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Alemany M. The Metabolic Syndrome, a Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2251. [PMID: 38396928 PMCID: PMC10888680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the question of metabolic syndrome (MS) being a complex, but essentially monophyletic, galaxy of associated diseases/disorders, or just a syndrome of related but rather independent pathologies. The human nature of MS (its exceptionality in Nature and its close interdependence with human action and evolution) is presented and discussed. The text also describes the close interdependence of its components, with special emphasis on the description of their interrelations (including their syndromic development and recruitment), as well as their consequences upon energy handling and partition. The main theories on MS's origin and development are presented in relation to hepatic steatosis, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, but encompass most of the MS components described so far. The differential effects of sex and its biological consequences are considered under the light of human social needs and evolution, which are also directly related to MS epidemiology, severity, and relations with senescence. The triggering and maintenance factors of MS are discussed, with especial emphasis on inflammation, a complex process affecting different levels of organization and which is a critical element for MS development. Inflammation is also related to the operation of connective tissue (including the adipose organ) and the widely studied and acknowledged influence of diet. The role of diet composition, including the transcendence of the anaplerotic maintenance of the Krebs cycle from dietary amino acid supply (and its timing), is developed in the context of testosterone and β-estradiol control of the insulin-glycaemia hepatic core system of carbohydrate-triacylglycerol energy handling. The high probability of MS acting as a unique complex biological control system (essentially monophyletic) is presented, together with additional perspectives/considerations on the treatment of this 'very' human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marià Alemany
- Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Sugimoto K, Yamada T, Kitazawa A, Fukuda Y. Metabolic syndrome and depression: evidence from a cross-sectional study of real-world data in Japan. Environ Health Prev Med 2024; 29:33. [PMID: 38960635 PMCID: PMC11240112 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.23-00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both metabolic syndrome (MetS) and depression are high priority health problems, especially for working age. Numerous studies have explored the link between metabolic syndrome and depression; however, not all of them have consistently demonstrated an association. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between MetS and depression by analyzing extensive real-world data (RWD). METHODS Our data was drawn from insurance claims and health checkups of local government officials across all prefectures in Japan except for Tokyo in the 2019 fiscal year. According to the number of months with diagnosis of depression and prescription of antidepressants, the study participants were classified into the following categories: Certainly not Depression (CN), Possibly not Depression (PN), Possible Depression (PD), and Certain Depression (CD). Associations between MetS and its components-visceral obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes- and these categories of depression were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS The depression categories of the 130,059 participants were as follows: CN 85.2%; PN 6.9%; PD 3.9%; and CD 4.1%. For men, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for MetS were PN 0.94 (95% CI: 0.86-1.02), PD 1.31 (1.19-1.43), and CD 1.63 (1.50-1.76), with reference to CN. For women, AOR of MetS were PN 1.10 (0.91-1.32), PD 1.54 (1.24-1.91), and CD 2.24 (1.81-2.78). Among the MetS components, visceral obesity, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes were significantly associated with depression categories. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found a significant association between MetS and depression, this association being similar to that previously reported. Our findings provide robust evidence for linkage between MetS and depression, suggesting that analysis of RWD is useful for providing concrete evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Sugimoto
- Teikyo University Graduate School of Public Health, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamada
- Teikyo University Graduate School of Public Health, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kitazawa
- Teikyo University Graduate School of Public Health, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Fukuda
- Teikyo University Graduate School of Public Health, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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Mehdi S, Wani SUD, Krishna K, Kinattingal N, Roohi TF. A review on linking stress, depression, and insulin resistance via low-grade chronic inflammation. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 36:101571. [PMID: 37965066 PMCID: PMC10641573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is a disturbance in homeostasis caused by psychological, physiological, or environmental factors. Prolonged reactions to chronic stress can be detrimental, resulting in various metabolic abnormalities, referred to as metabolic syndrome (MS). There is a reciprocal increased risk between MS and major depressive disorder. Recent studies established an association between inflammation and insulin signaling in type 2 diabetes mellitus with depression. In the present review, we discuss chronic low-grade inflammation, pathways of insulin resistance, and brain glucose metabolism in the context of neuroinflammation and depression. Specific attention is given to psychotropic drugs such as bupropion, mirtazapine, and nefazodone, anti-inflammatory drugs like Celecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor), Etanercept, adalimumab, IL-4Ra antagonist, Anti-IL- 17A antibody (Ixekizumab) and lifestyle modifications including exercise, dietary changes, and sleep hygiene. These therapeutic solutions offer potential in treating depression by targeting metabolic conditions like insulin resistance and inflammatory pathways. The article further explains the significance of a nutrition and antioxidants-rich diet, emphasizing the role of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, zinc, and polyphenols, to improve immunity and activate anti-inflammatory signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Mehdi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore, 570 015, India
| | - Shahid Ud Din Wani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - K.L. Krishna
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore, 570 015, India
| | - Nabeel Kinattingal
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore, 570 015, India
| | - Tamsheel Fatima Roohi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore, 570 015, India
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Daches S, Vértes M, Matthews K, Dósa E, Kiss E, Baji I, Kapornai K, George CJ, Kovacs M. Metabolic syndrome among young adults at high and low familial risk for depression. Psychol Med 2023; 53:1355-1363. [PMID: 34334146 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721002907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our study examined whether the early-onset depression phenotype among young adults (probands) is associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, and if MetS characterizes unaffected but high-risk siblings of probands. METHODS We studied three groups of young adults (Mage = 25 years, s.d. = 3.84 years): probands with histories of childhood onset depression - i.e. early-onset phenotype - (n = 293), their unaffected siblings (high-risk siblings, n = 273), and healthy controls (n = 171). Participants completed a full psychiatric interview, physical and laboratory assessments, and self-rating scales. MetS was defined using the criteria of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (). RESULTS Early-onset depression phenotype and being a high-risk sibling were associated with higher MetS composite scores relative to that of controls, but did not differ from one another. With regard to MetS components: Probands and siblings had similarly larger waist circumference and lower HDL than did controls, while siblings and controls had lower triglyceride levels than did probands but did not differ from one another. Groups did not differ on glucose levels and SBP. CONCLUSIONS Our study extends the literature on the association between MetS and depression and underscores the importance of depression phenotypes: failure to account for the clinical heterogeneity of depression may partly underlie the inconsistent findings regarding its relation to MetS. The results also suggest that, in depression-prone populations, MetS may predate and possibly function as a risk factor for eventual depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimrit Daches
- Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Miklós Vértes
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Karen Matthews
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edit Dósa
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Vascular Radiology Research Group
| | - Eniko Kiss
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Baji
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Kapornai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Charles J George
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria Kovacs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Does Better Diet Quality Offset the Association between Depression and Metabolic Syndrome? Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15041060. [PMID: 36839420 PMCID: PMC9962849 DOI: 10.3390/nu15041060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that depression increases the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is often exacerbated by the fact that both exist concurrently. People with depression are more likely to have unhealthy eating habits, which can eventually trigger the development of MetS. This study was to investigate whether diet quality modifies the association between depression and MetS in a total of 13,539 Korean adults aged 19 to 80 from 2014, 2016 and 2018 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Depression was assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and subjects were divided into subgroups according to the PHQ-9 scores: normal (<5), mild (5-9), and moderate-to-severe (≥10) groups. Diet quality was measured by the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI). A complex sample multiple logistic regression stratified by tertiles of KHEI scores was used to explore whether diet quality modifies an association between depression severity and metabolic syndrome. Depression severity was positively associated with the risk of MetS (p trend = 0.006) after adjustment for potential confounders. Only the lowest diet quality, moderately-to-severely depressed group, showed a higher risk of MetS (OR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.24-2.40) compared to the normal group. Our results suggest that healthy diet quality could offset the positive relationship between depression and MetS in the general Korean adult population. Encouraging a healthy diet regime can improve not only physical health but also the mental state of the general public.
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Ji S, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Cao Y, Li X, Ding G, Tang F. Association between anxiety and metabolic syndrome: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1118836. [PMID: 36873213 PMCID: PMC9978147 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1118836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous studies have demonstrated an association between anxiety and metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the association is still controversial. This updated meta-analysis aimed to reanalyze the association between anxiety and MetS. Methods We comprehensively searched PubMed, Embase and Web of Science for all related studies published before January 23, 2023. Observational studies that informed effect size with 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between anxiety and MetS were included. According to heterogeneity between studies, fixed or random effects models were applied to calculate the pooled effect size. Publication bias was examined by funnel plots. Results The research included 24 cross-sectional studies: 20 studies used MetS as the dependent variable with a pooled OR of 1.07 (95% CI: 1.01-1.13) and four studies used anxiety as the dependent variable with a pooled OR of 1.14 (95% CI: 1.07-1.23). Three cohort studies were found: two studies detected the association of baseline anxiety with the risk of MetS, one of the studies demonstrated a significant association, but a similar result was not found in another study; one study showed no significant association between baseline MetS and the risk of anxiety. Conclusion Cross-sectional studies indicated an association between anxiety and MetS. The results from cohort studies are still inconsistent and limited. More large-scale prospective studies are needed to further reveal the causal relationship of anxiety with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ji
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Weifang Medical University and Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, China
| | - Yujiao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Weifang Medical University and Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, China
| | - Yuying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Weifang Medical University and Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, China
| | - Yiting Cao
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Weifang Medical University and Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guoyong Ding
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Weifang Medical University and Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology, Jinan, China
- Center for Big Data Research in Health and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Vaghef-Mehrabani E, Izadi A, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M. The association of depression with metabolic syndrome parameters and malondialdehyde (MDA) in obese women: A case-control study. Health Promot Perspect 2022; 11:492-497. [PMID: 35079595 PMCID: PMC8767085 DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2021.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is evidence for a bidirectional association between obesity and depression, and obesity is the main risk factor for metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to compare oxidative stress and MetS features between depressed and non-depressed obese women and study the association of depressive symptoms, oxidative stress, and components of MetS. Methods: In this case-control study conducted in Tabriz (East Azarbaijan, Iran), obese women (body mass index [BMI]: 30-40 kg/m2 ) with a primary diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD; based on diagnostic interview with a psychiatrist; n=75) and their age-matched non-depressed controls (n=150) were enrolled. Beck Depression Inventory-version II (BDI-II) was used to assess depressive symptoms in both groups. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profile and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Results: No significant differences in anthropometric parameters and blood pressure were observed between the two groups. However, FBS of the MDD group was significantly higher than the control (P <0.05). FBS was significantly correlated with BDI-II scores (r=0.158, P =0.017). No significant difference in lipid profile was observed between the groups. Serum MDA level was significantly lower in the MDD group and was inversely associated with BDI-II scores (r=-0.328, P <0.001). Overall, MDD was not significantly associated with MetS in our study (OR=0.848, 95% CI: 0.484, 1.487; P =0.566). Conclusion: Although we found a correlation between higher depressive symptoms and some adverse metabolic outcomes, our findings do not support a significant association between MDD and MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Vaghef-Mehrabani
- Postdoctoral Associate, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Azimeh Izadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrangiz Ebrahimi-Mameghani
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Alshiddi IF, Habib SR, Sattar K, Alshahrani A, Almufleh RS, Basuhail S, Andejani A. Are dentists more prone to metabolic syndrome and occupational stress? Work 2021; 70:1187-1194. [PMID: 34842205 DOI: 10.3233/wor-205134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) among dentists in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study also explored the causes of occupational stress among the participating dentists. MATERIALS & METHODS The participants included a conveniently selected sample of dentists (N = 126; Males = 65; Females = 61). The participants' anthropometric measurements/blood sample analysis were carried out and they completed a self-administered questionnaire. Data analysis included demographics, gender/age wise comparison using SPSS (p < 0.05). For the diagnosis of MS, updated criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program was applied. RESULTS Participants diagnosed with MS were 13 (10.3%), Males = 11(8.7%) and Females = 2(1.5%). Physical activity of 6 (15.8%) with MS was only 0-2 hours/week. 9 (14.5%) participants with MS declared positive family history for MS. The average systolic (117.55±11.33) and diastolic blood pressure (71.9±9.34) of the participants was found to be normal with no gender wise statistical difference. No gender wise statistical differences (p > 0.05) were observed for cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL. However, significant difference (p = 0.00) was found for the fasting glucose level (Males = 5.69±1.49; Females = 4.94±0.42). Overall mean scoring (3.00±1.11) for the stress showed that the participants fall into the average/moderate level of stress category (Males = 3.16±1.02; Females = 2.83±1.08). Almost two third (68.26%) of the participant's responded that they were under some kind of stress. CONCLUSIONS MS was found to be less frequent among the dentists working in the city of Riyadh. Overall, the dentists were under moderate level of occupational stress, with male dentists being more prone to work related stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibraheem F Alshiddi
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Rashid Habib
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamran Sattar
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Alshahrani
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rya S Almufleh
- Saudi Board of Pediatric Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdulelah Andejani
- Department of Prosthodontics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Potential Links to Depression, Anxiety, and Chronic Stress. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111697. [PMID: 34829926 PMCID: PMC8615558 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) constitutes the most common liver disease worldwide, and is frequently linked to the metabolic syndrome. The latter represents a clustering of related cardio-metabolic components, which are often observed in patients with NAFLD and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, growing evidence suggests a positive association between metabolic syndrome and certain mental health problems (e.g., depression, anxiety, and chronic stress). Given the strong overlap between metabolic syndrome and NAFLD, and the common underlying mechanisms that link the two conditions, it is probable that potentially bidirectional associations are also present between NAFLD and mental health comorbidity. The identification of such links is worthy of further investigation, as this can inform more targeted interventions for patients with NAFLD. Therefore, the present review discusses published evidence in relation to associations of depression, anxiety, stress, and impaired health-related quality of life with NAFLD and metabolic syndrome. Attention is also drawn to the complex nature of affective disorders and potential overlapping symptoms between such conditions and NAFLD, while a focus is also placed on the postulated mechanisms mediating associations between mental health and both NAFLD and metabolic syndrome. Relevant gaps/weaknesses of the available literature are also highlighted, together with future research directions that need to be further explored.
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Mehrabi F, Amiri P, Cheraghi L, Kheradmand A, Hosseinpanah F, Azizi F. Emotional states of different obesity phenotypes: a sex-specific study in a west-Asian population. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:124. [PMID: 33663426 PMCID: PMC7934552 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to investigate the associations of obesity phenotypes with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among adults in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). METHODS Depression, anxiety, and stress levels of participants from the TLGS were examined among different obesity phenotypes in this cross-sectional study. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2, and metabolically unhealthy status based on having metabolic syndrome (MetS) or type 2 diabetes. Four obesity phenotypes were defined: 1) Metabolically Healthy Non-Obese (MHNO), 2) Metabolically Healthy Obese (MHO) 3) Metabolically Unhealthy Non-Obese (MUNO), and 4) Metabolically Unhealthy Obese (MUO). Emotional states of different obesity phenotypes were assessed by the Persian version of depression, anxiety, and stress scale-21 items (DASS-21). Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to compare sex-specific odds ratios of depression, anxiety, and stress in different obesity phenotypes. RESULTS The mean age of 2469 men and women was 46.2 ± 15.9 and 45.6 ± 14.7, respectively. In total, women were more likely to experience higher levels of depression (30.5%), anxiety (44.2%), and stress (43.5%) symptoms compared to men. After adjusting for potential confounders, compared to MHNO men, the odds of experiencing higher anxiety levels were significantly greater in metabolically unhealthy men whether they were obese (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.25-2.54; P = < 0.001) or non-obese (OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.17-2.21; P = < 0.001), and also in MUO women (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.28-2.34; P = < 0.001) compared to MHNO women. Moreover, the odds of experiencing higher stress levels were significantly greater in MUNO men (OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.02-1.90; P = 0.04) compared to MHNO men and in MUO women (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.07-1.96; P = 0.02) compared to MHNO women. No difference in depression levels was observed in either sex. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that men and women with various obesity phenotypes experienced different anxiety and stress levels. While MUO women and all metabolically unhealthy men experienced more anxiety and stress levels than MHNO individuals, none of the obesity phenotypes were associated with depression. These findings provide insight into recognizing the psychological consequences of different phenotypes of obesity in both sexes and utilizing future health promotion planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Mehrabi
- grid.411600.2Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Amiri
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Leila Cheraghi
- grid.411600.2Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran ,grid.411600.2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Kheradmand
- grid.411600.2Department of Psychiatry, Taleghani Hospital Research Development Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Hosseinpanah
- grid.411600.2Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- grid.411600.2Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Moradi Y, Albatineh AN, Mahmoodi H, Gheshlagh RG. The relationship between depression and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2021; 7:4. [PMID: 33648597 PMCID: PMC7923824 DOI: 10.1186/s40842-021-00117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The link between metabolic syndrome and depression has always been controversial. Different studies that have examined the relationship between metabolic syndrome and depression have reported different results. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine the association between depression and MetS by meta-analysis. METHODS Embase, Scopus, PubMed, and ISI were searched for publications in English from January 1990 to February 2020. Search included cohort and cross-sectional studies aimed at examining the association between depression and MetS. The risk of bias was assessed by Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Heterogeneity and publication bias were tested, subgroup analysis and meta-regression were conducted. RESULTS 49 studies with total sample size 399,494 were analyzed. Results indicated the odds of MetS was higher in depressed compared to non-depressed individuals [OR: 1.48; 95 %CI: 1.33-1.64) vs. (OR: 1.38; 95 %CI: 1.17-1.64)]. For cross-sectional studies, depressed patients in Europe (OR = 1.35; 95 %CI: 1.47-1.99) were at higher odds of MetS compared to those in America and Asia. For cohort studies, depressed patients in America (OR = 1.46; 95 %CI: 1.16-1.84) were at higher odds of MetS than those in Europe. Cross-sectional studies indicated women with depression were at higher odds of MetS (OR = 1.95; 95 %CI: 1.38-2.74) compared to men. In both types of studies, the odds of MetS decreased with age. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic syndrome is more common in depressed compared to non-depressed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Moradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ahmed N Albatineh
- Department of Community Medicine and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Hassan Mahmoodi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh
- Spiritual Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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Yusufov M, Kopeski LM, Silverman AL, Björgvinsson T. Associations of Body Weight and Waist Circumference with Psychopathology, Substance Use, and Well-Being in an Adult Transdiagnostic Sample. J Affect Disord 2021; 281:279-288. [PMID: 33341010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies have established inconsistent associations between body weight and mental health. However, most work has relied on body mass index (BMI) and examination of a single mental health variable. The present study examined associations of BMI and waist circumference with multiple mental health variables in a transdiagnostic psychiatric sample. METHODS Nursing staff measured waist circumference and calculated the BMI of 742 adults (54.6% female, 45.4% male) presenting for psychiatric treatment. Participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale (BASIS-24), and Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) as part of standard clinical monitoring. Suicide risk was assessed using the clinician-administered Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.). For curve fit estimation regression models, we entered BMI and waist circumference as independent variables separately; we entered seven dependent variables separately: 1) depression, 2) anxiety, 3) substance use, 4) self-harm, 5) interpersonal functioning, 6) well-being, and 7) suicide risk. RESULTS Increased BMI was associated with decreased well-being and increased depression. Increased waist circumference was associated with worse interpersonal functioning. Non-linear (quadratic) associations were observed between weight and depression, substance use, self-harm, and suicide. LIMITATIONS Most of the sample was White and only 2.6% was in the underweight category, limiting broad applicability of findings. Cross-sectional design precludes causal attributions. CONCLUSIONS Given associations between well-being, depression, interpersonal functioning, substance use, self-harm, and suicide with weight, findings may be used to inform mental health treatment, particularly by tailoring interventions to high-risk weight categories (underweight, obese) in psychiatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Yusufov
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Psychosocial Oncology & Palliative Care, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215; McLean Hospital, Behavioral Health Partial Program, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA 02115.
| | - Lynne M Kopeski
- McLean Hospital, Behavioral Health Partial Program, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | | | - Thröstur Björgvinsson
- McLean Hospital, Behavioral Health Partial Program, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA 02115
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Grover S, Chakravarty R, Mehra A, Chakrabarti S. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in elderly patients with depression. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC MENTAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jgmh.jgmh_8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Baghdadi LR, Alhassan MK, Alotaibi FH, AlSelaim KB, Alzahrani AA, AlMusaeed FF. Anxiety, Depression, and Common Chronic Diseases, and Their Association With Social Determinants in Saudi Primary Care. J Prim Care Community Health 2021; 12:21501327211054987. [PMID: 34814776 PMCID: PMC8673869 DOI: 10.1177/21501327211054987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with chronic diseases can experience psychological conditions, including anxiety and depression. However, the association between chronic diseases and these psychological conditions remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the relationship between anxiety, depression, and common chronic diseases (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and rheumatoid arthritis), and their association with social determinants at an outpatient primary care setting. METHODS The validated hospital anxiety and depression scale was administered electronically to eligible participants. For each condition (anxiety and depression), participants were categorized as normal, borderline abnormal, and abnormal, according to their score out of 21 (≤7 = normal, 8-10 = borderline abnormal, ≥11 = abnormal). The scores and numbers of participants in each category were analyzed and compared with their demographic characteristics and chronic diseases for associations and relationships. RESULTS We recruited 271 participants (mean age of 51.65 + 11.71 years) attending primary care clinics. Of these patients, 17.7% and 8.9% had borderline abnormal and abnormal depression, respectively, and 10.3% and 8.9% of patients had borderline abnormal anxiety and abnormal anxiety. Common social determinants and lifestyle factors were examined. Age, gender, and sugary drinks' consumption significantly increased the odds of hypertension and type 2 diabetes; vigorous physical activity 3 times a week, decreased the odds of developing these chronic diseases. Adjusted regression models showed a statistically significant association between the hospital anxiety and depression scale score for borderline and abnormal anxiety and the presence of type 2 diabetes (OR 3.04 [95% CI 1.13, 8.19], P-value = .03 and OR 4.65 [95% CI 1.63,13.22], P-value <.03, respectively) and dyslipidemia (OR 5.93 [95% CI 1.54, 22.86], P-value = .01, and OR 4.70 [95% CI 0.78, 28.35], P-value = .09, respectively). The odds of developing depression were 4 times higher (P-value .04) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. CONCLUSION Among patients attending primary care outpatient clinics, anxiety, and depression were significantly associated with type 2 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, respectively. Social determinants and lifestyle factors play a major role in the development of common chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia. Primary care physicians should consider the patients' psychological status, sociodemographic status, and lifestyle risks during the management of chronic diseases.
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Dehesh T, Dehesh P, Shojaei S. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Anxiety and Depression Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Kerman, Southern Iran. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:1509-1517. [PMID: 32440180 PMCID: PMC7211308 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s249385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Depression and anxiety are common disorders in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes. These disorders can lead to premature morbidity, exacerbate disease complications, make patients suffer more, and increase health-care costs. As diabetes has increased worldwide recently, it is necessary to reduce the prevalence of factors that are associated with depression and anxiety in diabetes patients. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression and to identify their associated factors, including metabolic components among people with type 2 diabetes. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study in 1500 patients with type 2 diabetes in Kerman, in the southern part of Iran. The prevalence of depression and anxiety was estimated using the Beck Depression Inventory and the Hamilton Anxiety questionnaires, respectively. After calculating the proportions of depression and anxiety, univariate logistic regression was performed. Factors whose P-values were smaller than 0.2 in univariate logistic regression were included in multiple logistic regression for confounder adjustments. The analysis was performed using SPSS version 20. RESULTS The rates of depression and anxiety were 59% (95% CI: 54.48-63.12) and 62% (95% CI: 59.51-66.27), respectively. Factors found to be independently associated with anxiety were high FBS, high LDL-C, high TG, hypertension, complications, low physical activity. Factors found to be independently associated with depression were female gender, older age, high BMI, high FBS, high LDL-C, low HDL-C, high TG, high HbA1c, hypertension, and low physical activity. Complications were independently associated with anxiety but not with depression. Female gender, older age, high BMI, low HDL-C, and high HbA1c were independently associated with depression but not with anxiety. CONCLUSION Current findings demonstrated that a large proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes suffer from depression and anxiety. This study also identified factors associated with these disorders. Controlling some metabolic variables will decrease the prevalence of these disorders and improves clinical remedy and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Dehesh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Paria Dehesh
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Correspondence: Paria Dehesh Email
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Zhao BB, Chen LL, Long QH, Xie GJ, Xu B, Li ZF, Wang P, Li H. Preventive Effects of Escitalopram Against Anxiety-Like Depressive Behaviors in Monosodium Glutamate-Teated Rats Subjected to Partial Hepatectomy. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2462. [PMID: 31798487 PMCID: PMC6861546 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The reasons for the relationship between depression and chronic liver disease (CLD) are complex and multifactorial. Further research is needed to decipher the etiology and establish an optimal management approach for depression in patients, including the potential role of non-pharmacological treatments. monosodium glutamate (MSG)-treated rats are more likely to develop anxiogenic- and depressive-like behaviors, which could be related to the dysfunction of serotonergic system. In this study, partial hepatectomy (PH) was performed in MSG-treated rats and the histopathological changes were observed in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and liver. The effect of escitalopram, a widely used antidepressant, on neural and liver injury in this model was also examined. The MSG + PH-treated rats displayed decreased distances traveled in total, in center arena, and in the left side of arena in inner open field test (OFT), as compared to saline, saline + PH, and MSG-treated animals. The present study established that PH aggravated anxiety-like depressive behaviors in MSG-treated rats, concordant with damaged Nissl bodies (and neurites), decreased IBA-1 and Sox-2 expression in OFC and neurotransmitter disorder. Escitalopram treatment could alleviate these pathological changes as well as reduce hepatic steatosis and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Zhao
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Lin Chen
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | - Bo Xu
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Ze-Fei Li
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanmin Li
- Hubei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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Clinical correlates and pharmacological management of Asian patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus and heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2019; 23:461-468. [PMID: 29383639 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-018-9672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Asia is the center of convergence of the twin epidemics of diabetes mellitus (DM) and heart failure (HF). The regional and ethnic diversity across Asia, along with a high prevalence of a young, lean diabetic phenotype, emphasizes the importance of targeted public health strategies that address the unique needs of Asian patients with DM and HF. This review discusses the epidemiology, clinical correlates, pharmacological management, and outcomes of Asian patients with concomitant DM and HF.
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18
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Jeh SU, Yoon S, Choi JH, Do J, Seo DH, Lee SW, Choi SM, Lee C, Kam SC, Hwa JS, Chung KH, Kang HW, Hyun JS. Metabolic Syndrome Is an Independent Risk Factor for Acquired Premature Ejaculation. World J Mens Health 2018; 37:226-233. [PMID: 30588783 PMCID: PMC6479082 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.180062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the role of metabolic syndrome (MetS) as a risk factor for acquired premature ejaculation (PE) after considering the various risk factors, such as lower urinary tract symptoms, erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, and prostatitis. Materials and Methods From January 2012 to January 2017, records of 1,029 men were analyzed. We performed multivariate analysis to identify risk factors for PE, including the covariate of age, marital status, International Prostate Symptom Score, International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) score, National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) score, serum testosterone levels, and all components of MetS. Acquired PE was defined as self-reported intravaginal ejaculation latency time ≤3 minutes, and MetS was diagnosed using the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Results Of 1,029 men, 74 subjects (7.2%) had acquired PE and 111 (10.8%) had MetS. Multivariate analysis showed that the IIEF overall satisfaction score (odds ratio [OR]=0.67, p<0.001), NIH-CPSI pain score (OR=1.07, p=0.035), NIH-CPSI voiding score (OR=1.17, p=0.032), and presence of MetS (OR=2.20, p=0.022) were significantly correlated with the prevalence of acquired PE. In addition, the Male Sexual Health Questionnaire for Ejaculatory Dysfunction scores and ejaculation anxiety scores progressively decreased as the number of components of MetS increased. Conclusions MetS may be an independent predisposing factor for the development of acquired PE. Effective prevention and treatment of MetS could also be important for the prevention and treatment of acquired PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Uk Jeh
- Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Sol Yoon
- Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jae Hwi Choi
- Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jungmo Do
- Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Deok Ha Seo
- Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Sin Woo Lee
- Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - See Min Choi
- Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Chunwoo Lee
- Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Sung Chul Kam
- Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Jeong Seok Hwa
- Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Ky Hyun Chung
- Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Ho Won Kang
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jae Seog Hyun
- Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea.
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Repousi N, Masana MF, Sanchez-Niubo A, Haro JM, Tyrovolas S. Depression and metabolic syndrome in the older population: A review of evidence. J Affect Disord 2018; 237:56-64. [PMID: 29772477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been shown to be associated with depression in older adults but the results are mixed. We summarized and evaluated the association between depression and MetS in people aged 60 years or over. METHODS Relevant published studies from January 1997 to July 2017 were identified by searching two electronic databases: PubMed/Medline and EMBASE. Observational studies were considered. RESULTS Twelve studies were included in the systematic review. Depression seemed to be related with MetS in the majority of the studies (10/12 = 83.3%). As far as the longitudinal studies are concerned, the onset of depression was related to MetS in 2 out of 3 studies (66.6%), while a relation between chronicity of depression and MetS was reported (1 study). Regarding cross-sectional studies, 7 out of 9 (77.7%) concluded that there was a positive association between depression and MetS. Mixed evidence was found among studies concerning the association between depression and the individual components of MetS. Four out of ten studies (40%) reported that depression was significantly associated with the waist circumference, a component of MetS. LIMITATIONS There was a high degree of heterogeneity between studies regarding their design. Only studies written in English, from peer-reviewed journals were included. CONCLUSIONS Depression seemed to be significantly associated with MetS in people aged 60 years or over. Among the components of MetS, abdominal obesity seemed to be associated more strongly and consistently with depression. The direction of the causality and mechanisms underlying the relationship are still largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolena Repousi
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias Street, 75, Goudi, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Maria F Masana
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Dr Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08830, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, Madrid, 28029, Spain; Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova, 143, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Albert Sanchez-Niubo
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Dr Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08830, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Dr Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08830, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Stefanos Tyrovolas
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Dr Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08830, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, Madrid, 28029, Spain; Visiting Fellow at Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Avenue, mSuite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, USA.
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Ortega Y, Aragonès E, Piñol JL, Basora J, Araujo A, Cabré JJ. Impact of depression and/or anxiety on the presentation of cardiovascular events in a cohort with metabolic syndrome. StreX project: Five years of follow-up. Prim Care Diabetes 2018; 12:163-171. [PMID: 28988658 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the role of anxiety and depression on the incidence of cardiovascular events (CVE) in a Catalonian population with metabolic syndrome (MetS) over a five-year follow-up according to the number/type of MetS criteria. METHODS Prospective study to determine the incidence of CVE according to the presence of anxiety and depression disorders among individuals with different combinations of clinical traits of the MetS. SETTING Primary Care, Catalonia (Spain). SUBJECTS 35-75 years old fulfilling MetS criteria without CVE at the initiation of follow-up (2009). We studied 16 MetS phenotypes [NCEP-ATPIII criteria] based on the presence of depression/anxiety. The primary endpoint was the incidence of CVE at five years. RESULTS We analyzed 401,743 people with MetS (17.2% of the population); 8.7% had depression, 16.0% anxiety and 3.8% both. 14.5% consumed antidepressants and 20.8% tranquilizers. At the 5-year follow-up, the incidence of CVE was 5.5%, being 6.4% in men and 4.4% in women. On comparing individuals with and without depression the incidence of CVE was 6.7% vs. 5.3%, respectively (p<0.01), being 5.5% in both groups in relation to anxiety. CONCLUSION Depression and anxiety play a role in the poor prognosis of patients with MetS. In Catalonia, the two predominant MetS phenotypes do not include obesity as a criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Ortega
- Basic Health Center Salou, Catalan Health Institute, Spain; IDIAP Jordi Gol, Catalan Health Institute, Spain
| | - Enric Aragonès
- IDIAP Jordi Gol, Catalan Health Institute, Spain; Primary Health Center Constantí, Catalan Health Institute, Spain
| | - Josep L Piñol
- IDIAP Jordi Gol, Catalan Health Institute, Spain; Primary Health Centre L'Ampolla, Catalan Health Institute, Spain; IISPV Pere Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
| | - Josep Basora
- IDIAP Jordi Gol, Catalan Health Institute, Spain; IISPV Pere Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
| | - Alvaro Araujo
- Basic Health Center Salou, Catalan Health Institute, Spain
| | - Juan J Cabré
- IDIAP Jordi Gol, Catalan Health Institute, Spain; Basic Health Center Sant Pere Centre, Catalan Health Institute, Spain; IISPV Pere Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain.
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Cui J, Sun X, Li X, Ke M, Sun J, Yasmeen N, Khan JM, Xin H, Xue S, Baloch Z. Association Between Different Indicators of Obesity and Depression in Adults in Qingdao, China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:549. [PMID: 30364162 PMCID: PMC6191471 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study was designed to investigate the perceived relationship between body weight and depression risk in a Chinese population in Qingdao, China. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional survey was performed with 4,573 participants (between 35 and 74 years) from the year 2009 to 2012 in Qingdao, China. We applied the Zung self-rating depression scale to ascertain the level of depression in participants. The associations between different indicators of obesity [body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)] and depression were assessed by logistic regression based on the Chinese criteria of obesity. Sensitivity analysis was done based on the Asian and WHO criteria of obesity. Results: The Zung scores for the 243 participants (5.2%) were over 45 and they were entitled as depression. Furthermore, multivariable logistic analyses revealed that being overweight [odds ratios (OR): 1.48, 95% confidence intervals [95% CI]: 1.08-2.03] and having abdominal obesity (WC category in Chinese criteria) (OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.08-2.00) were often associated with a higher risk for depression compared to normal weight subjects. Sensitivity analysis revealed that abdominal obesity (Asian criterion) (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.03-1.91) was a significant risk factor for depression. Similarly, being overweight (WHO criterion) (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.03-1.87) was an obvious risk factor for depression. Conclusion: Being overweight and having abdominal obesity (WC category) were found to be linked with a higher risk of depression. However, abdominal obesity (WHR category) was not associated with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiufen Sun
- Qingdao Shi'nan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Ma Ke
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jianping Sun
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Nafeesa Yasmeen
- Institute of Microbiology, Agriculture University Faisalabad Pakistan, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Jamal Muhammad Khan
- Department of Patho-biology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Hualei Xin
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Shouyong Xue
- Qingdao Shi'bei Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Shouyong Xue
| | - Zulqarnain Baloch
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Zulqarnain Baloch
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Shinkov A, Borissova AM, Kovatcheva R, Vlahov J, Dakovska L, Atanassova I, Petkova P. Increased prevalence of depression and anxiety among subjects with metabolic syndrome and known type 2 diabetes mellitus - a population-based study. Postgrad Med 2017; 130:251-257. [PMID: 29185828 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2018.1410054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The MetS and its elements have been linked to anxiety and depressive disorders. The aim of the current cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence of depression and anxiety, measured by the Zung Self-Rating Scale in subjects with and without the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. METHODS A total of 2111 adults were included, 1155 female, age 47.6 (13.7) and 956 male, age 45.2 (13.5). All participants filled questionnaires covering current and past disorders and medication, smoking and family history. Zung self-rating depression and anxiety scales were completed. Body weight, height and waist circumference were measured, BMI was calculated, serum glucose and lipids were measured. RESULTS Depression (SDSi) and anxiety scores (SASi) were higher in the females and increased with age (p < 0.001). SDSi was higher in the females and males with metabolic syndrome (MetS) (50.9 ± 9.8 vs. 45.9 ± 8.9, p < 0.001 and 42.7 ± 9.2 vs. 40.5 ± 7.9 p < 0.001, respectively). SASi was higher in the MetS subjects (females 50.59 ± 11.35 vs. 45.97 ± 10.58, p < 0.001; males 40.48 ± 10.1 vs. 38.04 ± 8.42, p < 0.001). Both SDSi and SASi were higher in the subjects with known diabetes than in those with normal glucose tolerance (Mann-Whitney both p < 0,001). Positive depressive scores were more prevalent in subjects with MetS than those without (females 54% vs. 31.6%, p < 0.001; males 22.7% vs. 12.3%, p < 0.001). Depression and anxiety were more prevalent in the subjects with known diabetes than in those with normal glucose tolerance but not in the newly-diagnosed diabetes. The OR for depressiveness was 2.0 (1.3; 2.6) in subjects with MetS and 4.2 (2.3; 7.8) in those with known diabetes. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, depressiveness and anxiety were associated positively with age and female gender and were more prevalent among subjects with MetS and known diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Shinkov
- a Medical University of Sofia , Clinical Center of Endocrinology , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Anna-Maria Borissova
- a Medical University of Sofia , Clinical Center of Endocrinology , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Roussanka Kovatcheva
- a Medical University of Sofia , Clinical Center of Endocrinology , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Jordan Vlahov
- a Medical University of Sofia , Clinical Center of Endocrinology , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Lilia Dakovska
- a Medical University of Sofia , Clinical Center of Endocrinology , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Iliana Atanassova
- a Medical University of Sofia , Clinical Center of Endocrinology , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Paulina Petkova
- a Medical University of Sofia , Clinical Center of Endocrinology , Sofia , Bulgaria
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Grover S, Nebhinani N, Chakrabarti S, Avasthi A. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with depressive disorder admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit: A comparison with healthy controls. Asian J Psychiatr 2017; 27:139-144. [PMID: 28558888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) among inpatients with depressive disorders and matched healthy controls. METHOD One hundred fifty eight patients with depressive disorders and 52 age and gender matched healthy controls were assessed for the prevalence of MS using Common Criteria for MS. RESULTS Prevalence of Metabolic syndrome among inpatients with depressive disorders was 44.3%, which was significantly higher than the healthy control group (17.3%). Increased waist circumference was the most common abnormality in both the groups. Prevalence of MS among patients with recurrent depression disorder (60.3%) was almost double that seen among those with first episode depression (32.6%). Compared to healthy controls, significantly greater proportion of patients with depressive disorders had increased blood pressure, abnormal fasting blood sugar, and HDL levels. Besides the prevalence of MS in 44.3% of patients with depressive disorders, another 46% of patients fulfilled one or two criteria of MS. Significant predictors of MS were being married, obese, greater age, higher weight, higher body mass index, and multiple episodes of depression. CONCLUSIONS Nearly two-fifth of depressed patients have MS and another two-fifth of patients had one or two abnormalities in the MS criteria. The prevalence of MS among patients with depressive disorders is significantly higher than the healthy controls. Hence, patients with depressive disorders should be regularly evaluated for the presence of MS and other cardiovascular risk factors and appropriate management strategies must be instituted at the earliest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Grover
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | | | - Subho Chakrabarti
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Ajit Avasthi
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Tang F, Wang G, Lian Y. Association between anxiety and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 77:112-121. [PMID: 28027497 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological studies have repeatedly investigated the association between anxiety and metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the results have been inconsistent. We performed a meta-analysis of observational studies to summarize the evidence regarding the relation of anxiety and MetS risk. METHODS We performed a systematic literature search of all studies published in PubMed and EMBASE from its inception to June 2016. Cross-sectional and cohort studies that reported an association between the two conditions in adults were included. Data on prevalence, incidence, unadjusted or adjusted odds ratio (OR), and 95% CI were extracted or provided independently by the authors. Random effects model was used to report the pooled OR. The I2 statistic was used to assess heterogeneity. Egger's test and Begger's test were used to evaluate the publication bias. RESULTS The search yielded 18 cross-sectional studies and two cohort studies. The pooled finding from cross-sectional studies showed that anxiety had a significant positive association with MetS (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01-1.12), with moderate heterogeneity (I2=45.7%, P=0.018). Findings from two cohort studies indicated that the association between anxiety and MetS was insignificant. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that there is an association between anxiety and MetS. In individuals with MetS anxiety should be detected and managed. Further prospective studies are needed to explore the bidirectional association between anxiety and MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tang
- Health Management Center, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Gangpu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Lian
- Department of Case Administration, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Yu S, Yang H, Guo X, Zheng L, Sun Y. Metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms among rural Northeast general population in China. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:43. [PMID: 28061774 PMCID: PMC5219740 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3913-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous researches aiming to estimate the association between metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms come out with inconsistent results. Besides, most of them are conducted in the developed areas. There is lack of the data from rural China. The aim of this study is to confirm whether gender difference exists among the relationship between MetS, metabolic components and depressive symptoms in the rural Chinese population. Methods A cross-sectional analysis enrolled 11430 subjects’ aged ≥35 from rural Northeast China. Metabolic and anthropometric indicators were measured according to standard methods. Depressive symptoms were defined using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Results The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 6% among rural Northeast general population and the prevalence of MetS and its components were 39.0% for MetS, 42.9% for abdominal obesity, 67.1% for elevated blood pressure, 47.1% for hyperglycemia, 32.1% for hypertriglyceridemia, 29.5% for low HDL-C. Depressive symptoms were associated with triglyceride component (OR = 1.24, 95%CI: 1.05–1.46, P = 0.01) but not MetS (OR = 1.11, 95%CI: 0.94–1.30, P = 0.23). Moreover, depressive symptoms were associated with triglyceride component (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.00–1.47, P = 0.05) in women only. But once adjusted for menopause status, depressive symptoms were no longer statically associated with triglyceride component (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.99–1.46, P = 0.07). Conclusions Depressive symptoms were associated with triglyceride component but not MetS in rural Chinese population. Routine lipid screening should be recommended among rural depressed residents especially among female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaofan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liqiang Zheng
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shenjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Womack VY, De Chavez PJ, Albrecht SS, Durant N, Loucks EB, Puterman E, Redmond N, Siddique J, Williams DR, Carnethon MR. A Longitudinal Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms and Development of Metabolic Syndrome: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Psychosom Med 2016; 78:867-73. [PMID: 27490849 PMCID: PMC5003718 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite variability in the burden of elevated depressive symptoms by sex and race and differences in the incidence of metabolic syndrome, few prior studies describe the longitudinal association of depressive symptoms with metabolic syndrome in a diverse cohort. We tested whether baseline and time-varying depressive symptoms were associated with metabolic syndrome incidence in black and white men and women from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. METHODS Participants reported depressive symptoms using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale at four examinations between 1995 and 2010. At those same examinations, metabolic syndrome was determined. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the associations of depressive symptoms on the development of metabolic syndrome in 3208 participants without metabolic syndrome at baseline. RESULTS For 15 years, the incidence rate of metabolic syndrome (per 10,000 person-years) varied by race and sex, with the highest rate in black women (279.2), followed by white men (241.9), black men (204.4), and white women (125.3). Depressive symptoms (per standard deviation higher) were associated with incident metabolic syndrome in white men (hazard ratio = 1.25, 95% confidence interval = 1.08-1.45) and white women (hazard ratio = 1.17, 95% confidence interval = 1.00-1.37) after adjustment for demographic characteristics and health behaviors. There was no significant association between depression and metabolic syndrome among black men or black women. CONCLUSIONS Higher depressive symptoms contribute modestly to the onset of metabolic syndrome among white adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Y. Womack
- Division of Faculty Affairs, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Peter John De Chavez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Sandra S. Albrecht
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Nefertiti Durant
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at
Birmingham School of Medicine
| | - Eric B. Loucks
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of
Public Health
| | - Eli Puterman
- Department of Psychiatry University of California-San
Francisco School of Medicine
| | - Nicole Redmond
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama
School of Medicine
| | - Juned Siddique
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - David R. Williams
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard
University School of Public Health
| | - Mercedes R. Carnethon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine
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Agarwal A, Agarwal M, Garg K, Dalal PK, Trivedi JK, Srivastava JS. Metabolic syndrome and central obesity in depression: A cross-sectional study. Indian J Psychiatry 2016; 58:281-286. [PMID: 28066005 PMCID: PMC5100119 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.192021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current epidemiological data and meta-analyses indicate a bidirectional association between depression and metabolic syndrome (MetS). AIMS To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and obesity in drug naïve patients (in current episode) having Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Depression. METHOD This was a single point cross sectional observational study that involved administration of diagnostic and assessment tools and blood investigations. Recruitment for the study was done from a period of September 2008 to august 2009. RESULTS The prevalence of MetS was significantly more in the depression group when compared to healthy controls. The Bipolar depression group had 24% prevalence and recurrent depression group had 26% prevalence as opposed to none in the control group. The prevalence of MetS did not differ significantly amongst the both depression groups. Presence of central obesity was significantly more in the recurrent depression (30%) and Bipolar depression (24%) as compared to controls (8%). There was no statistically significant difference between the two depression subgroups. DISCUSSION Our study adds to the mounting evidence that links the presence of depression and metabolic syndrome. As we had ensured a drug free period of at least 3 months, the findings in our study indicate that the metabolic syndrome observed in our study is independent of drug exposure. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated significantly more incidence of metabolic syndrome and central obesity in patients of depression than age and sex matched controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Agarwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Era's Lucknow Medical College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manu Agarwal
- Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kabir Garg
- Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pronob Kumar Dalal
- Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Trivedi
- Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - J S Srivastava
- (Retd.) Senior Scientist, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ghanei Gheshlagh R, Parizad N, Sayehmiri K. The Relationship Between Depression and Metabolic Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 18:e26523. [PMID: 27621928 PMCID: PMC5003061 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.26523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Context Several studies have been conducted on the relationship between depression and metabolic syndrome, which have had conflicting results. The purpose of this study was a meta-analysis of studies that have examined the relationship between these two variables. Evidence Acquisition This meta-analysis systematically reviewed the relationship between depression and metabolic syndrome. Scientific databases including IranMedex, SID, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were searched and 17 articles were extracted from 2000 to 2014. Selected studies data were analyzed using meta-analysis and random effects model. Heterogeneity between the studies was examined using I2. Data were analyzed using STATA software version 12.1. Results Seventeen studies were analyzed with a sample size of 31880 people. Analysis by the type of studies showed that the relationship between the two variables in cross-sectional studies (OR = 1.51, CI 95% = 1.36 - 1.68) and cohort studies (OR = 1.6, CI 95% = 1.23 - 2.08) was significant. In general, the heterogeneity test results among the studies was not significant (P for heterogeneity = 0.08, I2 = 39.8%). Conclusions There is a relationship between depression and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naser Parizad
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | - Kourosh Sayehmiri
- Department of Biostatistics, Prevention of Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Kourosh Sayehmiri, Department of Biostatistics, Prevention of Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9183410782, Fax: +98-84132240404, E-mail:
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Gelaye B, Williams MA, Lemma S, Berhane Y, Fann JR, Vander Stoep A, Zhou XHA. Major depressive disorder and cardiometabolic disease risk among sub-Saharan African adults. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2015; 9:183-191. [PMID: 25470634 PMCID: PMC4265581 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the extent to which major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with cardiometabolic diseases and risk factors. METHODS This was a cross-sectional epidemiologic study of 1924 employed adults in Ethiopia. Structured interview was used to collect sociodemographic data, behavioral characteristics and MDD symptoms using a validated Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) depression scale. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein, and lipid concentrations were measured using standard approaches. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS A total of 154 participants screened positive for MDD on PHQ-9 (8.0%; 95% CI: 6.7-9.2%). Among women, MDD was associated with more than 4-fold increased odds of diabetes (OR=4.14; 95% CI: 1.03-16.62). Among men the association was not significant (OR=1.12; 95% CI: 0.63-1.99). Similarly, MDD was not associated with metabolic syndrome among women (OR=1.51; 95% CI: 0.69-3.29) and men (OR=0.61; 95% CI: 0.28-1.34). Lastly, MDD was not associated with increased odds of systemic inflammation. CONCLUSION The results of our study do not provide convincing evidence that MDD is associated with cardiometabolic diseases among Ethiopian adults. Future studies need to evaluate the effect of other psychiatric disorders on cardiometabolic disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizu Gelaye
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Michelle A Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Yemane Berhane
- Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jesse R Fann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ann Vander Stoep
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiao-Hua Andrew Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
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Zheng Y, Sun Q, Chen K, Yan W, Pan C, Lu J, Dou J, Lu Z, Jianming B, Wang B, Mu Y. Waist-to-hip ratio, dyslipidemia, glycemic levels, blood pressure and depressive symptoms among diabetic and non-diabetic Chinese women: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109765. [PMID: 25314156 PMCID: PMC4196945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the relationship between depressive symptoms and waist-to-hip ratio, dyslipidemia, glycemic levels or blood pressure among diabetic and non-diabetic Chinese women. METHODS 11,908 women aged ≥40 years were enrolled in this cross-sectional study, including 2,511 with type 2 diabetes and 9,397 without. Depressive symptoms (defined as having mild-to-severe depressive symptoms) were assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) diagnostic algorithm. The prevalence and the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for having depressive symptoms were estimated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The age-adjusted prevalence of depressive symptoms was significantly higher in non-diabetic subjects with waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) ≥0.9 (8.6%, age-adjusted OR 1.51 [95% CI 1.17, 1.95]), total cholesterol (TC)>6.22 mmol/L (8.8%, 1.58 [1.16, 2.15]), and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥6.00 mmol/L (7.7%, 1.69 [1.34, 2.14]), while it was significantly lower in non-diabetic subjects with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between 80 to 89 mmHg (6.2%, 0.78 [0.64, 0.95]). These relationships remained significant even after controlling for multiple factors (WHR ≥0.9: multivariable-adjusted OR 1.39 [95% CI 1.07, 1.80]; TC>6.22 mmol/L: 1.56 [1.14, 2.12]; HbA1c ≥6.00 mmol/L: 1.64 [1.30, 2.08]; DBP 80-89 mmHg: 0.78 [0.64, 0.95]). However, no significant trend between depressive symptoms and WHC, TC, HbA1c, DBP was observed in diabetic women, and no significant trend relationship between depressive symptoms and BMI, WC, TG, or SBP was observed in both non-diabetic and diabetic women. Moreover, the prevalence of depressive symptoms was significantly higher in previously-diagnosed diabetes, compared with non-diabetic subjects, while no significant differences were observed between newly-diagnosed diabetes and non-diabetic subjects. CONCLUSION The present study showed a relationship between WHR, TC, HbA1c, DBP and depressive symptoms among non-diabetic women, while no significant relationship between them was observed among diabetic women, even after controlling for multiple confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qihong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Internal Medicine, Fushun Hospital of TCM, Liaoning, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Changyu Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Juming Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingtao Dou
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ba Jianming
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Baoan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Mu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Jiao JT, Jiang C, Huang J, Dai MC, Wang C, Cheng C, Shao JF. Metabolic syndrome factors and risk of postoperative depression in high-grade glioma patients in a 1.5-year prospective study. Med Oncol 2014; 31:234. [PMID: 25223530 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To date, the relationship between metabolic syndrome factors and the risk of glioma-related depression is still unclear, and no study investigates this relationship. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between metabolic syndrome factors and the risk of postoperative depression in high-grade patients. A total of 386 high-grade glioma patients participated in blood sample collection for metabolic syndrome factors analysis and the hospital anxiety and depression scale testing. The association between metabolic syndrome factors and the risk of postoperative depression was assessed using Cox regression proportional hazards models, and Student's t tests were used to evaluate the differences in demographic variables and clinical characteristics in subgroups. The incidence of postoperative depression in our 1.5-year follow-up was 30.5%. We found the risk of postoperative depression was elevated with increased blood glucose level [hazard ratios (HR) 2.277, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.201-4.320, top vs. bottom quartile]. The hazard ratio was increased for z-scores of blood glucose (HR 1.672 per unit standard deviation, 95% CI 1.311-2.133] and of the combined metabolic syndrome score (HR 1.080, 95% CI 1.000-1.167). In addition, risk of postoperative depression risk was increased in high-grade glioma patients with high blood glucose levels (≥6.0 mmol/l) (HR 2.084, 95% CI 1.235-3.515). However, we did not find significant associations between postoperative depression and other metabolic syndrome factors, including body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Depression is prevalent among patients with high-grade glioma after operation. Blood glucose level is positively associated with the risk of postoperative depression, and might be involved in the etiology of postoperative depression, and may predict its development in high-grade glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Tong Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Min-Chao Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Jun-Fei Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China.
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Chen Z, Pereira MA, Seielstad M, Koh WP, Tai ES, Teo YY, Liu J, Hsu C, Wang R, Odegaard AO, Thyagarajan B, Koratkar R, Yuan JM, Gross MD, Stram DO. Joint effects of known type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci in genome-wide association study of Singapore Chinese: the Singapore Chinese health study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87762. [PMID: 24520337 PMCID: PMC3919750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic factors in type 2 diabetes (T2D), mostly among individuals of European ancestry. We tested whether previously identified T2D-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) replicate and whether SNPs in regions near known T2D SNPs were associated with T2D within the Singapore Chinese Health Study. METHODS 2338 cases and 2339 T2D controls from the Singapore Chinese Health Study were genotyped for 507,509 SNPs. Imputation extended the genotyped SNPs to 7,514,461 with high estimated certainty (r(2)>0.8). Replication of known index SNP associations in T2D was attempted. Risk scores were computed as the sum of index risk alleles. SNPs in regions ± 100 kb around each index were tested for associations with T2D in conditional fine-mapping analysis. RESULTS Of 69 index SNPs, 20 were genotyped directly and genotypes at 35 others were well imputed. Among the 55 SNPs with data, disease associations were replicated (at p<0.05) for 15 SNPs, while 32 more were directionally consistent with previous reports. Risk score was a significant predictor with a 2.03 fold higher risk CI (1.69-2.44) of T2D comparing the highest to lowest quintile of risk allele burden (p = 5.72 × 10(-14)). Two improved SNPs around index rs10923931 and 5 new candidate SNPs around indices rs10965250 and rs1111875 passed simple Bonferroni corrections for significance in conditional analysis. Nonetheless, only a small fraction (2.3% on the disease liability scale) of T2D burden in Singapore is explained by these SNPs. CONCLUSIONS While diabetes risk in Singapore Chinese involves genetic variants, most disease risk remains unexplained. Further genetic work is ongoing in the Singapore Chinese population to identify unique common variants not already seen in earlier studies. However rapid increases in T2D risk have occurred in recent decades in this population, indicating that dynamic environmental influences and possibly gene by environment interactions complicate the genetic architecture of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghua Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Pereira
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mark Seielstad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - E. Shyong Tai
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Chris Hsu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Renwei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew O. Odegaard
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Revati Koratkar
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Myron D. Gross
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Daniel O. Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Xu Q, Anderson D, Lurie-Beck J. The relationship between abdominal obesity and depression in the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Res Clin Pract 2013; 5:e267-360. [PMID: 24331129 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Obesity has been widely regarded as a public health concern because of its adverse impact on individuals' health. Systematic reviews have been published in examining the effect of obesity on depression, but with major emphasis on general obesity as measured by the body mass index. Despite a stronger effect of abdominal obesity on individuals' physical health outcomes, to our best knowledge, no systematic review was undertaken with regard to the relationship between abdominal obesity and depression. This paper reports the results of a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies examining the relationship between abdominal obesity and depression in a general population. Multiple electronic databases were searched until the end of September 2009. 15 articles were systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed. The analysis showed that the odds ratio of having depression for individuals with abdominal obesity was 1.38 (95% CI, 1.22-1.57) as compared to those who are not obese. Furthermore, it was found that this relationship did not vary with potential confounders including gender, age, measurement of depression and abdominal obesity, and study quality.:
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunyan Xu
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - Debra Anderson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Janine Lurie-Beck
- School of Psychology and Counseling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
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Morikawa M, Okamoto N, Kiuchi K, Tomioka K, Iwamoto J, Harano A, Saeki K, Fukusumi M, Hashimoto K, Amano N, Hazaki K, Yanagi M, Iki M, Yamada F, Kishimoto T, Kurumatani N. Association between depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome in Japanese community-dwelling older people: a cross-sectional analysis from the baseline results of the Fujiwara-kyo prospective cohort study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013; 28:1251-9. [PMID: 23526542 DOI: 10.1002/gps.3950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic syndrome contains many risks for medical diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes, which might precipitate depressive symptoms in the older people. However, the association between depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome in Japanese community-dwelling older people is unclear. This study was performed to answer this important question. METHODS Cross-sectional analyses were performed on 3796 community-dwelling independent older people (≥ 65 years, 1911 men and 1885 women) from the 2007-2008 baseline examination of the Fujiwara-kyo study, a prospective cohort study on successful aging. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 15-item short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale and metabolic syndrome was defined according to the 2005 International Diabetes Federation. Covariates were social supports, negative life events, health behavior, education, cognitive function, anthropometric status, and others. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the relationships between depressive symptoms and these variables. RESULTS The prevalence of depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale-15 ≥ 6) and metabolic syndrome were 14.8% and 16.6%, respectively. Significant protective factors against depressive symptoms were higher education, more opportunity for drinking of alcohol, better social supports, and more walking daily. Metabolic syndrome was statistically associated with depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio = \ 1.32, 95% confidence interval = 1.03-1.68). Other risk factors significantly associated with depressive symptoms were sleep disturbance, visual or hearing impairment, and negative life events. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed an association between metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms in ambulatory Japanese older people, as in western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Morikawa
- Sakai City Mental Health Center, Osaka, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
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Morris AA, Vaccarino V. Evidence Linking Mental Health with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: The Role of Inflammation. Curr Nutr Rep 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-013-0054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Penninx BWJH, Milaneschi Y, Lamers F, Vogelzangs N. Understanding the somatic consequences of depression: biological mechanisms and the role of depression symptom profile. BMC Med 2013; 11:129. [PMID: 23672628 PMCID: PMC3661358 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder worldwide. The burden of disease for depression goes beyond functioning and quality of life and extends to somatic health. Depression has been shown to subsequently increase the risk of, for example, cardiovascular, stroke, diabetes and obesity morbidity. These somatic consequences could partly be due to metabolic, immuno-inflammatory, autonomic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis dysregulations which have been suggested to be more often present among depressed patients. Evidence linking depression to metabolic syndrome abnormalities indicates that depression is especially associated with its obesity-related components (for example, abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia). In addition, systemic inflammation and hyperactivity of the HPA-axis have been consistently observed among depressed patients. Slightly less consistent observations are for autonomic dysregulation among depressed patients. The heterogeneity of the depression concept seems to play a differentiating role: metabolic syndrome and inflammation up-regulations appear more specific to the atypical depression subtype, whereas hypercortisolemia appears more specific for melancholic depression. This review finishes with potential treatment implications for the downward spiral in which different depressive symptom profiles and biological dysregulations may impact on each other and interact with somatic health decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO+ Institute and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Grover S, Nebhinani N, Chakrabarti S, Avasthi A, Kulhara P. Metabolic Syndrome in Drug-naïve Patients with Depressive Disorders. Indian J Psychol Med 2013; 35:167-73. [PMID: 24049228 PMCID: PMC3775049 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7176.116247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) is found to be higher in patients with depression than in the general population. As there is lack of data from India, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of MS in patients with depression who had never been treated with antidepressants for their depressive disorder and compare the same with a matched group of healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-three drug-naïve patients with depressive disorders and 43 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were assessed for the prevalence of MS as per the consensus definition. RESULTS The prevalence of MS in patients with depression was 37.2% and was significantly higher than that seen in the healthy controls (16.3%). Increased waist circumference was the most common abnormality in both the study groups. Compared to healthy controls, a significantly higher proportion of patients with depression had abnormal waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, or high blood pressure. Besides 16 patients with depressive disorders having MS, another 53.5% of patients fulfilled one or two criteria of MS. None of the sociodemographic variables was associated with development of MS in patients with depression. CONCLUSIONS Slightly more than one-third of depressed patients who are drug-naïve have MS and this prevalence rate is significantly higher than in healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Grover
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Shinohara H, Fukumitsu H, Seto A, Furukawa S. Medium-chain fatty acid-containing dietary oil alleviates the depression-like behaviour in mice exposed to stress due to chronic forced swimming. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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van Reedt Dortland AKB, Giltay EJ, van Veen T, Zitman FG, Penninx BWJH. Longitudinal relationship of depressive and anxiety symptoms with dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity. Psychosom Med 2013. [PMID: 23197842 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0b013e318274d30f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research indicates that patients with severe symptoms of depression or anxiety are prone toward the development of dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity. We sought to study these associations longitudinally. METHODS Among 2126 Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety participants, we studied whether severity of depressive (Inventory of Depressive Symptoms) or anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory) symptoms at baseline was associated with changes in lipids (i.e., total, high-density lipoprotein [HDL] or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides) or waist circumference during a 2-year follow-up period. We also examined whether changes in severity of symptoms were associated with changes in lipid or waist circumference levels over these 2 years. Multivariate linear regression analyses were adjusted for age, sex, education, and tobacco consumption. RESULTS Baseline symptoms of depression or anxiety predicted a decrease in HDL cholesterol (adjusted β = -.062 [p = .003] and β = -.050 [p = .02], respectively) and an increase in waist circumference (adjusted β = .060 [p = .01] and β = .053 [p = .02], respectively) for 2 years. Reduction of symptoms of depression or anxiety over time did not coincide with an amelioration of lipid or waist circumference values. CONCLUSIONS People with initially severe symptoms of depression or anxiety showed a subsequent decrease in HDL cholesterol levels and an increase in abdominal obesity over time, independent of a potential reduction in symptom severity in this period. Therefore, such people are at elongated and increasing risk for dyslipidemia and obesity, predisposing them to cardiovascular disease.
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Kawada T. Feeling refreshed by sleep can predict psychological wellbeing assessed using the general health questionnaire in male workers: a 3-year follow-up study. Psychiatry Investig 2012; 9:418-21. [PMID: 23251209 PMCID: PMC3521121 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2012.9.4.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction of psychological wellbeing based on several important predictors was conducted for ensuring maintenance of good mental health. A 3-year follow-up study to determine psychological well-being was conducted in 969 Japanese male workers. Age, body mass index, present history of medication and four lifestyle factors were used for the analysis. A logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for obtaining a score of ≥4 in the General Health Questionnaire-12-item version, among the subjects who felt refreshed by sleep was 0.559 (0.415-0.753). None of the other factors showed any statistically significant association. Feeling refreshed by sleep was identified as a predictor of maintained psychological wellbeing in this 3-year follow-up study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kawada
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Carpiniello B, Pinna F, Velluzzi F, Loviselli A. Mental disorders in patients with metabolic syndrome. The key role of central obesity. Eat Weight Disord 2012; 17:e259-66. [PMID: 23299201 DOI: 10.3275/8809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Authors sought to evaluate current prevalence of mental disorders in patients affected by metabolic syndrome compared with patients affected by central obesity alone. METHODS 186 (63.5%) patients affected by central obesity and 107 (36.5%) affected by metabolic syndrome according to ICF criteria were interviewed by means of SCID I. RESULTS Axis I current prevalence was respectively 45.7% and 44.9% among patients with central obesity and patients with metabolic syndrome, differences which were not significant. No statistically significant differences were found between groups as far as each single axis I diagnostic category was concerned. Moreover, current prevalence of any axis I, anxiety and mood disorders were independent of the number of components of metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION metabolic syndrome is associated to an higher risk for current mental disorders, which seems to be mainly due to the strong association of central obesity to psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Carpiniello
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine-Section of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Clinic, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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Carpiniello B, Pinna F, Pili R, Velluzzi F, Loviselli A. Mental disorders in obese patients with and without metabolic syndrome. Int J Psychiatry Med 2012; 42:369-75. [PMID: 22530399 DOI: 10.2190/pm.42.4.c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors sought to evaluate lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in patients affected by metabolic syndrome compared with patients affected by central obesity alone. METHODS One hundred eighty-six (63.5%) patients affected by central obesity and 107 (36.5%) affected by metabolic syndrome according to ICF criteria were interviewed by means of SCID I and SCID II. RESULTS Axis I and axis II lifetime prevalence were respectively 53.8% and 30.1% among patients with central obesity, 50.5% and 28% among patients with metabolic syndrome, differences which were not significant. No statistically significant differences were found between groups as far as each single axis I and II diagnostic category was considered. CONCLUSION Metabolic syndrome is not associated with a higher risk of mental disorders compared to central obesity alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Carpiniello
- Dept. of Public Health-Section of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Clinic, University of Cagliari, Italy.
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Pradeepa R, Nazir A, Mohan V. Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: do they share a common soil? The Asian Indian experience. HEART ASIA 2012; 4:69-76. [PMID: 27326035 DOI: 10.1136/heartasia-2011-010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In India, diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are growing health problems. CVD accounts for much of the increased morbidity and premature mortality associated with type 2 diabetes. Moreover, CVD also occurs 2-3 decades earlier among diabetic subjects and runs a more aggressive course and has a worse prognosis. The pathophysiology of the link between diabetes and CVD is complex and multifactorial and understanding the mechanisms of the disease can help identify and treat CVD in patients with diabetes and vice versa. The current article reviews the common antecedents between type 2 diabetes and CVD including non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors and suggests that future research on diabetes and CVD should focus on searching for risk factors for CVD that may be more specific to diabetes, such as hypoglycaemia or medication related comorbidities. Also, the authors recommend research on common genetic variants which might have stronger effects and hence have a potential role in diabetes and CVD risk prediction. Finally, primary prevention trials trying to prevent both diabetes and CVD are the urgent need of the hour!
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Pradeepa
- Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Adamsha Nazir
- Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
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Nishiyama M, Kimijima M, Muto T, Kimura K. Presence of an interaction between smoking and being overweight increases risks of hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in outpatients with mood disorders. Environ Health Prev Med 2011; 17:285-91. [PMID: 22065307 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-011-0250-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that the presence of an interaction between smoking and being overweight increases the risks of lifestyle-related diseases (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease) in outpatients with mood disorders. METHODS In this cross-sectional survey, using data from 213 outpatients with mood disorders (95 men, 118 women), we calculated the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipedemia, and cardiovascular disease, using a binary logistic regression model; we then calculated the adjusted OR values for smokers and non-smokers with body mass indexes (BMIs) of <25 or ≥25 kg/m². Next, we examined the data for the presence of an interaction between smoking and being overweight, using three measures of additive interaction: relative excess risk due to the interaction (RERI), attributable proportion due to the interaction (AP), and the synergy index (S). RESULTS Smokers with BMI <25 kg/m² had a significantly lower risk of hypertension (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.09-0.81) than non-smokers with BMI <25 kg/m² (reference group). Compared with the reference group, overweight non-smokers had a significantly higher risk (2.82, 1.34-6.19) of hypertension, and overweight smokers had a higher risk (4.43, 1.28-15.26) of hypertension and very high risks of diabetes (8.24, 2.47-27.42) and cardiovascular disease (13.12, 1.95-88.41). The highest RERI was derived from the relation with cardiovascular disease. The highest AP and S were derived from the relation with type 2 diabetes. There was no interaction of smoking and being overweight with dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION The presence of an interaction between smoking and being overweight exacerbates the risks of hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in outpatients with mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Nishiyama
- Division of Education Support and Education for Community Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Shimotsuga, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan.
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Bowles NP, Hill MN, Bhagat SM, Karatsoreos IN, Hillard CJ, McEwen BS. Chronic, noninvasive glucocorticoid administration suppresses limbic endocannabinoid signaling in mice. Neuroscience 2011; 204:83-9. [PMID: 21939741 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Limbic endocannabinoid signaling is known to be sensitive to chronic stress; however, studies investigating the impact of prolonged exposure to glucocorticoid hormones have been limited by the concurrent exposure to the stress of daily injections. The present study was designed to examine the effects of a noninvasive approach to alter plasma corticosterone (CORT) on the endocannabinoid system. More precisely, we explored the effects of a 4-week exposure to CORT dissolved in the drinking water of mice (100 μg/ml) and measured cannabinoid CB(1) receptor binding, endocannabinoid content, activity of the endocannabinoid degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and mRNA expression of both the CB(1) receptor and FAAH in both the hippocampus and amygdala. Our data demonstrate that CORT decreases CB(1) receptor binding site density in both the hippocampus and amygdala and also reduced anandamide (AEA) content and increased FAAH activity within both structures. These changes in both CB(1) receptor binding and FAAH activity were not accompanied by changes in mRNA expression of either the CB(1) receptor or FAAH in either brain region. Interestingly, our CORT delivery regimen significantly increased 2-AG concentrations within the hippocampus, but not the amygdala. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the confounder of injection stress is sufficient to conceal the ability of protracted exposure to glucocorticoids to reduce CB(1) receptor density and augment AEA metabolism within limbic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Bowles
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, NY, USA.
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Waist circumference, abdominal obesity, and depression among overweight and obese U.S. adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. BMC Psychiatry 2011; 11:130. [PMID: 21834955 PMCID: PMC3163524 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-11-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with an increased risk of mental illness; however, evidence linking body mass index (BMI)-a measure of overall obesity, to mental illness is inconsistent. The objective of this study was to examine the association of depressive symptoms with waist circumference or abdominal obesity among overweight and obese U.S. adults. METHODS A cross-sectional, nationally representative sample from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used. We analyzed the data from 2,439 U.S. adults (1,325 men and 1,114 nonpregnant women) aged ≥ 20 years who were either overweight or obese with BMI of ≥ 25.0 kg/m2. Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference of > 102 cm for men and > 88 cm for women. Depressive symptoms (defined as having major depressive symptoms or moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms) were assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 diagnostic algorithm. The prevalence and the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for having major depressive symptoms and moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms were estimated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS After multivariate adjustment for demographics and lifestyle factors, waist circumference was significantly associated with both major depressive symptoms (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01-1.05) and moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.04), and adults with abdominal obesity were significantly more likely to have major depressive symptoms (OR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.35-3.59) or have moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms (OR: 2.56, 95% CI: 1.34-4.90) than those without. These relationships persisted after further adjusting for coexistence of multiple chronic conditions and persisted in participants who were overweight (BMI: 25.0-< 30.0 kg/m2) when stratified analyses were conducted by BMI status. CONCLUSION Among overweight and obese U.S. adults, waist circumference or abdominal obesity was significantly associated with increased likelihoods of having major depressive symptoms or moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms. Thus, mental health status should be monitored and evaluated in adults with abdominal obesity, particularly in those who are overweight.
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Inoue M, Nakao M, Nomura K, Takeuchi T, Tsurugano S, Shinozaki Y, Yano E. Lack of leisure-time physical activity in non-obese Japanese men with components of metabolic syndrome. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2011; 223:269-76. [PMID: 21441752 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.223.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A focus exclusively on waist circumference, the main component used in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MetS), may lead to ignoring non-obese individuals with other MetS components, including high levels of blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and triglycerides and low levels of high-density lipoprotein. This study investigated lifestyles and eating behaviors among non-obese individuals with components of MetS. Of the 918 Japanese male workers, 151 subjects (16.4%) had a waist circumference < 85 cm with more than one MetS component. This non-obese high-risk group for MetS gained weight in adulthood, consume alcohol, and engage in less leisure-time physical activity compared to 317 subjects (34.5%) with a waist circumference < 85 cm and without MetS components (p < 0.05). The remaining 450 subjects (49%) were obese with a waist circumference ≥ 85, including 93 men with MetS. A lack of leisure-time physical activity was associated with the non-obese high-risk group for MetS [odds ratio 1.59, 95% confidence interval 1.02 - 2.49] compared to the 317 non-obese men without MetS (reference group). Such a difference in physical activity was not found between the 450 obese subjects and the reference group. Instead, eating behaviors, such as eating rapidly, preference for fatty foods, and eating out for dinner, were significantly associated with MetS. Thus, men with smaller waist circumferences and any MetS component should be carefully monitored for physical activity to prevent further development of MetS, while men with larger waist circumferences including MetS need to be monitored for unfavorable eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Inoue
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Vogelzangs N, Beekman ATF, Boelhouwer IG, Bandinelli S, Milaneschi Y, Ferrucci L, Penninx BWJH. Metabolic depression: a chronic depressive subtype? Findings from the InCHIANTI study of older persons. J Clin Psychiatry 2011; 72:598-604. [PMID: 21535996 PMCID: PMC6232848 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.10m06559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies report a cross-sectional association between metabolic syndrome and depression. Possibly, metabolic syndrome promotes onset or chronicity of depression. However, such a longitudinal link has not yet been confirmed. This study examines whether metabolic syndrome or its components are associated with onset and chronicity of depression. METHOD Secondary analyses were performed on data from 823 participants (≥ 65 years of age) in the InCHIANTI study, a prospective, population-based cohort study of older persons. From 1998 to 2000, the study sample was randomly selected from the population registry of 2 sites in Italy using a multistage stratified sampling method. Baseline data collection consisted of a home interview and a medical evaluation at the study clinic. Follow-up for each participant occurred after 3 years and 6 years. Metabolic syndrome at baseline was defined as ≥ 3 of the following: abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high fasting glucose. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D) at baseline and after 3 and 6 years. Sample characteristics were compared between persons with and without depression at baseline using χ² and t statistics. Logistic regression analyses were conducted separately in persons with and without depression at baseline to test whether metabolic syndrome at baseline could predict onset and chronicity of depression at follow-up. RESULTS At baseline, 235 persons had metabolic syndrome, and 168 were depressed (CES-D score ≥ 20). Among persons not depressed at baseline, 26.0% developed depression. Higher waist circumference increased the odds of depression onset (adjusted OR per SD increase = 1.28; 95% CI, 1.05-1.56), but there was no association between other metabolic syndrome components and onset of depression. Among persons depressed at baseline, depression had a chronic character in 69.0% of persons without and 88.5% of persons with metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome was associated with an almost 3-fold increase in the odds of chronicity of depression (adjusted OR = 2.66; 95% CI, 1.01-7.00), with almost every metabolic syndrome component contributing to this association. CONCLUSION In late life, waist circumference, but not metabolic syndrome, predicted onset of depression. Depressed persons with metabolic syndrome were more likely to have persistent or recurrent depression. The latter may suggest that depression with metabolic abnormalities, which could be labeled metabolic depression, identifies a chronic subtype of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Vogelzangs
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Foley DL, Morley KI, Madden PAF, Heath AC, Whitfield JB, Martin NG. Major depression and the metabolic syndrome. Twin Res Hum Genet 2011; 13:347-58. [PMID: 20707705 DOI: 10.1375/twin.13.4.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to characterize the relationship between major depression and the metabolic syndrome in a large community based sample of Australian men and women aged 26-90 years. A lifetime history of major depression was assessed by telephone interview following the DSM-III-R. A current history of metabolic syndrome was assessed following the United States National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP AP-III) guidelines 1 to 3 years later. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between depression and the metabolic syndrome, and its component criteria, controlling for age, sex and alcohol dependence. There was no association between a lifetime history of major depression and the presence of the metabolic syndrome. There was a weak association between depression and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol but not with other component criteria of the metabolic syndrome. Despite calls for interventions directed at depression to reduce the onset of the metabolic syndrome there are important failures to replicate in large samples such as this, no consensus regarding the threshold at which depression may pose a significant risk even allowing for heterogeneity across populations, and no consensus regarding confounders that may explain inter-study differences. The absence of any dosage effect of depression on the associated risk for the metabolic syndrome in other unselected samples does not support a direct causal relationship. The call for intervention studies on the basis of the currently published evidence base is unwarranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Foley
- Biostatistics Unit, Orygen Youth Health Research Centre & Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms among Japanese men and women. Environ Health Prev Med 2011; 16:363-8. [PMID: 21431810 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-011-0206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence is limited on the relation between metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms in a Japanese working population. METHODS The study subjects comprised 458 municipal employees (age range 21-67 years) from two municipal offices in Japan. A modified version of the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III was used to define metabolic syndrome. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES_D) scale. RESULTS Depressive symptoms (CES_D ≥ 16) in both the male and female subjects were not significantly associated with metabolic syndrome nor with each component of metabolic syndrome. In men, high fasting glucose was associated with increased prevalence of severe depressive state (CES_D ≥ 23). CONCLUSIONS Metabolic syndrome may not be associated with depressive status among Japanese employees.
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