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Wang L, Guo W, Tian Y, Wang J, Xu S, Shu W, Liang H, Chen M. Carboxypeptidase inhibitor Latexin (LXN) regulates intestinal organogenesis and intestinal remodeling involved in intestinal injury repair in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135129. [PMID: 39208900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The self-renewal and regeneration of intestinal epithelium are mainly driven by intestinal stem cells resided in crypts, which are crucial for rapid recovery intestinal tissue following injury. Latexin (LXN) is a highly expressed stem cell proliferation and differentiation related gene in intestinal tissue. However, it is still ambiguous whether LXN participates in intestine regeneration by regulating intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Here, we report that LXN colocalizes with Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) in intestinal crypts, and deletion of LXN upregulates the expression of Lgr5 in intestinal crypts. LXN deficiency promotes the proliferation of ISCs, thereby enhances the development of intestinal organoids. Mechanically, we show that LXN deficiency enhances the expression of Lgr5 in ISCs by activating the Yes-associated protein (YAP) and wingless (Wnt) signal pathways, thus accelerating intestinal normal growth and regeneration post-injury. In summary, these findings uncover a novel function of LXN in intestinal regeneration post-injury and intestinal organogenesis, suggesting the potential role of LXN in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Laboratory Animal Center, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Wenwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Laboratory Animal Center, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Yang Tian
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Laboratory Animal Center, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Jingzhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Laboratory Animal Center, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Laboratory Animal Center, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Wei Shu
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Laboratory Animal Center, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Laboratory Animal Center, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China.
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2
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Chen SM, Guo BJ, Feng AQ, Wang XL, Zhang SL, Miao CY. Pathways regulating intestinal stem cells and potential therapeutic targets for radiation enteropathy. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2024; 5:46. [PMID: 39388072 PMCID: PMC11467144 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-024-00211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a pivotal intervention for cancer patients, significantly impacting their treatment outcomes and survival prospects. Nevertheless, in the course of treating those with abdominal, pelvic, or retroperitoneal malignant tumors, the procedure inadvertently exposes adjacent intestinal tissues to radiation, posing risks of radiation-induced enteropathy upon reaching threshold doses. Stem cells within the intestinal crypts, through their controlled proliferation and differentiation, support the critical functions of the intestinal epithelium, ensuring efficient nutrient absorption while upholding its protective barrier properties. Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) regulation is intricately orchestrated by diverse signaling pathways, among which are the WNT, BMP, NOTCH, EGF, Hippo, Hedgehog and NF-κB, each contributing to the complex control of these cells' behavior. Complementing these pathways are additional regulators such as nutrient metabolic states, and the intestinal microbiota, all of which contribute to the fine-tuning of ISCs behavior in the intestinal crypts. It is the harmonious interplay among these signaling cascades and modulating elements that preserves the homeostasis of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), thereby ensuring the gut's overall health and function. This review delves into the molecular underpinnings of how stem cells respond in the context of radiation enteropathy, aiming to illuminate potential biological targets for therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, we have compiled a summary of several current treatment methodologies. By unraveling these mechanisms and treatment methods, we aspire to furnish a roadmap for the development of novel therapeutics, advancing our capabilities in mitigating radiation-induced intestinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, 325 Guo He Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bing-Jie Guo
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - An-Qiang Feng
- Department of Digestive Disease, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xue-Lian Wang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sai-Long Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, 325 Guo He Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, 325 Guo He Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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3
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Angelis N, Baulies A, Hubl F, Kucharska A, Kelly G, Llorian M, Boeing S, Li VSW. Loss of ARID3A perturbs intestinal epithelial proliferation-differentiation ratio and regeneration. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20232279. [PMID: 39150450 PMCID: PMC11329776 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20232279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells at the crypt divide and give rise to progenitor cells that proliferate and differentiate into various mature cell types in the transit-amplifying (TA) zone. Here, we showed that the transcription factor ARID3A regulates intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation at the TA progenitors. ARID3A forms an expression gradient from the villus tip to the upper crypt mediated by TGF-β and WNT. Intestinal-specific deletion of Arid3a reduces crypt proliferation, predominantly in TA cells. Bulk and single-cell transcriptomic analysis shows increased enterocyte and reduced secretory differentiation in the Arid3a cKO intestine, accompanied by enriched upper-villus gene signatures of both cell lineages. We find that the enhanced epithelial differentiation in the Arid3a-deficient intestine is caused by increased binding and transcription of HNF1 and HNF4. Finally, we show that loss of Arid3a impairs irradiation-induced regeneration with sustained cell death and reprogramming. Our findings imply that Arid3a functions to fine-tune the proliferation-differentiation dynamics at the TA progenitors, which are essential for injury-induced regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Angelis
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute , London, UK
| | - Anna Baulies
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute , London, UK
| | - Florian Hubl
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute , London, UK
| | - Anna Kucharska
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute , London, UK
| | - Gavin Kelly
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute , London, UK
| | - Miriam Llorian
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute , London, UK
| | - Stefan Boeing
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute , London, UK
| | - Vivian S W Li
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute , London, UK
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4
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Kumari B, Tiwari A, Meena S, Ahirwar DK. Inflammation-Associated Stem Cells in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Their Utility as Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:3134. [PMID: 39335106 PMCID: PMC11429849 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16183134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are critical for the development and homeostasis of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Inflammatory molecules are known to regulate the activity of stem cells. A comprehensive review specifically describing the role of inflammatory molecules in the regulation of stem cells within the GI tract and in GI cancers (GICs) is not available. This review focuses on understanding the role of inflammatory molecules and stem cells in maintaining homeostasis of the GI tract. We further discuss how inflammatory conditions contribute to the transformation of stem cells into tumor-initiating cells. We also describe the molecular mechanisms of inflammation and stem cell-driven progression and metastasis of GICs. Furthermore, we report on studies describing the prognostic value of cancer stem cells and the clinical trials evaluating their therapeutic utility. This review provides a detailed overview on the role of inflammatory molecules and stem cells in maintaining GI tract homeostasis and their implications for GI-related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beauty Kumari
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342030, Rajasthan, India; (B.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Aniket Tiwari
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342030, Rajasthan, India; (B.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Sakshi Meena
- School of Life Sciences, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya Indore, Indore 452001, Madhya Pradesh, India;
| | - Dinesh Kumar Ahirwar
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342030, Rajasthan, India; (B.K.); (A.T.)
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Wallbank BA, Pardy RD, Brodsky IE, Hunter CA, Striepen B. Cryptosporidium impacts epithelial turnover and is resistant to induced death of the host cell. mBio 2024; 15:e0172024. [PMID: 38995074 PMCID: PMC11323733 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01720-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection with the apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of diarrheal disease. Cryptosporidiosis is of particular importance in infants and shows a strong association with malnutrition, both as a risk factor and as a consequence. Cryptosporidium invades and replicates within the small intestine epithelial cells. This is a highly dynamic tissue that is developmentally stratified along the villus axis. New cells emerge from a stem cell niche in the crypt and differentiate into mature epithelial cells while moving toward the villus tip, where they are ultimately shed. Here, we studied the impact of Cryptosporidium infection on this dynamic architecture. Tracing DNA synthesis in pulse-chase experiments in vivo, we quantified the genesis and migration of epithelial cells along the villus. We found proliferation and epithelial migration to be elevated in response to Cryptosporidium infection. Infection also resulted in significant cell loss documented by imaging and molecular assays. Consistent with these observations, single-cell RNA sequencing of infected intestines showed a gain of young and a loss of mature cells. Interestingly, enhanced epithelial cell loss was not a function of enhanced apoptosis of infected cells. To the contrary, Cryptosporidium-infected cells were less likely to be apoptotic than bystanders, and experiments in tissue culture demonstrated that infection provided enhanced resistance to chemically induced apoptosis to the host but not bystander cells. Overall, this study suggests that Cryptosporidium may modulate cell apoptosis and documents pronounced changes in tissue homeostasis due to parasite infection, which may contribute to its long-term impact on the developmental and nutritional state of children. IMPORTANCE The intestine must balance its roles in digestion and nutrient absorption with the maintenance of an effective barrier to colonization and breach by numerous potential pathogens. An important component of this balance is its constant turnover, which is modulated by a gain of cells due to proliferation and loss due to death or extrusion. Here, we report that Cryptosporidium infection changes the dynamics of this process increasing both gain and loss of enterocytes speeding up the villus elevator. This leads to a much more immature epithelium and a reduction of the number of those cells typically found toward the villus apex best equipped to take up key nutrients including carbohydrates and lipids. These changes in the cellular architecture and physiology of the small intestine may be linked to the profound association between cryptosporidiosis and malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan A. Wallbank
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan D. Pardy
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Igor E. Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher A. Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Boris Striepen
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Yan J, Racaud-Sultan C, Pezier T, Edir A, Rolland C, Claverie C, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Olivier M, Velge P, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Vergnolle N, Wiedemann A. Intestinal organoids to model Salmonella infection and its impact on progenitors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15160. [PMID: 38956132 PMCID: PMC11219929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65485-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to survive and replicate, Salmonella has evolved mechanisms to gain access to intestinal epithelial cells of the crypt. However, the impact of Salmonella Typhimurium on stem cells and progenitors, which are responsible for the ability of the intestinal epithelium to renew and protect itself, remains unclear. Given that intestinal organoids growth is sustained by stem cells and progenitors activity, we have used this model to document the effects of Salmonella Typhimurium infection on epithelial proliferation and differentiation, and compared it to an in vivo model of Salmonella infection in mice. Among gut segments, the caecum was preferentially targeted by Salmonella. Analysis of infected crypts and organoids demonstrated increased length and size, respectively. mRNA transcription profiles of infected crypts and organoids pointed to upregulated EGFR-dependent signals, associated with a decrease in secretory cell lineage differentiation. To conclude, we show that organoids are suited to mimic the impact of Salmonella on stem cells and progenitors cells, carrying a great potential to drastically reduce the use of animals for scientific studies on that topic. In both models, the EGFR pathway, crucial to stem cells and progenitors proliferation and differentiation, is dysregulated by Salmonella, suggesting that repeated infections might have consequences on crypt integrity and further oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yan
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Claire Racaud-Sultan
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Tiffany Pezier
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anissa Edir
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Rolland
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Coralie Claverie
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- Plateforme IBISA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Michel Olivier
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Philippe Velge
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Agnès Wiedemann
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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7
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Kuo CH, Wu LL, Chen HP, Yu J, Wu CY. Direct effects of alcohol on gut-epithelial barrier: Unraveling the disruption of physical and chemical barrier of the gut-epithelial barrier that compromises the host-microbiota interface upon alcohol exposure. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 39:1247-1255. [PMID: 38509796 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The development of alcohol-associated diseases is multifactorial, mechanism of which involves metabolic alteration, dysregulated immune response, and a perturbed intestinal host-environment interface. Emerging evidence has pinpointed the critical role of the intestinal host-microbiota interaction in alcohol-induced injuries, suggesting its contribution to disease initiation and development. To maintain homeostasis in the gut, the intestinal mucosa serves as the first-line defense against exogenous factors in the gastrointestinal tract, including dietary contents and the commensal microbiota. The gut-epithelial barrier comprises a physical barrier lined with a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells and a chemical barrier with mucus trapping host regulatory factors and gut commensal bacteria. In this article, we review recent studies pertaining to the disrupted gut-epithelial barrier upon alcohol exposure and examine how alcohol and its metabolism can affect the regulatory ability of intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hao Kuo
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Health Innovation Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Microbiota Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ping Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Translational Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun-Ying Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Health Innovation Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Microbiota Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Translational Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Larue AEM, Atlasi Y. The epigenetic landscape in intestinal stem cells and its deregulation in colorectal cancer. Stem Cells 2024; 42:509-525. [PMID: 38597726 PMCID: PMC11177158 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms play a pivotal role in controlling gene expression and cellular plasticity in both normal physiology and pathophysiological conditions. These mechanisms are particularly important in the regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, both in embryonic development and within adult tissues. A prime example of this finely tuned epigenetic control is observed in the gastrointestinal lining, where the small intestine undergoes renewal approximately every 3-5 days. How various epigenetic mechanisms modulate chromatin functions in intestinal stem cells (ISCs) is currently an active area of research. In this review, we discuss the main epigenetic mechanisms that control ISC differentiation under normal homeostasis. Furthermore, we explore the dysregulation of these mechanisms in the context of colorectal cancer (CRC) development. By outlining the main epigenetic mechanisms contributing to CRC, we highlight the recent therapeutics development and future directions for colorectal cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle E M Larue
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
| | - Yaser Atlasi
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
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9
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Verma S, Lin X, Coulson-Thomas VJ. The Potential Reversible Transition between Stem Cells and Transient-Amplifying Cells: The Limbal Epithelial Stem Cell Perspective. Cells 2024; 13:748. [PMID: 38727284 PMCID: PMC11083486 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) undergo asymmetric division, producing transit-amplifying cells (TACs) with increased proliferative potential that move into tissues and ultimately differentiate into a specialized cell type. Thus, TACs represent an intermediary state between stem cells and differentiated cells. In the cornea, a population of stem cells resides in the limbal region, named the limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs). As LESCs proliferate, they generate TACs that move centripetally into the cornea and differentiate into corneal epithelial cells. Upon limbal injury, research suggests a population of progenitor-like cells that exists within the cornea can move centrifugally into the limbus, where they dedifferentiate into LESCs. Herein, we summarize recent advances made in understanding the mechanism that governs the differentiation of LESCs into TACs, and thereafter, into corneal epithelial cells. We also outline the evidence in support of the existence of progenitor-like cells in the cornea and whether TACs could represent a population of cells with progenitor-like capabilities within the cornea. Furthermore, to gain further insights into the dynamics of TACs in the cornea, we outline the most recent findings in other organ systems that support the hypothesis that TACs can dedifferentiate into SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Verma
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204, USA;
- Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110078, India
| | - Xiao Lin
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204, USA;
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10
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Ran R, Muñoz Briones J, Jena S, Anderson NL, Olson MR, Green LN, Brubaker DK. Detailed survey of an in vitro intestinal epithelium model by single-cell transcriptomics. iScience 2024; 27:109383. [PMID: 38523788 PMCID: PMC10959667 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The co-culture of two adult human colorectal cancer cell lines, Caco-2 and HT29, on Transwell is commonly used as an in vitro gut mimic, yet the translatability of insights from such a system to adult human physiological contexts is not fully characterized. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing on the co-culture to obtain a detailed survey of cell type heterogeneity in the system and conducted a holistic comparison with human physiology. We identified the intestinal stem cell-, transit amplifying-, enterocyte-, goblet cell-, and enteroendocrine-like cells in the system. In general, the co-culture was fetal intestine-like, with less variety of gene expression compared to the adult human gut. Transporters for major types of nutrients were found in the majority of the enterocytes-like cells in the system. TLR 4 was not expressed in the sample, indicating that the co-culture model is incapable of mimicking the innate immune aspect of the human epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ran
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Javier Muñoz Briones
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Smrutiti Jena
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Nicole L. Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Matthew R. Olson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Leopold N. Green
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Douglas K. Brubaker
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- The Blood, Heart, Lung, and Immunology Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
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11
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Li F, Wang Z, Cao Y, Pei B, Luo X, Liu J, Ge P, Luo Y, Ma S, Chen H. Intestinal Mucosal Immune Barrier: A Powerful Firewall Against Severe Acute Pancreatitis-Associated Acute Lung Injury via the Gut-Lung Axis. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:2173-2193. [PMID: 38617383 PMCID: PMC11016262 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s448819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis-associated acute lung injury (SAP-ALI), which is the leading cause of mortality among hospitalized patients in the intensive care unit, remains incompletely elucidated. The intestinal mucosal immune barrier is a crucial component of the intestinal epithelial barrier, and its aberrant activation contributes to the induction of sustained pro-inflammatory immune responses, paradoxical intercellular communication, and bacterial translocation. In this review, we firstly provide a comprehensive overview of the composition of the intestinal mucosal immune barrier and its pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of SAP-ALI. Secondly, the mechanisms of its crosstalk with gut microbiota, which is called gut-lung axis, and its effect on SAP-ALI were summarized. Finally, a number of drugs that could enhance the intestinal mucosal immune barrier and exhibit potential anti-SAP-ALI activities were presented, including probiotics, glutamine, enteral nutrition, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The aim is to offer a theoretical framework based on the perspective of the intestinal mucosal immune barrier to protect against SAP-ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengjian Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinan Cao
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Boliang Pei
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Luo
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Ge
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yalan Luo
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shurong Ma
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hailong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Windhaber C, Heckl A, Csukovich G, Pratscher B, Burgener IA, Biermann N, Dengler F. A matter of differentiation: equine enteroids as a model for the in vivo intestinal epithelium. Vet Res 2024; 55:30. [PMID: 38493107 PMCID: PMC10943904 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial damage due to gastrointestinal disorders frequently causes severe disease in horses. To study the underlying pathophysiological processes, we aimed to establish equine jejunum and colon enteroids (eqJE, eqCE) mimicking the in vivo epithelium. Therefore, enteroids were cultivated in four different media for differentiation and subsequently characterized histomorphologically, on mRNA and on protein level in comparison to the native epithelium of the same donor horses to identify ideal culture conditions for an in vitro model system. With increasing enterocyte differentiation, the enteroids showed a reduced growth rate as well as a predominantly spherical morphology and less budding compared to enteroids in proliferation medium. Combined or individual withdrawal of stem cell niche pathway components resulted in lower mRNA expression levels of stem cell markers and concomitant differentiation of enterocytes, goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells. For eqCE, withdrawal of Wnt alone was sufficient for the generation of differentiated enterocytes with a close resemblance to the in vivo epithelium. Combined removal of Wnt, R-spondin and Noggin and the addition of DAPT stimulated differentiation of eqJE at a similar level as the in vivo epithelium, particularly with regard to enterocytes. In summary, we successfully defined a medium composition that promotes the formation of eqJE and eqCE consisting of multiple cell types and resembling the in vivo epithelium. Our findings emphasize the importance of adapting culture conditions to the respective species and the intestinal segment. This in vitro model will be used to investigate the pathological mechanisms underlying equine gastrointestinal disorders in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Windhaber
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Heckl
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Csukovich
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Pratscher
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan Anton Burgener
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nora Biermann
- Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Dengler
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Danan CH, Naughton KE, Hayer KE, Vellappan S, McMillan EA, Zhou Y, Matsuda R, Nettleford SK, Katada K, Parham LR, Ma X, Chowdhury A, Wilkins BJ, Shah P, Weitzman MD, Hamilton KE. Intestinal transit-amplifying cells require METTL3 for growth factor signaling and cell survival. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e171657. [PMID: 37883185 PMCID: PMC10795831 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.171657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial transit-amplifying cells are essential stem progenitors required for intestinal homeostasis, but their rapid proliferation renders them vulnerable to DNA damage from radiation and chemotherapy. Despite these cells' critical roles in intestinal homeostasis and disease, few studies have described genes that are essential to transit-amplifying cell function. We report that RNA methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) is required for survival of transit-amplifying cells in the murine small intestine. Transit-amplifying cell death after METTL3 deletion was associated with crypt and villus atrophy, loss of absorptive enterocytes, and uniform wasting and death in METTL3-depleted mice. Sequencing of polysome-bound and methylated RNAs in enteroids and in vivo demonstrated decreased translation of hundreds of methylated transcripts after METTL3 deletion, particularly transcripts involved in growth factor signal transduction such as Kras. Further investigation verified a relationship between METTL3 and Kras methylation and protein levels in vivo. Our study identifies METTL3 as an essential factor supporting the homeostasis of small intestinal tissue via direct maintenance of transit-amplifying cell survival. We highlight the crucial role of RNA modifications in regulating growth factor signaling in the intestine with important implications for both homeostatic tissue renewal and epithelial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H. Danan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine; and
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kaitlyn E. Naughton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Katharina E. Hayer
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sangeevan Vellappan
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology and
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Emily A. McMillan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Yusen Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rina Matsuda
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, and
| | - Shaneice K. Nettleford
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Kay Katada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Louis R. Parham
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xianghui Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Afrah Chowdhury
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Benjamin J. Wilkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Premal Shah
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Matthew D. Weitzman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Yuan T, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Guo Y, Fan S. Single-cell RNA sequencing of intestinal crypts reveals vital events in damage repair and the double-edged sword effect of the Wnt3/β-catenin pathway in irradiated mice. Redox Biol 2023; 68:102942. [PMID: 37918127 PMCID: PMC10638071 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we executed single-cell RNA sequencing of intestinal crypts. We analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at different time points (the first, third, and fifth days) after 13 Gy and 15 Gy abdominal body radiation (ABR) exposure and then executed gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, RNA velocity analysis, cell communication analysis, and ligand‒receptor interaction analysis to explore the vital events in damage repair and the multiple effects of the Wnt3/β-catenin pathway on irradiated mice. Results from bioinformatics analysis were confirmed by a series of biological experiments. Results showed that the antibacterial response is a vital event during the damage response process after 13 Gy ABR exposure; ionizing radiation (IR) induced high heterogeneity in the transient amplification (TA) cluster, which may differentiate into mature cells and stem cells in irradiated small intestine (SI) crypts. Conducting an enrichment analysis of the DEGs between mice exposed to 13 Gy and 15 Gy ABR, we concluded that the Wnt3/β-catenin and MIF-CD74/CD44 signaling pathways may contribute to 15 Gy ABR-induced mouse death. Wnt3/β-catenin promotes the recovery of irradiated SI stem/progenitor cells, which may trigger macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) release to further repair IR-induced SI injury; however, with the increase in radiation dose, activation of CD44 on macrophages provides the receptor for MIF signal transduction, initiating the inflammatory cascade response and ultimately causing a cytokine release syndrome. In contrast to previous research, we confirmed that inhibition of the Wnt3/β-catenin pathway or blockade of CD44 on the second day after 15 Gy ABR may significantly protect against ABR-induced death. This study indicates that the Wnt3/β-catenin pathway plays multiple roles in damage repair after IR exposure; we also propose a novel point that the interaction between intestinal crypt stem cells (ISCs) and macrophages through the MIF-CD74/CD44 axis may exacerbate SI damage in irradiated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, 300192, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yue Zhao
- Annoroad Gene Technology (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Saijun Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, 300192, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Lee IS, Van Dyken SJ. Both Horatio and Polonius: Innate Lymphoid Cells in Tissue Homeostasis and Repair. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:729-736. [PMID: 37916861 PMCID: PMC10695417 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have emerged as critical tissue-resident lymphocytes that coordinate responses to environmental stress and injury. Traditionally, their function was thought to mirror adaptive lymphocytes that respond to specific pathogens. However, recent work has uncovered a more central role for ILCs in maintaining homeostasis even in the absence of infection. ILCs are now better conceptualized as an environmental rheostat that helps maintain the local tissue setpoint during environmental challenge by integrating sensory stimuli to direct homeostatic barrier and repair programs. In this article, we trace the developmental origins of ILCs, relate how ILCs sense danger signals, and describe their subsequent engagement of appropriate repair responses using a general paradigm of ILCs functioning as central controllers in tissue circuits. We propose that these interactions form the basis for how ILC subsets maintain organ function and organismal homeostasis, with important implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intelly S. Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Steven J. Van Dyken
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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16
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Mamis K, Zhang R, Bozic I. Stochastic model for cell population dynamics quantifies homeostasis in colonic crypts and its disruption in early tumorigenesis. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231020. [PMID: 37848058 PMCID: PMC10581771 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The questions of how healthy colonic crypts maintain their size, and how homeostasis is disrupted by driver mutations, are central to understanding colorectal tumorigenesis. We propose a three-type stochastic branching process, which accounts for stem, transit-amplifying (TA) and fully differentiated (FD) cells, to model the dynamics of cell populations residing in colonic crypts. Our model is simple in its formulation, allowing us to estimate all but one of the model parameters from the literature. Fitting the single remaining parameter, we find that model results agree well with data from healthy human colonic crypts, capturing the considerable variance in population sizes observed experimentally. Importantly, our model predicts a steady-state population in healthy colonic crypts for relevant parameter values. We show that APC and KRAS mutations, the most significant early alterations leading to colorectal cancer, result in increased steady-state populations in mutated crypts, in agreement with experimental results. Finally, our model predicts a simple condition for unbounded growth of cells in a crypt, corresponding to colorectal malignancy. This is predicted to occur when the division rate of TA cells exceeds their differentiation rate, with implications for therapeutic cancer prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Mamis
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ruibo Zhang
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ivana Bozic
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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17
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Jeong H, Park J, Kang JH, Sabaté del Río J, Kong S, Park T. Organoid-Based Human Stomach Micro-Physiological System to Recapitulate the Dynamic Mucosal Defense Mechanism. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300164. [PMID: 37525340 PMCID: PMC10520631 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Several stomach diseases are attributed to the dysregulation of physiological function of gastric mucosal barrier by pathogens. Gastric organoids are a promising tool to develop treatment strategies for gastric infections. However, their functional features of in vivo gastric mucosal barrier and host-microbe interactions are limited due to the lack of physiological stimuli. Herein, a human stomach micro-physiological system (hsMPS) with physiologically relevant gastric mucosal defense system is described based on the combination of organoid and MPS technology. A fluid flow enhanced epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in the hsMPS enables functional maturation of gastric epithelial cells, which allows for the recreation of mesh-like mucus layer containing high level of mucus protective peptides and well-developed epithelial junctional complexes. Furthermore, gastroprotection mechanisms against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are successfully demonstrated in this system. Therefore, hsMPS represents a new in vitro tool for research where gastric mucosal defense mechanism is pivotal for developing therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye‐Jin Jeong
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsan44919Republic of Korea
| | - Ji‐Hyeon Park
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University HospitalSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Republic of Korea
- Department of SurgeryGachon University Gil Medical CenterIncheon21565Republic of Korea
| | - Joo H. Kang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsan44919Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan Sabaté del Río
- Center for Soft and Living MatterInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Ulsan44919Republic of Korea
| | - Seong‐Ho Kong
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University HospitalSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Republic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Eun Park
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsan44919Republic of Korea
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18
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Zheng X, Betjes MA, Ender P, Goos YJ, Huelsz-Prince G, Clevers H, van Zon JS, Tans SJ. Organoid cell fate dynamics in space and time. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd6480. [PMID: 37595032 PMCID: PMC10438469 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add6480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Organoids are a major new tool to study tissue renewal. However, characterizing the underlying differentiation dynamics remains challenging. Here, we developed TypeTracker, which identifies cell fates by AI-enabled cell tracking and propagating end point fates back along the branched lineage trees. Cells that ultimately migrate to the villus commit to their new type early, when still deep inside the crypt, with important consequences: (i) Secretory cells commit before terminal division, with secretory fates emerging symmetrically in sister cells. (ii) Different secretory types descend from distinct stem cell lineages rather than an omnipotent secretory progenitor. (iii) The ratio between secretory and absorptive cells is strongly affected by proliferation after commitment. (iv) Spatial patterning occurs after commitment through type-dependent cell rearrangements. This "commit-then-sort" model contrasts with the conventional conveyor belt picture, where cells differentiate by moving up the crypt-villus axis and hence raises new questions about the underlying commitment and sorting mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, Netherlands
| | | | - Sander J Tans
- Bionanoscience Department, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
- AMOLF, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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19
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Cancedda R, Mastrogiacomo M. Transit Amplifying Cells (TACs): a still not fully understood cell population. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1189225. [PMID: 37229487 PMCID: PMC10203484 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1189225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of tissue homeostasis and tissue regeneration after an insult are essential functions of adult stem cells (SCs). In adult tissues, SCs proliferate at a very slow rate within "stem cell niches", but, during tissue development and regeneration, before giving rise to differentiated cells, they give rise to multipotent and highly proliferative cells, known as transit-amplifying cells (TACs). Although differences exist in diverse tissues, TACs are not only a transitory phase from SCs to post-mitotic cells, but they also actively control proliferation and number of their ancestor SCs and proliferation and differentiation of their progeny toward tissue specific functional cells. Autocrine signals and negative and positive feedback and feedforward paracrine signals play a major role in these controls. In the present review we will consider the generation and the role played by TACs during development and regeneration of lining epithelia characterized by a high turnover including epidermis and hair follicles, ocular epithelial surfaces, and intestinal mucosa. A comparison between these different tissues will be made. There are some genes and molecular pathways whose expression and activation are common to most TACs regardless their tissue of origin. These include, among others, Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog and BMP pathways. However, the response to these molecular signals can vary in TACs of different tissues. Secondly, we will consider cultured cells derived from tissues of mesodermal origin and widely adopted for cell therapy treatments. These include mesenchymal stem cells and dedifferentiated chondrocytes. The possible correlation between cell dedifferentiation and reversion to a transit amplifying cell stage will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranieri Cancedda
- Emeritus Professor, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maddalena Mastrogiacomo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche (DIMI), Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
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20
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Danan CH, Naughton KE, Hayer KE, Vellappan S, McMillan EA, Zhou Y, Matsuda R, Nettleford SK, Katada K, Parham LR, Ma X, Chowdhury A, Wilkins BJ, Shah P, Weitzman MD, Hamilton KE. Intestinal transit amplifying cells require METTL3 for growth factor signaling, KRAS expression, and cell survival. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.06.535853. [PMID: 37066277 PMCID: PMC10104132 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.06.535853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial transit amplifying cells are essential stem progenitors required for intestinal homeostasis, but their rapid proliferation renders them vulnerable to DNA damage from radiation and chemotherapy. Despite their critical roles in intestinal homeostasis and disease, few studies have described genes that are essential to transit amplifying cell function. We report that the RNA methyltransferase, METTL3, is required for survival of transit amplifying cells in the murine small intestine. Transit amplifying cell death after METTL3 deletion was associated with crypt and villus atrophy, loss of absorptive enterocytes, and uniform wasting and death in METTL3-depleted mice. Ribosome profiling and sequencing of methylated RNAs in enteroids and in vivo demonstrated decreased translation of hundreds of unique methylated transcripts after METTL3 deletion, particularly transcripts involved in growth factor signal transduction such as Kras. Further investigation confirmed a novel relationship between METTL3 and Kras methylation and protein levels in vivo. Our study identifies METTL3 as an essential factor supporting the homeostasis of small intestinal tissue via direct maintenance of transit amplifying cell survival. We highlight the crucial role of RNA modifications in regulating growth factor signaling in the intestine, with important implications for both homeostatic tissue renewal and epithelial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H. Danan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Department of Pediatrics; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kaitlyn E. Naughton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Department of Pediatrics; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Katharina E. Hayer
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sangeevan Vellappan
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Emily A. McMillan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Department of Pediatrics; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yusen Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Department of Pediatrics; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Rina Matsuda
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shaneice K. Nettleford
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Department of Pediatrics; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kay Katada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Department of Pediatrics; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Louis R. Parham
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Department of Pediatrics; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xianghui Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Department of Pediatrics; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Afrah Chowdhury
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Department of Pediatrics; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Wilkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Premal Shah
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Matthew D. Weitzman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Department of Pediatrics; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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21
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Molofsky AB, Locksley RM. The ins and outs of innate and adaptive type 2 immunity. Immunity 2023; 56:704-722. [PMID: 37044061 PMCID: PMC10120575 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity is orchestrated by a canonical group of cytokines primarily produced by innate lymphoid cells, group 2, and their adaptive counterparts, CD4+ helper type 2 cells, and elaborated by myeloid cells and antibodies that accumulate in response. Here, we review the cytokine and cellular circuits that mediate type 2 immunity. Building from insights in cytokine evolution, we propose that innate type 2 immunity evolved to monitor the status of microbe-rich epithelial barriers (outside) and sterile parenchymal borders (inside) to meet the functional demands of local tissue, and, when necessary, to relay information to the adaptive immune system to reinforce demarcating borders to sustain these efforts. Allergic pathology likely results from deviations in local sustaining units caused by alterations imposed by environmental effects during postnatal developmental windows and exacerbated by mutations that increase vulnerabilities. This framework positions T2 immunity as central to sustaining tissue repair and regeneration and provides a context toward understanding allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Lab Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0451, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA.
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22
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Castillo-Azofeifa D, Wald T, Reyes EA, Gallagher A, Schanin J, Vlachos S, Lamarche-Vane N, Bomidi C, Blutt S, Estes MK, Nystul T, Klein OD. A DLG1-ARHGAP31-CDC42 axis is essential for the intestinal stem cell response to fluctuating niche Wnt signaling. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:188-206.e6. [PMID: 36640764 PMCID: PMC9922544 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A central factor in the maintenance of tissue integrity is the response of stem cells to variations in the levels of niche signals. In the gut, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) depend on Wnt ligands for self-renewal and proliferation. Transient increases in Wnt signaling promote regeneration after injury or in inflammatory bowel diseases, whereas constitutive activation of this pathway leads to colorectal cancer. Here, we report that Discs large 1 (Dlg1), although dispensable for polarity and cellular turnover during intestinal homeostasis, is required for ISC survival in the context of increased Wnt signaling. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and genetic mouse models demonstrated that DLG1 regulates the cellular response to increased canonical Wnt ligands. This occurs via the transcriptional regulation of Arhgap31, a GTPase-activating protein that deactivates CDC42, an effector of the non-canonical Wnt pathway. These findings reveal a DLG1-ARHGAP31-CDC42 axis that is essential for the ISC response to increased niche Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Castillo-Azofeifa
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tomas Wald
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Efren A Reyes
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and TETRAD Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Gallagher
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia Schanin
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Vlachos
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nathalie Lamarche-Vane
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Carolyn Bomidi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Todd Nystul
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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23
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Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Kotas ME, O'Leary CE, Singh K, Damsky W, Liao C, Arouge E, Tenvooren I, Marquez DM, Schroeder AW, Cohen JN, Fassett MS, Lee J, Daniel SG, Bittinger K, Díaz RE, Fraser JS, Ali N, Ansel KM, Spitzer MH, Liang HE, Locksley RM. Innate type 2 immunity controls hair follicle commensalism by Demodex mites. Immunity 2022; 55:1891-1908.e12. [PMID: 36044899 PMCID: PMC9561030 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Demodex mites are commensal parasites of hair follicles (HFs). Normally asymptomatic, inflammatory outgrowth of mites can accompany malnutrition, immune dysfunction, and aging, but mechanisms restricting Demodex outgrowth are not defined. Here, we show that control of mite HF colonization in mice required group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), interleukin-13 (IL-13), and its receptor, IL-4Ra-IL-13Ra1. HF-associated ILC2s elaborated IL-13 that attenuated HFs and epithelial proliferation at anagen onset; in their absence, Demodex colonization led to increased epithelial proliferation and replacement of gene programs for repair by aberrant inflammation, leading to the loss of barrier function and HF exhaustion. Humans with rhinophymatous acne rosacea, an inflammatory condition associated with Demodex, had increased HF inflammation with decreased type 2 cytokines, consistent with the inverse relationship seen in mice. Our studies uncover a key role for skin ILC2s and IL-13, which comprise an immune checkpoint that sustains cutaneous integrity and restricts pathologic infestation by colonizing HF mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto R Ricardo-Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Maya E Kotas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claire E O'Leary
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katelyn Singh
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - William Damsky
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chang Liao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Arouge
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Iliana Tenvooren
- Department of Otolaryngology and Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Diana M Marquez
- Department of Otolaryngology and Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew W Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jarish N Cohen
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marlys S Fassett
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott G Daniel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roberto Efraín Díaz
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James S Fraser
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Niwa Ali
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - K Mark Ansel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Otolaryngology and Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hong-Erh Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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24
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Wang Y, Sims CE, Allbritton NL. Human 2D Crypt Model for Assaying Intestinal Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9345-9354. [PMID: 35736812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intestine is a common site of adverse drug effects in clinical trials; thus, improved in vitro models for preclinical screening of pharmaceutical compounds are sought. A planar, self-renewing human intestinal monolayer platform based on primary adult gastrointestinal stem cells, termed the 2D crypt model, has been developed to screen for the effects of various compounds on the intestinal epithelium. The 2D crypt platform is based on a standard 12-well plate format and consists of cell culture inserts with a collagen film overlaying an impermeable film patterned with an array of micron-scale holes. This two-chamber format enables a gradient of growth factors to be applied such that the tissue self-organizes into spatially segregated stem and differentiated cell compartments. The patterned monolayer mimics a gut epithelium in possessing a stem cell niche, migrating proliferative and differentiated cells. Once established, the 2D crypts replicate many aspects of in vivo physiology, including cell migration, maturation, and apoptotic cell death. The planar geometry of the system simplifies dosing, sampling, and imaging during assay. An immunofluorescence-based assay was established to quantitatively assess cell density, proliferation, migration, viability, and the abundance and localization of postmitotic lineages as a function of time. The model was used to perform a small-scale screen of compounds, including signaling molecules, endogenous hormones/cytokines, and microbial metabolites, on tissue homeostasis. Hit compounds that significantly impacted proliferation and/or differentiation were readily identified. The 2D crypt platform represents a significant innovation in the development of microphysiological systems for emulating the gut epithelium for compound screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - Nancy L Allbritton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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25
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Hautefort I, Poletti M, Papp D, Korcsmaros T. Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Organoid-Based Models (and Never Dared to Ask). Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:311-331. [PMID: 35643188 PMCID: PMC9233279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic functions of a living tissue, such as the gastrointestinal tract, rely on highly sophisticated and finely tuned cell-to-cell interactions. These crosstalks evolve and continuously are refined as the tissue develops and give rise to specialized cells performing general and tissue-specific functions. To study these systems, stem cell-based in vitro models, often called organoids, and non-stem cell-based primary cell aggregates (called spheroids) appeared just over a decade ago. These models still are evolving and gaining complexity, making them the state-of-the-art models for studying cellular crosstalk in the gastrointestinal tract, and to investigate digestive pathologies, such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and liver diseases. However, the use of organoid- or spheroid-based models to recapitulate in vitro the highly complex structure of in vivo tissue remains challenging, and mainly restricted to expert developmental cell biologists. Here, we condense the founding knowledge and key literature information that scientists adopting the organoid technology for the first time need to consider when using these models for novel biological questions. We also include information that current organoid/spheroid users could use to add to increase the complexity to their existing models. We highlight the current and prospective evolution of these models through bridging stem cell biology with biomaterial and scaffold engineering research areas. Linking these complementary fields will increase the in vitro mimicry of in vivo tissue, and potentially lead to more successful translational biomedical applications. Deepening our understanding of the nature and dynamic fine-tuning of intercellular crosstalks will enable identifying novel signaling targets for new or repurposed therapeutics used in many multifactorial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Hautefort
- Earlham Institute, Organisms and Ecosystems Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Poletti
- Earlham Institute, Organisms and Ecosystems Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Papp
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Earlham Institute, Organisms and Ecosystems Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom; Imperial College London, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, London, United Kingdom.
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26
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Fink M, Wrana JL. Regulation of homeostasis and regeneration in the adult intestinal epithelium by the TGF-β superfamily. Dev Dyn 2022; 252:445-462. [PMID: 35611490 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The delicate balance between the homeostatic maintenance and regenerative capacity of the intestine makes this a fascinating tissue of study. The intestinal epithelium undergoes continuous homeostatic renewal but is also exposed to a diverse array of stresses that can range from physiological processes such as digestion, to exposure to infectious agents, drugs, radiation therapy, and inflammatory stimuli. The intestinal epithelium has thus evolved to efficiently maintain and reinstate proper barrier function that is essential for intestinal integrity and function. Factors governing homeostatic epithelial turnover are well described, however, the dynamic regenerative mechanisms that occur following injury are the subject of intense ongoing investigations. The TGF-β superfamily is a key regulator of both homeostatic renewal and regenerative processes of the intestine. Here we review the roles of TGF-β and BMP on the adult intestinal epithelium during self-renewal and injury to provide a framework for understanding how this major family of morphogens can tip the scale between intestinal health and disease. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardi Fink
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Chewing the Fat with Microbes: Lipid Crosstalk in the Gut. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030573. [PMID: 35276931 PMCID: PMC8840455 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly important for any project aimed at understanding the effects of diet on human health, to also consider the combined effect of the trillions of microbes within the gut which modify and are modified by dietary nutrients. A healthy microbiome is diverse and contributes to host health, partly via the production and subsequent host absorption of secondary metabolites. Many of the beneficial bacteria in the gut rely on specific nutrients, such as dietary fiber, to survive and thrive. In the absence of those nutrients, the relative proportion of good commensal bacteria dwindles while communities of opportunistic, and potentially pathogenic, bacteria expand. Therefore, it is unsurprising that both diet and the gut microbiome have been associated with numerous human diseases. Inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer are associated with the presence of certain pathogenic bacteria and risk increases with consumption of a Western diet, which is typically high in fat, protein, and refined carbohydrates, but low in plant-based fibers. Indeed, despite increased screening and better care, colorectal cancer is still the 2nd leading cause of cancer death in the US and is the 3rd most diagnosed cancer among US men and women. Rates are rising worldwide as diets are becoming more westernized, alongside rising rates of metabolic diseases like obesity and diabetes. Understanding how a modern diet influences the microbiota and how subsequent microbial alterations effect human health will become essential in guiding personalized nutrition and healthcare in the future. Herein, we will summarize some of the latest advances in understanding of the three-way interaction between the human host, the gut microbiome, and the specific class of dietary nutrients, lipids.
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28
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Bieber JM, Sanman LE, Sun X, Hammerlindl H, Bao F, Roth MA, Koleske ML, Huang L, Aweeka F, Wu LF, Altschuler SJ. Differential toxicity to murine small and large intestinal epithelium induced by oncology drugs. Commun Biol 2022; 5:99. [PMID: 35087225 PMCID: PMC8795448 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal toxicity is a major concern in the development of drugs. Here, we establish the ability to use murine small and large intestine-derived monolayers to screen drugs for toxicity. As a proof-of-concept, we applied this system to assess gastrointestinal toxicity of ~50 clinically used oncology drugs, encompassing diverse mechanisms of action. Nearly all tested drugs had a deleterious effect on the gut, with increased sensitivity in the small intestine. The identification of differential toxicity between the small and large intestine enabled us to pinpoint differences in drug uptake (antifolates), drug metabolism (cyclophosphamide) and cell signaling (EGFR inhibitors) across the gut. These results highlight an under-appreciated distinction between small and large intestine toxicity and suggest distinct tissue properties important for modulating drug-induced gastrointestinal toxicity. The ability to accurately predict where and how drugs affect the murine gut will accelerate preclinical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake M Bieber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Laura E Sanman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Heinz Hammerlindl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Feng Bao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Maike A Roth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Megan L Koleske
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Liusheng Huang
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Fran Aweeka
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Lani F Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Steven J Altschuler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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29
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Probiotics in Intestinal Mucosal Healing: A New Therapy or an Old Friend? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111181. [PMID: 34832962 PMCID: PMC8622522 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis are characterized by chronic and relapsing inflammation, while their pathogenesis remains mostly unelucidated. Gut commensal microbiota seem to be one of the various implicated factors, as several studies have shown a significant decrease in the microbiome diversity of patients with IBD. Although the question of whether microbiota dysbiosis is a causal factor or the result of chronic inflammation remains unanswered, one fact is clear; active inflammation in IBD results in the disruption of the mucus layer structure, barrier function, and also, colonization sites. Recently, many studies on IBD have been focusing on the interplay between mucosal and luminal microbiota, underlining their possible beneficial effect on mucosal healing. Regarding this notion, it has now been shown that specific probiotic strains, when administrated, lead to significantly decreased inflammation, amelioration of colitis, and improved mucosal healing. Probiotics are live microorganisms exerting beneficial effects on the host’s health when administered in adequate quantity. The aim of this review was to present and discuss the current findings on the role of gut microbiota and their metabolites in intestinal wound healing and the effects of probiotics on intestinal mucosal wound closure.
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30
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Capdevila C, Trifas M, Miller J, Anderson T, Sims PA, Yan KS. Cellular origins and lineage relationships of the intestinal epithelium. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G413-G425. [PMID: 34431400 PMCID: PMC8560372 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00188.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the development and hierarchical organization of tissues is key to understanding how they are perturbed in injury and disease, as well as how they may be therapeutically manipulated to restore homeostasis. The rapidly regenerating intestinal epithelium harbors diverse cell types and their lineage relationships have been studied using numerous approaches, from classical label-retaining and genetic lineage tracing methods to novel transcriptome-based annotations. Here, we describe the developmental trajectories that dictate differentiation and lineage specification in the intestinal epithelium. We focus on the most recent single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq)-based strategies for understanding intestinal epithelial cell lineage relationships, underscoring how they have refined our view of the development of this tissue and highlighting their advantages and limitations. We emphasize how these technologies have been applied to understand the dynamics of intestinal epithelial cells in homeostatic and injury-induced regeneration models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Capdevila
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Maria Trifas
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan Miller
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Troy Anderson
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Kelley S Yan
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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31
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Sommer K, Wiendl M, Müller TM, Heidbreder K, Voskens C, Neurath MF, Zundler S. Intestinal Mucosal Wound Healing and Barrier Integrity in IBD-Crosstalk and Trafficking of Cellular Players. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:643973. [PMID: 33834033 PMCID: PMC8021701 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.643973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier is carrying out two major functions: restricting the entry of potentially harmful substances while on the other hand allowing the selective passage of nutrients. Thus, an intact epithelial barrier is vital to preserve the integrity of the host and to prevent development of disease. Vice versa, an impaired intestinal epithelial barrier function is a hallmark in the development and perpetuation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Besides a multitude of genetic, molecular and cellular alterations predisposing for or driving barrier dysintegrity in IBD, the appearance of intestinal mucosal wounds is a characteristic event of intestinal inflammation apparently inducing breakdown of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Upon injury, the intestinal mucosa undergoes a wound healing process counteracting this breakdown, which is controlled by complex mechanisms such as epithelial restitution, proliferation and differentiation, but also immune cells like macrophages, granulocytes and lymphocytes. Consequently, the repair of mucosal wounds is dependent on a series of events including coordinated trafficking of immune cells to dedicated sites and complex interactions among the cellular players and other mediators involved. Therefore, a better understanding of the crosstalk between epithelial and immune cells as well as cell trafficking during intestinal wound repair is necessary for the development of improved future therapies. In this review, we summarize current concepts on intestinal mucosal wound healing introducing the main cellular mediators and their interplay as well as their trafficking characteristics, before finally discussing the clinical relevance and translational approaches to therapeutically target this process in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Sommer
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Wiendl
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tanja M Müller
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karin Heidbreder
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Caroline Voskens
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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