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Fagninou A, Nekoua MP, Fiogbe SEM, Moutaïrou K, Yessoufou A. Predictive Value of Immune Cells in the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Study. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2022; 3:819164. [PMID: 36992781 PMCID: PMC10012146 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2022.819164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AimsImmunological and biochemical parameters are gaining more and more importance in the prognosis of diabetes and its complications. Here, we assessed the predictive power of immune cells correlated with biochemical parameters in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Materials and MethodsImmune cells and serum biochemical parameters were determined in women with GDM and pregnant controls. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analyses were conducted to assess the optimal cutoff and value of ratios of immune cells to biochemical parameters for predicting GDM.ResultsBlood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly increased whereas HDL-cholesterol decreased in women with GDM compared to pregnant controls. Glycated hemoglobin, creatinine, transaminase activities did not significantly differ between both groups. Total leukocyte, lymphocyte and platelet numbers were significantly high in women with GDM. Correlation tests showed that ratios of lymphocyte/HDL-C, monocyte/HDL-C and granulocyte/HDL-C were significantly higher in women with GDM than in pregnant controls (p = 0.001; p = 0.009 and p = 0.004 respectively). Women with a lymphocyte/HDL-C ratio greater than 3.66 had a 4-fold increased risk of developing GDM than those with lower ratios (odds ratio 4.00; 95% CI: 1.094 – 14.630; p=0.041).ConclusionOur study showed that ratios of lymphocyte, monocyte and granulocyte to HDL-C might represent valuable biomarkers for GDM and in particular, lymphocyte/HDL-C ratio exhibited a strong predictive power for GDM risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnette Fagninou
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Non Transmissibles et le Cancer (UR-MNTC), Laboratory of Research in Applied Biology (LARBA), Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Magloire Pandoua Nekoua
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Salomon Ezéchiel M. Fiogbe
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Non Transmissibles et le Cancer (UR-MNTC), Laboratory of Research in Applied Biology (LARBA), Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Kabirou Moutaïrou
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Akadiri Yessoufou
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin
- *Correspondence: Akadiri Yessoufou,
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Wu Y, You Q, Fei J, Wu J. Changes in the gut microbiota: a possible factor influencing peripheral blood immune indexes in non-obese diabetic mice. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2021; 114:1669-1682. [PMID: 34370135 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-021-01632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal flora changes were found in patients and animals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, few studies have provided any explicit clues of changes in highly disease related commensal microbiota before disease onset and their relationships with disordered peripheral immune cells. We conducted 16S rRNA microbiota analysis of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice from weaning to diabetes onset to identify highly disease related microbes and performed Spearman correlation analysis between anomalous flora and peripheral immune cells. We found NOD mice had increased exclusive bacteria and decreased community richness or diversity, besides, with the features of decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes and increased abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria or Deferribacteres and remarkable fluctuations of genus relative abundance. Furthermore, kinds of highly T1D related genus and their strong correlations with peripheral immune cells, especially neutrophils, were discovered. Microbial changes in NOD mice differed from that of ICR mice and highly disease associated microbes have strong correlations with the peripheral neutrophil ratio, which provide evidence that neutrophils are possibly involved in the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No.639 Long Mian Street, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi You
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No.639 Long Mian Street, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingjin Fei
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No.639 Long Mian Street, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No.639 Long Mian Street, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Alhazmi A, Nekoua MP, Michaux H, Sane F, Halouani A, Engelmann I, Alidjinou EK, Martens H, Jaidane H, Geenen V, Hober D. Effect of Coxsackievirus B4 Infection on the Thymus: Elucidating Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061177. [PMID: 34072590 PMCID: PMC8229779 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus gland is a primary lymphoid organ for T-cell development. Various viral infections can result in disturbance of thymic functions. Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) are important for the negative selection of self-reactive T-cells to ensure central tolerance. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is the dominant self-peptide of the insulin family expressed in mTECs and plays a crucial role in the intra-thymic programing of central tolerance to insulin-secreting islet β-cells. Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) can infect and persist in the thymus of humans and mice, thus hampering the T-cell maturation and differentiation process. The modulation of IGF2 expression and protein synthesis during a CVB4 infection has been observed in vitro and in vivo in mouse models. The effect of CVB4 infections on human and mouse fetal thymus has been studied in vitro. Moreover, following the inoculation of CVB4 in pregnant mice, the thymic function in the fetus and offspring was disturbed. A defect in the intra-thymic expression of self-peptides by mTECs may be triggered by CVB4. The effects of viral infections, especially CVB4 infection, on thymic cells and functions and their possible role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alhazmi
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.A.); (M.P.N.); (F.S.); (I.E.); (E.K.A.)
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 82911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magloire Pandoua Nekoua
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.A.); (M.P.N.); (F.S.); (I.E.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Hélène Michaux
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology, GIGA Research Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (H.M.); (H.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Famara Sane
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.A.); (M.P.N.); (F.S.); (I.E.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Aymen Halouani
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Université de Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; (A.H.); (H.J.)
| | - Ilka Engelmann
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.A.); (M.P.N.); (F.S.); (I.E.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Enagnon Kazali Alidjinou
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.A.); (M.P.N.); (F.S.); (I.E.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Henri Martens
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology, GIGA Research Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (H.M.); (H.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Hela Jaidane
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Université de Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; (A.H.); (H.J.)
| | - Vincent Geenen
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology, GIGA Research Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (H.M.); (H.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.A.); (M.P.N.); (F.S.); (I.E.); (E.K.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)3-20-44-66-88
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Liu M, Wang Z, Feng D, Shang Y, Li X, Liu J, Li C, Yang Z. An Insulin-Inspired Supramolecular Hydrogel for Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003599. [PMID: 34026440 PMCID: PMC8132061 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular peptide hydrogel has shown promising potential in vaccine development largely because of its ability to function both as antigen depot and immune adjuvant. Nap-GdFdFdY, a tetrapeptide hydrogel that has been previously reported to exhibit adjuvant effect, is inadvertently found to contain conserved peptide sequence for insulin, proinsulin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase, 3 major autoantigens for the autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D). At present, despite being managed clinically with insulin replacement therapy, T1D remains a major health threat with rapidly increasing incidences, especially in children and young adults, and antigen-specific immune tolerance induction has been proposed as a feasible approach to prevent or delay T1D progression at an early stage. Here, it is reported that innoculation of Nap-GdFdFdY leads to complete protection of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice from T1D development till the age of 36 weeks. Better maintenance of pancreatic islet morphology with minimal immune cell infiltration is also observed from mice exposed to Nap-GdFdFdY. This beneficial impact is mainly due to its facilitative role on enhancing peripheral T regulatory cell (Treg) population, shown as increased splenic Treg percentage, and function, demonstrated by maintenance of circulating TGF-β1 level. Serum cytokine microarray data further implicate a "buffering" role of Nap-GdFdFdY on systemic inflammatory tone in NOD mice. Thus, with its versatility, applicability, and excellent potency, Nap-GdFdFdY is posited as a novel therapeutic intervention for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical MaterialsBiomedical Barriers Research CentreInstitute of Biomedical EngineeringChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjin300192P. R. China
| | - Zhongyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive MaterialsMinistry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineeringand National Institute of Functional MaterialsNankai UniversityTianjin300071P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear MedicineInstitute of Radiation MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjin300192P. R. China
| | - Dandan Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical MaterialsBiomedical Barriers Research CentreInstitute of Biomedical EngineeringChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjin300192P. R. China
| | - Yuna Shang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive MaterialsMinistry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineeringand National Institute of Functional MaterialsNankai UniversityTianjin300071P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive MaterialsMinistry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineeringand National Institute of Functional MaterialsNankai UniversityTianjin300071P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear MedicineInstitute of Radiation MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjin300192P. R. China
| | - Chen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical MaterialsBiomedical Barriers Research CentreInstitute of Biomedical EngineeringChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjin300192P. R. China
| | - Zhimou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive MaterialsMinistry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineeringand National Institute of Functional MaterialsNankai UniversityTianjin300071P. R. China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer BiotherapyCancer InstituteXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu221004P. R. China
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Kucuksezer UC, Aktas Cetin E, Esen F, Tahrali I, Akdeniz N, Gelmez MY, Deniz G. The Role of Natural Killer Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:622306. [PMID: 33717125 PMCID: PMC7947192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.622306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, the large granular lymphocytes differentiated from the common lymphoid progenitors, were discovered in early 1970's. They are members of innate immunity and were initially defined by their strong cytotoxicity against virus-infected cells and by their important effector functions in anti-tumoral immune responses. Nowadays, NK cells are classified among the recently discovered innate lymphoid cell subsets and have capacity to influence both innate and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, they can be considered as innate immune cells that stands between the innate and adaptive arms of immunity. NK cells don't express T or B cell receptors and are recognized by absence of CD3. There are two major subgroups of NK cells according to their differential expression of CD16 and CD56. While CD16+CD56dim subset is best-known by their cytotoxic functions, CD16-CD56bright NK cell subset produces a bunch of cytokines comparable to CD4+ T helper cell subsets. Another subset of NK cells with production of interleukin (IL)-10 was named as NK regulatory cells, which has suppressive properties and could take part in immune-regulatory responses. Activation of NK cells is determined by a delicate balance of cell-surface receptors that have either activating or inhibitory properties. On the other hand, a variety of cytokines including IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 influence NK cell activity. NK-derived cytokines and their cytotoxic functions through induction of apoptosis take part in regulation of the immune responses and could contribute to the pathogenesis of many immune mediated diseases including ankylosing spondylitis, Behçet's disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus and type-1 diabetes. Dysregulation of NK cells in autoimmune disorders may occur through multiple mechanisms. Thanks to the rapid developments in biotechnology, progressive research in immunology enables better characterization of cells and their delicate roles in the complex network of immunity. As NK cells stand in between innate and adaptive arms of immunity and "bridge" them, their contribution in inflammation and immune regulation deserves intense investigations. Better understanding of NK-cell biology and their contribution in both exacerbation and regulation of inflammatory disorders is a requisite for possible utilization of these multi-faceted cells in novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Can Kucuksezer
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Aktas Cetin
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fehim Esen
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Tahrali
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Akdeniz
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Metin Yusuf Gelmez
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunnur Deniz
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Enteroviral Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes: The Role of Natural Killer Cells. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8070989. [PMID: 32630332 PMCID: PMC7409131 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses, especially group B coxsackieviruses (CV-B), have been associated with the development of chronic diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). The pathological mechanisms that trigger virus-induced autoimmunity against islet antigens in T1D are not fully elucidated. Animal and human studies suggest that NK cells response to CV-B infection play a crucial role in the enteroviral pathogenesis of T1D. Indeed, CV-B-infected cells can escape from cytotoxic T cells recognition and destruction by inhibition of cell surface expression of HLA class I antigen through non-structural viral proteins, but they can nevertheless be killed by NK cells. Cytolytic activity of NK cells towards pancreatic beta cells persistently-infected with CV-B has been reported and defective viral clearance by NK cells of patients with T1D has been suggested as a mechanism leading to persistence of CV-B and triggering autoimmunity reported in these patients. The knowledge about host antiviral defense against CV-B infection is not only crucial to understand the susceptibility to virus-induced T1D but could also contribute to the design of new preventive or therapeutic approaches for individuals at risk for T1D or newly diagnosed patients.
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Fagninou A, Nekoua MP, Sossou D, Moutairou K, Fievet N, Yessoufou A. Th2-Immune Polarizing and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Insulin Are Not Effective in Type 2 Diabetic Pregnancy. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:2038746. [PMID: 32626786 PMCID: PMC7312550 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2038746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The implication of the immune system in the physiopathology of pregnancy complicated by diabetes has been reported. Here, we investigated the effects of insulin treatment on the frequencies of immune cell subpopulations as well as T cell-derived cytokines in type 2 diabetic (T2D) pregnancy compared to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS Fifteen (15) women with GDM, twenty (20) insulin-treated T2D pregnant women, and twenty-five (25) pregnant controls were selected. Immune cell subpopulation frequencies were determined in blood using flow cytometry. The proliferative capacity of T cells was performed, and serum and cell culture supernatant cytokine levels were also quantified. RESULTS The frequencies of total CD3+ and CD4+ T cells and nonclassical monocytes significantly increased in insulin-treated T2D pregnant women compared to pregnant controls. The proportions of CD4+ T cells as well as B cells were significantly higher in women with GDM than in pregnant controls. GDM was associated with high frequencies of total CD3+ and CD4+ T cells and B cell expansion, suggesting a concomitant activation of cellular and humoral immunity. Concomitantly, Th1/Th2 ratio, determined as IFN-γ/IL-4, was shifted towards Th1 phenotype in women with GDM and insulin-treated T2D pregnant women. Besides, isolated T cells elicited similar proliferative capacity in the three groups of women. Insulin-treated T2D pregnant women and women with GDM exhibited a low serum IL-10 level, without any change in the number of Treg cells. CONCLUSION Our study showed that, despite insulin treatment, pregnant women with T2D displayed a proinflammatory status consistent with high proportions of CD3+ and CD4+ T cells, upregulation of Th1 cytokines, and low IL-10 production, suggesting a reduced immune-suppressive activity of regulatory T cells. However, GDM, although associated with proinflammatory status, has shown increased humoral immunity consistent with high proportion of CD19+ B cells. Thus, the lack of response to insulin in diabetes during pregnancy and clinical implications of these immunological parameters deserves further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnette Fagninou
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), University of Abomey-Calavi, Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Magloire Pandoua Nekoua
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), University of Abomey-Calavi, Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Darius Sossou
- Center for Study and Research on Malaria Associated with Pregnancy and Childhood (CERPAGE) and IRD-UMR261, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Kabirou Moutairou
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), University of Abomey-Calavi, Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Nadine Fievet
- Center for Study and Research on Malaria Associated with Pregnancy and Childhood (CERPAGE) and IRD-UMR261, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Akadiri Yessoufou
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), University of Abomey-Calavi, Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin
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