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Grapin-Botton A, Kim YH. Pancreas organoid models of development and regeneration. Development 2022; 149:278610. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.201004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Organoids have become one of the fastest progressing and applied models in biological and medical research, and various organoids have now been developed for most of the organs of the body. Here, we review the methods developed to generate pancreas organoids in vitro from embryonic, fetal and adult cells, as well as pluripotent stem cells. We discuss how these systems have been used to learn new aspects of pancreas development, regeneration and disease, as well as their limitations and potential for future discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Grapin-Botton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics 1 , Dresden D-01307 , Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at The University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden 2 , Dresden D-01307 , Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden 3 , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Yung Hae Kim
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics 1 , Dresden D-01307 , Germany
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2
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Sever D, Hershko-Moshe A, Srivastava R, Eldor R, Hibsher D, Keren-Shaul H, Amit I, Bertuzzi F, Krogvold L, Dahl-Jørgensen K, Ben-Dov IZ, Landsman L, Melloul D. NF-κB activity during pancreas development regulates adult β-cell mass by modulating neonatal β-cell proliferation and apoptosis. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:2. [PMID: 33414444 PMCID: PMC7790827 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB is a well-characterized transcription factor, widely known for its roles in inflammation and immune responses, as well as in control of cell division and apoptosis. However, its function in β-cells is still being debated, as it appears to depend on the timing and kinetics of its activation. To elucidate the temporal role of NF-κB in vivo, we have generated two transgenic mouse models, the ToIβ and NOD/ToIβ mice, in which NF-κB activation is specifically and conditionally inhibited in β-cells. In this study, we present a novel function of the canonical NF-κB pathway during murine islet β-cell development. Interestingly, inhibiting the NF-κB pathway in β-cells during embryogenesis, but not after birth, in both ToIβ and NOD/ToIβ mice, increased β-cell turnover, ultimately resulting in a reduced β-cell mass. On the NOD background, this was associated with a marked increase in insulitis and diabetes incidence. While a robust nuclear immunoreactivity of the NF-κB p65-subunit was found in neonatal β-cells, significant activation was not detected in β-cells of either adult NOD/ToIβ mice or in the pancreata of recently diagnosed adult T1D patients. Moreover, in NOD/ToIβ mice, inhibiting NF-κB post-weaning had no effect on the development of diabetes or β-cell dysfunction. In conclusion, our data point to NF-κB as an important component of the physiological regulatory circuit that controls the balance of β-cell proliferation and apoptosis in the early developmental stages of insulin-producing cells, thus modulating β-cell mass and the development of diabetes in the mouse model of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Sever
- Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,University of Copenhagen, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem. Faculty for Health and Medical Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3B. DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anat Hershko-Moshe
- Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roy Eldor
- Diabetes Unit, Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Hibsher
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hadas Keren-Shaul
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Federico Bertuzzi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Lars Krogvold
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital HF, P. O. Box, 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital HF, P. O. Box, 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Iddo Z Ben-Dov
- Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Limor Landsman
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Danielle Melloul
- Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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3
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an updated summary of discoveries made to date resulting from genome-wide association study (GWAS) and sequencing studies, and to discuss the latest loci added to the growing repertoire of genetic signals predisposing to type 1 diabetes (T1D). RECENT FINDINGS Genetic studies have identified over 60 loci associated with T1D susceptibility. GWAS alone does not specifically inform on underlying mechanisms, but in combination with other sequencing and omics-data, advances are being made in our understanding of T1D genetic etiology and pathogenesis. Current knowledge indicates that genetic variation operating in both pancreatic β cells and in immune cells is central in mediating T1D risk. One of the main challenges is to determine how these recently discovered GWAS-implicated variants affect the expression and function of gene products. Once we understand the mechanism of action for disease-causing variants, we will be well placed to apply targeted genomic approaches to impede the premature activation of the immune system in an effort to ultimately prevent the onset of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bakay
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Suite 1216B, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4318, USA
| | - Rahul Pandey
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Suite 1216B, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4318, USA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Suite 1216B, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4318, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Suite 1216B, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4318, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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4
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Sharma A, Liu X, Hadley D, Hagopian W, Chen WM, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Törn C, Steck AK, Frohnert BI, Rewers M, Ziegler AG, Lernmark Å, Toppari J, Krischer JP, Akolkar B, Rich SS, She JX. Identification of non-HLA genes associated with development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in the prospective TEDDY cohort. J Autoimmun 2018; 89:90-100. [PMID: 29310926 PMCID: PMC5902429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Traditional linkage analysis and genome-wide association studies have identified HLA and a number of non-HLA genes as genetic factors for islet autoimmunity (IA) and type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the relative risk associated with previously identified non-HLA genes is usually very small as measured in cases/controls from mixed populations. Genetic associations for IA and T1D may be more accurately assessed in prospective cohorts. In this study, 5806 subjects from the TEDDY (The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young) study, an international prospective cohort study, were genotyped for 176,586 SNPs on the ImmunoChip. Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed to discover the SNPs associated with the risk for IA, T1D, or both. Three regions were associated with the risk of developing any persistent confirmed islet autoantibody: one known region near SH2B3 (HR = 1.35, p = 3.58 × 10-7) with Bonferroni-corrected significance and another known region near PTPN22 (HR = 1.46, p = 2.17 × 10-6) and one novel region near PPIL2 (HR = 2.47, p = 9.64 × 10-7) with suggestive evidence (p < 10-5). Two known regions (PTPN22: p = 2.25 × 10-6, INS; p = 1.32 × 10-7) and one novel region (PXK/PDHB: p = 8.99 × 10-6) were associated with the risk for multiple islet autoantibodies. First appearing islet autoantibodies differ with respect to association. Two regions (INS: p = 5.67 × 10-6 and TTC34/PRDM16: 6.45 × 10-6) were associated if the fist appearing autoantibody was IAA and one region (RBFOX1: p = 8.02 × 10-6) was associated if the first appearing autoantibody was GADA. The analysis of T1D identified one region already known to be associated with T1D (INS: p = 3.13 × 10-7) and three novel regions (RNASET2, PLEKHA1, and PPIL2; 5.42 × 10-6 > p > 2.31 × 10-6). These results suggest that a number of low frequency variants influence the risk of developing IA and/or T1D and these variants can be identified by large prospective cohort studies using a survival analysis approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Division of Biostatistics and Data Science, Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xiang Liu
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - David Hadley
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Carina Törn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Andrea K Steck
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brigitte I Frohnert
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anette-G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jeffrey P Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Beena Akolkar
- National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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5
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Rezanejad H, Ouziel-Yahalom L, Keyzer CA, Sullivan BA, Hollister-Lock J, Li WC, Guo L, Deng S, Lei J, Markmann J, Bonner-Weir S. Heterogeneity of SOX9 and HNF1β in Pancreatic Ducts Is Dynamic. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:725-738. [PMID: 29478894 PMCID: PMC5918495 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic duct epithelial cells have been suggested as a source of progenitors for pancreatic growth and regeneration. However, genetic lineage-tracing experiments with pancreatic duct-specific Cre expression have given conflicting results. Using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, we show heterogeneous expression of both HNF1β and SOX9 in adult human and murine ductal epithelium. Their expression was dynamic and diminished significantly after induced replication. Purified pancreatic duct cells formed organoid structures in 3D culture, and heterogeneity of expression of Hnf1β and Sox9 was maintained even after passaging. Using antibodies against a second cell surface molecule CD51 (human) or CD24 (mouse), we could isolate living subpopulations of duct cells enriched for high or low expression of HNF1β and SOX9. Only the CD24high (Hnfβhigh/Sox9high) subpopulation was able to form organoids. HNF1β and SOX9 are differentially expressed across the pancreatic ductal tree Their expression was dynamic and diminished significantly after replication Live subpopulations can be isolated using CD51 (human) and CD24 (mouse). Only the CD24high (Hnfβhigh/Sox9high) subpopulation was able to form organoids
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Rezanejad
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Limor Ouziel-Yahalom
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Charlotte A Keyzer
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brooke A Sullivan
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jennifer Hollister-Lock
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wan-Chun Li
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lili Guo
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shaopeng Deng
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
| | - Ji Lei
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
| | - James Markmann
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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6
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Trinder M, Zhou L, Oakie A, Riopel M, Wang R. β-cell insulin receptor deficiency during in utero development induces an islet compensatory overgrowth response. Oncotarget 2018; 7:44927-44940. [PMID: 27384998 PMCID: PMC5216695 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of insulin receptor (IR) on β-cells suggests that insulin has an autocrine/paracrine role in the regulation of β-cell function. It has previously been reported that the β-cell specific loss of IR (βIRKO) leads to the development of impaired glycemic regulation and β-cell death in mice. However, temporally controlled βIRKO induced during the distinct transitions of fetal pancreas development has yet to be investigated. We hypothesized that the presence of IR on β-cells during the 2nd transition phase of the fetal murine pancreas is required for maintaining normal islet development.We utilized a mouse insulin 1 promoter driven tamoxifen-inducible Cre-recombinase IR knockout (MIP-βIRKO) mouse model to investigate the loss of β-cell IR during pancreatic development at embryonic day (e) 13, a phase of endocrine proliferation and β-cell fate determination. Fetal pancreata examined at e19-20 showed significantly reduced IR levels in the β-cells of MIP-βIRKO mice. Morphologically, MIP-βIRKO pancreata exhibited significantly enlarged islet size with increased β-cell area and proliferation. MIP-βIRKO pancreata also displayed significantly increased Igf-2 protein level and Akt activity with a reduction in phospho-p53 when compared to control littermates. Islet vascular formation and Vegf-a protein level was significantly increased in MIP-βIRKO pancreata.Our results demonstrate a developmental role for the β-cell IR, whereby its loss leads to an islet compensatory overgrowth, and contributes further information towards elucidating the temporally sensitive signaling during β-cell commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Trinder
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liangyi Zhou
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda Oakie
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Riopel
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rennian Wang
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Weegman BP, Taylor MJ, Baicu SC, Mueller K, O'brien TD, Wilson J, Papas KK. Plasticity and Aggregation of Juvenile Porcine Islets in Modified Culture: Preliminary Observations. Cell Transplant 2018; 25:1763-1775. [PMID: 27109912 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x691475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a major health problem worldwide, and there is substantial interest in developing xenogeneic islet transplantation as a potential treatment. The potential to relieve the demand on an inadequate supply of human pancreata is dependent upon the efficiency of techniques for isolating and culturing islets from the source pancreata. Porcine islets are favored for xenotransplantation, but mature pigs (>2 years) present logistic and economic challenges, and young pigs (3-6 months) have not yet proven to be an adequate source. In this study, islets were isolated from 20 juvenile porcine pancreata (~3 months; 25 kg Yorkshire pigs) immediately following procurement or after 24 h of hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) preservation. The resulting islet preparations were characterized using a battery of tests during culture in silicone rubber membrane flasks. Islet biology assessment included oxygen consumption, insulin secretion, histopathology, and in vivo function. Islet yields were highest from HMP-preserved pancreata (2,242 ± 449 IEQ/g). All preparations comprised a high proportion (>90%) of small islets (<100 μm), and purity was on average 63 ± 6%. Morphologically, islets appeared as clusters on day 0, loosely disaggregated structures at day 1, and transitioned to aggregated structures comprising both exocrine and endocrine cells by day 6. Histopathology confirmed both insulin and glucagon staining in cultures and grafts excised after transplantation in mice. Nuclear staining (Ki-67) confirmed mitotic activity consistent with the observed plasticity of these structures. Metabolic integrity was demonstrated by oxygen consumption rates = 175 ± 16 nmol/min/mg DNA, and physiological function was intact by glucose stimulation after 6-8 days in culture. In vivo function was confirmed with blood glucose control achieved in nearly 50% (8/17) of transplants. Preparation and culture of juvenile porcine islets as a source for islet transplantation require specialized conditions. These immature islets undergo plasticity in culture and form fully functional multicellular structures. Further development of this method for culturing immature porcine islets is expected to generate small pancreatic tissue-derived organoids termed "pancreatites," as a therapeutic product from juvenile pigs for xenotransplantation and diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley P Weegman
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Sylvatica Biotech, LLC, N. Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Michael J Taylor
- Sylvatica Biotech, LLC, N. Charleston, SC, USA.,Tissue Testing Technologies, LLC, N. Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simona C Baicu
- Tissue Testing Technologies, LLC, N. Charleston, SC, USA.,LifePoint, Inc., Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kate Mueller
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Timothy D O'brien
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - John Wilson
- Wilson Wolf Manufacturing, New Brighton, MN, USA
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8
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Wu T, Xu J, Xu S, Wu L, Zhu Y, Li G, Ren Z. 17 β-Estradiol Promotes Islet Cell Proliferation in a Partial Pancreatectomy Mouse Model. J Endocr Soc 2017; 1:965-979. [PMID: 29264547 PMCID: PMC5686603 DOI: 10.1210/js.2016-1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E2) is a multifunctional steroid hormone in modulating metabolism in vivo. Previous studies have reported that E2 could promote insulin secretion and protect β cells from apoptosis. In this study, the partial pancreatectomy (PPx) model was used to study the role of E2 in islet cell proliferation. The animals were divided into four groups, including sham control, PPx model, E2, and E2 plus estrogen antagonist (E2 plus ICI) groups. In the E2 group, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine- and Ki67-positive cells significantly increased after PPx, and the protein expression of forkhead transcription factor M1, cyclin A2, cyclin B1, and cyclin E2 also significantly increased in the isolated islets. The messenger RNA expression of cyclin A2 and cyclin B2 increased in E2 treatment group. Additionally, the effects of E2 on the PPx mice were partially blocked by estrogen antagonist ICI182,780. The results indicated that E2 significantly promoted islet cell proliferation in PPx model mice, and it upregulated the expression of cell cycle genes. In conclusion, E2 treatment is beneficial for islet cell proliferation in adult mice after PPx. A partial pancreatectomy in mice may be an attractive model for the study of islet cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jinyong Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Shengchun Xu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Lianzhong Wu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Youyu Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Guangwu Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Zhenhua Ren
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
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9
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Effect of Wnt Signaling on the Differentiation of Islet β-Cells from Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2501578. [PMID: 28303247 PMCID: PMC5337876 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2501578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling is critical for pancreatic development and islet function; however, its precise effects on the development and function of the β-cells remain controversial. Here we examined mRNA and protein expression of components of the Wnt signaling throughout the differentiation of islet β-cells from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). After induction, ADSCs expressed markers of β-cells, including the insulin, PDX1, and glucagon genes, and the PDX1, CK19, nestin, insulin, and C-peptide proteins, indicating their successful differentiation. Compared with pancreatic adult stem cells (PASCs), the quantities of insulin, GLUT2, and Irs2 mRNA decreased, whereas Gcg, Gck, and Irs1 mRNA increased. Over time, during differentiation, insulin mRNA and protein expression increased, Gcg and Gck mRNA expression increased, Irs1 mRNA expression decreased and then increased, and Irs2 mRNA increased and then decreased (all P < 0.05). The expression of Dvl-2, LRP5, and GSK3β mRNA as well as the Dvl-2, GSK3β, and p-GSK3β proteins also increased (P < 0.05). Expression of TCF7L2 (6–10 d) and β-catenin mRNA as well as the β-catenin protein increased but not significantly (P > 0.05). Our results indicate that the Wnt signaling is activated during ADSC differentiation into islet β-cells, but there was no obvious enrichment of nonphosphorylated β-catenin protein.
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10
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Tsugata T, Nikoh N, Kin T, Saitoh I, Noguchi Y, Ueki H, Watanabe M, James Shapiro AM, Noguchi H. Potential Factors for the Differentiation of ESCs/iPSCs Into Insulin-Producing Cells. CELL MEDICINE 2014; 7:83-93. [PMID: 26858897 DOI: 10.3727/215517914x685178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The low efficiency of in vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into insulin-producing cells thus creates a crucial hurdle for the clinical implementation of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). In this study, we investigated the key factors for the differentiation of PSCs into insulin-producing cells. We obtained microarray data of HUES8 and HUES6 from two GeneChips (GPL3921: Affymetrix HT Human Genome U133A Array, GPL570: Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array) in a database of GEO (NCBI), since HUES8 can differentiate into pancreatic cells, while HUES6 hardly demonstrates any differentiation at all. The genes with more than fourfold higher expressions in HUES8 compared to HUES6 included RPS4Y1, DDX3Y, EIF1AY, GREM1, GATA6, and NLGN4Y. Since there were four genes, RPS4Y1, DDX3Y, EIF1AY, and NLGN4Y, on the Y chromosome and HUES8 was a male cell line and HUES6 was a female cell line, we excluded these genes in this study. On the other hand, genes with more than fourfold higher expressions in HUES6 compared to HUES8 included NLRP2, EGR1, and SMC3. We next compared iPSCs derived from pancreatic cells (PiPSCs) and iPSCs derived from fibroblasts (FiPSCs). PiPSCs differentiated into insulin-producing cells more easily than FiPSCs because of their epigenetic memory. The gene expressions of GREM1, GATA6, NLRP2, EGR1, and SMC3 in PiPSCs and FiPSCs were also investigated. The expression level of GREM1 and GATA6 in PiPSCs were higher than in FiPSCs. On the other hand, EGR1, which was lower in HUES8 than in HUES6, was predictably lower in PiPSCs than FiPSCs, while NLRP2 and SMC3 were higher in PiPSCs than FiPSCs. These data suggest that the expression of GATA6 and GREM1 and the inhibition of EGR1 may be important factors for the differentiation of PSCs into insulin-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Tsugata
- Natural and Environmental Sciences Program, The Open University of Japan , Chiba , Japan
| | - Naruo Nikoh
- Natural and Environmental Sciences Program, The Open University of Japan , Chiba , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kin
- † Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Issei Saitoh
- ‡ Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Yasufumi Noguchi
- § Department of Socio-environmental Design, Hiroshima International University , Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Hideo Ueki
- ¶ Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Masami Watanabe
- ¶ Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | | | - Hirofumi Noguchi
- Natural and Environmental Sciences Program, The Open University of Japan, Chiba, Japan; #Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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Téllez N, Montanya E. Gastrin induces ductal cell dedifferentiation and β-cell neogenesis after 90% pancreatectomy. J Endocrinol 2014; 223:67-78. [PMID: 25122000 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Induction of β-cell mass regeneration is a potentially curative treatment for diabetes. We have recently found that long-term gastrin treatment results in improved metabolic control and β-cell mass expansion in 95% pancreatectomised (Px) rats. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanisms of gastrin-induced β-cell mass expansion after Px. After 90%-Px, rats were treated with gastrin (Px+G) or vehicle (Px+V), pancreatic remnants were harvested on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 and used for gene expression, protein immunolocalisation and morphometric analyses. Gastrin- and vehicle-treated Px rats showed similar blood glucose levels throughout the study. Initially, after Px, focal areas of regeneration, showing mesenchymal cells surrounding ductal structures that expressed the cholecystokinin B receptor, were identified. These focal areas of regeneration were similar in size and cell composition in the Px+G and Px+V groups. However, in the Px+G group, the ductal structures showed lower levels of keratin 20 and β-catenin (indicative of duct dedifferentiation) and higher levels of expression of neurogenin 3 and NKX6-1 (indicative of endocrine progenitor phenotype), as compared with Px+V rats. In Px+G rats, β-cell mass and the number of scattered β-cells were significantly increased compared with Px+V rats, whereas β-cell replication and apoptosis were similar in the two groups. These results indicate that gastrin treatment-enhanced dedifferentiation and reprogramming of regenerative ductal cells in Px rats, increased β-cell neogenesis and fostered β-cell mass expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noèlia Téllez
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic DiseasesCIBERDEM, Barcelona, SpainBellvitge Biomedical Research InstituteIDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, SpainEndocrine UnitHospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Clinical SciencesUniversity of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic DiseasesCIBERDEM, Barcelona, SpainBellvitge Biomedical Research InstituteIDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, SpainEndocrine UnitHospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Clinical SciencesUniversity of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic DiseasesCIBERDEM, Barcelona, SpainBellvitge Biomedical Research InstituteIDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, SpainEndocrine UnitHospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Clinical SciencesUniversity of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Montanya
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic DiseasesCIBERDEM, Barcelona, SpainBellvitge Biomedical Research InstituteIDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, SpainEndocrine UnitHospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Clinical SciencesUniversity of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic DiseasesCIBERDEM, Barcelona, SpainBellvitge Biomedical Research InstituteIDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, SpainEndocrine UnitHospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Clinical SciencesUniversity of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic DiseasesCIBERDEM, Barcelona, SpainBellvitge Biomedical Research InstituteIDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, SpainEndocrine UnitHospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Clinical SciencesUniversity of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic DiseasesCIBERDEM, Barcelona, SpainBellvitge Biomedical Research InstituteIDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, SpainEndocrine UnitHospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Clinical SciencesUniversity of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Chowdhury S, Wang S, Patterson BW, Reeds DN, Wice BM. The combination of GIP plus xenin-25 indirectly increases pancreatic polypeptide release in humans with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 187:42-50. [PMID: 24183983 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Xenin-25 (Xen) is a 25-amino acid neurotensin-related peptide that activates neurotensin receptor-1 (NTSR1). We previously showed that Xen increases the effect of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) on insulin release 1) in hyperglycemic mice via a cholinergic relay in the periphery independent from the central nervous system and 2) in humans with normal or impaired glucose tolerance, but not type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Since this blunted response to Xen defines a novel defect in T2DM, it is important to understand how Xen regulates islet physiology. On separate visits, subjects received intravenous graded glucose infusions with vehicle, GIP, Xen, or GIP plus Xen. The pancreatic polypeptide response was used as an indirect measure of cholinergic input to islets. The graded glucose infusion itself had little effect on the pancreatic polypeptide response whereas administration of Xen equally increased the pancreatic polypeptide response in humans with normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, and T2DM. The pancreatic polypeptide response to Xen was similarly amplified by GIP in all 3 groups. Antibody staining of human pancreas showed that NTSR1 is not detectable on islet endocrine cells, sympathetic neurons, blood vessels, or endothelial cells but is expressed at high levels on PGP9.5-positive axons in the exocrine tissue and at low levels on ductal epithelial cells. PGP9.5 positive nerve fibers contacting beta cells in the islet periphery were also observed. Thus, a neural relay, potentially involving muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, indirectly increases the effects of Xen on pancreatic polypeptide release in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Chowdhury
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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A Small Molecule Swertisin from Enicostemma littorale Differentiates NIH3T3 Cells into Islet-Like Clusters and Restores Normoglycemia upon Transplantation in Diabetic Balb/c Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:280392. [PMID: 23662125 PMCID: PMC3639639 DOI: 10.1155/2013/280392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim. Stem cell therapy is one of the upcoming therapies for the treatment of diabetes. Discovery of potent differentiating agents is a prerequisite for increasing islet mass. The present study is an attempt to screen the potential of novel small biomolecules for their differentiating property into pancreatic islet cells using NIH3T3, as representative of extra pancreatic stem cells/progenitors. Methods. To identify new agents that stimulate islet differentiation, we screened various compounds isolated from Enicostemma littorale using NIH3T3 cells and morphological changes were observed. Characterization was performed by semiquantitative RT-PCR, Q-PCR, immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting, and insulin secretion assay for functional response in newly generated islet-like cell clusters (ILCC). Reversal of hyperglycemia was monitored after transplanting ILCC in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Results. Among various compounds tested, swertisin, an isolated flavonoid, was the most effective in differentiating NIH3T3 into endocrine cells. Swertisin efficiently changed the morphology of NIH3T3 cells from fibroblastic to round aggregate cell cluster in huge numbers. Dithizone (DTZ) stain primarily confirmed differentiation and gene expression studies signified rapid onset of differentiation signaling cascade in swertisin-induced ILCC. Molecular imaging and immunoblotting further confirmed presence of islet specific proteins. Moreover, glucose induced insulin release (in vitro) and decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) (in vivo) in transplanted diabetic BALB/c mice depicted functional maturity of ILCC. Insulin and glucagon expression in excised islet grafts illustrated survival and functional integrity. Conclusions. Rapid induction for islet differentiation by swertisin, a novel herbal biomolecule, provides low cost and readily available differentiating agent that can be translated as a therapeutic tool for effective treatment in diabetes.
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Chu KY, Li H, Wada K, Johnson JD. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 is required for pancreatic beta cell survival and function in lipotoxic conditions. Diabetologia 2012; 55:128-40. [PMID: 22038515 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) is associated with neurodegenerative diseases and has been suggested to have roles in pancreatic beta cells. Our proteomic analysis revealed that UCHL1 was the most increased protein in MIN6 cells exposed to palmitate. The present study used a genetic loss-of-function model to test the hypothesis that UCHL1 is required for normal beta cell function and fate under lipotoxic conditions. METHODS Human islets, mouse islets and MIN6 cells were used to analyse UCHL1 protein levels and regulation of UCHL1 by palmitate. The levels of free mono-ubiquitin and poly-ubiquitinated proteins were assessed. Gracile axonal dystrophy (GAD) mutant mice lacking UCHL1 were fed a normal or lipotoxic high-fat diet. Glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance and insulin secretion were assessed in vivo. Beta cell death and proliferation were assessed by TUNEL and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining. Insulin secretion, calcium signalling, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis and SNARE protein levels were assessed in vitro. RESULTS UCHL1 protein, which was highly specific to beta cells, was increased by palmitate at basal glucose, but not in the context of hyperglycaemia associated with frank diabetes. Although islet development and function were initially normal in Uchl1 (-/-) mice, a 4-week high-fat diet caused glucose intolerance and impaired insulin secretion. Uchl1 (-/-) mice had increased ER stress and beta cell apoptosis. The levels of SNARE proteins were dysregulated in Uchl1 (-/-) islets. Palmitate-stimulated vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2) ubiquitination was modulated by a chemical UCHL1 inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Together, these data suggest that UCHL1 has essential functional and anti-apoptotic roles in beta cells under stress conditions associated with lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling in Diabetes, Diabetes Research Group, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 5358 Life Sciences Building, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Marselli L, Thorne J, Dahiya S, Sgroi DC, Sharma A, Bonner-Weir S, Marchetti P, Weir GC. Gene expression profiles of Beta-cell enriched tissue obtained by laser capture microdissection from subjects with type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11499. [PMID: 20644627 PMCID: PMC2903480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Changes in gene expression in pancreatic beta-cells from type 2 diabetes (T2D) should provide insights into their abnormal insulin secretion and turnover. Methodology/Principal Findings Frozen sections were obtained from cadaver pancreases of 10 control and 10 T2D human subjects. Beta-cell enriched samples were obtained by laser capture microdissection (LCM). RNA was extracted, amplified and subjected to microarray analysis. Further analysis was performed with DNA-Chip Analyzer (dChip) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) software. There were changes in expression of genes linked to glucotoxicity. Evidence of oxidative stress was provided by upregulation of several metallothionein genes. There were few changes in the major genes associated with cell cycle, apoptosis or endoplasmic reticulum stress. There was differential expression of genes associated with pancreatic regeneration, most notably upregulation of members of the regenerating islet gene (REG) family and metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7). Some of the genes found in GWAS studies to be related to T2D were also found to be differentially expressed. IGF2BP2, TSPAN8, and HNF1B (TCF2) were upregulated while JAZF1 and SLC30A8 were downregulated. Conclusions/Significance This study made possible by LCM has identified many novel changes in gene expression that enhance understanding of the pathogenesis of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorella Marselli
- Section on Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Thorne
- Section on Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sonika Dahiya
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dennis C. Sgroi
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arun Sharma
- Section on Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Section on Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Organ Transplantation, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gordon C. Weir
- Section on Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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