify biomarkers for its efficacy. Although most Merlin-deficient cell lines were sensitive to VS-4718 compared with control MeT-5A cells, a subset of these cell lines exhibited resistance to this drug. Microarray and qRT-PCR analyses using RNA isolated from Merlin-deficient MM cell lines revealed a significant correlation between E-cadherin mRNA levels and VS-4718 resistance. Merlin- and E-cadherin-negative Y-MESO-22 cells underwent apoptosis upon treatment with a low concentration of VS-4718, whereas Merlin-negative, E-cadherin-positive Y-MESO-9 cells did not undergo VS-4718-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, E-cadherin knockdown in Merlin-negative MM cells significantly sensitized cells to VS-4718 and induced apoptotic cell death upon VS-4718 treatment. Together, our results suggest that E-cadherin serves as a predictive biomarker for molecular target therapy with FAK inhibitors for patients with mesothelioma and that its expression endows MM cells with resistance to FAK inhibitors.
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