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Bil-Lula I, Kuliczkowski W, Krzywonos-Zawadzka A, Frydrychowski P, Stygar D, Hałucha K, Noszczyk-Nowak A. Mixture of Doxycycline, ML-7 and L-NAME Restores the Pro- and Antioxidant Balance during Myocardial Infarction-In Vivo Pig Model Study. Biomedicines 2024; 12:784. [PMID: 38672140 PMCID: PMC11047935 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The restoration of blood flow to the ischemic myocardium inflicts ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) heart injury (IRI). The main contributors to IRI are increased oxidative stress and subsequent excessive production of ROS, increased expression of NOS and peroxinitate, activation of MMPs, and enhanced posttranslational modifications of contractile proteins, which make them more susceptible to proteolytic degradation. Since the pathophysiology of IRI is a complex issue, and thus, various therapeutic strategies are required to prevent or reduce IRI and microvascular dysfunction, in the current study we proposed an innovative multi-drug therapy using low concentrations of drugs applied intracoronary to reach microvessels in order to stabilize the pro- and antioxidant balance during a MI in an in vivo pig model. The ability of a mixture of doxycycline (1 μM), ML-7 (0.5 μM), and L-NAME (2 μM) to modulate the pro- and antioxidative balance was tested in the left ventricle tissue and blood samples. Data showed that infusion of a MIX reduced the total oxidative status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), and malondialdehyde (MDA). It also increased the total antioxidant capacity, confirming its antioxidative properties. MIX administration also reduced the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and then decreased the release of MLC1 and BNP-26 into plasma. This study demonstrated that intracoronary administration of low concentrations of doxycycline in combination with ML-7 and L-NAME is incredibly efficient in regulating pro- and antioxidant balance during MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Bil-Lula
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Haematology, Wrocław Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (A.K.-Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Wiktor Kuliczkowski
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Krzywonos-Zawadzka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Haematology, Wrocław Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (A.K.-Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Piotr Frydrychowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Square 47, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland; (P.F.); (A.N.-N.)
| | - Dominika Stygar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 19 Street, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
- SLU University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kornela Hałucha
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Haematology, Wrocław Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (A.K.-Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Agnieszka Noszczyk-Nowak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Square 47, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland; (P.F.); (A.N.-N.)
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Orlewska K, Klusek J, Głuszek S, Klusek J, Witczak B, Wawszczak M, Madej Ł, Marzec MT, Orlewska E. Glutathione S-Transferase P1 Genetic Variant's Influence on the HbA1c Level in Type Two Diabetic Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1520. [PMID: 36674274 PMCID: PMC9859603 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
GST (glutathione S-transferases) are capable of influencing glucose homeostasis, probably through regulation of the response to oxidant stress. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between GSTP1 gene polymorphism and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in type two diabetic (T2D) patients. A total of 307 T2D patients were included. Analysis of the GSTP1 gene polymorphism (rs1695) was conducted using the TaqMan qPCR method endpoint genotyping. HbA1c was determined using a COBAS 6000 autoanalyzer. A univariable linear regression and multivariable linear regression model were used to investigate the association between mean HbA1c level and GSTP1 gene polymorphism, age at T2D diagnosis, T2D duration, therapy with insulin, gender, BMI, smoking status. GSTP1 Val/Val genotype, age at T2D diagnosis, T2D duration and therapy with insulin were statistically significant contributors to HbA1c levels (p < 0.05). Multivariable regression analysis revealed that GSTP1 (Val/Val vs. Ile/Ile) was associated with higher HbA1c even after adjustment for variables that showed a statistically significant relationship with HbA1c in univariable analyses (p = 0.024). The results suggest that GSTP polymorphism may be one of the risk factors for higher HbA1c in T2D patients. Our study is limited by the relatively small sample size, cross-sectional design, and lack of inclusion of other oxidative stress-related genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justyna Klusek
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-516 Kielce, Poland
| | - Stanisław Głuszek
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-516 Kielce, Poland
- Department of General, Oncological and Endocrinological Surgery, Voivodeship Hospital, 25-736 Kielce, Poland
| | - Jolanta Klusek
- Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Bartosz Witczak
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-516 Kielce, Poland
| | - Monika Wawszczak
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-516 Kielce, Poland
| | - Łukasz Madej
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-516 Kielce, Poland
| | - Michał Tomasz Marzec
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-516 Kielce, Poland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1017 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ewa Orlewska
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-516 Kielce, Poland
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García-González I, Pérez-Mendoza G, Solís-Cárdenas A, Flores-Ocampo J, Herrera-Sánchez LF, Mendoza-Alcocer R, González-Herrera L. Genetic variants of PON1, GSTM1, GSTT1, and locus 9p21.3, and the risk for premature coronary artery disease in Yucatan, Mexico. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23701. [PMID: 34766662 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic variants of PON1, rs70587, rs662, rs854560, GSTM1, and GSTT1 and two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) at 9p21.3 locus, rs1333049, and rs2383207; were evaluated in association with the risk for premature coronary artery disease (CAD) in a population of Yucatan, Mexico. These genes are involved in the inactivation of pro-oxidants and pro-inflammatory mediators, lipid and xenobiotic metabolism, detoxification of reactive oxygen species, and regulation of cellular proliferation playing key roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. METHODS We conducted a matched case-control study with 98 CAD cases and 101 healthy controls. Genotyping of PON1 and 9p21.2 SNP was performed by real time-PCR and for GSTM1 and GSTT1 with multiplex-PCR. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated to estimate association and generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) algorithm to identify gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. RESULTS The distribution of all allele/genotype frequencies in controls was within Hardy-Weinberg expectations (p > .05) except for GSTM1. The allele/genotype frequencies of the GSTT1 null were significantly higher in CAD cases than in controls, suggesting association with higher risk for developing CAD. The other SNPs did not show any significant independent association with premature CAD. GMDR revealed a significant interaction between GSTT1 and LL55 genotype. Likewise, the body mass index (BMI) and smoking also showed an interaction with GSTT1. CONCLUSION The GSTT1 null allele/genotype is associated with an increased risk of developing premature CAD, the effect of which is not modified by cardiovascular risk factors in the population of Yucatan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igrid García-González
- Laboratorio de Genética, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Pérez-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Genética, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge Flores-Ocampo
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Regional del ISSSTE, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | - Renan Mendoza-Alcocer
- Centro Estatal de la transfusión sanguínea, Servicios de Salud de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Lizbeth González-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Genética, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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Sobha SP, Ebenezar K. Susceptibility of Glutathione--S-Transferase Polymorphism to CVD Development in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - A Review. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:225-234. [PMID: 34496736 DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666210908115222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic disorder affects normal homeostasis and can lead to the development of diseases. Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder, and a cluster of metabolic conditions can lead to cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. Diabetes mellitus and CVD are closely related, with oxidative stress, playing a major role in the pathophysiology. Glutathione-S-Transferases (GST) potentially play an important role by reducing oxidative stress and is found to be the underlying pathophysiology in the development of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), etc. Objectives: In this review, the role of GST genetic variant in the development of diabetes mellitus, CVD and diabetic vascular complications has been focused. RESULTS Based on the literature, it is evident that the GST can act as an important biochemical tool providing significant evidence regarding oxidative stress predominant in the development of diseases. Analysis of GST gene status, particularly detection of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null mutations and GSTP1 polymorphism, have clinical importance. CONCLUSION The analysis of GST polymorphism may help identify the people at risk and provide proper medical management. Genotyping of GST gene would be a helpful biomarker for early diagnosis of CVD development in DM and also in CVD cases. More studies focusing on the association of GST polymorphism with CVD development in diabetic patients will help us determine the pathophysiology better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhi Priya Sobha
- Natural Medicine and Molecular Physiology Lab, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam-603103, Chengalpattu Dt., TN. India
| | - Kumar Ebenezar
- Natural Medicine and Molecular Physiology Lab, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam-603103, Chengalpattu Dt., TN. India
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Song Y, Liu X, Luo C, Chen L, Gong L, Yu H, Wang B, Liu E, Xu H, Liang J. Association of GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism with the risk of coronary heart disease: An updated meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254738. [PMID: 34292981 PMCID: PMC8297824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous case-control studies have investigated the association between GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism and CHD risk, but the results from published studies were inconclusive. The present meta-analysis was performed to derive a more precise estimation. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science database searches were conducted to retrieve relevant articles. Results Ultimately, 5,451 CHD cases and 5,561 controls from 15 studies were included. Pooled analysis did not yield any statistically significant association between GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism and CHD risk for the overall population (Val vs. Ile: OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.18; Val/Val vs. Ile/Ile: OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.42; Val/Ile vs. Ile/Ile: OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.28; Val/Val vs. Val/Ile+Ile/Ile: OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.30; Val/Val+Val/Ile vs. Ile/Ile: OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.33). Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses indicated that GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism was still not associated with an increased risk of CHD. After excluding studies detected by Galbraith plots as major sources of heterogeneity, these relationships were still not significant. Conclusions The overall results did not reveal a major role of the GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism in modulating CHD risk. Well-designed studies with large sample sizes are needed to validate our findings and explore the possible gene-gene or gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Song
- Department of Disinfection and Pest Control, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan Healthcare-associated Infection Management Quality Control Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (YS); (XL)
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Disinfection and Pest Control, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan Healthcare-associated Infection Management Quality Control Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (YS); (XL)
| | - Cheng Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangkai Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Gong
- Department of Disinfection and Pest Control, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan Healthcare-associated Infection Management Quality Control Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hanbin Yu
- Department of Disinfection and Pest Control, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan Healthcare-associated Infection Management Quality Control Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Disinfection and Pest Control, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan Healthcare-associated Infection Management Quality Control Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ernan Liu
- Department of Disinfection and Pest Control, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan Healthcare-associated Infection Management Quality Control Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huiqiong Xu
- Department of Disinfection and Pest Control, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan Healthcare-associated Infection Management Quality Control Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiansheng Liang
- Department of Disinfection and Pest Control, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan Healthcare-associated Infection Management Quality Control Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Zhao G, Liu J, Meng T. Oxidative stress-related genes ( EPHX1 and MnSOD) polymorphism and risk of pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:5526-5538. [PMID: 33586574 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1887123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have detected the association of polymorphisms in oxidative stress-related genes EPHX1 and MnSOD with pre-eclampsia (PE) risk, but the results are inconsistent among studies. Thus, a meta-analysis was performed to obtain more conclusive results. METHODS Eligible studies were retrieved in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, and CNKI. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were utilized to evaluate the relationship between EPHX1 rs1051740, EPHX1 rs2234922, MnSOD rs4880 polymorphisms, and PE susceptibility in the genetic models. The subgroup analysis was also performed. RESULTS Fourteen studies with a total of 4250 participants were included, including 1784 PE patients and 2466 healthy women. There was a statistically significant association between EPHX1 rs1051740 polymorphism and PE in Caucasians within the allele, dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous models (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.64-0.98; OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.47-0.87; OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.44-0.85; OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.42-0.97, respectively). There was a statistically significant association between EPHX1 rs2234922 polymorphism and PE in Middle Easterners within the recessive and homozygous models (OR = 3.59, 95% CI = 1.25-10.32; OR = 3.99, 95% CI = 1.38-11.49, respectively). There was no statistically significant association between MnSOD rs4880 polymorphism and PE within five genetic models. Subgroup analysis didn't reveal any association between MnSOD rs4880 polymorphism and PE in Asians, Caucasians, or Middle Easterners. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis shows a significant association between the EPHX1 rs1051740 and PE risk in Caucasians. Meantime, there was a statistically significant association between EPHX1 rs2234922 polymorphism and PE in Middle Easterners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Meng
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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An updated meta-analysis showed smoking modify the association of GSTM1 null genotype on the risk of coronary heart disease. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227694. [PMID: 33506866 PMCID: PMC7881159 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress is considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease (CHD). Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzymes play important roles in antioxidant defenses and may influence CHD risk. The present meta-analysis was performed to investigate the link between glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) null genotype and CHD and to get a precise evaluation of interaction between GSTM1 null genotype and smoking by the case-only design. Methods PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched through 15 December 2020 to retrieve articles. Odds ratios (ORs) were pooled using either fixed-effects or random-effects models. Results Thirty-seven studies showed that GSTM1 null genotype was associated with risk of CHD in total population, Caucasians and Asians (for total population, OR = 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15, 1.65; for Caucasians, OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.72; for Asians, OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.77). After adjustment for heterogeneity, these relationships were still significant. After adjustment for heterogeneity, case-only analysis of 11 studies showed a positive multiplicative interaction between GSTM1 null genotype and smoking (ever smoking vs. never smoking) (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.50; I2 = 0%, P=0.553). Conclusions The overall results indicated that GSTM1 null genotype was associated with a higher risk of CHD, and the association may be affected by smoking status. This is the first meta-analysis to prove a positive effect of the interaction between GSTM1 null genotype and smoking status on the risk of CHD. Well-designed studies are needed to investigate the possible gene–gene or gene–environment interactions.
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Tibaut M, Mankoč Ramuš S, Petrovič D. The C allele of the reactive oxygen species modulator 1 (ROMO1) polymorphism rs6060566 is a biomarker predicting coronary artery stenosis in Slovenian subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:184. [PMID: 33302957 PMCID: PMC7731747 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to examine the role of the rs6060566 polymorphism of the reactive oxygen species modulator 1 (ROMO1) gene in the development of myocardial infarction (MI) in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS A total of 1072 subjects with T2DM were enrolled in this cross-sectional case-control study: 335 subjects with MI and 737 subjects without clinical signs of coronary artery disease (CAD). The genetic analysis of the rs6060566 polymorphism was performed in all subjects. To assess the degree of coronary artery obstruction, a subpopulation of 128 subjects with T2DM underwent coronary computed tomography angiography. Next, endarterectomy samples were obtained during myocardial revascularization from diffusely diseased coronary arteries in 40 cases, which were analysed for ROMO1 expression according to their genotype. RESULTS There were no statistically significant associations between different genotypes or alleles of the rs6060566 polymorphism and MI in subjects with T2DM. The carriers of the C allele of the ROMO1 rs6060566 had a threefold increased likelihood of having 50-75% coronary artery stenosis (Adjusted OR = 3.27, 95% CI 1.16-9.20). Subjects with two affected coronary arteries had a 3.72 fold higher prevalence of MI (OR = 3.72, 95% CI 1.27-10.84). With CAD in LMCA or LAD, MI prevalence was about 3.5-fold higher (p = 0.07 for LMCA and p = 0.01 for LAD). Furthermore, the carriers of the rs6060566 C allele showed higher number of positive cells for ROMO1 expression in endarterectomy samples of coronary arteries. CONCLUSIONS According to our study, the rs6060566 polymorphism of the ROMO1 gene is not a risk factor for MI in Caucasians with T2DM. However, we found that subjects carrying the C allele were at a 3.27-fold increased risk of developing severe CAD compared with those who had non-obstructive CAD. Moreover, C allele carriers showed a statistically higher number of cells positive for ROMO1 compared with T allele carriers in coronary endarterectomy samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Tibaut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rakičan General Hospital, Ul. dr. Vrbnjaka 6, 9000, Murska Sobota, Slovenia
| | - Sara Mankoč Ramuš
- International Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases MC Medicor d.d., Izola, Slovenia.
| | - Daniel Petrovič
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1105, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- International Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases MC Medicor d.d., Izola, Slovenia
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Nath S, Das S, Bhowmik A, Ghosh SK, Choudhury Y. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 Null Genotypes Increase the Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Subsequent Development of Diabetic Complications: A Meta-analysis. Curr Diabetes Rev 2019; 15:31-43. [PMID: 29243583 DOI: 10.2174/1573399814666171215120228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies pertaining to association of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes with risk of T2DM and its complications were often inconclusive, thus spurring the present study. METHODS Meta-analysis of 25 studies for evaluating the role of GSTM1/GSTT1 null polymorphisms in determining the risk for T2DM and 17 studies for evaluating the role of GSTM1/GSTT1 null polymorphisms in development of T2DM related complications were conducted. RESULTS Our study revealed an association between GSTM1 and GSTT1 null polymorphism with T2DM (GSTM1; OR=1.37;95% CI =1.10-1.70 and GSTT1; OR=1.29;95% CI =1.04-1.61) with an amplified risk of 2.02 fold for combined GSTM1-GSTT1 null genotypes. Furthermore, the GSTT1 null (OR=1.56;95%CI=1.38-1.77) and combined GSTM1-GSTT1 null genotypes (OR=1.91;95%CI=1.25- 2.94) increased the risk for development of T2DM related complications, but not the GSTM1 null genotype. Stratified analyses based on ethnicity revealed GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes increase the risk for T2DM in both Caucasians and Asians, with Asians showing much higher risk of T2DM complications than Caucasians for the same. DISCUSSION GSTM1, GSTT1 and combined GSTM1-GSTT1 null polymorphism may be associated with increased risk for T2DM; while GSTT1 and combined GSTM1-GSTT1 null polymorphism may increase the risk of subsequent development of T2DM complications with Asian population carrying an amplified risk for the polymorphism. CONCLUSION Thus GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes increases the risk for Type 2 diabetes mellitus alone, in combination or with regards to ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Nath
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | - Sambuddha Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | - Aditi Bhowmik
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | - Sankar Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
- University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, Kalyani: 741235, India
| | - Yashmin Choudhury
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
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Glutathione S-Transferase T1 (GSTT1) Null Polymorphism, Smoking, and Their Interaction in Coronary Heart Disease: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. Heart Lung Circ 2016; 26:362-370. [PMID: 27686690 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) null polymorphism and coronary heart disease (CHD) is inconsistent among studies, and data on the GSTT1 null genotype-smoking interplay in CHD is lacking. We conducted this meta-analysis to investigate the relationship between GSTT1 null polymorphism and CHD and to assess the potential interaction between GSTT1 null genotype and smoking. METHODS PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched up to 27 January 2016 using the appropriate terms. Odds ratios were pooled using either fixed-effects or random-effects models. RESULTS Twenty-nine articles including 31 studies with 15,004 cases and 35,597 controls were eligible. The random-effects model showed that the GSTT1 null genotype was associated with increased CHD risk (OR=1.213, 95%CI: 1.004-1.467; I2=90.4%). After excluding 10 studies detected by Galbraith plot, the fixed effects summary estimate also showed an increased risk of CHD (OR=1.14, 95% CI: 1.06-1.22; I2=27.7%). A case-only analysis including eight studies showed a statistically significant positive interaction between GSTT1 null polymorphism and smoking status on CHD (OR=1.34, 95% CI: 1.09-1.64; I2=0%). Sensitivity analyses further supported the associations. No publication bias was observed. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that GSTT1 null polymorphism is associated with the risk of CHD. To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to prove a positive effect of the interaction between GSTT1 null genotype and smoking status on the risk of CHD. Future studies with detailed individual information are needed to confirm our findings.
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Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Healthy Women. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156450. [PMID: 27271305 PMCID: PMC4896456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose There is accumulating evidence that oxidative stress is an important contributor to carcinogenesis. We hypothesized that genetic variation in genes involved in maintaining antioxidant/oxidant balance would be associated with overall oxidative stress. Methods We examined associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MnSOD, GSTP1, GSTM1, GPX1, GPX3, and CAT genes and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), a blood biomarker of oxidative damage, in healthy white women randomly selected from Western New York (n = 1402). We used general linear models to calculate age-adjusted geometric means of TBARS across the variants. We also examined the associations within strata of menopausal status. Results For MnSOD, being heterozygous was associated with lower geometric means of TBARS (less oxidative stress), 1.28 mg/dL, compared to homozygous T-allele or homozygous C-allele,1.35 mg/dL, and 1.31 mg/dL correspondingly (p for trend = 0.01). This difference remained among postmenopausal women, 1.40 mg/dL for TT, 1.32 mg/dL for TC, and 1.34mg/dL for CC (p for trend 0.015); it was attenuated among premenopausal women. SNPs in the other genes examined (GSTP1, GSTM1, GPX1, GPX3, and CAT) were not associated with TBARS. Conclusions Our findings suggest that genetic variation in MnSOD gene may be associated with oxidative status, particularly among postmenopausal women.
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Klen J, Goričar K, Janež A, Dolžan V. Common polymorphisms in antioxidant genes are associated with diabetic nephropathy in Type 2 diabetes patients. Per Med 2015; 12:187-198. [PMID: 29771645 DOI: 10.2217/pme.14.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate if antioxidative genes' polymorphisms influence the risk for Type 2 diabetes (T2D) complications. MATERIALS & METHODS In total, 181 T2D patients were genotyped for SOD2, CAT, GPX1, GSTP1, GSTM1*0, GSTT1*0, GCLC and GCLM. RESULTS After adjustment for duration of T2D, CAT rs1001179 and GSTP1 rs1138272 showed strongest association with risk for end-stage kidney failure (p = 0.005 and p = 0.049, respectively). In patients without end-stage kidney failure CAT rs1001179 influenced urea levels (p = 0.003), while GSTP1 rs1695 and GSTP1 haplotypes influenced the risk of moderately increased albuminuria (p = 0.024 and p = 0.014, respectively). CONCLUSION Common CAT and GSTP1 polymorphisms could be used to identify T2D patients at an increased risk for developing end-stage kidney failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Klen
- General Hospital Trbovlje, Rudarska cesta 9, 1420 Trbovlje, Slovenia
| | - Katja Goričar
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Janež
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Kariž S, Mankoč S, Petrovič D. Association of thioredoxin reductase 2 (TXNRD2) gene polymorphisms with myocardial infarction in Slovene patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 108:323-8. [PMID: 25703281 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between genetic polymorphisms in the mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase 2 (TrxR2) and myocardial infarction (MI) in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) of Slovenian origin. METHODS The study population consisted of 972 Caucasian subjects with T2DM of more than 10 years' duration: 161 patients with MI and 811 patients with no history of coronary artery disease. Polymorphisms in thioredoxin reductase 2 (TXNRD2) gene, rs1548357, rs4485648, and rs5748469, were studied. RESULTS Individuals carrying CC+CT genotypes of rs1548357 TXNRD2 polymorphism had lower prevalence of MI compared with TT genotype group (41.6% vs 52.8%, OR=0.589, 95% CI=0.368-0.942, P=0.027). CONCLUSIONS The TXNRD2 rs 1548357 polymorphism might be a genetic risk factor for MI in subjects with T2DM of Slovenian origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stojan Kariž
- Internal Department, General Hospital Izola, Polje 35, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
| | - Sara Mankoč
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1105 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daniel Petrovič
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1105 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Chiou TTY, Lee JJ, Wang MC, Chung MS, Pan LL, Hsieh CJ, Huang ST, Chang HW, Yang KD, Lee CT, Liu RT. Genetic disposition and modifiable factors independently associated with anemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 108:164-9. [PMID: 25656761 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Anemia is prevalent but under-recognized in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Genetic variants in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and erythropoietin (EPO) have been associated with diabetic nephropathy. In the present study, we investigated the associations between anemia and polymorphisms in EPO promoter (rs1617640), TNF-α G-308A and ACE Insertion/Deletion in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Polymorphisms in ACE, TNF-α and EPO were genotyped in 1142 patients. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) levels below 12 g/dL for women and 13 g/dL for men. RESULTS 286 (25%) patients had anemia. Patients with anemia were older, had longer duration of diabetes, worse renal function and more albuminuria. ACE Insertion/Deletion and TNF-a G-308A were not associated with anemia. The frequencies of EPO polymorphism (rs1617640) were significantly different between anemic and nonanemic patients. Patients with TT genotype had higher prevalence of anemia than those with TG and GG. Regression analysis identified EPO SNP, duration of DM, serum albumin, albuminuria and renal function independently associated with anemia. After adjusting for multiple variables, TT and TG genotypes were associated with 3-5-fold increased risk for anemia compared to GG. CONCLUSIONS The EPO genotype in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes is associated with anemia and may help to identify those at risk. Further evaluation of its effect on clinical outcomes in prospective studies may be useful to predict the outcomes of erythropoiesis stimulating therapy, and to individualize anemia management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Ting-Yu Chiou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Jer Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Wang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Min-Shien Chung
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Lin Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jung Hsieh
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Siang-Ting Huang
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Wen Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuender D Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Te Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rue-Tsuan Liu
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Impact of the superoxide dismutase 2 Val16Ala polymorphism on the relationship between valproic acid exposure and elevation of γ-glutamyltransferase in patients with epilepsy: a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111066. [PMID: 25372290 PMCID: PMC4220988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been accumulating evidence that there are associations among γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) elevation and all-cause mortality, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the most common and potentially functional polymorphisms of antioxidant enzyme genes, i.e. superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), glutathione S-transferase M1 and glutathione S-transferase T1, on the γ-GT elevation during valproic acid (VPA) therapy. METHODS AND FINDINGS This retrospective study included 237 and 169 VPA-treated Japanese patients with epilepsy for population pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analyses, respectively. A nonlinear mixed-effect model represented the pharmacokinetics of VPA and the relationships between VPA exposure and γ-GT elevation. A one-compartment model of the pharmacokinetic parameters of VPA adequately described the data; while the model for the probability of the γ-GT elevation was fitted using a logistic regression model, in which the logit function of the probability was a linear function of VPA exposure. The SOD2 Val16Ala polymorphism and complication with intellectual disability were found to be significant covariates influencing the intercept of the logit function for the probability of an elevated γ-GT level. The predicted mean percentages of the subjects with γ-GT elevation were about 2- to 3-fold, 3- to 4-fold and 4- to 8-fold greater in patients with the SOD2 Val/Val genotype but without any intellectual disability, those with the SOD2 Val/Ala or Ala/Ala genotype and intellectual disability and those with the SOD2 Val/Val genotype and intellectual disability, respectively, compared to those with the SOD2 Val/Ala or Ala/Ala genotype without intellectual disability. CONCLUSION Our results showed that the SOD2 Val16Ala polymorphism has an impact on the relationship between VPA exposure and γ-GT elevation in patients with epilepsy. These results suggest that determining the SOD2 genotype could be helpful for preventing the VPA-induced γ-GT elevation.
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Yang M, Zhao J, Xing L, Shi L. Association between GSTM1 null genotype and coronary artery disease risk: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:1550-5. [PMID: 25183432 PMCID: PMC4160135 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the association between polymorphisms of GSTM1 null genotype and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. Material/Methods Published literature from PubMed, EMBASE, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were retrieved before March 2014. All studies reporting adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of CAD risk were included. Results A total of 13 case-control studies, including 5453 cases and 5068 controls, were collected. There was a significant association between GSTM1 null genotype and CAD risk (adjusted OR=1.26; 95% CI, 1.11–1.43; I2=3%). When stratified by ethnicity, a significantly elevated risk was observed in whites. In the subgroup analysis according to disease type, a significantly increased myocardial infarction (MI) risk was observed. Subgroup analysis of smoking status showed an increased CAD risk in smokers. Conclusions Our results indicate that GSTM1 null genotype is associated with an increased CAD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Intensive Care Unit, Jinan Third People's Hospital, Jinan, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China (mainland)
| | - Lin Xing
- Intensive Care Unit, Jinan Third People's Hospital, Jinan, China (mainland)
| | - Li Shi
- Intensive Care Unit, Jinan Third People's Hospital, Jinan, China (mainland)
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Živković M, Stanković A, Djurić T, Končar I, Kolaković A, Djurdjević V, Davidović L, Alavantić D. Effects of glutathione S-transferase T1 and M1 deletions on advanced carotid atherosclerosis, oxidative, lipid and inflammatory parameters. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:1157-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2962-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Inflammatory biomarkers for predicting cardiovascular disease. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1353-71. [PMID: 23756129 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is complex; multiple biological pathways have been implicated, including, but not limited to, inflammation and oxidative stress. Biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress may serve to help identify patients at risk for CVD, to monitor the efficacy of treatments, and to develop new pharmacological tools. However, due to the complexities of CVD pathogenesis there is no single biomarker available to estimate absolute risk of future cardiovascular events. Furthermore, not all biomarkers are equal; the functions of many biomarkers overlap, some offer better prognostic information than others, and some are better suited to identify/predict the pathogenesis of particular cardiovascular events. The identification of the most appropriate set of biomarkers can provide a detailed picture of the specific nature of the cardiovascular event. The following review provides an overview of existing and emerging inflammatory biomarkers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, oxidative stress biomarkers, and antioxidant biomarkers. The functions of each biomarker are discussed, and prognostic data are provided where available.
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Saruwatari J, Yasui-Furukori N, Kamihashi R, Yoshimori Y, Oniki K, Tsuchimine S, Noai M, Sato Y, Nakagami T, Sugawara N, Saito M, Fujii A, Kajiwara A, Mihara S, Ogata Y, Kaneko S, Nakagawa K. Possible associations between antioxidant enzyme polymorphisms and metabolic abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9:1683-98. [PMID: 24204153 PMCID: PMC3818100 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s52585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the possible association between common and potentially functional polymorphisms of antioxidant enzymes and metabolic abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS The possible associations of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 null and GSTT1 null genotypes, and the superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) Val16Ala polymorphism with the risks of being overweight and having metabolic syndrome were examined using a logistic regression analysis in 154 schizophrenic Japanese patients and 203 controls. RESULTS Among smokers with schizophrenia, the risks of being overweight and having decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly higher in those with the GSTM1 null genotype than in those with the present genotype (odds ratio 3.20 and 3.15, P=0.03 and P=0.04, respectively), while among nonsmokers with schizophrenia, the risk of an abnormal waist circumference was lower in those with the GSTM1 null genotype (odds ratio 0.34, P=0.04). The risk of a decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was significantly higher in patients with the combined GSTM1 null and GSTT1 present genotypes than in those with the present genotypes of both genes (odds ratio 3.60, P<0.01). The SOD2 Val16Ala polymorphism was not associated with risk of metabolic abnormalities in either group. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that the GSTM1 null genotype, in combination with smoking status or GSTT1 genotype, might be associated with the metabolic abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Saruwatari
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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