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Pereira ME, Neves MCB, de Almeida ADBPF, Sousa VRF. Comparison of SensPERT® Leishmania rapid test with two other immunochromatographic tests for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Vet World 2024; 17:1307-1310. [PMID: 39077456 PMCID: PMC11283617 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1307-1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim In urban environments, dogs serve as the primary reservoir for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Rapidly diagnosing canine VL through tests enables early treatment and a favorable prognosis. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of the SensPERT® Leishmania test kit (Dechra®), Alere® Leishmaniasis Ac test kit, and the rapid test dual path platform (TR-DPP®) Bio-Manguinhos in detecting VL. Materials and Methods 30 serum samples from reactive VL dogs and 30 serum samples from healthy dogs were employed for assessing the sensitivity and specificity variation between SensPERT® Leishmania test kit, Alere® Leishmaniasis Ac test kit, and rapid test dual platform - TR-DPP®. Results The SensPERT® Leishmania test outperformed Alere® and TR-DPP® in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and demonstrated near-perfect concordance with Alere® and substantial concurrence with TR-DPP®. Conclusion The SensPERT® Leishmania rapid test proved to be a promising test in the detection of VL in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Elisa Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Bianchini Neves
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Garay AFG, Fraenkel S, Diaz JJAR, Recalde ODS, Gómez MCV, Riquelme JAM, Arze PV, Centurión GNR, Britos M, Rolón M. Sensitivity comparison for the Leishmania spp. detection in different canine tissues using PCR-HRM. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022; 55:S0037-86822022000100341. [PMID: 36542012 PMCID: PMC9757722 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0069-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by a parasite protozoon from the genus Leishmania. Among the molecular techniques applied for detecting these parasites, real-time PCR with High Resolution Melting (PCR-HRM) proved advantageous since it simultaneously determines both the presence and species of the pathogen in one step, through amplification and later analysis of curves generated by melting temperature. METHODS Based on this molecular technique, the goal of this study was to estimate the PCR-HRM sensitivity for Leishmania spp. detection in different canine tissues by evaluating biological samples obtained from popliteal, submandibular, and pre-scapular lymph nodes, from bone marrow and ear pinnae of 28 stray dogs captured in the metropolitan area of Asunción (Paraguay). RESULTS The rk39 immunochromatographic test showed that 25/28 tested dogs (89%) presented antibodies against L. infantum. In 20/25 dogs that tested positive for rk39 (80%), it was possible to detect Leishmania spp. by PCR-HRM and determine that the species corresponded entirely to L. infantum. Regarding the analysis of different tissues, the parasite was detected in all popliteal lymph node samples, followed by high detection in submandibular (at 95%) and pre-scapular lymph nodes (at 90%), bone marrow (at 85%), and ear pinnae (at 85%). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the use of real-time PCR-HRM using the molecular marker hsp70 was a highly sensitive method for simultaneously detecting and identifying Leishmania species in different tissues taken from infected dogs. In addition, the usefulness of ear pinnae as easily accessible tissue for molecular diagnosis was emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania Fraenkel
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica, Asunción, Central, Paraguay
| | | | | | | | - Jorge Arístides Miret Riquelme
- Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social, Programa Nacional de Control de Zoonosis y Centro Antirrábico Nacional, San Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay., Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Medicina Tropical, San Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay
| | - Paola Verónica Arze
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica, Asunción, Central, Paraguay
| | | | - Milena Britos
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica, Asunción, Central, Paraguay
| | - Miriam Rolón
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica, Asunción, Central, Paraguay
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Schäfer I, Müller E, Naucke TJ. Ein Update zur Leishmaniose des Hundes: Diagnostik, Therapie und Monitoring. TIERÄRZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE K: KLEINTIERE / HEIMTIERE 2022; 50:431-445. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1970-9590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungAufgrund von steigenden Importzahlen von Hunden aus dem Ausland, zunehmendem Reiseverkehr sowie den Veränderungen klimatischer Bedingungen in Europa gewinnen Infektionen mit Leishmania (L.) infantum bei Hunden in Deutschland zunehmend an Bedeutung. Daher sollten auch Hunde aus dem Ausland, die keine klinischen Symptome zeigen, direkt nach Import sowie erneut 6 Monate später auf vektorübertragene Infektionserreger getestet werden. Bei Hunden mit klinischer Symptomatik, die hinweisend auf eine Leishmaniose sind, werden direkte und indirekte Nachweisverfahren sowie eine hämatologische und biochemische Untersuchung unter Einbezug von Serumeiweißelektrophorese sowie Bestimmung des C-reaktiven Proteins empfohlen. Als Leitfaden für die Therapie sowie das Monitoring stehen die LeishVet-Guidelines zur Verfügung. Es stehen leishmanizide und leishmaniostatische Wirkstoffe zur Verfügung, die in first-line, second-line und third-line unterschieden werden. Zur Anpassung der Allopurinol-Dosierung wird der Stufenplan empfohlen. Aufgrund der Veränderung der klimatischen Bedingungen kommt es zu einer Ausbreitung der Habitate von Sandmücken, die als Vektoren der Leishmaniose bekannt sind. Als weitere Infektionsquellen sind Deckakte, transplazentare Infektionen, Bisswunden und Bluttransfusionen beschrieben. Leishmania infantum hat zoonotisches Potential und ist daher auch in Hinblick auf den „One-Health“-Gedanken bedeutend.
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Bia T, Sanchez C, Zait H, Kouidri M, Mabrouk SK, Nieto J, Ammar SSM, Moreno J, Ahlem BN. Diagnosis and prevalence of canine leishmaniasis in the Atlas shepherd dog. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 36:100787. [PMID: 36436887 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of canine leishmaniasis in the Atlas shepherd dogs from the Tiaret region of Algeria. A total of 161 dogs were included in this study and four diagnostic techniques were used, namely lymph node cytology, PCR, IFAT and ELISA. 110 out of 161 dogs were positive by at least one diagnostic technique, a percentage of 68.32% of the total number, which represent very high prevalence of canine leishmaniasis in this canine breed. 152 dogs underwent the two serological tests namely IFAT and ELISA among which 137 dogs underwent in addition the molecular examination by PCR. IFAT was positive in 9.86% of the dogs, ELISA was positive in 12.5% while 68% of the dogs proved positive by PCR. 47 dogs with lymph node enlargement underwent lymph node cytology, of which 26 dogs showed forms of amastigotes in their smears after microscopic examination, confirming the usefulness of this approach for the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis. The clinical signs of the disease in this breed are similar to those of other canine breeds The dominant clinical signs in these dogs were onychogryphosis, poor general condition and lymph node hypertrophy. The autopsy was carried out on 7 dogs that died of canine leishmaniasis, all of which showed splenomegaly, while 5 dogs also showed hepatomegaly. Renal damage was found in 1 dog with frank jaundice. The splenic cytology was positive in all 7 dogs with the presence of amastigote forms in the smears after microscopic examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Bia
- Veterinary Sciences Institute, University of Tiaret, 14000 Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Carmen Sanchez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaiasis, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Houria Zait
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Mustapha Tertiary Care Hospital, Place du 1er Mai, POB 16000, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mokhtaria Kouidri
- Laboratory of Farm Animal Products, Veterinary Sciences Institute, University of Tiaret, 14000 Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Slimani Khaled Mabrouk
- Service of Pathology of Domestic Carnivores, Veterinary Sciences Institute, University of Tiaret, 14000 Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Javier Nieto
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaiasis, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Selles Sidi Mohammed Ammar
- Laboratory of Research on Local Animal Products, Veterinary Sciences Institute, University of Tiaret, 14000 Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaiasis, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Dias AFDLR, Ayres EDCBS, Maruyama FH, Monteiro BRG, de Freitas MS, de Almeida ADBPF, Mendonça AJ, Sousa VRF. Monitoring of serum and urinary biomarkers during treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet World 2020; 13:1620-1626. [PMID: 33061236 PMCID: PMC7522955 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1620-1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL) has a broad spectrum of changes, with kidney disease being considered the main cause of mortality. Thus, this study aimed to monitor serum and urinary biomarkers in response to two short-term treatments for CanL. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty dogs with CanL were equally divided into two treatment groups and treated with either miltefosine (Group M) or miltefosine plus allopurinol (Group MA); the groups were evaluated before treatment and after 28 days of treatment. Physical exams were performed and hematimetric, biochemical, and urinary parameters, including urinary biomarkers cystatin C (CisC), lipocalin-2 (NGAL), and microalbuminuria, were measured. RESULTS Both treatments significantly reduced clinical scores (p<0.05), but only the MA group saw a reduction in the clinical-pathological score. The serum albumin and calcium levels increased significantly in the MA and M groups (p<0.05). Proteinuria and urinary density did not decrease significantly after the treatments. With regard to the biomarkers, CisC and microalbuminuria did not have any significant changes; however, NGAL was significantly reduced in the MA group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Both pharmacotherapeutic protocols promoted clinical and clinical-pathological improvements. In addition, miltefosine plus allopurinol proved to be a safe treatment due to the lack of changes detected in the monitored renal biomarkers. The treatment with miltefosine plus allopurinol proved to be the most effective, with more pronounced beneficial effects for canines with visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Felipe de Lima Ruy Dias
- Program of Postgraduate in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá - MT, Brazil
| | - Eveline da Cruz Boa Sorte Ayres
- Program of Postgraduate in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá - MT, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Harumi Maruyama
- Program of Postgraduate in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá - MT, Brazil
| | - Bruna Ribeiro Gomes Monteiro
- Program of Postgraduate in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá - MT, Brazil
| | - Maria Sabrina de Freitas
- Program of Postgraduate in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá - MT, Brazil
| | | | - Adriane Jorge Mendonça
- Veterinary Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá - MT, Brazil
| | - Valéria Régia Franco Sousa
- Program of Postgraduate in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá - MT, Brazil
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Comparative study of the use of miltefosine, miltefosine plus allopurinol, and allopurinol in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2020; 217:107947. [PMID: 32628971 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, an intracytoplasmic parasite that affects humans and other species of domestic and wild mammals. In Brazil, the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) with miltefosine has been implemented since 2016, and the reports on the clinical and immunological conditions of treated dogs are scarce. Thus, this study aimed to assess and monitor the clinical, laboratory, and immunological condition of dogs with CVL before (D0) and after (D29) using three pharmacotherapeutic protocols: miltefosine monotherapy (Milteforan™, Virbac) (G1), miltefosine plus allopurinol (G2), and allopurinol monotherapy (G3). Forty-five dogs with CVL were assigned to one of three treatment groups. The dogs were evaluated for clinical signs, was well as haematological, biochemical, serological, and cytokine levels. Significant reduction in clinical scores was observed in all protocols, with no differences between groups. We did not observe a clinical cure in any of the dogs in the groups. Haematological and biochemical parameters showed slow recovery, with better results observed in G2. Anti-Leishmania antibody titre remained increased in all groups. The quantification of serum cytokines demonstrated a mixed Th1/Th2 profile in CVL. The IL-2 levels decreased in all groups after treatment. Evaluation of IFN-y and IL-10 did not show changes in the groups analysed, and it did not contribute to short term therapeutic monitoring. All therapeutic protocols promoted, to varying degrees, an improvement in the general condition (clinical signs, haematological, and biochemical levels) of the animals. Through clinical-pathological exams, we found that the combination of miltefosine plus allopurinol promoted better effects in the short-term, representing the best choice for the treatment of CVL, even when compared to the only therapeutic protocol allowed in Brazil, miltefosine monotherapy. Through the quantification of cytokines, IL-2 proved to be a potential therapeutic marker for the monitoring and follow-up of dogs with CVL.
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Makino H, Moreira JMAR, Bezerra KS, Otsubo AAF, Bortolini J, Sousa VRF, Dutra V, Colodel EM, Nakazato L, Almeida ADBPFD. Clinical-dermatological, histological abnormalities and prevalence of Trypanosoma caninum and Leishmania infantum in dogs from Midwest region of Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 29:e016319. [PMID: 32049143 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is a trypanosomatid that causes parasitic dermatopathy in dogs. Trypanosoma caninum is another trypanosomatid, which infects the skin of dogs, although cutaneous abnormalities are absent. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of T. caninum infection and its associated cutaneous and histological changes and compare it with the occurrence of L. infantum infection in dogs. The study included 150 dogs, of which T. caninum infection was identified in 3 (2%) and L. infantum infection in 15 (10%) of them, with no association (p>0.05) of these infections with the breed, gender, age, or cutaneous abnormalities. The cutaneous abnormalities were based on 1 (4.8%) and 12 (57.1%) dogs infected by T. caninum and L. infantum, respectively. The dermatohistopathological abnormalities in the dogs infected with T. caninum included mild perivascular lymphohistioplasmacytic infiltrates in the clinically asymptomatic ones, while in those with dermatological abnormalities, acanthosis, epidermal orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, melanomacrophages, and co-infection with Microsporum sp. and Trichophyton sp. were observed. InL. infantum infected, the histopathological findings included chronic granulomatous inflammatory infiltrates and structures compatible with amastigotes. Despite the low frequency of T. caninum infection, our findings suggest that this trypanosomatid, unlike L. infantum, does not cause any macroscopic skin abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herica Makino
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | | | - Kalinne Stephanie Bezerra
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | | | - Juliano Bortolini
- Departamento de Estatística, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | | | - Valeria Dutra
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Edson Moleta Colodel
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Luciano Nakazato
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
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Escobar TA, Dowich G, Dos Santos TP, Zuravski L, Duarte CA, Lübeck I, Manfredini V. Assessment of Leishmania infantum infection in equine populations in a canine visceral leishmaniosis transmission area. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:381. [PMID: 31666069 PMCID: PMC6821015 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniosis, zoonosis that produces significant public health impacts, is caused by Leishmania infantum. Canines are the main domestic reservoir and, besides humans, other species of mammals could be infected when living in endemic areas. In this study, we detected equine Leishmania infantum infections in a canine visceral leishmaniosis transmission area and evaluated the clinical, haematological, biochemical and oxidative stress disorders. This study was conducted in Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, south of Brazil. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 124 animals (98 horses and 26 dogs) of both genders and several breeds after they underwent general and dermatologic examinations. RESULTS Twenty five Leishmania infantum infected animals (20.16%), 14 horses and 11 dogs were detected by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplification of kinetoplast DNA regions with 96% homology to Leishmania infantum (GenBank Accession No. L 19877.1). The clinical and haematological alterations of infected equines were skin lesions, nodules, lymphadenopathy, decreased levels in red blood cells and haematocrit (p < 0.05) and increase in urea serum concentration (p < 0.05), while CVL presented a decrease in red blood cells counts (p < 0.05), increase in lymphocytes (p < 0.05), and decrease in neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (p < 0.05). Oxidative stress markers of plasma protein carbonyl and plasma lipid peroxidation were not statistically significant (p > 0.05) in both species. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this has been the first leishmaniosis equine survey performed in south of Brazil, caused by Leishmania infantum that were able to initially identify haematological and biochemical changes in the species, even in asymptomatic animals. We present evidence supporting those findings of haematological and biochemical changes could be related to infection. Surprisingly, the clinical manifestations of equine infection were similar to those found in canine visceral leishmaniosis. The equine population could be play an important role in the cycle of leishmaniosis in south Brazil and consequently indicates a great risk of public health. This evaluation of infected animals is important to establish the clinical and laboratory parameters involved in the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiane Acunha Escobar
- Biochemistry Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Pampa, 118 BR 472, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Km 592, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Dowich
- Animal Science, Postgraduate, Federal University of Pampa, 118 BR 472, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Km 592, Brazil
| | | | - Luísa Zuravski
- Biochemistry Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Pampa, 118 BR 472, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Km 592, Brazil
| | - Claudia Acosta Duarte
- Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pampa, 118, BR 472, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Km 592, Brazil
| | - Irina Lübeck
- Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pampa, 118, BR 472, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Km 592, Brazil
| | - Vanusa Manfredini
- Biochemistry Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Pampa, 118 BR 472, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Km 592, Brazil
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Lima T, Martínez-Sogues L, Montserrat-Sangrà S, Solano-Gallego L, Ordeix L. Diagnostic performance of a qPCR for Leishmania on stained cytological specimens and on filter paper impressions obtained from cutaneous lesions suggestive of canine leishmaniosis. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30:318-e89. [PMID: 31135082 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of Leishmania in cutaneous lesions is possible by visualization of amastigotes. Detection of Leishmania DNA by PCR presents greater sensitivity, and PCR has been used to diagnose cutaneous leishmaniosis in humans using noninvasive clinical specimens. OBJECTIVES Study I: to determine if Leishmania DNA could be efficiently extracted and amplified from archived Diff-Quik® -stained slides of cytological specimens from canine cutaneous lesions. Study II: to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a Leishmania-quantitative (q)PCR on stained cytological specimens and on filter paper impressions (FPI) obtained from cutaneous lesions suggestive of canine leishmaniosis (CanL). ANIMALS Samples from cutaneous lesions of 54 dogs. METHODS AND MATERIALS Study I: Leishmania-qPCR was performed on 19 glass slides (from nine dogs) with cytologically visible amastigotes. Fifteen slides with no visible amastigotes, obtained from 12 dogs seronegative for Leishmania by ELISA, served as controls. Study II: Leishmania-qPCR was performed on glass slides and FPI from cutaneous lesions compatible with clinical leishmaniosis in 33 dogs. RESULTS Study I: all slides with visible amastigotes had positive qPCR, whereas all control slides yielded negative results. Study II: of 13 dogs definitively diagnosed with clinical leishmaniosis, eight had visible amastigotes on cytology, whereas Leishmania-qPCR was positive on 11 glass slides and 13 FPI. Leishmaniosis was ruled out by standard methods in 20 dogs, four of which yielded positive qPCR on FPI and/or glass slides. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Leishmania-DNA can be detected efficiently by qPCR from cutaneous cytological specimens and FPI to diagnose Leishmania infection in dogs with cutaneous lesions suggestive of CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Lima
- Servei de Dermatologia, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Carrer del Hospital, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Martínez-Sogues
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Servei de Patologia Clínica, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Carrer del Hospital, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Montserrat-Sangrà
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Servei de Patologia Clínica, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Carrer del Hospital, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Ordeix
- Servei de Dermatologia, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Carrer del Hospital, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Travi BL, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Dantas-Torres F, Miró G. Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Diagnosis and management of the reservoir living among us. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006082. [PMID: 29324838 PMCID: PMC5764232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews essential topics of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) due to Leishmania infantum infection. It focuses on the current serological and molecular diagnostic methods used in epidemiological research and veterinary clinics to diagnose CVL and includes new point-of-care (POC) tests under development. The efficacy of different treatment regimens on the clinical improvement and infectiousness of dogs is also addressed. In the last section, the review provides a critical appraisal of the effectiveness of different control measures that have been implemented to curb disease transmission. Dogs are the principal reservoir hosts of L. infantum and consequently play a critical role in the transmission cycle of urban VL, which also affects humans. This review provides updated information on important topics such as diagnostic tests and dog treatments that improve dog health and decrease their transmission efficacy to insect vectors. A critical review of control measures is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L. Travi
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Veterinary Faculty, Animal Health Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Campos M, Madeira M, Silva D, Solcà M, Espíndola O, Mendes Júnior A, Figueiredo F. Accuracy of quantitative polymerase chain reaction in samples of frozen and paraffin-embedded healthy skin for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the accuracy of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) performed on samples of fresh frozen tissue (FT) and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) healthy skin. This is a validation study conducted with samples from 46 dogs from an endemic area in Brazil. After sample collection, DNA extractions were conducted using commercial kits and qPCR was oriented to kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) targets of the Leishmania infantum species. The results obtained for the FFPE samples showed 63.6% sensitivity and 77.1% specificity, whereas those obtained for the FT samples showed 100% and 48.6%, respectively. Poor agreement was observed for the results of the qPCR technique with FT and FFPE samples. Our results suggest freezing as the most suitable conservation method for the formation of sample databases considering DNA recovery
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12
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Faria AR, Pires SDF, Reis AB, Coura-Vital W, Silveira JAGD, Sousa GMD, Bueno MLC, Gazzinelli RT, Andrade HMD. Canine visceral leishmaniasis follow-up: a new anti-IgG serological test more sensitive than ITS-1 conventional PCR. Vet Parasitol 2017; 248:62-67. [PMID: 29173543 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease with dogs serving as reservoirs for one of its etiological agents, Leishmania infantum. In Brazil, VL control involves culling of seropositive dogs, among other actions. However, the most employed serological tests lack accuracy, and are not able to detect canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) during the early stages of infection. Early detection of CVL is highly desirable in order to shorten the contact time between the infected reservoirs and the vectors. In this study, we investigated the ability of two multiepitope proteins, PQ10 and PQ20, to detect CVL at earlier stages than currently employed methods, including ITS-1 conventional PCR. Using serum samples from naturally infected dogs, we observed that ELISA-PQ10 and ELISA-PQ20 were able to detect Leishmania infection at earlier time points as compared with kDNA PCR-RFLP in anti-IgG and anti-IgM assays. Using sera from experimentally infected dogs, we monitored seroconversion using multiepitope proteins, ELISA-crude antigen, as well as ITS-1 conventional and real-time PCR. While seroconversion was detected by ELISA-crude antigen in 16.6% of the dogs, multiepitope proteins were able to detect seroconversion in more than 80% of them. Moreover, the ability of ELISA-PQ10 and ELISA-PQ20 to detect Leishmania infection at earlier time points as compared with conventional PCR was also confirmed in experimental infection dogs' sera. Immunofluorescence to Babesia canis and Ehrlichia canis did not show cross-reactions with ELISA-PQ10/PQ20 positive samples. Results of real-time PCR and ELISA with multiepitope proteins were very similar, with concordances between 80 and 100%. Furthermore, our findings indicated that PQ10 and PQ20 immunoassays can be related to parasite load. ELISA-PQ10 and ELISA-PQ20 are more sensitive diagnostic tools for early CVL detection as compared with other methods They could potentially be used in screening tests due to easy execution and low costs facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Rosa Faria
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-910, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Simone da Fonseca Pires
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-910, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Wendel Coura-Vital
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Júlia Angélica Gonçalves da Silveira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-910, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Matos de Sousa
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-910, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Melissa Luíza Couto Bueno
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-910, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Tostes Gazzinelli
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-910, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hélida Monteiro de Andrade
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-910, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Serological and molecular diagnostic tests for canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazilian endemic area: one out of five seronegative dogs are infected. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:2436-2444. [PMID: 28726597 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817001443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Euthanasia of infected dogs is one of the measures adopted in Brazil to control visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in endemic areas. To detect infected dogs, animals are screened with the rapid test DPP® Visceral Canine Leishmaniasis for detection of antibodies against K26/K39 fusion antigens of amastigotes (DPP). DPP-positives are confirmed with an immunoenzymatic assay probing soluble antigens of promastigotes (ELISA), while DPP-negatives are considered free of infection. Here, 975 dogs from an endemic region were surveyed by using DPP, ELISA and real-time PCR (qPCR) for the diagnosis of VL. When DPP-negative dogs were tested by qPCR applied in blood and lymph node aspirates, 174/887 (19·6%) were positive in at least one sample. In a second sampling using 115 cases, the DPP-negative dogs were tested by qPCR in blood, lymph node and conjunctival swab samples, and 36/79 (45·6%) were positive in at least one sample. Low-to-moderate pairwise agreement was observed between all possible pair of tests. In conclusion, the official diagnosis of VL in dogs in Brazilian endemic areas failed to accuse an expressive number of infected animals and the impact of the low accuracy of serological tests in the success of euthanasia-based measure for VL control need to be assessed.
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Seroprevalence and molecular characterization of Leishmania in dogs from an endemic area of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Int J Vet Sci Med 2017; 5:70-74. [PMID: 30255052 PMCID: PMC6137843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) can cause large-scale and tenacious epidemics with high fatality rates. Current seroprevalence and circulating Leishmania species were evaluated in dogs domiciled in the municipality of Sabará, a small historic and touristic city in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. A total of 3926 dogs domiciled in seven different districts of Sabará were serologically tested for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) and immunofluorescence (IFA) assays, in a two-years census survey (2011–2012). The average positivity rate of canine infection was 3.4%. Three additional diagnostic tests – imprint/smear direct parasitological, molecular (LnPCR) and myeloculture – were performed in a random sample of fifty seropositive dogs composed of symptomatic (39) and asymptomatic (eleven) animals. LnPCR showed 100% of positivity for Leishmania DNA in, at least, one among four tissue samples tested (mesenteric lymph node, skin, spleen and bone marrow), independently of the clinical canine group. Higher and statistically equivalent positivity rates (98% and 96%) for Leishmania DNA were found in canine lymph node and spleen. Asymptomatic dogs showed expressive positivity rates in all three additional diagnostic techniques. Leishmania infantum was confirmed as the etiological agent of CVL in Sabará.
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Paltrinieri S, Gradoni L, Roura X, Zatelli A, Zini E. Laboratory tests for diagnosing and monitoring canine leishmaniasis. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:552-578. [PMID: 27805725 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although several reviews on canine leishmaniasis have been published, none thoroughly described clinicopathologic abnormalities and their clinical usefulness. The aim of this review was to provide information concerning current diagnostic tests relevant for clinical pathologists and from a practical perspective. Specifically, in canine leishmaniasis, nonregenerative normocytic normochromic anemia, thrombocytopenia, or leukogram changes may be present. Clinical chemistry and urinalysis may indicate renal dysfunction (azotemia, decreased urine specific gravity, proteinuria) and an inflammatory/immune response (increased acute phase proteins [APP] or α2 - and/or γ-globulins). Although a potential gammopathy is usually polyclonal, it may also appear oligo- or monoclonal, especially in dogs coinfected by other vector-borne pathogens. When lesions are accessible to fine-needle aspiration (lymphoadenomegaly, nodular lesions, joint swelling), cytology is strongly advised, as the presence of Leishmania amastigotes in a pattern of pyogranulomatous inflammation or lymphoplasmacytic hyperplasia is diagnostic. If the cytologic pattern is inconclusive, the parasite should be identified by histology/immunohistochemistry or PCR on surgical biopsies. Alternatively, cytology and PCR may be performed on bone marrow samples where amastigotes, along with erythroid hypoplasia, myeloid hyperplasia, plasmacytosis, or secondary dysmyelopoiesis can be observed. Dogs with overt leishmaniasis generally have high antibody titers, while low titers predominate in immunologically resistant infected dogs or in exposed dogs with no parasite confirmation. Quantitative serology is recommended in clinically suspect dogs as high-titer antibodies titers may confirm the clinical diagnosis. In confirmed and treated dogs, renal function and inflammatory/immune response variables should be periodically monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases & International Health, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Eric Zini
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Italy
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16
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Aschar M, de Oliveira ETB, Laurenti MD, Marcondes M, Tolezano JE, Hiramoto RM, Corbett CEP, da Matta VLR. Value of the oral swab for the molecular diagnosis of dogs in different stages of infection with Leishmania infantum. Vet Parasitol 2016; 225:108-13. [PMID: 27369584 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was based on the need to employ a sensitive and specific method with samples that could be easily collected for diagnosing dogs infected with Leishmania infantum. To this end, we used real time-PCR (qPCR) to assess the value of the oral swab (OS) in detecting infected sick dogs (SD; n=62), including, for the first time, the analysis of apparently healthy infected dogs (AD; n=30), both from endemic areas for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). For comparison, we also evaluated the performance of the conjunctival swab (CS), blood (BL), lymph node (LN) and serology. We detected the presence of Leishmania DNA in the oral cavity in 62 out of the 92 dogs studied. The OS positivity (67.4%) was equivalent to the CS (68.5%) (p>0.05), higher than BL (52.2%) (p≤0.05), and lower than LN (84.8%) (p≤0.05). OS and CS performed well in SD dogs (82.3% and 83.9%, respectively) but not in AD dogs (36.7% for both samples). BL showed the lowest positivity (52.2%) and provided equivalent results between AD (60.0%) and SD (48.4%) dogs (p>0.05). LN yielded the highest positivity (84.8%), and it was also higher in the SD population (93.5%) compared to the AD population (66.7%) (p≤0.05). Parasite load was high in LN, moderate in OS and CS, and low in BL, showing the relationship between the levels of parasitism and the positivity rates found in these samples. Serology was positive in 82.2% of the SD group and in 70% of the AD dogs (p>0.05). Among the 20 seronegative dogs, seven (35%) were positive in either OS or CS, and 12 (60%) were positive when both noninvasive samples were jointly considered. The OS/CS combination resulted in a significant increase of positivity (p≤0.05) for the AD dogs (from 36.7% to 63.4%), as well as OS/serology (80%) and OS/CS/serology (83.4%). For the SD population, positivity reached up to 95.2% with the same combinations, showing that combination of samples and/or tests is required for the identification of dogs infected with L. infantum and that the OS and CS combination based on qPCR notably improves the detection of both AD and SD dogs. In conclusion, OS proved to be a suitable sample for the molecular diagnosis of infected dogs with clinical signs of VL, but not for dogs with inapparent infection. For these, we recommend the combination of OS results with CS and/or serology in order to reach relevant positivity for L. infantum. Finally, another advantage of using OS or both noninvasive samples is the increased likelihood of diagnosing seronegative dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Aschar
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mary Marcondes
- Department of Clinics, Veterinary School, UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Eduardo P Corbett
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vania Lucia Ribeiro da Matta
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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17
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de Mello CX, Figueiredo FB, Mendes Júnior AAV, Miranda LDFC, de Oliveira RDVC, Madeira MDF. Thick Smear is a Good Substitute for the Thin Smear in Parasitological Confirmation of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:99-103. [PMID: 27162266 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Although direct examination methods are important for diagnosing leishmaniasis, such methods are often neglected because of their low sensitivity relative to other techniques. Our study aimed to evaluate the performance of bone marrow (BM) thick smears and cytocentrifugation tests as alternatives to direct examination for diagnosing canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Ninety-two dogs exhibiting leishmaniasis seroreactivity were evaluated. The animals were euthanized; and healthy skin, spleen, popliteal lymph node, and BM puncture samples were cultured. BM cultures were used as the reference standard. Of the 92 dogs studied, 85.9% exhibited positive cultures, and Leishmania infantum (synonym Leishmania chagasi) was confirmed in all positive culture cases. The sensitivity rates for cytocentrifugation as well as thin and thick smears were 47.1%, 52.8%, and 77%, respectively. However, no association between the dogs' clinical status and culture or direct examination results was found. To our knowledge, this was the first study to use thick smears and cytocentrifugation for diagnosing CVL. Our results indicate that BM thick smears have a good sensitivity and their use reduces the time required to read slides. Therefore, thick smears can provide a rapid and safe alternative to parasitological confirmation of seroreactive dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Xavier de Mello
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Artur Augusto Velho Mendes Júnior
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana de Freitas Campos Miranda
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Maria de Fátima Madeira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Furtado MC, Menezes RC, Kiupel M, Madeira MF, Oliveira RVC, Langohr IM, Figueiredo FB. Comparative study of in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and parasitological culture for the diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:620. [PMID: 26626566 PMCID: PMC4667506 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The establishment of an accurate diagnostic protocol for canine visceral leishmaniosis (CanL) is a significant laboratory challenge and the lack of a reliable reference standard is one of the major problems. The aim of this study was to compare in situ hybridization (ISH), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and parasitological culture (PC) for detection of L. infantum in skin, spleen, lymph node and bone marrow of clinically healthy and sick seropositive dogs. FINDINGS The study included 65 dogs positive with both DPP® and ELISA for anti-Leishmania antibodies. In situ hybridization of spleen or lymph node had the highest positivity rates of L. infantum detection. The total positivity rates for IHC, ISH and PC were 70%, 68.1% and 65.8%, respectively. When combining techniques, the positivity rates were 81.5% in the spleen, 79.0% in lymph nodes, 59.0% in bone marrow and 52.3% in the skin. The highest percentage of infected dogs (87.7%) was detected by using lymph node samples. When examining only skin, positivity was significantly higher in sick dogs than in the clinically healthy dogs. Infection with L. infantum was confirmed in 95.8% of sick dogs and in 82.4% of healthy dogs. CONCLUSIONS Considering the advantages of accurately diagnosing different Leishmania species and of being more sensitive than PC, ISH should be considered as reference standard test for the diagnosis of CanL. Spleen and lymph node are the most suitable tissues to confirm infection with L. infantum in seropositive dogs. The testing of only skin from clinically healthy dogs may result in a high percentage of false negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina C Furtado
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Rodrigo C Menezes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Maria F Madeira
- Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Raquel V C Oliveira
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA. .,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Fabiano B Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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19
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Colombo FA, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Meira CDS, Motoie G, Gava R, Hiramoto RM, de Almeida ME, da Silva AJ, Cutolo AA, Menz I. Performance of a real time PCR for leishmaniasis diagnosis using a L. (L.) infantum hypothetical protein as target in canine samples. Exp Parasitol 2015; 157:156-62. [PMID: 26297683 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis represents an important public health issue in different parts of the world, requiring that measures be put in place to control the spread of the disease worldwide. The canine leishmaniasis diagnosis is not easy based on clinical signs, since dogs may not develop the infection with recognizable signs. Thus, the laboratorial diagnosis is essential to ascertain the incidence and prevalence of canine leishmaniasis especially in areas with major control efforts. Although, the diagnosis can be performed by the use of different approaches, the molecular methods such as PCR have become an indispensable tool for leishmaniases diagnosis. A TaqMan assay for real-time PCR (Linj31-qPCR) was developed to determine the parasite occurrence in clinical cases of leishmaniasis. The assay targets an L. (L.) infantum hypothetical protein region. The specificity of the assay was verified by using Leishmania World Health Organization reference strains including parasites belonging to subgenus L. (Leishmania), subgenus L. (Viannia), other Leishmania species and Trypanosoma cruzi. The sensitivity was verified by using isolates of L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (L.) infantum. The usefulness of the assay for diagnosis was ascertained by testing 277 samples from dogs in regions endemic for visceral and/or cutaneous leishmaniasis and from regions in which leishmaniasis was not endemic in São Paulo State, Brazil. Diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) was determined on these animals by conventional PCR and three serological tests. The dog samples were divided into four groups. I, dogs with CVL (n = 101); II, dogs with other diseases and without CVL (n = 97); III, dogs with American cutaneous leishmaniasis (n = 7), and, IV, dogs without CVL (n = 72) from areas where leishmaniasis was not endemic as control group. Results indicated that Linj31-qPCR was able to identify parasites belonging to subgenus L. (Leishmania) with no cross-amplification with other parasite subgenera. The Linj31-qPCR detected Leishmania parasites DNA in 98% of samples from Group I. In conclusion this methodology can be used as routine diagnostic tools to detect parasites from subgenus Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Antonio Colombo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Micro-organismos da Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Pereira-Chioccola
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cristina da Silva Meira
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Motoie
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gava
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto M Hiramoto
- Nucleo de Parasitoses Sistemicas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos E de Almeida
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexandre J da Silva
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andre Antonio Cutolo
- Setor de Controle de Zoonoses e Vetores, Prefeitura Municipal de Monte Mor, Monte Mor, SP, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Menz
- Ingrid Menz Micro Empresa, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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20
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Mello CXD, Figueiredo FB, Mendes Júnior AAV, Furtado MC, Miranda LFCD, Madeira MDF. Outbreak of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Barra Mansa, State of Rio de Janeiro. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 47:788-90. [PMID: 25626661 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0042-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Brazil, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has spread to various regions. This study reports canine cases of VL in Barra Mansa, where human VL cases were recently reported. METHODS Using the human index case, a canine survey was performed by dual-path platform immunochromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seropositive animals were euthanized. Cultures were collected to detect Leishmania parasites. RESULTS Serological tests detected 141 canine VL cases, and Leishmania chagasi were isolated from 82.2% animals. CONCLUSIONS Leishmania chagasi is in circulation in Barra Mansa. This study broadens information on the parasite's distribution in the State of Rio de Janeiro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Xavier de Mello
- Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Artur Augusto Velho Mendes Júnior
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marina Carvalho Furtado
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Luciana Freitas Campos de Miranda
- Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria de Fátima Madeira
- Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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de Paiva-Cavalcanti M, de Morais RCS, Pessoa-E-Silva R, Trajano-Silva LAM, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque SDC, Tavares DDHC, Brelaz-de-Castro MCA, Silva RDFE, Pereira VRA. Leishmaniases diagnosis: an update on the use of immunological and molecular tools. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:31. [PMID: 26097678 PMCID: PMC4474361 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are caused by obligate intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. They cause a spectrum of diseases, most notably visceral (VL), cutaneous (CL), and mucosal (ML) leishmaniasis, which affect millions of people around the world, each year. Despite scientific advances, leishmaniases cases are expanding, constituting an important public health problem. Immunological and molecular diagnostic tools have been increasingly applied for the early detection of these parasitic infections, since the existence of limitations in clinical and parasitological examinations may provide false results, thus interfering in epidemiological research and diseases control. Although there is a great diversity of available immunological assays, important common deficiencies persist, which explains the current exploration of the molecular biology in research fields, especially the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and its variants, such as real-time quantitative PCR. However, in the last years, significant results have also been reached inside of immunological context (especially by Flow Cytometry), for humans and dogs, demonstrated by research works of the New and Old worlds. In spite of their potential to clarify and minimize the present global situation of the diseases, the implementation of molecular or immunological innovative reference assays for VL and CL at health services is still a challenge due to several reasons, including lack of standardization among laboratories and structural concerns. In this article we bring classical and current information about technological advances for the immunological and molecular leishmaniases diagnosis, their features, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena de Paiva-Cavalcanti
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s / n, 50670-420 Recife, PE Brazil
| | - Rayana Carla Silva de Morais
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s / n, 50670-420 Recife, PE Brazil
| | - Rômulo Pessoa-E-Silva
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s / n, 50670-420 Recife, PE Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Rafael de Freitas E Silva
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s / n, 50670-420 Recife, PE Brazil ; Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Pernambuco (UPE), St. Capitão Pedro Rodrigues, 105, 55920-000 São José, Garanhuns, PE Brazil
| | - Valéria Rêgo Alves Pereira
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s / n, 50670-420 Recife, PE Brazil
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Regina-Silva S, Fortes-Dias CL, Michalsky ÉM, França-Silva JC, Quaresma PF, da Rocha Lima ACVM, Teixeira-Neto RG, Dias ES. Evaluation of parasitological examination, kDNA polymerase chain reaction and rK39-based immunochromatography for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in seropositive dogs from the screening-culling program in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 47:462-8. [PMID: 25229287 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0064-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dogs play a primary role in the zoonotic cycle of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Therefore, the accurate diagnosis of infected dogs, primarily asymptomatic dogs, is crucial to the efficiency of VL control programs. METHODS We investigated the agreement of four diagnostic tests for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL): parasite detection, either after myeloculture or by direct microscopic examination of tissue imprints; kinetoplast-deoxyribonucleic acid-polymerase chain reaction (kDNA-PCR); and an immunochromatographic test (ICT). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an indirect immunofluorescence test (IFAT), both of which were adopted as part of the screening-culling program in Brazil, were used as reference tests. Our sample set consisted of 44 seropositive dogs, 25 of which were clinically asymptomatic and 19 were symptomatic for CVL according to ELISA-IFAT. RESULTS The highest and lowest test co-positivities were observed for ICT (77.3%) and myeloculture (58.1%), respectively. When analyzed together, the overall percentage of co-positive tests was significantly higher for the symptomatic group compared to the asymptomatic group. However, only ICT was significantly different based on the results of a separate analysis per test for each group of dogs. The majority (93.8%) of animals exhibited at least one positive test result, with an average of 2.66 positive tests per dog. Half of the symptomatic dogs tested positive for all four tests administered. CONCLUSIONS The variability between test results reinforces the need for more efficient and reliable methods to accurately diagnose canine VL, particularly in asymptomatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shara Regina-Silva
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, BRAZIL
| | | | - Érika Monteiro Michalsky
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, BRAZIL
| | | | - Patrícia Flávia Quaresma
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, BRAZIL
| | | | | | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, BRAZIL
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Leite RS, Souza NA, Barbosa AD, Ferreira ALC, de Andrade ASR. Evaluation of conjunctival swab as a mass-screening tool for molecular diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2255-62. [PMID: 25782681 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) diagnosis is an important step of visceral leishmaniasis control program in Brazil once the dog is the main reservoir host of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the conjunctival swab (CS) as a mass-screening tool for CVL molecular diagnosis in an endemic area classified as priority for the Brazilian Ministry of Healthy for surveillance action. A total of 1350 domiciled dogs were screened. The animals were evaluated by serological tests (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as screening and immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) for confirmation) and by CS associated to real-time PCR, using primers addressed to kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) minicircles and SYBR Green. Canine β-globin gene amplification was used to evaluate the sample DNA integrity. A subgroup of 484 animals was also submitted to clinical evaluation. Among the 1350 dogs screened, 369 (27.3%) were positive by CS real-time PCR and 126 (9.3%) tested positive by ELISA. Thirty-one percent (39/126) of the ELISA-positive dogs were confirmed by IFAT. CS real-time PCR was able to detect infection in dogs independently of the symptomatology degree (p > 0.05), while ELISA was more sensitive in the group of dogs that present three or more clinical signs related to CVL. The results demonstrated that CS real-time PCR was able to detect a higher number of infected dogs than ELISA and that the prevalence of canine infections has been underestimated by the serological assays. The use of sensitive molecular diagnostic methods like CS real-time PCR, mainly in endemic areas, could greatly contribute to disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Souza Leite
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Rua Professor Mário Werneck S/N°, Cidade Universitária, Campus da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31120-970, Brazil
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Course of experimental infection of canine leishmaniosis: Follow-up and utility of noninvasive diagnostic techniques. Vet Parasitol 2015; 207:149-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Dogs, cats, parasites, and humans in Brazil: opening the black box. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:22. [PMID: 24423244 PMCID: PMC3914713 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs and cats in Brazil serve as primary hosts for a considerable number of parasites, which may affect their health and wellbeing. These may include endoparasites (e.g., protozoa, cestodes, trematodes, and nematodes) and ectoparasites (i.e., fleas, lice, mites, and ticks). While some dog and cat parasites are highly host-specific (e.g., Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Felicola subrostratus for cats, and Angiostrongylus vasorum and Trichodectes canis for dogs), others may easily switch to other hosts, including humans. In fact, several dog and cat parasites (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii, Dipylidium caninum, Ancylostoma caninum, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Toxocara canis) are important not only from a veterinary perspective but also from a medical standpoint. In addition, some of them (e.g., Lynxacarus radovskyi on cats and Rangelia vitalii in dogs) are little known to most veterinary practitioners working in Brazil. This article is a compendium on dog and cat parasites in Brazil and a call for a One Health approach towards a better management of some of these parasites, which may potentially affect humans. Practical aspects related to the diagnosis, treatment, and control of parasitic diseases of dogs and cats in Brazil are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife Pernambuco 50670420, Brazil.
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Detection of Leishmania infantum in 4 different dog samples by real-time PCR and ITS-1 nested PCR. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 78:418-21. [PMID: 24485588 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) diagnosis is an important step of visceral leishmaniasis control program in Brazil, which involves the elimination of infected dogs, the main animal reservoir host of the disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a sensitive real-time PCR method for Leishmania infantum detection in 4 different clinical samples of dogs, including the noninvasive conjunctival swab (CS) sample. The results of real-time PCR were compared with those obtained using internal transcribed spacer 1 nested PCR. Animals were divided into 2 groups based on the absence or presence of CVL clinical sings. The CS associated with real-time PCR, using primers addressed to kinetoplast DNA minicircles, was able to detect L. infantum infection in 96.7% of dogs without clinical signs and in 100% of the symptomatic animals, demonstrating the importance of these procedures for diagnosing CVL.
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