1
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Néel E, Chiritoiu-Butnaru M, Fargues W, Denus M, Colladant M, Filaquier A, Stewart SE, Lehmann S, Zurzolo C, Rubinsztein DC, Marin P, Parmentier ML, Villeneuve J. The endolysosomal system in conventional and unconventional protein secretion. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202404152. [PMID: 39133205 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202404152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Most secreted proteins are transported through the "conventional" endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi apparatus exocytic route for their delivery to the cell surface and release into the extracellular space. Nonetheless, formative discoveries have underscored the existence of alternative or "unconventional" secretory routes, which play a crucial role in exporting a diverse array of cytosolic proteins outside the cell in response to intrinsic demands, external cues, and environmental changes. In this context, lysosomes emerge as dynamic organelles positioned at the crossroads of multiple intracellular trafficking pathways, endowed with the capacity to fuse with the plasma membrane and recognized for their key role in both conventional and unconventional protein secretion. The recent recognition of lysosomal transport and exocytosis in the unconventional secretion of cargo proteins provides new and promising insights into our understanding of numerous physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Néel
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | | | - William Fargues
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Morgane Denus
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Maëlle Colladant
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Aurore Filaquier
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Sarah E Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Protéomique Clinique-Plateforme de Protéomique Clinique, Université de Montpellier, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS , Paris, France
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute , Cambridge, UK
| | - Philippe Marin
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Laure Parmentier
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Villeneuve
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
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2
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Chouleur T, Emanuelli A, Souleyreau W, Derieppe MA, Leboucq T, Hardy S, Mathivet T, Tremblay ML, Bikfalvi A. PTP4A2 Promotes Glioblastoma Progression and Macrophage Polarization under Microenvironmental Pressure. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:1702-1714. [PMID: 38904264 PMCID: PMC11238266 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver 2 (also known as PTP4A2) has been linked to cancer progression. Still, its exact role in glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive type of primary brain tumor, remains elusive. In this study, we report that pharmacologic treatment using JMS-053, a pan-phosphatase of regenerating liver inhibitor, inhibits GBM cell viability and spheroid growth. We also show that PTP4A2 is associated with a poor prognosis in gliomas, and its expression correlates with GBM aggressiveness. Using a GBM orthotopic xenograft model, we show that PTP4A2 overexpression promotes tumor growth and reduces mouse survival. Furthermore, PTP4A2 deletion leads to increased apoptosis and proinflammatory signals. Using a syngeneic GBM model, we show that depletion of PTP4A2 reduces tumor growth and induces a shift in the tumor microenvironment (TME) toward an immunosuppressive state. In vitro assays show that cell proliferation is not affected in PTP4A2-deficient or -overexpressing cells, highlighting the importance of the microenvironment in PTP4A2 functions. Collectively, our results indicate that PTP4A2 promotes GBM growth in response to microenvironmental pressure and support the rationale for targeting PTP4A2 as a therapeutic strategy against GBM. SIGNIFICANCE High levels of PTP4A2 are associated with poor outcomes in patients with glioma and in mouse models. PTP4A2 depletion increases apoptosis and proinflammatory signals in GBM xenograft models, significantly impacts tumor growth, and rewires the TME in an immunocompetent host. PTP4A2 effects in GBM are dependent on the presence of the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffanie Chouleur
- INSERM U1312 BRIC, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | - Marie-Alix Derieppe
- Animalerie Mutualisée, Service Commun des Animaleries, Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux, France
| | - Téo Leboucq
- INSERM U1312 BRIC, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Serge Hardy
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Michel L Tremblay
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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3
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Zhang L, Ren C, Liu J, Huang S, Wu C, Zhang J. Development and therapeutic implications of small molecular inhibitors that target calcium-related channels in tumor treatment. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103995. [PMID: 38670255 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Calcium ion dysregulation exerts profound effects on various physiological activities such as tumor proliferation, migration, and drug resistance. Calcium-related channels play a regulatory role in maintaining calcium ion homeostasis, with most channels being highly expressed in tumor cells. Additionally, these channels serve as potential drug targets for the development of antitumor medications. In this review, we first discuss the current research status of these pathways, examining how they modulate various tumor functions such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metabolism, and drug resistance. Simultaneously, we summarize the recent progress in the study of novel small-molecule drugs over the past 5 years and their current status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxi Zhang
- China Medical University-Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning, China
| | - Changyu Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chengyong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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4
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Hashizume O, Kawabe T, Funato Y, Miki H. Intestinal Mg 2+ accumulation induced by cnnm mutations decreases the body size by suppressing TORC2 signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Biol 2024; 509:59-69. [PMID: 38373693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Mg2+ is a vital ion involved in diverse cellular functions by forming complexes with ATP. Intracellular Mg2+ levels are tightly regulated by the coordinated actions of multiple Mg2+ transporters, such as the Mg2+ efflux transporter, cyclin M (CNNM). Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) worms with mutations in both cnnm-1 and cnnm-3 exhibit excessive Mg2+ accumulation in intestinal cells, leading to various phenotypic abnormalities. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the reduction in body size in cnnm-1; cnnm-3 mutant worms. RNA interference (RNAi) of gtl-1, which encodes a Mg2+-intake channel in intestinal cells, restored the worm body size, confirming that this phenotype is due to excessive Mg2+ accumulation. Moreover, RNAi experiments targeting body size-related genes and analyses of mutant worms revealed that the suppression of the target of rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2) signaling pathway was involved in body size reduction, resulting in downregulated DAF-7 expression in head ASI neurons. As the DAF-7 signaling pathway suppresses dauer formation under stress, cnnm-1; cnnm-3 mutant worms exhibited a greater tendency to form dauer upon induction. Collectively, our results revealed that excessive accumulation of Mg2+ repressed the TORC2 signaling pathway in C. elegans worms and suggest the novel role of the DAF-7 signaling pathway in the regulation of their body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Hashizume
- Laboratory of Biorecognition Chemistry, Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan; Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Kawabe
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yosuke Funato
- Laboratory of Biorecognition Chemistry, Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan; Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miki
- Laboratory of Biorecognition Chemistry, Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan; Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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5
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Masumoto Y, Matsuo S, Kinjou N, Narieda Y, Wada M, Fujimoto K. The expression of trefoil factor family member 2 in increased at an acidic pH. Oncol Lett 2024; 27:212. [PMID: 38572063 PMCID: PMC10988190 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor family member 2 (Tff2) is significantly involved in intestinal tumor growth in ApcMin/+ mice, which can be used as a human colon cancer model. TFF2, which encodes TFF2 (spasmolytic protein 1) is highly expressed in human cancer tissues, including the pancreas, colon and bile ducts, as well as in normal gastric and duodenum tissues. By contrast, TFF2 exhibits low expression levels in other normal tissues, including the small and large intestine. Furthermore, TFF2 expression has not been detected in DLD-1 cells, a cell line derived from human colon cancer. What induces TFF2 expression in normal and tumor cells is still unknown. Highly malignant tumor tissues are characterized by higher temperatures and lower pH (6.2-6.9) than in normal tissues, where normal pH ranges from 7.2 to 7.4. This microenvironment exacerbates malignancy by promoting the acquisition of cell death resistance, drug resistance and immune escape. Therefore, the present study examined how TFF2 expression is affected in cultured cells that imitate the tumor tissue microenvironment. The incubation temperature was increased from 37 to 40°C, but no expression of TFF2 was induced. Subsequently, a culture solution with an acidic pH was prepared to simulate the Warburg effect in tumors. TFF2 expression was increased by 42.8- and 5.8-fold in cells cultured in acidic medium at pH 6.5 and 6.8 compared with at pH 7.4, respectively, as determined using the relative quantification method following quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The present study also analyzed fluctuations in the expression levels of genes other than TFF2, under acidic conditions. Acidic conditions upregulated the expression of genes related to cell membranes and glycoproteins, based on the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery. In conclusion, TFF2 was highly expressed under acidic conditions, implying that it may have an important function in protecting the plasma membrane from acidic environments in both normal and cancer cells. These findings warrant further investigation of TFF2 as a target of cancer therapy and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Masumoto
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859 3298, Japan
| | - Suzuka Matsuo
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859 3298, Japan
| | - Natsuno Kinjou
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859 3298, Japan
| | - Yuka Narieda
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859 3298, Japan
| | - Morimasa Wada
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859 3298, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fujimoto
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859 3298, Japan
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6
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Liu H, Li X, Shi Y, Ye Z, Cheng X. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase PRL-3: A Key Player in Cancer Signaling. Biomolecules 2024; 14:342. [PMID: 38540761 PMCID: PMC10967961 DOI: 10.3390/biom14030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatases are primarily responsible for dephosphorylation modification within signal transduction pathways. Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) is a dual-specific phosphatase implicated in cancer pathogenesis. Understanding PRL-3's intricate functions and developing targeted therapies is crucial for advancing cancer treatment. This review highlights its regulatory mechanisms, expression patterns, and multifaceted roles in cancer progression. PRL-3's involvement in proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance is discussed. Regulatory mechanisms encompass transcriptional control, alternative splicing, and post-translational modifications. PRL-3 exhibits selective expressions in specific cancer types, making it a potential target for therapy. Despite advances in small molecule inhibitors, further research is needed for clinical application. PRL-3-zumab, a humanized antibody, shows promise in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Our review summarizes the current understanding of the cancer-related cellular function of PRL-3, its prognostic value, and the research progress of therapeutic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Liu
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China;
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiao Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China;
| | - Yin Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Zu Ye
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China;
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Xiangdong Cheng
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China;
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
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7
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Jo-Watanabe A, Inaba T, Osada T, Hashimoto R, Nishizawa T, Okuno T, Ihara S, Touhara K, Hattori N, Oh-Hora M, Nureki O, Yokomizo T. Bicarbonate signalling via G protein-coupled receptor regulates ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1530. [PMID: 38413581 PMCID: PMC10899177 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Homoeostatic regulation of the acid-base balance is essential for cellular functional integrity. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism through which the acid-base balance regulates cellular responses. Here, we report that bicarbonate ions activate a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), i.e., GPR30, which leads to Gq-coupled calcium responses. Gpr30-Venus knock-in mice reveal predominant expression of GPR30 in brain mural cells. Primary culture and fresh isolation of brain mural cells demonstrate bicarbonate-induced, GPR30-dependent calcium responses. GPR30-deficient male mice are protected against ischemia-reperfusion injury by a rapid blood flow recovery. Collectively, we identify a bicarbonate-sensing GPCR in brain mural cells that regulates blood flow and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Our results provide a perspective on the modulation of GPR30 signalling in the development of innovative therapies for ischaemic stroke. Moreover, our findings provide perspectives on acid/base sensing GPCRs, concomitantly modulating cellular responses depending on fluctuating ion concentrations under the acid-base homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Jo-Watanabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.
| | - Toshiki Inaba
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takahiro Osada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishizawa
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Okuno
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Sayoko Ihara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazushige Touhara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Collaborative Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Oh-Hora
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
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8
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Rios FJ, Sarafian RD, Camargo LL, Montezano AC, Touyz RM. Recent Advances in Understanding the Mechanistic Role of Transient Receptor Potential Ion Channels in Patients With Hypertension. Can J Cardiol 2023; 39:1859-1873. [PMID: 37865227 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) channel superfamily is a group of nonselective cation channels that function as cellular sensors for a wide range of physical, chemical, and environmental stimuli. According to sequence homology, TRP channels are categorized into 6 subfamilies: TRP canonical, TRP vanilloid, TRP melastatin, TRP ankyrin, TRP mucolipin, and TRP polycystin. They are widely expressed in different cell types and tissues and have essential roles in various physiological and pathological processes by regulating the concentration of ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+) and influencing intracellular signalling pathways. Human data and experimental models indicate the importance of TRP channels in vascular homeostasis and hypertension. Furthermore, TRP channels have emerged as key players in oxidative stress and inflammation, important in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. In this review, we present an overview of the TRP channels with a focus on their role in hypertension. In particular, we highlight mechanisms activated by TRP channels in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells and discuss their contribution to processes underlying vascular dysfunction in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Rios
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Raquel D Sarafian
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia L Camargo
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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9
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Zhong D, Wang R, Zhang H, Wang M, Zhang X, Chen H. Induction of lysosomal exocytosis and biogenesis via TRPML1 activation for the treatment of uranium-induced nephrotoxicity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3997. [PMID: 37414766 PMCID: PMC10326073 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Uranium (U) is a well-known nephrotoxicant which forms precipitates in the lysosomes of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) after U-exposure at a cytotoxic dose. However, the roles of lysosomes in U decorporation and detoxification remain to be elucidated. Mucolipin transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPML1) is a major lysosomal Ca2+ channel regulating lysosomal exocytosis. We herein demonstrate that the delayed administration of the specific TRPML1 agonist ML-SA1 significantly decreases U accumulation in the kidney, mitigates renal proximal tubular injury, increases apical exocytosis of lysosomes and reduces lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) in renal PTECs of male mice with single-dose U poisoning or multiple-dose U exposure. Mechanistic studies reveal that ML-SA1 stimulates intracellular U removal and reduces U-induced LMP and cell death through activating the positive TRPML1-TFEB feedback loop and consequent lysosomal exocytosis and biogenesis in U-loaded PTECs in vitro. Together, our studies demonstrate that TRPML1 activation is an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of U-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengqin Zhong
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ruiyun Wang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hongjing Zhang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xuxia Zhang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Honghong Chen
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
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10
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Yu Y, Chen J, An L, Huang T, Wang W, Cheng Z, Wang L, Xu X, Zhao Z, Fu X, Ma J. Knockdown of phosphatases of regenerating liver-1 prolongs the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans via activating DAF-16/FOXO. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22844. [PMID: 36906287 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202202003r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRLs) are dual-specificity protein phosphatases. The aberrant expression of PRLs threatens human health, but their biological functions and pathogenic mechanisms are unclear yet. Herein, the structure and biological functions of PRLs were investigated using the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Structurally, this phosphatase in C. elegans, named PRL-1, consisted of a conserved signature sequence WPD loop and a single C(X)5 R domain. Besides, by Western blot, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining, PRL-1 was proved to mainly express in larval stages and express in intestinal tissues. Afterward, by feeding-based RNA-interference method, knockdown of prl-1 prolonged the lifespan of C. elegans but also improved their healthspan, such as locomotion, pharyngeal pumping frequency, and defecation interval time. Furthermore, the above effects of prl-1 appeared to be taken without acting on germline signaling, diet restriction pathway, insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling pathway, and SIR-2.1 but through a DAF-16-dependent pathway. Moreover, knockdown of prl-1 induced the nuclear translocation of DAF-16, and upregulated the expression of daf-16, sod-3, mtl-1, and ctl-2. Finally, suppression of prl-1 also reduced the ROS. In conclusion, suppression of prl-1 enhanced the lifespan and survival quality of C. elegans, which provides a theoretical basis for the pathogenesis of PRLs in related human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoru Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu An
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianci Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziqi Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuesong Xu
- Clinical Laboratory of China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhizhuang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Xueqi Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junfeng Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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11
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Fakih R, Goldstein RH, Kozlov G, Gehring K. Burst kinetics and CNNM binding are evolutionarily conserved properties of phosphatases of regenerating liver. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103055. [PMID: 36822330 PMCID: PMC10040874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRL or PTP4A) are a family of enigmatic protein phosphatases implicated in cell growth and metabolism. Despite their relevance in metastatic cancer, much remains unknown about the PRL family. They act as pseudophosphatases to regulate the CNNM family of magnesium transporters yet also have enzymatic activity on unknown substrates. In mammals, PRLs are mostly found trapped in an intermediate state that regulates their pseudophosphatase activity. Phosphocysteine, which is formed as an intermediate in the phosphatase catalytic cycle, is inefficiently hydrolyzed leading to burst enzyme kinetics and turnover numbers of less than one per hour. In flies, PRLs have recently been shown to have neuroprotective and neurodevelopmental roles raising the question whether they act as phosphatases, pseudophosphatases, or both. Here, we characterize the evolutionary development of PRLs and ask whether their unique structural and functional properties are conserved. We purified recombinant PRL proteins from 15 phylogenetically diverse organisms and characterized their catalytic activities and ability to bind CNNM proteins. We observed PRLs from humans to amoebae form a stable phosphocysteine intermediate and exhibit burst kinetics. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments confirmed that the PRL-CNNM interaction is broadly conserved with nanomolar affinity in vertebrates. Lastly, we determined the crystal structure of the Drosophila melanogaster PRL-CNNM complex and identified mutants that specifically impair either phosphatase activity or CNNM binding. Our results reveal the unique properties of PRLs are conserved throughout the animal kingdom and open the door to using model organisms to dissect PRL function in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Fakih
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert H Goldstein
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guennadi Kozlov
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kalle Gehring
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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12
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Ryu K, Yoshida A, Funato Y, Yamazaki D, Miki H. PRL stimulates mitotic errors by suppressing kinetochore-localized activation of AMPK during mitosis. Cell Struct Funct 2022; 47:75-87. [PMID: 36336348 PMCID: PMC10511051 DOI: 10.1247/csf.22034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) is frequently overexpressed in various malignant cancers and is known to be a driver of malignancy. Here, we demonstrated that PRL overexpression causes mitotic errors that accompany spindle misorientation and aneuploidy, which are intimately associated with cancer progression. Mechanistic analyses of this phenomenon revealed dysregulation of the energy sensor kinase, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), in PRL-induced mitotic errors. Specifically, immunofluorescence analysis showed that levels of phosphorylated AMPK (P-AMPK), an activated form of AMPK, at the kinetochore were reduced by PRL expression. Moreover, artificial activation of AMPK using chemical activators, such as A769662 and AICAR, in PRL-expressing cells restored P-AMPK signals at the kinetochore and normalized spindle orientation. Collectively, these results indicate the crucial importance of the activation of kinetochore-localized AMPK in the normal progression of mitosis, which is specifically perturbed by PRL overexpression.Key words: cancer, AMPK, PRL, kinetochore, mitotic errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajung Ryu
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshida
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yosuke Funato
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miki
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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13
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Funato Y, Hashizume O, Miki H. Phosphatase-independent role of phosphatase of regenerating liver in cancer progression. Cancer Sci 2022; 114:25-33. [PMID: 36285487 PMCID: PMC9807511 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) is a family of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) that are anchored to the plasma membrane by prenylation. They are frequently overexpressed in various types of malignant cancers and their roles in cancer progression have received considerable attention. Mutational analyses of PRLs have shown that their intrinsic phosphatase activity is dispensable for tumor formation induced by PRL overexpression in a lung metastasis model using melanoma cells. Instead, PRLs directly bind to cyclin M (CNNM) Mg2+ exporters in the plasma membrane and potently inhibit their Mg2+ export activity, resulting in an increase in intracellular Mg2+ levels. Experiments using mammalian culture cells, mice, and C. elegans have collectively revealed that dysregulation of Mg2+ levels severely affects ATP and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels as well as the function of Ca2+ -permeable channels. Moreover, PRL overexpression altered the optimal pH for cell proliferation from normal 7.5 to acidic 6.5, which is typically observed in malignant tumors. Here, we review the phosphatase-independent biological functions of PRLs, focusing on their interactions with CNNM Mg2+ exporters in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Funato
- Department of Cellular RegulationResearch Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Osamu Hashizume
- Department of Cellular RegulationResearch Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Hiroaki Miki
- Department of Cellular RegulationResearch Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER)Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
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14
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Nakanishi-Matsui M, Matsumoto N. V-ATPase a3 Subunit in Secretory Lysosome Trafficking in Osteoclasts. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1426-1431. [PMID: 36184499 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase) shares its structure and rotational catalysis with F-type ATPase (F-ATPase, ATP synthase). However, unlike subunits of F-ATPase, those of V-ATPase have tissue- and/or organelle-specific isoforms. Structural diversity of V-ATPase generated by different combinations of subunit isoforms enables it to play diverse physiological roles in mammalian cells. Among these various roles, this review focuses on the functions of lysosome-specific V-ATPase in bone resorption by osteoclasts. Lysosomes remain in the cytoplasm in most cell types, but in osteoclasts, secretory lysosomes move toward and fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete lysosomal enzymes, which is essential for bone resorption. Through this process, lysosomal V-ATPase harboring the a3 isoform of the a subunit is relocated to the plasma membrane, where it transports protons from the cytosol to the cell exterior to generate the acidic extracellular conditions required for secreted lysosomal enzymes. In addition to this role as a proton pump, we recently found that the lysosomal a3 subunit of V-ATPase is essential for anterograde trafficking of secretory lysosomes. Specifically, a3 interacts with Rab7, a member of the Rab guanosine 5'-triphosphatase (GTPase) family that regulates organelle trafficking, and recruits it to the lysosomal membrane. These findings revealed the multifunctionality of lysosomal V-ATPase in osteoclasts; V-ATPase is responsible not only for the formation of the acidic environment by transporting protons, but also for intracellular trafficking of secretory lysosomes by recruiting organelle trafficking factors. Herein, we summarize the molecular mechanism underlying secretory lysosome trafficking in osteoclasts, and discuss the possible regulatory role of V-ATPase in organelle trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naomi Matsumoto
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University
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15
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Cabaço LC, Tomás A, Pojo M, Barral DC. The Dark Side of Melanin Secretion in Cutaneous Melanoma Aggressiveness. Front Oncol 2022; 12:887366. [PMID: 35619912 PMCID: PMC9128548 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.887366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers are among the most common cancers worldwide and are increasingly prevalent. Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is characterized by the malignant transformation of melanocytes in the epidermis. Although CM shows lower incidence than other skin cancers, it is the most aggressive and responsible for the vast majority of skin cancer-related deaths. Indeed, 75% of patients present with invasive or metastatic tumors, even after surgical excision. In CM, the photoprotective pigment melanin, which is produced by melanocytes, plays a central role in the pathology of the disease. Melanin absorbs ultraviolet radiation and scavenges reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) resulting from the radiation exposure. However, the scavenged ROS/RNS modify melanin and lead to the induction of signature DNA damage in CM cells, namely cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, which are known to promote CM immortalization and carcinogenesis. Despite triggering the malignant transformation of melanocytes and promoting initial tumor growth, the presence of melanin inside CM cells is described to negatively regulate their invasiveness by increasing cell stiffness and reducing elasticity. Emerging evidence also indicates that melanin secreted from CM cells is required for the immunomodulation of tumor microenvironment. Indeed, melanin transforms dermal fibroblasts in cancer-associated fibroblasts, suppresses the immune system and promotes tumor angiogenesis, thus sustaining CM progression and metastasis. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of melanin secretion in CM aggressiveness and the molecular machinery involved, as well as the impact in tumor microenvironment and immune responses. A better understanding of this role and the molecular players involved could enable the modulation of melanin secretion to become a therapeutic strategy to impair CM invasion and metastasis and, hence, reduce the burden of CM-associated deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís C Cabaço
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Tomás
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Pojo
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Duarte C Barral
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Filaquier A, Marin P, Parmentier ML, Villeneuve J. Roads and hubs of unconventional protein secretion. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 75:102072. [PMID: 35305454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, there is now compelling evidence that in addition to the conventional endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi secretory pathway, there are additional routes for the export of cytoplasmic proteins with a critical role in numerous physio-pathological conditions. These alternative secretory pathways or unconventional protein secretion (UPS) start now to be molecularly dissected, and while UPS landscape appears to be governed by a striking diversity and heterogeneity of mechanisms, common principles are emerging. We review here the role of key molecular determinants as well as the role of central hubs for UPS, highlighting the plasticity and dynamic properties of membrane-bound compartments. We also describe recent findings that position UPS as an integral component of adaptive responses to cope with particular cellular needs and stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Filaquier
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Marin
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Laure Parmentier
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Villeneuve
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
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17
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Abdollahi P, Vandsemb EN, Børset M. Phosphatases of regenerating liver are key regulators of metabolism in cancer cells - role of Serine/Glycine metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2022; 25:50-55. [PMID: 34725313 PMCID: PMC8694249 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRL) are dual-specificity phosphatases and comprise three members, PRL-1, -2 and -3. Despite the importance of PRLs as oncoproteins, there is no consensus function for this family of phosphatases. In the current review paper, we summarize recent findings on the role of PRLs in metabolic regulation. RECENT FINDINGS Reprogramming of cellular metabolism is a cancer hallmark. Glucose is the major source of energy in cells. Glucose metabolism occurs through the glycolysis and can continue through the pathways such as serine synthesis pathway or the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Magnesium (Mg2+), the second most abundant cation in cells, plays an essential role in energy production by acting as a cofactor for most enzymes involved in glycolysis and in TCA. Recent findings have shown that the PRL family has a role in metabolic reprogramming mediated by (1) Mg2+ homeostasis, (2) shifting the energy source preference to glucose consumption and fueling serine/glycine pathway and (3) regulating PI3 kinase/Mammalian target of rapamycin complex. Both the phosphatase and nonphosphatase activity of PRLs appear to be important for its oncogenic role. SUMMARY The PRL family contributes to the metabolic plasticity of cancer cells and, thereby, allows cancer cells to meet the high metabolic demands required for cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Abdollahi
- Center for Myeloma Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
- Laboratory Clinic
| | - Esten N. Vandsemb
- Center for Myeloma Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
| | - Magne Børset
- Center for Myeloma Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St. Olavs hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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18
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Funato Y, Miki H. The emerging roles and therapeutic potential of cyclin M/CorC family of Mg 2+ transporters. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 148:14-18. [PMID: 34924118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin M (CNNM) and its prokaryotic ortholog CorC belong to a family of proteins that function as Mg2+-extruding transporters by stimulating Na+/Mg2+ exchange, and thereby control intracellular Mg2+ levels. The Mg2+-extruding function of CNNM is inhibited by the direct binding of an oncogenic protein, phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL), and this inhibition is responsible for the PRL-driven malignant progression of cancers. Studies with mouse strains deficient for the CNNM gene family revealed the importance of CNNM4 and CNNM2 in maintaining organismal Mg2+ homeostasis by participating in intestinal Mg2+ absorption and renal reabsorption, respectively. Moreover, CNNM proteins are involved in various diseases, and gene mutations in CNNM2 and CNNM4 cause dominant familial hypomagnesemia and Jalili syndrome, respectively. Genome wide association studies have also revealed the importance of CNNM2 in multiple major diseases, such as hypertension and schizophrenia. Collectively, the molecular and biological characterizations of CNNM/CorC show that they are an intriguing therapeutic target; the current status of drug development targeting these proteins is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Funato
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Miki
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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19
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Lohani S, Funato Y, Akieda Y, Mizutani K, Takai Y, Ishitani T, Miki H. A novel role of PRL in regulating epithelial cell density by inducing apoptosis at confluence. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:273809. [PMID: 34931244 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining proper epithelial cell density is essential for the survival of multicellular organisms. While regulation of cell density through apoptosis is well known, its mechanistic details remain elusive. Here, we report the involvement of membrane-anchored phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL), originally known for its role in cancer malignancy, in this process. In epithelial MDCK cells, upon confluence, doxycycline-induced expression of PRL upregulated apoptosis, reducing the cell density. This could be circumvented by artificially reducing the cell density via stretching the cell-seeded silicon chamber. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous PRL blocked apoptosis, leading to greater cell density. Mechanistically, PRL promoted apoptosis by upregulating the translation of E-cadherin and activating TGF-β pathway. Morpholino-mediated inhibition of PRL expression in zebrafish embryos caused developmental defect with reduced apoptosis and increased epithelial cell density during convergent extension. This study revealed a novel role of PRL in regulating density-dependent apoptosis in vertebrate epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweksha Lohani
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yosuke Funato
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Akieda
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Mizutani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tohru Ishitani
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miki
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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20
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Gehring K, Kozlov G, Yang M, Fakih R. The double lives of phosphatases of regenerating liver: A structural view of their catalytic and noncatalytic activities. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101471. [PMID: 34890645 PMCID: PMC8728433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRLs) are protein phosphatases involved in the control of cell growth and migration. They are known to promote cancer metastasis but, despite over 20 years of study, there is still no consensus about their mechanism of action. Recent work has revealed that PRLs lead double lives, acting both as catalytically active enzymes and as pseudophosphatases. The three known PRLs belong to the large family of cysteine phosphatases that form a phosphocysteine intermediate during catalysis. Uniquely to PRLs, this intermediate is stable, with a lifetime measured in hours. As a consequence, PRLs have very little phosphatase activity. Independently, PRLs also act as pseudophosphatases by binding CNNM membrane proteins to regulate magnesium homeostasis. In this function, an aspartic acid from CNNM inserts into the phosphatase catalytic site of PRLs, mimicking a substrate–enzyme interaction. The delineation of PRL pseudophosphatase and phosphatase activities in vivo was impossible until the recent identification of PRL mutants defective in one activity or the other. These mutants showed that CNNM binding was sufficient for PRL oncogenicity in one model of metastasis, but left unresolved its role in other contexts. As the presence of phosphocysteine prevents CNNM binding and CNNM-binding blocks catalytic activity, these two activities are inherently linked. Additional studies are needed to untangle the intertwined catalytic and noncatalytic functions of PRLs. Here, we review the current understanding of the structure and biophysical properties of PRL phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Gehring
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Guennadi Kozlov
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rayan Fakih
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Shi Y, Xu S, Ngoi NYL, Zeng Q, Ye Z. PRL-3 dephosphorylates p38 MAPK to promote cell survival under stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 177:72-87. [PMID: 34662712 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia within the tumor microenvironment, which leads to excessive ROS and genomic instability, is one of the hallmarks of cancer, contributing to self-renewal capability, metastasis, and radio-chemotherapy resistance. PRL-3 is an oncoprotein involved in various pro-survival signaling pathways, such as Ras/Erk, PI3K/Akt, Src/STAT, mTORC1 and JAK/STAT. However, there is little evidence connecting PRL-3-mediated apoptosis resistance to tumor microenvironmental stress. In this study, by profiling the PRL-3 expression of multiple tumor types retrieved from public databases (TCGA and NCBI GEO), we confirmed the oncogenic function of PRL-3 and found an intriguing connection between PRL-3 expression and tumor hypoxia signature genes. Moreover, by using CoCl2, a hypoxia mimetic and ROS inducer, we discovered that cells stably expressing PRL-3, but not catalytically-inactive mutant PRL-3 C104S, showed significant resistance to CoCl2 -induced apoptosis. This resistance to apoptosis was found to depend on p38 MAPK signaling and was further confirmed in other conditions of microenvironmental stress, including UV, H2O2 and hypoxia. Mechanistically, we proved that PRL-3 is a direct phosphatase of p38 MAPK under stressed conditions. Additionally, in mouse models of tumor metastasis, higher lung metastatic burden and lower p38 MAPK phosphorylation were found in mice seeded with GFP-PRL-3 expressing cells compared with those seeded with GFP-Ctrl cells. Taken together, our study identified a critical role of RPL-3 in tumorigenesis by negatively regulating p38 MAPK activity in order to facilitate tumor cell adaptation to a hypoxic stressed tumor microenvironment and suggests that PRL-3 could serve as a promising novel therapeutic target for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Shi
- Department of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore.
| | - Shengfeng Xu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, USA
| | - Natalie Y L Ngoi
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, USA; Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, 119228, Singapore
| | - Qi Zeng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Agency for Science Technology and Research, 138673, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore.
| | - Zu Ye
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Agency for Science Technology and Research, 138673, Singapore; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, USA.
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22
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Abdollahi P, Vandsemb EN, Elsaadi S, Røst LM, Yang R, Hjort MA, Andreassen T, Misund K, Slørdahl TS, Rø TB, Sponaas AM, Moestue S, Bruheim P, Børset M. Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 regulates cancer cell metabolism in multiple myeloma. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21344. [PMID: 33566385 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001920rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells often depend on microenvironment signals from molecules such as cytokines for proliferation and metabolic adaptations. PRL-3, a cytokine-induced oncogenic phosphatase, is highly expressed in multiple myeloma cells and associated with poor outcome in this cancer. We studied whether PRL-3 influences metabolism. Cells transduced to express PRL-3 had higher aerobic glycolytic rate, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP production than the control cells. PRL-3 promoted glucose uptake and lactate excretion, enhanced the levels of proteins regulating glycolysis and enzymes in the serine/glycine synthesis pathway, a side branch of glycolysis. Moreover, mRNAs for these proteins correlated with PRL-3 expression in primary patient myeloma cells. Glycine decarboxylase (GLDC) was the most significantly induced metabolism gene. Forced GLDC downregulation partly counteracted PRL-3-induced aerobic glycolysis, indicating GLDC involvement in a PRL-3-driven Warburg effect. AMPK, HIF-1α, and c-Myc, important metabolic regulators in cancer cells, were not mediators of PRL-3's metabolic effects. A phosphatase-dead PRL-3 mutant, C104S, promoted many of the metabolic changes induced by wild-type PRL-3, arguing that important metabolic effects of PRL-3 are independent of its phosphatase activity. Through this study, PRL-3 emerges as one of the key mediators of metabolic adaptations in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Abdollahi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Laboratory Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Esten N Vandsemb
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Samah Elsaadi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lisa M Røst
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Laboratory Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magnus A Hjort
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Children's Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trygve Andreassen
- MR Core Facility, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristine Misund
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tobias S Slørdahl
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torstein B Rø
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Children's Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne-Marit Sponaas
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siver Moestue
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Per Bruheim
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magne Børset
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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23
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Kamebuchi H, Tamaki S, Okazawa A, Kojima N. Transparent Ion-Exchange Membrane Exhibiting Intense Emission under a Specific pH Condition Based on Polypyridyl Ruthenium(II) Complex with Two Imidazophenanthroline Groups. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:400. [PMID: 34072111 PMCID: PMC8226472 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11060400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development and the photophysical behavior of a transparent ion-exchange membrane based on a pH-sensitive polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complex, [(bpy)2RuII(H2bpib)RuII(bpy)2](ClO4)4 (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, H2bpib = 1,4-bis([1,10]phenanthroline[5,6-d]-imidazol-2-yl)benzene), are experimentally and theoretically reported. The emission spectra of [(bpy)2RuII(H2bpib)RuII(bpy)2]@Nafion film were observed between pH 2 and pH 11 and showed the highest relative emission intensity at pH 5 (λmaxem = 594.4 nm). The relative emission intensity of the film significantly decreased down to 75% at pH 2 and 11 compared to that of pH 5. The quantum yields (Φ) and lifetimes (τ) showed similar correlations with respect to pH, Φ = 0.13 and τ = 1237 ns at pH 5, and Φ = 0.087 and τ = 1014 ns and Φ = 0.069 and τ = 954 ns at pH 2 and pH 11, respectively. These photophysical data are overall considerably superior to those of the solution, with the radiative- (kr) and non-radiative rate constants (knr) at pH 5 estimated to be kr = 1.06 × 105 s-1 and knr = 7.03 × 105 s-1. Density functional theory calculations suggested the contribution of ligand-to-ligand- and intraligand charge transfer to the imidazolium moiety in Ru-H3bpib species, implying that the positive charge on the H3bpib ligand works as a quencher. The Ru-Hbpib species seems to enhance non-radiative deactivation by reducing the energy of the upper-lying metal-centered excited state. These would be responsible for the pH-dependent "off-on-off" emission behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Kamebuchi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajosui 3-25-40, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tamaki
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Okazawa
- Division of Chemistry, Institute of Liberal Education, Nihon University School of Medicine, Oyaguchi Kamimachi 30-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan;
| | - Norimichi Kojima
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan;
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24
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Galenkamp KMO, Commisso C. The Golgi as a "Proton Sink" in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:664295. [PMID: 34055797 PMCID: PMC8155353 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.664295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit increased glycolytic flux and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis. These processes increase the acidic burden on the cells through the production of lactate and protons. Nonetheless, cancer cells can maintain an alkaline intracellular pH (pHi) relative to untransformed cells, which sets the stage for optimal functioning of glycolytic enzymes, evasion of cell death, and increased proliferation and motility. Upregulation of plasma membrane transporters allows for H+ and lactate efflux; however, recent evidence suggests that the acidification of organelles can contribute to maintenance of an alkaline cytosol in cancer cells by siphoning off protons, thereby supporting tumor growth. The Golgi is such an acidic organelle, with resting pH ranging from 6.0 to 6.7. Here, we posit that the Golgi represents a "proton sink" in cancer and delineate the proton channels involved in Golgi acidification and the ion channels that influence this process. Furthermore, we discuss ion channel regulators that can affect Golgi pH and Golgi-dependent processes that may contribute to pHi homeostasis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen M. O. Galenkamp
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Cosimo Commisso
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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25
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Abstract
Acidic pH levels are often observed in growing tumors, with profound effects on cancer cells and surrounding microenvironment. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Funato et al. (2020) show that expression of oncogenic phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL3) shifts cellular preference for environmental pH, leading to acid addiction.
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26
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Tancini B, Buratta S, Delo F, Sagini K, Chiaradia E, Pellegrino RM, Emiliani C, Urbanelli L. Lysosomal Exocytosis: The Extracellular Role of an Intracellular Organelle. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E406. [PMID: 33316913 PMCID: PMC7764620 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic cell compartments containing a large set of hydrolytic enzymes. These lysosomal hydrolases degrade proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids into their constituents. Materials to be degraded can reach lysosomes either from inside the cell, by autophagy, or from outside the cell, by different forms of endocytosis. In addition to their degradative functions, lysosomes are also able to extracellularly release their contents by lysosomal exocytosis. These organelles move from the perinuclear region along microtubules towards the proximity of the plasma membrane, then the lysosomal and plasma membrane fuse together via a Ca2+-dependent process. The fusion of the lysosomal membrane with plasma membrane plays an important role in plasma membrane repair, while the secretion of lysosomal content is relevant for the remodelling of extracellular matrix and release of functional substrates. Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) and age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, share as a pathological feature the accumulation of undigested material within organelles of the endolysosomal system. Recent studies suggest that lysosomal exocytosis stimulation may have beneficial effects on the accumulation of these unprocessed aggregates, leading to their extracellular elimination. However, many details of the molecular machinery required for lysosomal exocytosis are only beginning to be unravelled. Here, we are going to review the current literature on molecular mechanisms and biological functions underlying lysosomal exocytosis, to shed light on the potential of lysosomal exocytosis stimulation as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunella Tancini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Sandra Buratta
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Federica Delo
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Krizia Sagini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Chiaradia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Roberto Maria Pellegrino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
- Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorena Urbanelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
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27
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VanHook AM. Acid-addicted cells. Sci Signal 2020. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abf8517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PRL3 enables cells to tolerate acidic pH and promotes metastasis by stimulating TRPML-dependent lysosome exocytosis.
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