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Singh A, Beg MA, Jamal S, Khan A, Rahman A, Selvapandiyan A, Shafi S, Hoda N. Robust leishmanicidal upshot of some new diphenyl triazine-based molecules. RSC Adv 2024; 14:22587-22597. [PMID: 39021460 PMCID: PMC11253633 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01904k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Amongst the neglected tropical diseases, leishmaniasis alone causes 30 000 deaths annually due to the protozoan parasite genus Leishmania. Existing therapies have serious drawbacks in safety, drug resistance, field-adapted application and cost. Therefore, new safer and shorter treatments are an urgent need of the time. Herein, we report the synthesis of fifteen novel diphenyl triazine and diphenyl triazine pyrimidine derivatives and their antileishmanial properties against Leishmania donovani, that causes fatal visceral leishmaniasis. Most of the synthesized analogues exhibited more than 90% inhibition against the promastigote stage of the parasite. Moreover, compounds T4 and T7 showed potent activity against extracellular promastigote (IC50 = 1.074 μM and IC50 = 1.158 μM) as compared to miltefosine (IC50 = 1.477 μM) and is nontoxic towards the host THP-1 macrophage cell line. Interestingly, compound T4 exhibited significant activity against amastigotes (7.186 μM) and induced the macrophages to prevent the survival of the parasite. Our results indicate that T4 represents a new structural lead for this serious and neglected disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Design and Synthesis Lab., Jamia Millia Islamia Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India +0091-11-26985507 +0091-9910200655
| | - Mirza Adil Beg
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Samra Jamal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Arif Khan
- Department of Chemistry, SCLS, Jamia Hamdard New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Abdur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Design and Synthesis Lab., Jamia Millia Islamia Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India +0091-11-26985507 +0091-9910200655
| | | | - Syed Shafi
- Department of Chemistry, SCLS, Jamia Hamdard New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Design and Synthesis Lab., Jamia Millia Islamia Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India +0091-11-26985507 +0091-9910200655
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Antileishmanial Evaluation of the Leaf Latex of Aloe macrocarpa, Aloin A/B, and Its Semisynthetic Derivatives against Two Leishmania Species. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:4736181. [PMID: 30915146 PMCID: PMC6409032 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4736181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The currently available antileishmanial drugs are either toxic or too expensive for routine use in developing countries where the disease is most common. Local people in the Somalia region of Ethiopia use the leaves of Aloe macrocarpa Todaro for the treatment of malaria, jaundice, and skin diseases. In our ongoing search for new, efficient, and safe antileishmanial drugs, we investigated the leaf latex of Aloe macrocarpa and its acid-hydrolyzed product aloin A/B (1), as well as the semisynthesized derivatives of aloin A/B, namely, aloe-emodin (2) and rhein (3) against promastigotes and axenically cultured amastigotes of Leishmania aethiopica and L. donovani clinical isolates. Activity study was carried out based on the fluorescence characteristic of resazurin added to drug-treated cultures. Oxidative hydrolysis of aloin A/B by ferric chloride and concentrated hydrochloric acid afforded aloe-emodin (2), which was further oxidized using sodium nitrite and concentrated sulfuric acid to furnish rhein (3). Cytotoxicity study of test substances was performed against human monocytic cell line THP-1 using Alamar Blue and cell viability was measured fluorometrically. The test compounds showed lower activity (IC50 = 6.7 to 12.1 μM for promastigotes and IC50 = 3.6 to 10.2 μM for axenic amastigotes) than the reference drug amphotericin B (IC50 = 1.3 to 2.7 μM). However, amphotericin B (LC50 = 11.1 μM) was much more toxic than the test compounds (LC50 = 369.2 – 611.6 μM) towards human monocytic cell line (THP-1) despite its efficiency. As demonstrated in the current study, high selectivity indices (SIs) of the test compounds represent a remarkable advantage over the reference drug and highlight their potential use as templates for further development of safe leishmanicidal drugs.
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Rugani JN, Quaresma PF, Gontijo CF, Soares RP, Monte-Neto RL. Intraspecies susceptibility of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis to antileishmanial drugs: Antimony resistance in human isolates from atypical lesions. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1170-1180. [PMID: 30372818 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the most common etiological agent of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) in Latin America. An interesting aspect of the disease outcome caused by this species is the appearance of non-ulcerated atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis. Atypical (AT) lesions are often associated with therapeutic failure when treated with antimony(Sb)-based drugs. Refractory cases are not necessarily due to intrinsic parasite drug resistance. The status of in vitro drug susceptibility from L. braziliensis field isolates is less assessed than patient treatment outcome. In this work, L. braziliensis isolated from typical CL (6), MCL (1) and AT (3) lesions and vector (1) were tested for their susceptibility to amphotericin B (AmB), miltefosine (MIL), glucantime (GLU) and non-comercial meglumine antimoniate (MA). Overall, intracellular amastigotes of all isolates were sensitive to the tested antileishmanial drugs except AT lesions-derived strains 316, 330 and 340 that presented in vitro resistance against SbV-based drugs. Although susceptible to miltefosine - based on phenotypic screening - intramacrophagic quiescent amastigotes could restore infection. L. braziliensis promastigotes isolated from AT lesions also displayed 29% reduced capacity to infect human monocyte-derived macrophages when compared with parasites obtained from patients with typical lesions, MCL or from sand-fly. These data indicate differences in drug susceptibility and infectiveness among L. braziliensis isolated from patients exhibiting different types of lesions and highlight the importance of its characterization for drug response prediction outcome in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeronimo N Rugani
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-009, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia F Quaresma
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-009, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Célia F Gontijo
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-009, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo P Soares
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-009, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rubens L Monte-Neto
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-009, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Polyamine-based analogs and conjugates as antikinetoplastid agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:982-1015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Jagu E, Pomel S, Diez-Martinez A, Ramiandrasoa F, Krauth-Siegel RL, Pethe S, Blonski C, Labruère R, Loiseau PM. Synthesis and in vitro antikinetoplastid activity of polyamine–hydroxybenzotriazole conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yamanaka CN, Giordani RB, Rezende CO, Eger I, Kessler RL, Tonini ML, de Moraes MH, Araújo DP, Zuanazzi JA, de Almeida MV, Steindel M. Assessment of Leishmanicidal and Trypanocidal Activities of Aliphatic Diamine Derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 82:697-704. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Celina N. Yamanaka
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Cx. postal 476 Florianópolis SC 88.040-970 Brazil
| | - Raquel B. Giordani
- Departamento de Farmácia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias/Sn Natal RN 59010-180 Brazil
| | - Celso O. Rezende
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; Campus Martelos Juiz de Fora MG 36036-330 Brazil
| | - Iriane Eger
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular; Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz; Curitiba PR 81.350-010 Brazil
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade do Vale do Itajaí; Itajaí SC 88.302-202 Brazil
| | - Rafael L. Kessler
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular; Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz; Curitiba PR 81.350-010 Brazil
| | - Maiko L. Tonini
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Cx. postal 476 Florianópolis SC 88.040-970 Brazil
| | - Milene H. de Moraes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Cx. postal 476 Florianópolis SC 88.040-970 Brazil
| | - Debora P. Araújo
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; Campus Martelos Juiz de Fora MG 36036-330 Brazil
| | - Jose A. Zuanazzi
- Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Av. Ipiranga 2752 Porto Alegre RS 90610-000 Brazil
| | - Mauro V. de Almeida
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; Campus Martelos Juiz de Fora MG 36036-330 Brazil
| | - Mario Steindel
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Cx. postal 476 Florianópolis SC 88.040-970 Brazil
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Cytotoxicity and In Vitro Antileishmanial Activity of Antimony (V), Bismuth (V), and Tin (IV) Complexes of Lapachol. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2013; 2013:961783. [PMID: 23781165 PMCID: PMC3677620 DOI: 10.1155/2013/961783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis is the etiologic agent of the cutaneous and diffuse leishmaniasis often associated with drug resistance. Lapachol [2-hydroxy-3-(3′-methyl-2-butenyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone] displays a wide range of antimicrobial properties against many pathogens. In this study, using the classic microscopic in vitro model, we have analyzed the effects of a series of lapachol and chlorides complexes with antimony (V), bismuth (V), and tin (IV) against L. amazonensis. All seven compounds exhibited antileishmanial activity, but most of the antimony (V) and bismuth (V) complexes were toxic against human HepG2 cells and murine macrophages. The best IC50 values (0.17 ± 0.03 and 0.10 ± 0.11 μg/mL) were observed for Tin (IV) complexes (3) [(Lp)(Ph3Sn)] and (6) (Ph3SnCl2), respectively. Their selective indexes (SIs) were 70.65 and 120.35 for HepG2 cells, respectively. However, while analyzing murine macrophages, the SI decreased. Those compounds were moderately toxic for HepG2 cells and toxic for murine macrophages, still underlying the need of chemical modification in this class of compounds.
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Rocha MN, Corrêa CM, Melo MN, Beverley SM, Martins-Filho OA, Madureira AP, Soares RP. An alternative in vitro drug screening test using Leishmania amazonensis transfected with red fluorescent protein. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 75:282-91. [PMID: 23312610 PMCID: PMC3733281 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent and colorimetric reporter genes are valuable tools for drug screening models, since microscopy is labor intensive and subject to observer variation. In this work, we propose a fluorimetric method for drug screening using red fluorescent parasites. Fluorescent Leishmania amazonensis were developed after transfection with integration plasmids containing either red (RFP) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) genes. After transfection, wild-type (LaWT) and transfected (LaGFP and LaRFP) parasites were subjected to flow cytometry, macrophage infection, and tests of susceptibility to current antileishmanial agents and propranolol derivatives previously shown to be active against Trypanosoma cruzi. Flow cytometry analysis discriminated LaWT from LaRFP and LaGFP parasites, without affecting cell size or granulosity. With microscopy, transfection with antibiotic resistant genes was not shown to affect macrophage infectivity and susceptibility to amphotericin B and propranolol derivatives. Retention of fluorescence remained in the intracellular amastigotes in both LaGFP and LaRFP transfectants. However, detection of intracellular RFP parasites was only achieved in the fluorimeter. Murine BALB/c macrophages were infected with LaRFP parasites, exposed to standard (meglumine antimoniate, amphotericin B, Miltefosine, and allopurinol) and tested molecules. Although it was possible to determine IC(50) values for 4 propranolol derivatives (1, 2b, 3, and 4b), all compounds were considered inactive. This study is the first to develop a fluorimetric drug screening test for L. amazonensis RFP. The fluorimetric test was comparable to microscopy with the advantage of being faster and not requiring manual counting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcele N. Rocha
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Célia M. Corrêa
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica, DEFAR, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria N. Melo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Ana Paula Madureira
- Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas (DEPEB), Universidade Federal de São João Del Rey, São João Del Rey, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo P. Soares
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Lizzi F, Veronesi G, Belluti F, Bergamini C, López-Sánchez A, Kaiser M, Brun R, Krauth-Siegel RL, Hall DG, Rivas L, Bolognesi ML. Conjugation of Quinones with Natural Polyamines: Toward an Expanded Antitrypanosomatid Profile. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10490-500. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301112z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Lizzi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna,
Italy
| | - Giacomo Veronesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna,
Italy
| | - Federica Belluti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna,
Italy
| | - Christian Bergamini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna,
Italy
| | - Almudena López-Sánchez
- Physico-Chemical
Biology, Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - R. Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im, Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120
Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dennis G. Hall
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, T6G 2G2,
Canada
| | - Luis Rivas
- Physico-Chemical
Biology, Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna,
Italy
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