1
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Kang B, Shin J, Kang D, Chang S, Rhyou C, Cho SW, Lee H. Spatial regulation of hydrogel polymerization reaction using ultrasound-driven streaming vortex. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 110:107053. [PMID: 39270467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound is gaining attention as an alternative tool to regulate chemical processes due to its advantages such as high cost-effectiveness, rapid response, and contact-free operation. Previous studies have demonstrated that acoustic bubble cavitation can generate energy to synthesize functional materials. In this study, we introduce a method to control the spatial distribution of physical and chemical properties of hydrogels by using an ultrasound-mediated particle manipulation technique. We developed a surface acoustic wave device that can localize micro-hydrogel particles, which are formed during gelation, in a hydrogel solution. The hydrogel fabricated with the application of surface acoustic waves exhibited gradients in mechanical, mass transport, and structural properties. We demonstrated that the gel having the property gradients could be utilized as a cell-culture substrate dictating cellular shapes, which is beneficial for interfacial tissue engineering. The acoustic method and fabricated hydrogels with property gradients can be applied to design flexible polymeric materials for soft robotics, biomedical sensors, or bioelectronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungjun Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Donyoung Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooho Chang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanryeol Rhyou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungsuk Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Weißenbruch K, Mayor R. Actomyosin forces in cell migration: Moving beyond cell body retraction. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2400055. [PMID: 39093597 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202400055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
In textbook illustrations of migrating cells, actomyosin contractility is typically depicted as the contraction force necessary for cell body retraction. This dogma has been transformed by the molecular clutch model, which acknowledges that actomyosin traction forces also generate and transmit biomechanical signals at the leading edge, enabling cells to sense and shape their migratory path in mechanically complex environments. To fulfill these complementary functions, the actomyosin system assembles a gradient of contractile energy along the front-rear axis of migratory cells. Here, we highlight the hierarchic assembly and self-regulatory network structure of the actomyosin system and explain how the kinetics of different nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) paralogs synergize during contractile force generation. Our aim is to emphasize how protrusion formation, cell adhesion, contraction, and retraction are spatiotemporally integrated during different modes of migration, including chemotaxis and durotaxis. Finally, we hypothesize how different NM II paralogs might tune aspects of migration in vivo, highlighting future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Weißenbruch
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
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3
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Graziani V, Crosas-Molist E, George SL, Sanz-Moreno V. Organelle adaptations in response to mechanical forces during tumour dissemination. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 88:102345. [PMID: 38479111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Cell migration plays a pivotal role in various biological processes including cancer dissemination and successful metastasis, where the role of mechanical signals is increasingly acknowledged. This review focuses on the intricate mechanisms through which cancer cells modulate their migratory strategies via organelle adaptations in response to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Specifically, the nucleus and mitochondria emerge as pivotal mediators in this process. These organelles serve as sensors, translating mechanical stimuli into rapid metabolic alterations that sustain cell migration. Importantly, prolonged exposure to such stimuli can induce transcriptional or epigenetic changes, ultimately enhancing metastatic traits. Deciphering the intricate interplay between ECM properties and organelle adaptations not only advances our understanding of cytoskeletal dynamics but also holds promise for the development of innovative anti-metastatic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Graziani
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Eva Crosas-Molist
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Samantha L George
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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4
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Goldmann WH. Durotaxis: A cause of organ fibrosis and metastatic cancer? Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:553-555. [PMID: 38501430 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang H Goldmann
- Department of Biophysics, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Soliman BG, Longoni A, Major GS, Lindberg GCJ, Choi YS, Zhang YS, Woodfield TBF, Lim KS. Harnessing Macromolecular Chemistry to Design Hydrogel Micro- and Macro-Environments. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300457. [PMID: 38035637 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell encapsulation within three-dimensional hydrogels is a promising approach to mimic tissues. However, true biomimicry of the intricate microenvironment, biophysical and biochemical gradients, and the macroscale hierarchical spatial organizations of native tissues is an unmet challenge within tissue engineering. This review provides an overview of the macromolecular chemistries that have been applied toward the design of cell-friendly hydrogels, as well as their application toward controlling biophysical and biochemical bulk and gradient properties of the microenvironment. Furthermore, biofabrication technologies provide the opportunity to simultaneously replicate macroscale features of native tissues. Biofabrication strategies are reviewed in detail with a particular focus on the compatibility of these strategies with the current macromolecular toolkit described for hydrogel design and the challenges associated with their clinical translation. This review identifies that the convergence of the ever-expanding macromolecular toolkit and technological advancements within the field of biofabrication, along with an improved biological understanding, represents a promising strategy toward the successful tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram G Soliman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Alessia Longoni
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Gretel S Major
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Gabriella C J Lindberg
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact Department of Bioengineering, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Yu Suk Choi
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tim B F Woodfield
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Khoon S Lim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
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6
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Mathieu M, Isomursu A, Ivaska J. Positive and negative durotaxis - mechanisms and emerging concepts. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261919. [PMID: 38647525 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is controlled by the coordinated action of cell adhesion, cytoskeletal dynamics, contractility and cell extrinsic cues. Integrins are the main adhesion receptors to ligands of the extracellular matrix (ECM), linking the actin cytoskeleton to the ECM and enabling cells to sense matrix rigidity and mount a directional cell migration response to stiffness gradients. Most models studied show preferred migration of single cells or cell clusters towards increasing rigidity. This is referred to as durotaxis, and since its initial discovery in 2000, technical advances and elegant computational models have provided molecular level details of stiffness sensing in cell migration. However, modeling has long predicted that, depending on cell intrinsic factors, such as the balance of cell adhesion molecules (clutches) and the motor proteins pulling on them, cells might also prefer adhesion to intermediate rigidity. Recently, experimental evidence has supported this notion and demonstrated the ability of cells to migrate towards lower rigidity, in a process called negative durotaxis. In this Review, we discuss the significant conceptual advances that have been made in our appreciation of cell plasticity and context dependency in stiffness-guided directional cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Mathieu
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Aleksi Isomursu
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Western Finnish Cancer Center (FICAN West), University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Foundation for the Finnish Cancer Institute, Tukholmankatu 8, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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7
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Feng X, Molteni H, Gregory M, Lanza J, Polsani N, Gupta I, Wyetzner R, Hawkins MB, Holmes G, Hopyan S, Harris MP, Atit RP. Apical expansion of calvarial osteoblasts and suture patency is dependent on fibronectin cues. Development 2024; 151:dev202371. [PMID: 38602508 PMCID: PMC11165720 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The skull roof, or calvaria, is comprised of interlocking plates of bones that encase the brain. Separating these bones are fibrous sutures that permit growth. Currently, we do not understand the instructions for directional growth of the calvaria, a process which is error-prone and can lead to skeletal deficiencies or premature suture fusion (craniosynostosis, CS). Here, we identify graded expression of fibronectin (FN1) in the mouse embryonic cranial mesenchyme (CM) that precedes the apical expansion of calvaria. Conditional deletion of Fn1 or Wasl leads to diminished frontal bone expansion by altering cell shape and focal actin enrichment, respectively, suggesting defective migration of calvarial progenitors. Interestingly, Fn1 mutants have premature fusion of coronal sutures. Consistently, syndromic forms of CS in humans exhibit dysregulated FN1 expression, and we also find FN1 expression altered in a mouse CS model of Apert syndrome. These data support a model of FN1 as a directional substrate for calvarial osteoblast migration that may be a common mechanism underlying many cranial disorders of disparate genetic etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Feng
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Helen Molteni
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Megan Gregory
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jennifer Lanza
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nikaya Polsani
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Isha Gupta
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rachel Wyetzner
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - M. Brent Hawkins
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Greg Holmes
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Kids, Toronto ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Matthew P. Harris
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Radhika P. Atit
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences and Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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8
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Redolfi Riva E, Özkan M, Contreras E, Pawar S, Zinno C, Escarda-Castro E, Kim J, Wieringa P, Stellacci F, Micera S, Navarro X. Beyond the limiting gap length: peripheral nerve regeneration through implantable nerve guidance conduits. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:1371-1404. [PMID: 38363090 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01163a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve damage results in the loss of sensorimotor and autonomic functions, which is a significant burden to patients. Furthermore, nerve injuries greater than the limiting gap length require surgical repair. Although autografts are the preferred clinical choice, their usage is impeded by their limited availability, dimensional mismatch, and the sacrifice of another functional donor nerve. Accordingly, nerve guidance conduits, which are tubular scaffolds engineered to provide a biomimetic environment for nerve regeneration, have emerged as alternatives to autografts. Consequently, a few nerve guidance conduits have received clinical approval for the repair of short-mid nerve gaps but failed to regenerate limiting gap damage, which represents the bottleneck of this technology. Thus, it is still necessary to optimize the morphology and constituent materials of conduits. This review summarizes the recent advances in nerve conduit technology. Several manufacturing techniques and conduit designs are discussed, with emphasis on the structural improvement of simple hollow tubes, additive manufacturing techniques, and decellularized grafts. The main objective of this review is to provide a critical overview of nerve guidance conduit technology to support regeneration in long nerve defects, promote future developments, and speed up its clinical translation as a reliable alternative to autografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Redolfi Riva
- The Biorobotic Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Melis Özkan
- Institute of Materials, école Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neural Engineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, école Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Estefania Contreras
- Integral Service for Laboratory Animals (SIAL), Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Sujeet Pawar
- Institute of Materials, école Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ciro Zinno
- The Biorobotic Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrique Escarda-Castro
- Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaehyeon Kim
- Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Wieringa
- Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute of Materials, école Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvestro Micera
- The Biorobotic Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neural Engineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, école Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Institute Guttmann Foundation, Hospital of Neurorehabilitation, Badalona, Spain
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9
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Marchello R, Colombi A, Preziosi L, Giverso C. A non local model for cell migration in response to mechanical stimuli. Math Biosci 2024; 368:109124. [PMID: 38072125 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2023.109124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is one of the most studied phenomena in biology since it plays a fundamental role in many physiological and pathological processes such as morphogenesis, wound healing and tumorigenesis. In recent years, researchers have performed experiments showing that cells can migrate in response to mechanical stimuli of the substrate they adhere to. Motion towards regions of the substrate with higher stiffness is called durotaxis, while motion guided by the stress or the deformation of the substrate itself is called tensotaxis. Unlike chemotaxis (i.e. the motion in response to a chemical stimulus), these migratory processes are not yet fully understood from a biological point of view. In this respect, we present a mathematical model of single-cell migration in response to mechanical stimuli, in order to simulate these two processes. Specifically, the cell moves by changing its direction of polarization and its motility according to material properties of the substrate (e.g., stiffness) or in response to proper scalar measures of the substrate strain or stress. The equations of motion of the cell are non-local integro-differential equations, with the addition of a stochastic term to account for random Brownian motion. The mechanical stimulus to be integrated in the equations of motion is defined according to experimental measurements found in literature, in the case of durotaxis. Conversely, in the case of tensotaxis, substrate strain and stress are given by the solution of the mechanical problem, assuming that the extracellular matrix behaves as a hyperelastic Yeoh's solid. In both cases, the proposed model is validated through numerical simulations that qualitatively reproduce different experimental scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Marchello
- Mathematics Area, SISSA (International School for Advanced Studies), Via Bonomea 265, Trieste, 34136, Italy
| | - Annachiara Colombi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences G. L. Lagrange, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, 10129, Italy
| | - Luigi Preziosi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences G. L. Lagrange, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, 10129, Italy
| | - Chiara Giverso
- Department of Mathematical Sciences G. L. Lagrange, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, 10129, Italy.
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10
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Ji C, Huang Y. Durotaxis and negative durotaxis: where should cells go? Commun Biol 2023; 6:1169. [PMID: 37973823 PMCID: PMC10654570 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Durotaxis and negative durotaxis are processes in which cell migration is directed by extracellular stiffness. Durotaxis is the tendency of cells to migrate toward stiffer areas, while negative durotaxis occurs when cells migrate toward regions with lower stiffness. The mechanisms of both processes are not yet fully understood. Additionally, the connection between durotaxis and negative durotaxis remains unclear. In this review, we compare the mechanisms underlying durotaxis and negative durotaxis, summarize the basic principles of both, discuss the possible reasons why some cell types exhibit durotaxis while others exhibit negative durotaxis, propose mechanisms of switching between these processes, and emphasize the challenges in the investigation of durotaxis and negative durotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Ji
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yuxing Huang
- Center for Precision Medicine Multi-Omics Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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11
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Kumari A, Veena SM, Luha R, Tijore A. Mechanobiological Strategies to Augment Cancer Treatment. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:42072-42085. [PMID: 38024751 PMCID: PMC10652740 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit aberrant extracellular matrix mechanosensing due to the altered expression of mechanosensory cytoskeletal proteins. Such aberrant mechanosensing of the tumor microenvironment (TME) by cancer cells is associated with disease development and progression. In addition, recent studies show that such mechanosensing changes the mechanobiological properties of cells, and in turn cells become susceptible to mechanical perturbations. Due to an increasing understanding of cell biomechanics and cellular machinery, several approaches have emerged to target the mechanobiological properties of cancer cells and cancer-associated cells to inhibit cancer growth and progression. In this Perspective, we summarize the progress in developing mechano-based approaches to target cancer by interfering with the cellular mechanosensing machinery and overall TME.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ajay Tijore
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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12
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Bernabé-Rubio M, Ali S, Bhosale PG, Goss G, Mobasseri SA, Tapia-Rojo R, Zhu T, Hiratsuka T, Battilocchi M, Tomás IM, Ganier C, Garcia-Manyes S, Watt FM. Myc-dependent dedifferentiation of Gata6 + epidermal cells resembles reversal of terminal differentiation. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1426-1438. [PMID: 37735598 PMCID: PMC10567550 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Dedifferentiation is the process by which terminally differentiated cells acquire the properties of stem cells. During mouse skin wound healing, the differentiated Gata6-lineage positive cells of the sebaceous duct are able to dedifferentiate. Here we have integrated lineage tracing and single-cell mRNA sequencing to uncover the underlying mechanism. Gata6-lineage positive and negative epidermal stem cells in wounds are transcriptionally indistinguishable. Furthermore, in contrast to reprogramming of induced pluripotent stem cells, the same genes are expressed in the epidermal dedifferentiation and differentiation trajectories, indicating that dedifferentiation does not involve adoption of a new cell state. We demonstrate that dedifferentiation is not only induced by wounding, but also by retinoic acid treatment or mechanical expansion of the epidermis. In all three cases, dedifferentiation is dependent on the master transcription factor c-Myc. Mechanotransduction and actin-cytoskeleton remodelling are key features of dedifferentiation. Our study elucidates the molecular basis of epidermal dedifferentiation, which may be generally applicable to adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Bernabé-Rubio
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Shahnawaz Ali
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Priyanka G Bhosale
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Georgina Goss
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Rafael Tapia-Rojo
- Department of Physics, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Centre for the Physical Science of Life and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, London, UK
- Single Molecule Mechanobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Tong Zhu
- Department of Physics, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Centre for the Physical Science of Life and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, London, UK
- Single Molecule Mechanobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Toru Hiratsuka
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Oncogenesis and Growth Regulation, Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Chuoku, Japan
| | - Matteo Battilocchi
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Inês M Tomás
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Clarisse Ganier
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sergi Garcia-Manyes
- Department of Physics, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Centre for the Physical Science of Life and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, London, UK
- Single Molecule Mechanobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
- Directors' Unit, EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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13
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Le HA, Mayor R. Cell-matrix and cell-cell interaction mechanics in guiding migration. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1733-1745. [PMID: 37610008 PMCID: PMC10586762 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Physical properties of tissue are increasingly recognised as major regulatory cues affecting cell behaviours, particularly cell migration. While these properties of the extracellular matrix have been extensively discussed, the contribution from the cellular components that make up the tissue are still poorly appreciated. In this mini-review, we will discuss two major physical components: stiffness and topology with a stronger focus on cell-cell interactions and how these can impact cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Anh Le
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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14
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Shellard A, Mayor R. Sculpting with stiffness: rigidity as a regulator of morphogenesis. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1009-1021. [PMID: 37114613 PMCID: PMC10317161 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
From a physical perspective, morphogenesis of tissues results from interplay between their material properties and the mechanical forces exerted on them. The importance of mechanical forces in influencing cell behaviour is widely recognised, whereas the importance of tissue material properties in vivo, like stiffness, has only begun to receive attention in recent years. In this mini-review, we highlight key themes and concepts that have emerged related to how tissue stiffness, a fundamental material property, guides various morphogenetic processes in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shellard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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15
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Dow LP, Parmar T, Marchetti MC, Pruitt BL. Engineering tools for quantifying and manipulating forces in epithelia. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:021303. [PMID: 38510344 PMCID: PMC10903508 DOI: 10.1063/5.0142537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The integrity of epithelia is maintained within dynamic mechanical environments during tissue development and homeostasis. Understanding how epithelial cells mechanosignal and respond collectively or individually is critical to providing insight into developmental and (patho)physiological processes. Yet, inferring or mimicking mechanical forces and downstream mechanical signaling as they occur in epithelia presents unique challenges. A variety of in vitro approaches have been used to dissect the role of mechanics in regulating epithelia organization. Here, we review approaches and results from research into how epithelial cells communicate through mechanical cues to maintain tissue organization and integrity. We summarize the unique advantages and disadvantages of various reduced-order model systems to guide researchers in choosing appropriate experimental systems. These model systems include 3D, 2D, and 1D micromanipulation methods, single cell studies, and noninvasive force inference and measurement techniques. We also highlight a number of in silico biophysical models that are informed by in vitro and in vivo observations. Together, a combination of theoretical and experimental models will aid future experiment designs and provide predictive insight into mechanically driven behaviors of epithelial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshi Parmar
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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16
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Atcha H, Choi YS, Chaudhuri O, Engler AJ. Getting physical: Material mechanics is an intrinsic cell cue. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:750-765. [PMID: 37267912 PMCID: PMC10247187 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Advances in biomaterial science have allowed for unprecedented insight into the ability of material cues to influence stem cell function. These material approaches better recapitulate the microenvironment, providing a more realistic ex vivo model of the cell niche. However, recent advances in our ability to measure and manipulate niche properties in vivo have led to novel mechanobiological studies in model organisms. Thus, in this review, we will discuss the importance of material cues within the cell niche, highlight the key mechanotransduction pathways involved, and conclude with recent evidence that material cues regulate tissue function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Atcha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yu Suk Choi
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adam J Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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17
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Hartmann J, Mayor R. Self-organized collective cell behaviors as design principles for synthetic developmental biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 141:63-73. [PMID: 35450765 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, molecular cell biology has graduated from a mostly analytic science to one with substantial synthetic capability. This success is built on a deep understanding of the structure and function of biomolecules and molecular mechanisms. For synthetic biology to achieve similar success at the scale of tissues and organs, an equally deep understanding of the principles of development is required. Here, we review some of the central concepts and recent progress in tissue patterning, morphogenesis and collective cell migration and discuss their value for synthetic developmental biology, emphasizing in particular the power of (guided) self-organization and the role of theoretical advances in making developmental insights applicable in synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hartmann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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18
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Sáez P, Venturini C. Positive, negative and controlled durotaxis. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2993-3001. [PMID: 37016959 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01326f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is a physical process central to life. Among others, it regulates embryogenesis, tissue regeneration, and tumor growth. Therefore, understanding and controlling cell migration represent fundamental challenges in science. Specifically, the ability of cells to follow stiffness gradients, known as durotaxis, is ubiquitous across most cell types. Even so, certain cells follow positive stiffness gradients while others move along negative gradients. How the physical mechanisms involved in cell migration work to enable a wide range of durotactic responses is still poorly understood. Here, we provide a mechanistic rationale for durotaxis by integrating stochastic clutch models for cell adhesion with an active gel theory of cell migration. We show that positive and negative durotaxis found across cell types are explained by asymmetries in the cell adhesion dynamics. We rationalize durotaxis by asymmetric mechanotransduction in the cell adhesion behavior that further polarizes the intracellular retrograde flow and the protruding velocity at the cell membrane. Our theoretical framework confirms previous experimental observations and explains positive and negative durotaxis. Moreover, we show how durotaxis can be engineered to manipulate cell migration, which has important implications in biology, medicine, and bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sáez
- Laboratori de Càlcul Numèric (LaCaN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
- E.T.S. de Ingeniería de Caminos, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Matemàtiques de la UPC-BarcelonaTech (IMTech), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Venturini
- Laboratori de Càlcul Numèric (LaCaN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Materials and extracellular matrix rigidity highlighted in tissue damages and diseases: Implication for biomaterials design and therapeutic targets. Bioact Mater 2023; 20:381-403. [PMID: 35784640 PMCID: PMC9234013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigidity (or stiffness) of materials and extracellular matrix has proven to be one of the most significant extracellular physicochemical cues that can control diverse cell behaviors, such as contractility, motility, and spreading, and the resultant pathophysiological phenomena. Many 2D materials engineered with tunable rigidity have enabled researchers to elucidate the roles of matrix biophysical cues in diverse cellular events, including migration, lineage specification, and mechanical memory. Moreover, the recent findings accumulated under 3D environments with viscoelastic and remodeling properties pointed to the importance of dynamically changing rigidity in cell fate control, tissue repair, and disease progression. Thus, here we aim to highlight the works related with material/matrix-rigidity-mediated cell and tissue behaviors, with a brief outlook into the studies on the effects of material/matrix rigidity on cell behaviors in 2D systems, further discussion of the events and considerations in tissue-mimicking 3D conditions, and then examination of the in vivo findings that concern material/matrix rigidity. The current discussion will help understand the material/matrix-rigidity-mediated biological phenomena and further leverage the concepts to find therapeutic targets and to design implantable materials for the treatment of damaged and diseased tissues. Discuss the cutting-edge findings on the role of matrix rigidity in dictating diverse cell behaviors. Underscore the dynamic matrix rigidity that interplays with cells, and the related pathophysiological phenomena. Illuminate the significance of matrix rigidity in clinically-relevant settings.
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20
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Feng X, Molteni H, Gregory M, Lanza J, Polsani N, Wyetzner R, Hawkins MB, Holmes G, Hopyan S, Harris MP, Atit RP. Apical expansion of calvarial osteoblasts and suture patency is dependent on graded fibronectin cues. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.16.524278. [PMID: 36711975 PMCID: PMC9882209 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.16.524278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The skull roof, or calvaria, is comprised of interlocking plates of bone. Premature suture fusion (craniosynostosis, CS) or persistent fontanelles are common defects in calvarial development. Although some of the genetic causes of these disorders are known, we lack an understanding of the instructions directing the growth and migration of progenitors of these bones, which may affect the suture patency. Here, we identify graded expression of Fibronectin (FN1) protein in the mouse embryonic cranial mesenchyme (CM) that precedes the apical expansion of calvarial osteoblasts. Syndromic forms of CS exhibit dysregulated FN1 expression, and we find FN1 expression is altered in a mouse CS model as well. Conditional deletion of Fn1 in CM causes diminished frontal bone expansion by altering cell polarity and shape. To address how osteoprogenitors interact with the observed FN1 prepattern, we conditionally ablate Wasl/N-Wasp to disrupt F-actin junctions in migrating cells, impacting lamellipodia and cell-matrix interaction. Neural crest-targeted deletion of Wasl results in a diminished actin network and reduced expansion of frontal bone primordia similar to conditional Fn1 mutants. Interestingly, defective calvaria formation in both the Fn1 and Wasl mutants occurs without a significant change in proliferation, survival, or osteogenesis. Finally, we find that CM-restricted Fn1 deletion leads to premature fusion of coronal sutures. These data support a model of FN1 as a directional substrate for calvarial osteoblast migration that may be a common mechanism underlying many cranial disorders of disparate genetic etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Feng
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland Ohio, USA
| | - Helen Molteni
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland Ohio, USA
| | - Megan Gregory
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer Lanza
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland Ohio, USA
| | - Nikaya Polsani
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland Ohio, USA
| | - Rachel Wyetzner
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland Ohio, USA
| | - M Brent Hawkins
- Dept of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Dept. of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Greg Holmes
- Dept. of _Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Dept. of Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Kids, Toronto, Canada
| | - Matthew P Harris
- Dept of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Dept. of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Radhika P Atit
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland Ohio, USA
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21
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Guo T, Jiang CS, Yang SZ, Zhu Y, He C, Carter AB, Antony VB, Peng H, Zhou Y. Mitochondrial fission and bioenergetics mediate human lung fibroblast durotaxis. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e157348. [PMID: 36422990 PMCID: PMC9870082 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.157348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by stiffening of the extracellular matrix. Fibroblasts migrate in the direction of greater stiffness, a phenomenon termed durotaxis. The mechanically guided fibroblast migration could be a crucial step in the progression of lung fibrosis. In this study, we found primary human lung fibroblasts sense increasing matrix stiffness with a change of mitochondrial dynamics in favor of mitochondrial fission and increased production of ATP. Mitochondria polarize in the direction of a physiologically relevant stiffness gradient, with conspicuous localization to the leading edge, primarily lamellipodia and filopodia, of migrating lung fibroblasts. Matrix stiffness-regulated mitochondrial fission and durotactic lung fibroblast migration are mediated by a dynamin-related protein 1/mitochondrial fission factor-dependent (DRP1/MFF-dependent) pathway. Importantly, we found that the DRP1/MFF pathway is activated in fibrotic lung myofibroblasts in both human IPF and bleomycin-induced mouse lung fibrosis. These findings suggest that energy-producing mitochondria need to be sectioned via fission and repositioned in durotactic lung fibroblasts to meet the higher energy demand. This represents a potentially new mechanism through which mitochondria may contribute to the progression of fibrotic lung diseases. Inhibition of durotactic migration of lung fibroblasts may play an important role in preventing the progression of human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chun-sun Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Shan-Zhong Yang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Chao He
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - A. Brent Carter
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Veena B. Antony
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hong Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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22
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Merino-Casallo F, Gomez-Benito MJ, Hervas-Raluy S, Garcia-Aznar JM. Unravelling cell migration: defining movement from the cell surface. Cell Adh Migr 2022; 16:25-64. [PMID: 35499121 PMCID: PMC9067518 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2022.2055520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell motility is essential for life and development. Unfortunately, cell migration is also linked to several pathological processes, such as cancer metastasis. Cells' ability to migrate relies on many actors. Cells change their migratory strategy based on their phenotype and the properties of the surrounding microenvironment. Cell migration is, therefore, an extremely complex phenomenon. Researchers have investigated cell motility for more than a century. Recent discoveries have uncovered some of the mysteries associated with the mechanisms involved in cell migration, such as intracellular signaling and cell mechanics. These findings involve different players, including transmembrane receptors, adhesive complexes, cytoskeletal components , the nucleus, and the extracellular matrix. This review aims to give a global overview of our current understanding of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Merino-Casallo
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Gomez-Benito
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Hervas-Raluy
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Aznar
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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23
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Collective cell migration during optic cup formation features changing cell-matrix interactions linked to matrix topology. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4817-4831.e9. [PMID: 36208624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is crucial for organismal development and shapes organisms in health and disease. Although a lot of research has revealed the role of intracellular components and extracellular signaling in driving single and collective cell migration, the influence of physical properties of the tissue and the environment on migration phenomena in vivo remains less explored. In particular, the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which many cells move upon, is currently unclear. To overcome this gap, we use zebrafish optic cup formation, and by combining novel transgenic lines and image analysis pipelines, we study how ECM properties influence cell migration in vivo. We show that collectively migrating rim cells actively move over an immobile extracellular matrix. These cell movements require cryptic lamellipodia that are extended in the direction of migration. Quantitative analysis of matrix properties revealed that the topology of the matrix changes along the migration path. These changes in matrix topologies are accompanied by changes in the dynamics of cell-matrix interactions. Experiments and theoretical modeling suggest that matrix porosity could be linked to efficient migration. Indeed, interfering with matrix topology by increasing its porosity results in a loss of cryptic lamellipodia, less-directed cell-matrix interactions, and overall inefficient migration. Thus, matrix topology is linked to the dynamics of cell-matrix interactions and the efficiency of directed collective rim cell migration during vertebrate optic cup morphogenesis.
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24
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Ngalim SH, Yusoff N, Johnson RR, Abdul Razak SR, Chen X, Hobbs JK, Lee YY. A review on mechanobiology of cell adhesion networks in different stages of sporadic colorectal cancer to explain its tumorigenesis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 175:63-72. [PMID: 36116549 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) is strongly linked to extraneous factors, like poor diet and lifestyle, but not to inherent factors like familial genetics. The changes at the epigenomics and signalling pathways are known across the sporadic CRC stages. The catch is that temporal information of the onset, the feedback loop, and the crosstalk of signalling and noise are still unclear. This makes it challenging to diagnose and treat colon cancer effectively with no relapse. Various microbial cells and native cells of the colon, contribute to sporadic CRC development. These cells secrete autocrine and paracrine for their bioenergetics and communications with other cell types. Imbalances of the biochemicals affect the epithelial lining of colon. One side of this epithelial lining is interfacing the dense colon tissue, while the other side is exposed to microbiota and excrement from the lumen. Hence, the epithelial lining is prone to tumorigenesis due to the influence of both biochemical and mechanical cues from its complex surrounding. The role of physical transformations in tumorigenesis have been limitedly discussed. In this context, cellular and tissue structures, and force transductions are heavily regulated by cell adhesion networks. These networks include cell anchoring mechanism to the surrounding, cell structural integrity mechanism, and cell effector molecules. This review will focus on the progression of the sporadic CRC stages that are governed by the underlaying cell adhesion networks within the epithelial cells. Additionally, current and potential technologies and therapeutics that target cell adhesion networks for treatments of sporadic CRC will be incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Hawa Ngalim
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Norwahida Yusoff
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Rayzel Renitha Johnson
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Razila Abdul Razak
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Xinyue Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie K Hobbs
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Yeong Yeh Lee
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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25
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Yamada KM, Doyle AD, Lu J. Cell-3D matrix interactions: recent advances and opportunities. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:883-895. [PMID: 35410820 PMCID: PMC9464680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tissues consist of cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Cell-ECM interactions play crucial roles in embryonic development, differentiation, tissue remodeling, and diseases including fibrosis and cancer. Recent research advances in characterizing cell-matrix interactions include detailed descriptions of hundreds of ECM and associated molecules, their complex intermolecular interactions in development and disease, identification of distinctive modes of cell migration in different 3D ECMs, and new insights into mechanisms of organ formation. Exploring the roles of the physical features of different ECM microenvironments and the bidirectional regulation of cell signaling and matrix organization emphasize the dynamic nature of these interactions, which can include feedback loops that exacerbate disease. Understanding mechanisms of cell-matrix interactions can potentially lead to targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Andrew D Doyle
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jiaoyang Lu
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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26
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Ventura G, Sedzinski J. Emerging concepts on the mechanical interplay between migrating cells and microenvironment in vivo. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:961460. [PMID: 36238689 PMCID: PMC9551290 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.961460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryogenesis, tissues develop into elaborate collectives through a myriad of active mechanisms, with cell migration being one of the most common. As cells migrate, they squeeze through crowded microenvironments to reach the positions where they ultimately execute their function. Much of our knowledge of cell migration has been based on cells' ability to navigate in vitro and how cells respond to the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM). These simplified and largely passive surroundings contrast with the complexity of the tissue environments in vivo, where different cells and ECM make up the milieu cells migrate in. Due to this complexity, comparatively little is known about how the physical interactions between migrating cells and their tissue environment instruct cell movement in vivo. Work in different model organisms has been instrumental in addressing this question. Here, we explore various examples of cell migration in vivo and describe how the physical interplay between migrating cells and the neighboring microenvironment controls cell behavior. Understanding this mechanical cooperation in vivo will provide key insights into organ development, regeneration, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakub Sedzinski
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Brambati M, Fava G, Ginelli F. Signatures of directed and spontaneous flocking. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:024608. [PMID: 36109986 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.024608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Collective motion-or flocking-is an emergent phenomena that underlies many biological processes of relevance, from cellular migrations to animal group movements. In this work, we derive scaling relations for the fluctuations of the mean direction of motion and for the static density structure factor (which encodes static density fluctuations) in the presence of a homogeneous, small external field. This allows us to formulate two different and complementary criteria capable of detecting instances of directed motion exclusively from easily measurable dynamical and static signatures of the collective dynamics, without the need to detect correlations with environmental cues. The static one is informative in large enough systems, while the dynamical one requires large observation times to be effective. We believe these criteria may prove useful to detect or confirm the directed nature of collective motion in in vivo experimental observations, which are typically conducted in complex and not fully controlled environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino Brambati
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Universitá degli Studi dell'Insubria, Como 22100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fava
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia and Center for Nonlinear and Complex Systems, Universitá degli Studi dell'Insubria, Como 22100, Italy
- INFN sezione di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Francesco Ginelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia and Center for Nonlinear and Complex Systems, Universitá degli Studi dell'Insubria, Como 22100, Italy
- INFN sezione di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
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28
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Chalard AE, Dixon AW, Taberner AJ, Malmström J. Visible-Light Stiffness Patterning of GelMA Hydrogels Towards In Vitro Scar Tissue Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:946754. [PMID: 35865624 PMCID: PMC9294371 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.946754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix occurs in various processes, such as tissue fibrosis. The impact of changes in tissue stiffness on cell behaviour are studied in vitro using various types of biomaterials and methods. Stiffness patterning of hydrogel scaffolds, through the use of stiffness gradients for instance, allows the modelling and studying of cellular responses to fibrotic mechanisms. Gelatine methacryloyl (GelMA) has been used extensively in tissue engineering for its inherent biocompatibility and the ability to precisely tune its mechanical properties. Visible light is now increasingly employed for crosslinking GelMA hydrogels as it enables improved cell survival when performing cell encapsulation. We report here, the photopatterning of mechanical properties of GelMA hydrogels with visible light and eosin Y as the photoinitiator using physical photomasks and projection with a digital micromirror device. Using both methods, binary hydrogels with areas of different stiffnesses and hydrogels with stiffness gradients were fabricated. Their mechanical properties were characterised using force indentation with atomic force microscopy, which showed the efficiency of both methods to spatially pattern the elastic modulus of GelMA according to the photomask or the projected pattern. Crosslinking through projection was also used to build constructs with complex shapes. Overall, this work shows the feasibility of patterning the stiffness of GelMA scaffolds, in the range from healthy to pathological stiffness, with visible light. Consequently, this method could be used to build in vitro models of healthy and fibrotic tissue and study the cellular behaviours involved at the interface between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs E. Chalard
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Anaïs E. Chalard, ; Jenny Malmström,
| | - Alexander W. Dixon
- The Auckland Bioengineering Institute (ABI), The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J. Taberner
- The Auckland Bioengineering Institute (ABI), The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jenny Malmström
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Anaïs E. Chalard, ; Jenny Malmström,
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Abstract
Embryonic cells grow in environments that provide a plethora of physical cues, including mechanical forces that shape the development of the entire embryo. Despite their prevalence, the role of these forces in embryonic development and their integration with chemical signals have been mostly neglected, and scrutiny in modern molecular embryology tilted, instead, towards the dissection of molecular pathways involved in cell fate determination and patterning. It is now possible to investigate how mechanical signals induce downstream genetic regulatory networks to regulate key developmental processes in the embryo. Here, we review the insights into mechanical control of early vertebrate development, including the role of forces in tissue patterning and embryonic axis formation. We also highlight recent in vitro approaches using individual embryonic stem cells and self-organizing multicellular models of human embryos, which have been instrumental in expanding our understanding of how mechanics tune cell fate and cellular rearrangements during human embryonic development.
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30
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Sermeus Y, Vangheel J, Geris L, Smeets B, Tylzanowski P. Mechanical Regulation of Limb Bud Formation. Cells 2022; 11:420. [PMID: 35159230 PMCID: PMC8834596 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Early limb bud development has been of considerable interest for the study of embryological development and especially morphogenesis. The focus has long been on biochemical signalling and less on cell biomechanics and mechanobiology. However, their importance cannot be understated since tissue shape changes are ultimately controlled by active forces and bulk tissue rheological properties that in turn depend on cell-cell interactions as well as extracellular matrix composition. Moreover, the feedback between gene regulation and the biomechanical environment is still poorly understood. In recent years, novel experimental techniques and computational models have reinvigorated research on this biomechanical and mechanobiological side of embryological development. In this review, we consider three stages of early limb development, namely: outgrowth, elongation, and condensation. For each of these stages, we summarize basic biological regulation and examine the role of cellular and tissue mechanics in the morphogenetic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvenn Sermeus
- MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (Y.S.); (J.V.); (B.S.)
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Jef Vangheel
- MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (Y.S.); (J.V.); (B.S.)
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- GIGA In Silico Medicine, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- SBE, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Smeets
- MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (Y.S.); (J.V.); (B.S.)
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- SBE, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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31
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Jaumouillé V. Measurement of Minute Cellular Forces by Traction Force Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2440:125-139. [PMID: 35218537 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2051-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability of living cells to exert forces on their surrounding environment, such as the extracellular matrix (ECM) or neighboring cells, plays an important role in numerous biological processes. This chapter describes a simple protocol to measure forces exerted by living cells using traction force microscopy. This approach is based on the measurement of the deformation of compliant substrates using fluorescent fiducials. It can be implemented using widefield or confocal fluorescent microscopes, and open-source software. This chapter describes a step-by-step protocol to measure forces exerted by focal adhesions bound to the ECM protein fibronectin. However, this framework is versatile and can be easily adapted to a multitude of ligands and cellular processes in which cells exert forces, including the formation of an immunological synapse or a phagocytic cup. Technical considerations, limitations of the approach, and practical advice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Jaumouillé
- Department of Molecular biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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32
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Shellard A, Mayor R. Collective durotaxis along a self-generated stiffness gradient in vivo. Nature 2021; 600:690-694. [PMID: 34880503 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migration underlies morphogenesis, wound healing and cancer invasion1,2. Most directed migration in vivo has been attributed to chemotaxis, whereby cells follow a chemical gradient3-5. Cells can also follow a stiffness gradient in vitro, a process called durotaxis3,4,6-8, but evidence for durotaxis in vivo is lacking6. Here we show that in Xenopus laevis the neural crest-an embryonic cell population-self-generates a stiffness gradient in the adjacent placodal tissue, and follows this gradient by durotaxis. The gradient moves with the neural crest, which is continually pursuing a retreating region of high substrate stiffness. Mechanistically, the neural crest induces the gradient due to N-cadherin interactions with the placodes and senses the gradient through cell-matrix adhesions, resulting in polarized Rac activity and actomyosin contractility, which coordinates durotaxis. Durotaxis synergizes with chemotaxis, cooperatively polarizing actomyosin machinery of the cell group to prompt efficient directional collective cell migration in vivo. These results show that durotaxis and dynamic stiffness gradients exist in vivo, and gradients of chemical and mechanical signals cooperate to achieve efficient directional cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shellard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.
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33
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Fang Y, Hu Y, Cheng F, Xin Y. Biomechanical model of cells probing the myosin-II-independent mechanosensing mechanism. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:064403. [PMID: 35030921 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.064403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensing of cells to extracellular matrix (ECM) is highly active and plays a crucial role in various physiological processes. Growing numbers of studies provide evidence that cell sensitivity to ECM stiffness is a complex stress-strain feedback process. However, the mechanisms that rule this process are still not fully known. Here, an alternative mechanosensing scheme of cells, which is different from the previous myosin-II-based mechanisms, is proposed by employing the tension in cortical cytoskeletons (CSKs) as a force module to probe the substrate. The molecular mechanotransduction from cortical CSKs, through actin filaments and focal adhesions, and finally to the substrate, is mechanically modeled to scale the dynamic traction forces of cells. The developed model captures the characteristic spread of cells with respect to ECM stiffness whereby the spread is fully developed on a stiff substrate but not on a soft one. Furthermore, durotactic migration of cells on an elastic-gradient substrate is successfully modeled by the current method. The cells are concluded to migrate, actuated by the polarized traction forces from the stiffness gradient of the substrate and the stiffness matching between cells and substrate. Finally, the cells are proposed to actively target the preferred substrate by following a rule of mechanical matching between cells and substrate. This study provides a theoretical tool to advance our knowledge regarding the passive mechanical properties and the active sensing of cells, and further promotes the discovery of mechanosensing mechanisms as well as the material design for embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Fang
- Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Yanbing Hu
- Department of Ultrasound, the Second Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Fei Cheng
- Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Yuanzhu Xin
- Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
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34
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Palaia I, Paraschiv A, Debets VE, Storm C, Šarić A. Durotaxis of Passive Nanoparticles on Elastic Membranes. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15794-15802. [PMID: 34550677 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.01.438065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The transport of macromolecules and nanoscopic particles to a target cellular site is a crucial aspect in many physiological processes. This directional motion is generally controlled via active mechanical and chemical processes. Here we show, by means of molecular dynamics simulations and an analytical theory, that completely passive nanoparticles can exhibit directional motion when embedded in nonuniform mechanical environments. Specifically, we study the motion of a passive nanoparticle adhering to a mechanically nonuniform elastic membrane. We observe a nonmonotonic affinity of the particle to the membrane as a function of the membrane's rigidity, which results in the particle transport. This transport can be both up or down the rigidity gradient, depending on the absolute values of the rigidities that the gradient spans across. We conclude that rigidity gradients can be used to direct average motion of passive macromolecules and nanoparticles on deformable membranes, resulting in the preferential accumulation of the macromolecules in regions of certain mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Palaia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandru Paraschiv
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent E Debets
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Storm
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anđela Šarić
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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35
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Palaia I, Paraschiv A, Debets VE, Storm C, Šarić A. Durotaxis of Passive Nanoparticles on Elastic Membranes. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15794-15802. [PMID: 34550677 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The transport of macromolecules and nanoscopic particles to a target cellular site is a crucial aspect in many physiological processes. This directional motion is generally controlled via active mechanical and chemical processes. Here we show, by means of molecular dynamics simulations and an analytical theory, that completely passive nanoparticles can exhibit directional motion when embedded in nonuniform mechanical environments. Specifically, we study the motion of a passive nanoparticle adhering to a mechanically nonuniform elastic membrane. We observe a nonmonotonic affinity of the particle to the membrane as a function of the membrane's rigidity, which results in the particle transport. This transport can be both up or down the rigidity gradient, depending on the absolute values of the rigidities that the gradient spans across. We conclude that rigidity gradients can be used to direct average motion of passive macromolecules and nanoparticles on deformable membranes, resulting in the preferential accumulation of the macromolecules in regions of certain mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Palaia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandru Paraschiv
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent E Debets
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Storm
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anđela Šarić
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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36
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Lamb MC, Kaluarachchi CP, Lansakara TI, Mellentine SQ, Lan Y, Tivanski AV, Tootle TL. Fascin limits Myosin activity within Drosophila border cells to control substrate stiffness and promote migration. eLife 2021; 10:69836. [PMID: 34698017 PMCID: PMC8547955 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A key regulator of collective cell migrations, which drive development and cancer metastasis, is substrate stiffness. Increased substrate stiffness promotes migration and is controlled by Myosin. Using Drosophila border cell migration as a model of collective cell migration, we identify, for the first time, that the actin bundling protein Fascin limits Myosin activity in vivo. Loss of Fascin results in: increased activated Myosin on the border cells and their substrate, the nurse cells; decreased border cell Myosin dynamics; and increased nurse cell stiffness as measured by atomic force microscopy. Reducing Myosin restores on-time border cell migration in fascin mutant follicles. Further, Fascin’s actin bundling activity is required to limit Myosin activation. Surprisingly, we find that Fascin regulates Myosin activity in the border cells to control nurse cell stiffness to promote migration. Thus, these data shift the paradigm from a substrate stiffness-centric model of regulating migration, to uncover that collectively migrating cells play a critical role in controlling the mechanical properties of their substrate in order to promote their own migration. This understudied means of mechanical regulation of migration is likely conserved across contexts and organisms, as Fascin and Myosin are common regulators of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen C Lamb
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, United States
| | | | | | - Samuel Q Mellentine
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, United States
| | - Yiling Lan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Alexei V Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Tina L Tootle
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, United States
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37
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Matsuzaki S. Mechanobiology of the female reproductive system. Reprod Med Biol 2021; 20:371-401. [PMID: 34646066 PMCID: PMC8499606 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanobiology in the field of human female reproduction has been extremely challenging technically and ethically. METHODS The present review provides the current knowledge on mechanobiology of the female reproductive system. This review focuses on the early phases of reproduction from oocyte development to early embryonic development, with an emphasis on current progress. MAIN FINDINGS RESULTS Optimal, well-controlled mechanical cues are required for female reproductive system physiology. Many important questions remain unanswered; whether and how mechanical imbalances among the embryo, decidua, and uterine muscle contractions affect early human embryonic development, whether the biomechanical properties of oocytes/embryos are potential biomarkers for selecting high-quality oocytes/embryos, whether mechanical properties differ between the two major compartments of the ovary (cortex and medulla) in normally ovulating human ovaries, whether durotaxis is involved in several processes in addition to embryonic development. Progress in mechanobiology is dependent on development of technologies that enable precise physical measurements. CONCLUSION More studies are needed to understand the roles of forces and changes in the mechanical properties of female reproductive system physiology. Recent and future technological advancements in mechanobiology research will help us understand the role of mechanical forces in female reproductive system disorders/diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Matsuzaki
- CHU Clermont‐FerrandChirurgie GynécologiqueClermont‐FerrandFrance
- Université Clermont AuvergneInstitut Pascal, UMR6602, CNRS/UCA/SIGMAClermont‐FerrandFrance
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38
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Martinez-Vidal L, Murdica V, Venegoni C, Pederzoli F, Bandini M, Necchi A, Salonia A, Alfano M. Causal contributors to tissue stiffness and clinical relevance in urology. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1011. [PMID: 34446834 PMCID: PMC8390675 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanomedicine is an emerging field focused on characterizing mechanical changes in cells and tissues coupled with a specific disease. Understanding the mechanical cues that drive disease progression, and whether tissue stiffening can precede disease development, is crucial in order to define new mechanical biomarkers to improve and develop diagnostic and prognostic tools. Classically known stromal regulators, such as fibroblasts, and more recently acknowledged factors such as the microbiome and extracellular vesicles, play a crucial role in modifications to the stroma and extracellular matrix (ECM). These modifications ultimately lead to an alteration of the mechanical properties (stiffness) of the tissue, contributing to disease onset and progression. We describe here classic and emerging mediators of ECM remodeling, and discuss state-of-the-art studies characterizing mechanical fingerprints of urological diseases, showing a general trend between increased tissue stiffness and severity of disease. Finally, we point to the clinical potential of tissue stiffness as a diagnostic and prognostic factor in the urological field, as well as a possible target for new innovative drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martinez-Vidal
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
| | - Valentina Murdica
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Venegoni
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Pederzoli
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bandini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Salonia
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Alfano
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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39
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SenGupta S, Parent CA, Bear JE. The principles of directed cell migration. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:529-547. [PMID: 33990789 PMCID: PMC8663916 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells have the ability to respond to various types of environmental cues, and in many cases these cues induce directed cell migration towards or away from these signals. How cells sense these cues and how they transmit that information to the cytoskeletal machinery governing cell translocation is one of the oldest and most challenging problems in biology. Chemotaxis, or migration towards diffusible chemical cues, has been studied for more than a century, but information is just now beginning to emerge about how cells respond to other cues, such as substrate-associated cues during haptotaxis (chemical cues on the surface), durotaxis (mechanical substrate compliance) and topotaxis (geometric features of substrate). Here we propose four common principles, or pillars, that underlie all forms of directed migration. First, a signal must be generated, a process that in physiological environments is much more nuanced than early studies suggested. Second, the signal must be sensed, sometimes by cell surface receptors, but also in ways that are not entirely clear, such as in the case of mechanical cues. Third, the signal has to be transmitted from the sensing modules to the machinery that executes the actual movement, a step that often requires amplification. Fourth, the signal has to be converted into the application of asymmetric force relative to the substrate, which involves mostly the cytoskeleton, but perhaps other players as well. Use of these four pillars has allowed us to compare some of the similarities between different types of directed migration, but also to highlight the remarkable diversity in the mechanisms that cells use to respond to different cues provided by their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvasree SenGupta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carole A Parent
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James E Bear
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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40
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Blackley DG, Cooper JH, Pokorska P, Ratheesh A. Mechanics of developmental migration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:66-74. [PMID: 34275746 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to migrate is a fundamental property of animal cells which is essential for development, homeostasis and disease progression. Migrating cells sense and respond to biochemical and mechanical cues by rapidly modifying their intrinsic repertoire of signalling molecules and by altering their force generating and transducing machinery. We have a wealth of information about the chemical cues and signalling responses that cells use during migration. Our understanding of the role of forces in cell migration is rapidly evolving but is still best understood in the context of cells migrating in 2D and 3D environments in vitro. Advances in live imaging of developing embryos combined with the use of experimental and theoretical tools to quantify and analyse forces in vivo, has begun to shed light on the role of mechanics in driving embryonic cell migration. In this review, we focus on the recent studies uncovering the physical basis of embryonic cell migration in vivo. We look at the physical basis of the classical steps of cell migration such as protrusion formation and cell body translocation and review the recent research on how these processes work in the complex 3D microenvironment of a developing organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deannah G Blackley
- Warwick Medical School and Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jack H Cooper
- Warwick Medical School and Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Paulina Pokorska
- Warwick Medical School and Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Aparna Ratheesh
- Warwick Medical School and Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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41
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Linklater ES, Duncan ED, Han KJ, Kaupinis A, Valius M, Lyons TR, Prekeris R. Rab40-Cullin5 complex regulates EPLIN and actin cytoskeleton dynamics during cell migration. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212111. [PMID: 33999101 PMCID: PMC8129794 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202008060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab40b is a SOCS box–containing protein that regulates the secretion of MMPs to facilitate extracellular matrix remodeling during cell migration. Here, we show that Rab40b interacts with Cullin5 via the Rab40b SOCS domain. We demonstrate that loss of Rab40b–Cullin5 binding decreases cell motility and invasive potential and show that defective cell migration and invasion stem from alteration to the actin cytoskeleton, leading to decreased invadopodia formation, decreased actin dynamics at the leading edge, and an increase in stress fibers. We also show that these stress fibers anchor at less dynamic, more stable focal adhesions. Mechanistically, changes in the cytoskeleton and focal adhesion dynamics are mediated in part by EPLIN, which we demonstrate to be a binding partner of Rab40b and a target for Rab40b–Cullin5-dependent localized ubiquitylation and degradation. Thus, we propose a model where Rab40b–Cullin5-dependent ubiquitylation regulates EPLIN localization to promote cell migration and invasion by altering focal adhesion and cytoskeletal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Linklater
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Emily D Duncan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Ke-Jun Han
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Algirdas Kaupinis
- Proteomics Center, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University Life Sciences Center, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Valius
- Proteomics Center, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University Life Sciences Center, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Traci R Lyons
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Aurora, CO
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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Espina JA, Marchant CL, Barriga EH. Durotaxis: the mechanical control of directed cell migration. FEBS J 2021; 289:2736-2754. [PMID: 33811732 PMCID: PMC9292038 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Directed cell migration is essential for cells to efficiently migrate in physiological and pathological processes. While migrating in their native environment, cells interact with multiple types of cues, such as mechanical and chemical signals. The role of chemical guidance via chemotaxis has been studied in the past, the understanding of mechanical guidance of cell migration via durotaxis remained unclear until very recently. Nonetheless, durotaxis has become a topic of intensive research and several advances have been made in the study of mechanically guided cell migration across multiple fields. Thus, in this article we provide a state of the art about durotaxis by discussing in silico, in vitro and in vivo data. We also present insights on the general mechanisms by which cells sense, transduce and respond to environmental mechanics, to then contextualize these mechanisms in the process of durotaxis and explain how cells bias their migration in anisotropic substrates. Furthermore, we discuss what is known about durotaxis in vivo and we comment on how haptotaxis could arise from integrating durotaxis and chemotaxis in native environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Espina
- Mechanisms of Morphogenesis Lab, Gulbenkian Institute of Science (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cristian L Marchant
- Mechanisms of Morphogenesis Lab, Gulbenkian Institute of Science (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Elias H Barriga
- Mechanisms of Morphogenesis Lab, Gulbenkian Institute of Science (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal
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