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Obese Vegetarians and Omnivores Show Different Metabolic Changes: Analysis of 1340 Individuals. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112204. [PMID: 35684004 PMCID: PMC9182907 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study evaluated the association between the increase in body mass index (BMI) in men and women (menstruating and non-menstruating) (n = 1340) with different dietary groups (omnivores, semi-vegetarians, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, and vegans) and the measurement of the biochemical markers high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), ferritin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Increasing BMI values in all groups and dietary profiles were related to a significant increase in hs-CRP (p < 0.0001), ALT (p = 0.02), ferritin (p = 0.009), and HbA1C (p < 0.0001), with no difference between dietary groups (p < 0.05). The increase in BMI increases the levels of HOMA-IR (p < 0.0001) and GGT (p < 0.05), with higher values found in men when compared to women (p < 0.0001 for HOMA- IR and p = 0.0048 for GGT). The association between ALT and BMI was different between dietary groups, as it showed a decrease in vegan women who do not menstruate compared to other dietary groups (p = 0.0099). When including only obese individuals (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, n = 153) in the analysis, we observed lower concentrations of GGT and ferritin in vegetarians than in omnivores, regardless of gender and menstrual blood loss (p = 0.0395). Our data showed that for both vegetarians and omnivores, the higher the BMI, the worse the metabolic parameters. However, regarding obesity, vegetarians showed better antioxidant status (lower GGT elevation) and lower inflammatory status (lower ferritin elevation), which may provide them with potential protection in the development of morbidities associated with overweight.
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Shi Z, Li M, Wang Y, Liu J, El-Obeid T. High iron intake is associated with poor cognition among Chinese old adults and varied by weight status-a 15-y longitudinal study in 4852 adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:109-116. [PMID: 30649164 PMCID: PMC6900563 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High body iron status has been shown to be associated with adverse health outcomes. However, the relation between high body iron status, body mass index (BMI), and cognition is still understudied. Objective This study aimed to examine the association between iron intake and cognitive function in Chinese adults and tested the interaction effect of iron intake and BMI on cognition. Design Longitudinal study data from a nationwide sample (n = 4852; age ≥55 y) from the China Health and Nutrition Survey during 1991-2006 were used. Of the participants, 3302 had completed cognitive screening tests in ≥2 surveys. Cognitive function was assessed in 1997, 2000, 2004, and 2006. Dietary iron intake was obtained from a 3-d food record during home visits in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, and 2006. Multivariable mixed linear regression and logistic regression were used. Results The cumulative mean ± SD iron intake in 1997 of tested subjects was 23.7 ± 11.3 mg/d (25.4 mg/d in men and 22.2 mg/d in women). High iron intake was associated with poor cognition. In fully adjusted models, across the quartiles of iron intake the regression coefficients (95% CIs) were 0, -0.39 (-0.77, -0.01), -0.55 (-0.95, -0.15), and -0.90 (-1.33, -0.47), respectively. Comparing extreme quartiles of iron intake (high), the OR (95% CI) for poor cognitive function was 1.30 (1.04, 1.64). There was a significant interaction between iron intake and BMI. The association between high iron intake and poor cognition was stronger among those with a high BMI than those with a low BMI. Among those with a BMI (kg/m2) >24, across quartiles of iron intake the ORs (95% CIs) for poor cognitive function were 1.00, 1.27 (0.91, 1.78), 1.41 (0.97, 2.04), and 2.04 (1.38, 3.01), respectively. Conclusion Higher iron intake is associated with poor cognition in Chinese adults, especially among those with a high BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zumin Shi
- Human Nutrition Department, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ming Li
- Center for Population Health Research, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Youfa Wang
- Global Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianghong Liu
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tahra El-Obeid
- Human Nutrition Department, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Serum Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase and Ferritin Synergistically Associated with the Rate of Chronic Kidney Disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:9765259. [PMID: 28659657 PMCID: PMC5474265 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9765259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of GGT and SF on the risk of CKD. 1024 participants (436 men and 588 women) were divided into three groups according to GGT and SF levels: group 1 (both GGT and SF not in the fourth quartile), group 2 (only GGT or SF in the fourth quartile), and group 3 (both GGT and SF in the fourth quartile). The risks of CKD in different levels of GGT and SF and in groups 2-3 compared with group 1 were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. GGT or SF in the highest quartile was associated with increased risk of CKD. Such associations attenuated after adjustment for confounding factors. The incidences of CKD, especially albuminuria, increased across the three groups. Correspondingly, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels gradually increased from group 1 to group 3. The risks of CKD were higher in groups 2 and 3 than that in group 1. In group 3, the increased rate was independent of age, BMI, alcohol drinking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and metabolic syndrome (odds ratios from 1.887 to 2.293, P < 0.05). In summary, this study suggested that GGT and SF synergistically influence the rate of CKD.
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Long Y, Jia D, Wei L, Yang Y, Tian H, Chen T. Liver-Specific Overexpression of Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Ameliorates Insulin Sensitivity of Male C57BL/6 Mice. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:2654520. [PMID: 28660214 PMCID: PMC5474247 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2654520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we developed a liver-specific GGT-overexpressing mice model by rapid injection pLIVE-GGT vector through tail vein and investigated the effects of GGT elevation on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. The serum GGT activity was significantly increased after 7 days of pLIVE-GGT1 vector delivery and lasted for about 3 weeks. GGT overexpression reduced the levels of GSSG and GSH in the liver and serum and had no effects on total antioxidative capacity in the liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle except for the pancreas. Increased GGT activity had no effect on the glucose tolerance but could facilitate blood glucose lowering after intraperitoneal insulin administration. The results of Western blotting showed that increased GGT activity enhanced insulin-induced AKT phosphorylation at Ser473. Furthermore, GGT inhibitor could attenuate the changes of insulin-induced blood glucose uptake and AKT phosphorylation in the liver. In summary, the present study developed a liver-specific GGT-overexpressing mice model and found that GGT elevation in short term had no effects on glucose metabolism but could increase insulin sensitivity through enhancing the activity of insulin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Long
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Dan Jia
- Division of General Practice, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Libin Wei
- Department of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University Affiliated North China Petroleum Bureau General Hospital, Renqiu 062552, China
| | - Yumei Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Health Examination Management Center, Sichuan Province People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Haoming Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- *Haoming Tian: and
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- *Tao Chen:
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Kim J, Oh B, Lim JE, Kim MK. No Interaction with Alcohol Consumption, but Independent Effect of C12orf51 (HECTD4) on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Adults Aged 40-69 Years: The KoGES_Ansan and Ansung Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149321. [PMID: 26891264 PMCID: PMC4758657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, genetic polymorphisms of C12orf51 (HECTD4) (rs2074356 and/or rs11066280) have been shown to be related to alcohol consumption and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to prospectively examine whether C12orf51 had an interaction with or independent effect on alcohol consumption and the risk of T2D. The present study included 3,244 men and 3,629 women aged 40 to 69 years who participated in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)_Ansan and Ansung Study. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs for T2D. rs2074356 and rs11066280 were associated with the risk of T2D after adjusting for alcohol consumption (rs2074356 for AA: HR = 0.39 and 95% CI = 0.17–0.87 in men, and HR = 0.36 and 95% CI = 0.13–0.96 in women; rs11066280 for AA: HR = 0.44 and 95% CI = 0.23–0.86 in men, and HR = 0.39 and 95% CI = 0.16–0.94 in women). We identified that the association of each variant (rs2074356 and rs11065756) in C12orf51 was nearly unchanged after adjusted for alcohol consumption. Therefore, the association of 2 SNPs in C12orf51 with diabetes may not be mediated by alcohol use. There was no interaction effect between alcohol consumption and the SNPs with T2D. However, even in never-drinkers, minor allele homozygote strongly influenced T2D risk reduction (rs2074356 for AA: HR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.14–0.90, and p-trend = 0.0035 in men and HR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.13–0.93, and p-trend = 0.2348 in women; rs11066280 for AA: HR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.16–0.82, and p-trend = 0.0014 in men and HR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.16–0.95, and p-trend = 0.3790 in women), while alcohol consumption did not influence the risk of T2D within each genotype. rs2074356 and rs11066280 in or near C12orf51, which is related to alcohol drinking behavior, may longitudinally decrease the risk of T2D, but not through regulation of alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute for Health and Society, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bermseok Oh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute for Health and Society, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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Zhou F, Zhao Z, Tian L, Zheng T, Gao Y, Chen T, Yan F, Tian H. Association of Serum Ferritin Level with Risk of Incident Abnormal Glucose Metabolism in Southwestern China: a Prospective Cohort Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 169:27-33. [PMID: 26073512 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This prospective cohort study aimed to analyze the association between serum ferritin levels and the risk of abnormal glucose metabolism (AGM) in Southwestern Chinese population. The 383 subjects who are aged ≥20 years and free of AGM at baseline between in 2007 and in 2008 were included in Southwestern China, and their baseline serum ferritin levels were measured. Among these subjects, 140 subjects were developed into AGM during the follow-up (2008-2012). In logistic regression models, the relative risk in the top versus that in the lowest quartile of serum ferritin levels was 2.86 (p = 0.013) in females and 3.50 (p = 0.029) in males after adjusting the age, gender, family history of diabetes, current smoking, and alcohol; however, serum ferritin levels were not significantly associated with incident of AGM after controlling for metabolic factors (waist circumference, systolic pressure (SBP), triglyceride (TG), and homeostasis model assessment formula insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)). Elevated serum ferritin levels are associated with AGM but not an independent risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXue Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoxian Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXue Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tian
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianpeng Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXue Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXue Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXue Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXue Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoming Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXue Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Liang J, Gong Y, Wang Y, Qiu Q, Zou C, Dou L, Liu X, Song H. Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase is associated with impaired fasting glucose in Chinese adults: the Cardiometabolic Risk in Chinese (CRC) study. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 70:1823-8. [PMID: 25030409 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several studies found raised serum γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and traditional marker of liver damage was associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between GGT and impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and evaluate the modification effects of age, BMI, prehypertension, and lipids in a large sample of Chinese adults. The study samples are from a community-based health examination survey in China. The sample for our analysis included 7,309 participants. IFG was defined as FBG from 6.1 to 7.0 mmol/L. Serum GGT, lipids, blood pressure, and glucose were measured. The odds ratios (ORs, 95 % CI) of IFG across increasing quintiles of GGT were 1.00, 0.91 (0.49-1.72), 1.27 (0.68-2.38), 2.31 (1.29-4.15), and 2.42 (1.32-4.42) (P for trend < 0.0001), adjusting for age, sex, BMI, blood pressure, glucose, and lipids. We found significant interactions between age, BMI, and GGT on IFG risk. When the joint effects were examined, we found an additional effect of triglycerides (TG) and GGT levels on IFG. Our data indicate that serum GGT concentration was associated with the risk of IFG, and the association was modified by TG level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Institute of Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Institute of Diabetes, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, 199# South Jiefang Road, Xuzhou, 221009, Jiangsu, China,
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Association of serum ferritin concentrations with prevalence of prediabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome in a Chinese population from Sichuan. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-015-0308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Wei D, Chen T, Li J, Gao Y, Ren Y, Zhang X, Yu H, Tian H. Association of Serum Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase and Ferritin with the Metabolic Syndrome. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:741731. [PMID: 26185768 PMCID: PMC4491402 DOI: 10.1155/2015/741731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim. To investigate the relationship among GGT, ferritin, and the risk of metabolic syndrome. Methods. A total of 1024 eligible individuals of the Chinese Yi ethnic group were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The presence of metabolic syndrome was determined using the revised NCEP-ATP III and CDS criteria. Odds ratios for the metabolic syndrome and its components for different groups based on the levels of GGT and ferritin were calculated using multiple logistic regressions. Results. Serum GGT and ferritin concentrations were significantly higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome compared to those without metabolic syndrome in both genders (p < 0.05). Serum GGT was positively correlated with ferritin (p < 0.05). The risk of the metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in female subjects who had elevated GGT and ferritin levels (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the increased risk of having each of the metabolic syndrome components (overweight or obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance) was also observed in those subjects after adjustment for possible confounders (p < 0.05). Conclusions. These data indicate that GGT and ferritin synergistically correlate with the risk of the metabolic syndrome, suggesting that they could potentially be used as predictive biomarkers for the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiangxun Zhang
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hongling Yu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haoming Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- *Haoming Tian:
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Zhan Y, Tang Z, Yu J. Serum ferritin, diabetes, diabetes control, and insulin resistance. Acta Diabetol 2014; 51:991-8. [PMID: 25338070 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present study aims to investigate the association between serum ferritin and diabetes, diabetes control, and insulin resistance (IR) and examine whether gender is a modifier for these associations in a community-based sample. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 8,235 participants was conducted in 2009. Serum ferritin, glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin, inflammatory markers, and lipid markers were measured. IR was estimated with a Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) equation. Multiple logistic and linear regression models were applied to evaluate these associations. RESULTS The numbers of diabetic patients and non-diabetic participants in the present study were 644 (7.8 %) and 7,591 (92.2 %). After adjusting for multiple confounders, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for diabetes were 1.48 (1.31-1.69) in men and 1.43 (1.24-1.65) in women for one-unit increase in log-transformed serum ferritin levels. Likewise, ORs (95 % CIs) for poor diabetes control (HbA1c ≥7.5 %) were 1.58 (1.21-2.05) and 1.37 (1.07-1.77) in men and women, respectively. As for HOMA-IR, the respective betas (P value) for one-unit increase in log-transformed serum ferritin were 0.07 (P < 0.0001) and 0.06 (P < 0.0001) in men and women. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, elevated serum ferritin levels were associated with higher risks of diabetes, higher levels of HbA1c, and HOMA-IR independent of several confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Zhan
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
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Noborisaka Y, Ishizaki M, Yamazaki M, Honda R, Yamada Y. Elevated Serum Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) Activity and the Development of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in Cigarette Smokers. Nephrourol Mon 2013; 5:967-73. [PMID: 24693503 PMCID: PMC3955288 DOI: 10.5812/numonthly.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is predictive of various cardiovascular (CV) risk factors including chronic kidney disease (CKD). Elevated serum GGT has been recognized in smokers who are likely to develop CKD, but no study has focused on serum GGT and CKD in smokers. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to clarify the associations between cigarette consumption, elevation of serum GGT and the development of proteinuria and CKD. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective 6-year observational study was conducted on 2,603 male workers aged between 40 and 64 years. Incidences of proteinuria detected by dipstick and CKD defined by proteinuria and/or reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) measured in health check-ups were determined 6 years later for those who had been free of them at baseline. RESULTS Higher means of serum GGT in smokers than in nonsmokers at baseline, and a higher incidence of elevated serum GGT in smokers than in nonsmokers during the 6-year period were recognized only for alcohol consumers. Incidences of proteinuria and moderate or severe CKD which has a high risk of future renal failure or CV disease were higher in the subjects with greater cigarette consumption or a higher serum GGT level. Multiple logistic regression analyses adjusting for major CV risk factors showed a significant interactive effect between smoking and elevated serum GGT on the development of proteinuria and an additive effect of smoking and serum GGT on the development of high-risk CKD. CONCLUSIONS Elevation of serum GGT in smokers, to a large extent, depends on the associated alcohol consumption. Elevated GGT in smokers plays at least a partial role in the development of CKD, mainly proteinuria, and the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Noborisaka
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
- Corresponding author: Yuka Noborisaka, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293 Japan. Tel: +81-762188101, Fax: +81-762869723, E-mail:
| | - Masao Ishizaki
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Michiko Yamazaki
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ryumon Honda
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yamada
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
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Longo-Mbenza B, Muaka MM, Mokondjimobe E, Ndembe DK, Mona DT, Buassabu-Bu-Tsumbu B. Oxidative stress-elevated high gamma glutamyl transferase levels, and aging, intake of tropical food plants, migration and visual disability in Central Africans. Int J Ophthalmol 2012; 5:493-8. [PMID: 22937512 PMCID: PMC3428548 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2012.04.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the independent pathogenic role of high serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels, sociodemographic data, dietary and environmental risk factors for visual disability (VD). METHODS This was a case-control study, run in 200 black Congolese patients managed in Saint Joseph Hospital Ophthalmology Division from Kinshasa town. Logistic regression model was used to identify determinants of VD (n=58) among sex, age, cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, rural-urban migration, education levels, aging ≥60 years, intake of red Beans, Safou fruit and Taro leaves, lipid profile, residence, socioeconomic status, and GGT. RESULTS After adjusting for confounding factors, we identified migration (OR=3.7 95% CI: 1.2-11.3; P=0.023), low education level (OR=3.1 95% CI 1.1-8.5; P=0.026), no intake of Safou fruit (OR=34.2 95% CI 11.5-102; P<0.0001), age ≥ 60 years (OR=2.5 95% CI 1.01-6.5; P=0.049), and serum GGT ≥10 U/L (OR=3.6 95% CI 1.3-9.6; P=0.012) as the significant and independent determinants of VD. CONCLUSION VD appears as a major public health problem in Central Africa to be prevented or delayed by control of migration, lifestyle changes, antioxidant supplements, appropriate diet, nutrition education, and blocking of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Longo-Mbenza
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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