1
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Kress C, Jouneau L, Pain B. Reinforcement of repressive marks in the chicken primordial germ cell epigenetic signature: divergence from basal state resetting in mammals. Epigenetics Chromatin 2024; 17:11. [PMID: 38671530 PMCID: PMC11046797 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-024-00537-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mammals, primordial germ cells (PGCs), the embryonic precursors of the germline, arise from embryonic or extra-embryonic cells upon induction by the surrounding tissues during gastrulation, according to mechanisms which are elucidated in mice but remain controversial in primates. They undergo genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming, consisting of extensive DNA demethylation and histone post-translational modification (PTM) changes, toward a basal, euchromatinized state. In contrast, chicken PGCs are specified by preformation before gastrulation based on maternally-inherited factors. They can be isolated from the bloodstream during their migration to the genital ridges. Our prior research highlighted differences in the global epigenetic profile of cultured chicken PGCs compared with chicken somatic cells and mammalian PGCs. This study investigates the acquisition and evolution of this profile during development. RESULTS Quantitative analysis of global DNA methylation and histone PTMs, including their distribution, during key stages of chicken early development revealed divergent PGC epigenetic changes compared with mammals. Unlike mammalian PGCs, chicken PGCs do not undergo genome-wide DNA demethylation or exhibit a decrease in histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation. However, chicken PGCs show 5‑hydroxymethylcytosine loss, macroH2A redistribution, and chromatin decompaction, mirroring mammalian processes. Chicken PGCs initiate their epigenetic signature during migration, progressively accumulating high global levels of H3K9me3, with preferential enrichment in inactive genome regions. Despite apparent global chromatin decompaction, abundant heterochromatin marks, including repressive histone PTMs, HP1 variants, and DNA methylation, persists in chicken PGCs, contrasting with mammalian PGCs. CONCLUSIONS Chicken PGCs' epigenetic signature does not align with the basal chromatin state observed in mammals, suggesting a departure from extensive epigenetic reprogramming. Despite disparities in early PGC development, the persistence of several epigenetic features shared with mammals implies their involvement in chromatin-regulated germ cell properties, with the distinctive elevation of chicken-specific H3K9me3 potentially participating in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Kress
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, INRAE, U1208, USC1361, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France.
| | - Luc Jouneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France
| | - Bertrand Pain
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, INRAE, U1208, USC1361, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France
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2
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Aizawa E, Ozonov EA, Kawamura YK, Dumeau C, Nagaoka S, Kitajima TS, Saitou M, Peters AHFM, Wutz A. Epigenetic regulation limits competence of pluripotent stem cell-derived oocytes. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113955. [PMID: 37850882 PMCID: PMC10690455 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported the differentiation of pluripotent cells into oocytes in vitro. However, the developmental competence of in vitro-generated oocytes remains low. Here, we perform a comprehensive comparison of mouse germ cell development in vitro over all culture steps versus in vivo with the goal to understand mechanisms underlying poor oocyte quality. We show that the in vitro differentiation of primordial germ cells to growing oocytes and subsequent follicle growth is critical for competence for preimplantation development. Systematic transcriptome analysis of single oocytes that were subjected to different culture steps identifies genes that are normally upregulated during oocyte growth to be susceptible for misregulation during in vitro oogenesis. Many misregulated genes are Polycomb targets. Deregulation of Polycomb repression is therefore a key cause and the earliest defect known in in vitro oocyte differentiation. Conversely, structurally normal in vitro-derived oocytes fail at zygotic genome activation and show abnormal acquisition of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine on maternal chromosomes. Our data identify epigenetic regulation at an early stage of oogenesis limiting developmental competence and suggest opportunities for future improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eishi Aizawa
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Evgeniy A Ozonov
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | - Yumiko K Kawamura
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | - Charles‐Etienne Dumeau
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - So Nagaoka
- Department of EmbryologyNara Medical UniversityNaraJapan
| | | | - Mitinori Saitou
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi)Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA)Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Antoine HFM Peters
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
- Faculty of SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Anton Wutz
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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3
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Telfer EE, Grosbois J, Odey YL, Rosario R, Anderson RA. Making a good egg: human oocyte health, aging, and in vitro development. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2623-2677. [PMID: 37171807 PMCID: PMC10625843 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00032.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian eggs (oocytes) are formed during fetal life and establish associations with somatic cells to form primordial follicles that create a store of germ cells (the primordial pool). The size of this pool is influenced by key events during the formation of germ cells and by factors that influence the subsequent activation of follicle growth. These regulatory pathways must ensure that the reserve of oocytes within primordial follicles in humans lasts for up to 50 years, yet only approximately 0.1% will ever be ovulated with the rest undergoing degeneration. This review outlines the mechanisms and regulatory pathways that govern the processes of oocyte and follicle formation and later growth, within the ovarian stroma, through to ovulation with particular reference to human oocytes/follicles. In addition, the effects of aging on female reproductive capacity through changes in oocyte number and quality are emphasized, with both the cellular mechanisms and clinical implications discussed. Finally, the details of current developments in culture systems that support all stages of follicle growth to generate mature oocytes in vitro and emerging prospects for making new oocytes from stem cells are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn E Telfer
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Johanne Grosbois
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne L Odey
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Roseanne Rosario
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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4
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Coxir SA, Costa GMJ, Santos CFD, Alvarenga RDLLS, Lacerda SMDSN. From in vivo to in vitro: exploring the key molecular and cellular aspects of human female gametogenesis. Hum Cell 2023:10.1007/s13577-023-00921-7. [PMID: 37237248 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Human oogenesis is a highly complex and not yet fully understood process due to ethical and technological barriers that limit studies in the field. In this context, replicating female gametogenesis in vitro would not only provide a solution for some infertility problems, but also be an excellent study model to better understand the biological mechanisms that determine the formation of the female germline. In this review, we explore the main cellular and molecular aspects involved in human oogenesis and folliculogenesis in vivo, from the specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs) to the formation of the mature oocyte. We also sought to describe the important bidirectional relationship between the germ cell and the follicular somatic cells. Finally, we address the main advances and different methodologies used in the search for obtaining cells of the female germline in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Abreu Coxir
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Mattos Jardim Costa
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Camilla Fernandes Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Samyra Maria Dos Santos Nassif Lacerda
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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5
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Hong TK, Song JH, Lee SB, Do JT. Germ Cell Derivation from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Understanding In Vitro Gametogenesis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081889. [PMID: 34440657 PMCID: PMC8394365 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have developed considerably in recent years; however, they cannot rectify germ cell aplasia, such as non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) and oocyte maturation failure syndrome. In vitro gametogenesis is a promising technology to overcome infertility, particularly germ cell aplasia. Early germ cells, such as primordial germ cells, can be relatively easily derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs); however, further progression to post-meiotic germ cells usually requires a gonadal niche and signals from gonadal somatic cells. Here, we review the recent advances in in vitro male and female germ cell derivation from PSCs and discuss how this technique is used to understand the biological mechanism of gamete development and gain insight into its application in infertility.
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6
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Regenerative Medicine Approaches in Bioengineering Female Reproductive Tissues. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:1573-1595. [PMID: 33877644 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Diseases, disorders, and dysfunctions of the female reproductive tract tissues can result in either infertility and/or hormonal imbalance. Current treatment options are limited and often do not result in tissue function restoration, requiring alternative therapeutic approaches. Regenerative medicine offers potential new therapies through the bioengineering of female reproductive tissues. This review focuses on some of the current technologies that could address the restoration of functional female reproductive tissues, including the use of stem cells, biomaterial scaffolds, bio-printing, and bio-fabrication of tissues or organoids. The use of these approaches could also be used to address issues in infertility. Strategies such as cell-based hormone replacement therapy could provide a more natural means of restoring normal ovarian physiology. Engineering of reproductive tissues and organs could serve as a powerful tool for correcting developmental anomalies. Organ-on-a-chip technologies could be used to perform drug screening for personalized medicine approaches and scientific investigations of the complex physiological interactions between the female reproductive tissues and other organ systems. While some of these technologies have already been developed, others have not been translated for clinical application. The continuous evolution of biomaterials and techniques, advances in bioprinting, along with emerging ideas for new approaches, shows a promising future for treating female reproductive tract-related disorders and dysfunctions.
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7
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Farzaneh M, Derakhshan Z, Hallajzadeh J, Sarani NH, Nejabatdoust A, Khoshnam SE. Suppression of TGF-β and ERK Signaling Pathways as a New Strategy to Provide Rodent and Non-Rodent Pluripotent Stem Cells. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 14:466-473. [PMID: 30868962 DOI: 10.2174/1871527318666190314110529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are unspecialized cells and excellent model in developmental biology and a promising approach to the treatment of disease and injury. In the last 30 years, pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells were established from murine and primate sources, and display indefinite replicative potential and the ability to differentiate to all three embryonic germ layers. Despite large efforts in many aspects of rodent and non-rodent pluripotent stem cell culture, a number of diverse challenges remain. Natural and synthetic small molecules (SMs) strategy has the potential to overcome these hurdles. Small molecules are typically fast and reversible that target specific signaling pathways, epigenetic processes and other cellular processes. Inhibition of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β/Smad) and fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4)/ERK signaling pathways by SB431542 and PD0325901 small molecules, respectively, known as R2i, enhances the efficiency of mouse, rat, and chicken pluripotent stem cells passaging from different genetic backgrounds. Therefore, the application of SM inhibitors of TGF-β and ERK1/2 with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) allows the cultivation of pluripotent stem cells in a chemically defined condition. In this review, we discuss recently emerging evidence that dual inhibition of TGF-β and FGF signaling pathways plays an important role in regulating pluripotency in both rodent and non-rodent pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Farzaneh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Derakhshan
- Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jamal Hallajzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Maraghe University of Medical Science, Maraghe, Iran
| | | | - Armin Nejabatdoust
- Department of Biology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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8
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Alteration in Expression of Primordial Germ Cell (PGC) Markers During Induction of Human Amniotic Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hAMSCs). J Reprod Infertil 2020; 21:59-64. [PMID: 32175266 PMCID: PMC7048695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, scientists are looking for a solution to the problem of the couples who have a lack of germ cells by through cell therapy. It is found that human amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) could be a good candidate for solving this problem. In the present study, an attempt was made to show that hUMSCs can express the PGC markers in the presence of retinoic acid (RA). METHODS Placenta was obtained from healthy mothers and amniotic stem cells were isolated by enzymatic method from amniotic membrane. The cells were treated by retinoic acid for 14 days. Mesenchymal properties of hAMSCs were assessed by flow-cytometry and expression of PGC markers was established by Q-PCR. RESULTS Mesenchymal stem cell properties were confirmed by antibodies against mesenchymal stem cell markers (CD73, CD90, and CD105). After that, the expression of the C-kit, Oct4, SSEA4, VASA genes were determined as primordial germ cell markers using quantitative PCR. It was found that the use of retinoic acid led to the highest expression of C-kit, SSEA4, VASA genes and lower expression of Oct4. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that retinoic acid can be used as a suitable factor for induction of hAMSCs into primordial germ cells (PGCs) and hAMSCs have enough potential to do that.
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9
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Amini Mahabadi J, Karimian M, Aghighi F, Enderami SE, Seyyed Hosseini E, Talaei SA, Gheibi Hayat SM, Nikzad H. Retinoic acid and 17β-estradiol improve male germ cell differentiation from mouse-induced pluripotent stem cells. Andrologia 2019; 52:e13466. [PMID: 31736115 DOI: 10.1111/and.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to explore the impacts of retinoic acid (RA)/17β-estradiol (E) induction and embryoid body formation to enhance differentiation of mouse-induced pluripotent stem cells (miPSCs) into male germ cells in vitro. Flow cytometry and qPCR were conducted to describe miPSCs differentiation process. Various temporal expression profiles of germ cell-related genes were traced. Stra8 gene expression increased in the RA group on the 4th day compared to other groups. The RA group experienced a more significant increase than E group. The expression of Sycp3 increased in RA + E group on 4th day compared with other groups. Expression of AKAP3 enhanced in the RA + E group than other groups on day 4. Moreover, miPSCs showed that this gene expression in the RA + E group was increased in comparison to RA and E groups on day 7. AKAP3 gene expression on day 7 of miPSCs decreased in RA and E groups. Flow cytometry data indicated that 3%-8% of the cells in sub-G1 stage were haploid after RA and E induction compared to other groups on day 4. This study showed that miPSCs possess the power for differentiating into male germ cells in vitro via formation of embryoid body by RA with/or E induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Amini Mahabadi
- Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimian
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Aghighi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Seyed Ehsan Enderami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Immunogenetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Sayyed Alireza Talaei
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibi Hayat
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Nikzad
- Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Jiang Y, Zhu D, Liu W, Qin Q, Fang Z, Pan Z. Hedgehog pathway inhibition causes primary follicle atresia and decreases female germline stem cell proliferation capacity or stemness. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:198. [PMID: 31277696 PMCID: PMC6612207 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Follicle depletion is one of the causes of premature ovarian failure (POF) and primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). Hence, maintenance of a certain number of female germline stem cells (FGSCs) is optimal to produce oocytes and replenish the primordial follicle pool. The mechanism that regulates proliferation or stemness of FGSCs could contribute to restoring ovarian function, but it remains uncharacterized in postnatal mammalian ovaries. This study aims to investigate the mechanism by which inhibiting the activity of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway regulates follicle development and FGSC proliferation. Methods and results To understand the role of the Hh pathway in ovarian aging, we measured Hh signaling activity at different reproductive ages and the correlation between them in physiological and pathological mice. Furthermore, we evaluated the follicle number and development and the changes in FGSC proliferation or stemness after blocking the Hh pathway in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we aimed to explain one of the mechanisms for the FGSC phenotype changes induced by treatment with the Hh pathway-specific inhibitor GANT61 via oxidative stress and apoptosis. The results show that the activity of Hh signaling is decreased in the ovaries in physiological aging and POF models, which is consistent with the trend of expression levels of the germline stem cell markers Mvh and Oct4. In vitro, blocking the Hh pathway causes follicular developmental disorders and depletes ovarian germ cells and FGSCs after treating ovaries with GANT61. The proliferation or stemness of cultured primary FGSCs is reduced when Hh activity is blocked. Our results show that the antioxidative enzyme level and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax decrease, the expression level of caspase 3 increases, the mitochondrial membrane potential is abnormal, and ROS accumulate in this system. Conclusions We observed that the inhibition of the Hh signaling pathway with GANT61 could reduce primordial follicle number and decrease FGSC reproductive capacity or stemness through oxidative damage and apoptosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-019-1299-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Dantian Zhu
- Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qiushi Qin
- Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhi Fang
- Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zezheng Pan
- Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China. .,Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.
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11
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Liu M, Li FX, Li CY, Li XC, Chen LF, Wu K, Yang PL, Lai ZF, Liu TK, Sullivan WJ, Cui L, Chen XG. Characterization of protein arginine methyltransferase of TgPRMT5 in Toxoplasma gondii. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:221. [PMID: 31068219 PMCID: PMC6505072 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein arginine methylation is a prevalent post-translational modification. The protein arginine methyltransferase family (PRMT) is involved in many cellular processes in eukaryotes, including transcriptional regulation, epigenetic regulation, RNA metabolism, and DNA damage repair. Toxoplasma gondii, an opportunistic protozoan parasite, encodes five conserved PRMTs. PRMT5 is thought to be responsible for substantial PRMT activity in T. gondii; however, it has not yet been characterized. METHODS We tagged the 3' end of the endogenous TgPRMT5 genomic locus with sequence encoding a 3X hemagglutinin (HA) epitope. IFA and WB were performed to check the expression and subcellular localization of TgPRMT5 in tachyzoites and bradyzoites. In vitro methylation assays were performed to determine whether endogenous TgPRMT5 has arginine methyltransferase activity. RESULTS IFA and WB results showed that T. gondii PRMT5 (TgPRMT5) was localized in the cytoplasm in the tachyzoite stage; however, it shifts largely to the nuclear compartment in the bradyzoite stage. The in vitro methylation showed that TgPRMT5 has authentic type II PRMT activity and forms monomethylarginines and symmetric dimethylarginines. CONCLUSIONS We determined the expression and cellular localization of TgPRMT5 in tachyzoites and bradyzoites and confirmed its type II PRMT activity. We demonstrated the major changes in expression and cellular localization of TgPRMT5 during the tachyzoite and bradyzoite stages in T. gondii. Our findings suggest that TgPRMT5 protein may be involved in tachyzoite-bradyzoite transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Fen-Xiang Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yuan Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Cong Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Long-Fei Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei-Liang Yang
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Fa Lai
- Futian Center for disease control and prevention, Shenzhen, 518040 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting-kai Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - William J. Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, 501 ASI Building, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Xiao-Guang Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
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Increased Expression of Cell Surface SSEA-1 is Closely Associated with Naïve-Like Conversion from Human Deciduous Teeth Dental Pulp Cells-Derived iPS Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071651. [PMID: 30987116 PMCID: PMC6480091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA-1) is an antigenic epitope (also called CD15 antigen) defined as a Lewis X carbohydrate structure and known to be expressed in murine embryonal carcinoma cells, mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and murine and human germ cells, but not human ESCs/induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). It is produced by α1,3-fucosyltransferase IX gene (FUT9), and F9 ECCs having a disrupted FUT9 locus by gene targeting are reported to exhibit loss of SSEA-1 expression on their cell surface. Mouse ESCs are pluripotent cells and therefore known as “naïve stem cells (NSCs).” In contrast, human ESCs/iPSCs are thought to be epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) that are slightly more differentiated than NSCs. Recently, it has been demonstrated that treatment of EpiSCs with several reprograming-related drugs can convert EpiSCs to cells similar to NSCs, which led us to speculate that SSEA-1 may have been expressed in these NSC-like EpiSCs. Immunocytochemical staining of these cells with anti-SSEA-1 revealed increased expression of this epitope. RT-PCR analysis also confirmed increased expression of FUT9 transcripts as well as other stemness-related transcripts such as REX-1 (ZFP42). These results suggest that SSEA-1 can be an excellent marker for human NSCs.
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Amini Mahabadi J, Sabzalipoor H, Kehtari M, Enderami SE, Soleimani M, Nikzad H. Derivation of male germ cells from induced pluripotent stem cells by inducers: A review. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:279-290. [PMID: 29397308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) refer to stem cells that are artificially produced using a new technology known as cellular reprogramming, which can use gene transduction in somatic cells. There are numerous potential applications for iPSCs in the field of stem cell biology becauase they are able to give rise to several different cell features of lineages such as three-germ layers. Primordial germ cells, generated via in vitro differentiation of iPSCs, have been demonstrated to produce functional gametes. Therefore, in this review we discussed past and recent advances in the in vitro differentiation of germ cells using pluripotent stem cells with an emphasis on iPSCs. Although this domain of research is still in its infancy, exploring development mechanisms of germ cells is promising, especially in humans, to promote future reproductive and developmental engineering technologies. While few studies have evaluated the ability and efficiency of iPSCs to differentiate toward male germ cells in vitro by different inducers, the given effect was investigated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Amini Mahabadi
- Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamed Sabzalipoor
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mousa Kehtari
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ehsan Enderami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Hematology Department, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Nikzad
- Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Tumorigenic and Differentiation Potentials of Embryonic Stem Cells Depend on TGF β Family Signaling: Lessons from Teratocarcinoma Cells Stimulated to Differentiate with Retinoic Acid. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:7284872. [PMID: 28798778 PMCID: PMC5534322 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7284872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant challenge for the development of safe pluripotent stem cell-based therapies is the incomplete in vitro differentiation of the pluripotent stem cells and the presence of residual undifferentiated cells initiating teratoma development after transplantation in recipients. To understand the mechanisms of incomplete differentiation, a comparative study of retinoic acid-induced differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) and teratocarcinoma (EC) cells was conducted. The present study identified differences in proliferative activity, differentiation, and tumorigenic potentials between ES and EC cells. Higher expression of Nanog and Mvh, as well as Activin A and BMP4, was found in undifferentiated ES cells than in EC cells. However, the expression levels of Activin A and BMP4 increased more sharply in the EC cells during retinoic acid-induced differentiation. Stimulation of the Activin/Nodal and BMP signaling cascades and inhibition of the MEK/ERK and PI3K/Act signaling pathways resulted in a significant decrease in the number of Oct4-expressing ES cells and a loss of tumorigenicity, similar to retinoic acid-stimulated EC cells. Thus, this study demonstrates that a differentiation strategy that modulates prodifferentiation and antiproliferative signaling in ES cells may be effective for eliminating tumorigenic cells and may represent a valuable tool for the development of safe stem cell therapeutics.
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15
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Sun R, Sun YC, Ge W, Tan H, Cheng SF, Yin S, Sun XF, Li L, Dyce P, Li J, Yang X, Shi QH, Shen W. The crucial role of Activin A on the formation of primordial germ cell-like cells from skin-derived stem cells in vitro. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3016-29. [PMID: 26406115 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1078031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are founder cells of the germ cell lineage, and can be differentiated from stem cells in an induced system in vitro. However, the induction conditions need to be optimized in order to improve the differentiation efficiency. Activin A (ActA) is a member of the TGF-β super family and plays an important role in oogenesis and folliculogenesis. In the present study, we found that ActA promoted PGC-like cells (PGCLCs) formation from mouse skin-derived stem cells (SDSCs) in both embryoid body-like structure (EBLS) differentiation and the co-culture stage in a dose dependent manner. ActA treatment (100 ng/ml) during EBLS differentiation stage and further co-cultured for 6 days without ActA significantly increased PGCLCs from 53.2% to 82.8%, and as well as EBLS differentiation without ActA followed by co-cultured with 100 ng/ml ActA for 4 to 12 days with the percentage of PGCLCs increasing markedly in vitro. Moreover, mice treated with ActA at 100 ng/kg body weight from embryonic day (E) 5.5-12.5 led to more PGCs formation. However, the stimulating effects of ActA were interrupted by Smad3 RNAi, and in an in vitro cultured Smad3(-/-) mouse skin cells scenario. SMAD3 is thus likely a key effecter molecule in the ActA signaling pathway. In addition, we found that the expression of some epiblast cell markers, Fgf5, Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b and Wnt3, was increased in EBLSs cultured for 4 days or PGCLCs co-cultured for 12 days with ActA treatment. Interestingly, at 16 days of differentiation, the percentage of PGCLCs was decreased in the presence of ActA, but the expression of meiosis-relative genes, such as Stra8, Dmc1, Sycp3 and Sycp1, was increased. In conclusion, our data here demonstrated that ActA can promote PGCLC formation from SDSCs in vitro, at early stages of differentiation, and affect meiotic initiation of PGCLCs in later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- a Molecular and Cell Genetics Laboratory; The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; School of Life Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China ; Hefei , Anhui , China
| | - Yuan-Chao Sun
- b Institute of Reproductive Sciences; Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao ; Shandong , China.,c Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong; College of Animal Science and Technology; Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao ; Shandong , China
| | - Wei Ge
- b Institute of Reproductive Sciences; Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao ; Shandong , China.,c Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong; College of Animal Science and Technology; Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao ; Shandong , China
| | - Hui Tan
- b Institute of Reproductive Sciences; Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao ; Shandong , China.,c Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong; College of Animal Science and Technology; Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao ; Shandong , China
| | - Shun-Feng Cheng
- b Institute of Reproductive Sciences; Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao ; Shandong , China.,c Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong; College of Animal Science and Technology; Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao ; Shandong , China
| | - Shen Yin
- b Institute of Reproductive Sciences; Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao ; Shandong , China.,c Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong; College of Animal Science and Technology; Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao ; Shandong , China
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- b Institute of Reproductive Sciences; Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao ; Shandong , China.,c Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong; College of Animal Science and Technology; Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao ; Shandong , China
| | - Lan Li
- b Institute of Reproductive Sciences; Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao ; Shandong , China.,c Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong; College of Animal Science and Technology; Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao ; Shandong , China
| | - Paul Dyce
- d Department of Animal and Poultry Science ; University of Guelph ; Guelph ; Ontario , Canada
| | - Julang Li
- d Department of Animal and Poultry Science ; University of Guelph ; Guelph ; Ontario , Canada
| | - Xiao Yang
- e Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases; Beijing Institute of Biotechnology ; Beijing , China
| | - Qing-Hua Shi
- a Molecular and Cell Genetics Laboratory; The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale; School of Life Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China ; Hefei , Anhui , China.,f Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development; Fudan University ; Shanghai , China
| | - Wei Shen
- b Institute of Reproductive Sciences; Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao ; Shandong , China.,c Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong; College of Animal Science and Technology; Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao ; Shandong , China
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16
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Afsartala Z, Rezvanfar MA, Hodjat M, Tanha S, Assadollahi V, Bijangi K, Abdollahi M, Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolaei M. Amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into germ cells in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 52:1060-1071. [PMID: 27503516 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report on differentiation of mouse amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells (AM-MSCs) into male germ cells (GCs). AM-MSCs have the multipotent differentiation capacity and can be differentiated into various cell types. In the present study, AM-MSCs were induced for differentiation into GCs. AM-MSCs were isolated from mouse embryonic membrane by enzymatic digestion. AM-MSCs were characterized with osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation test and flow cytometric analysis of some CD-markers. AM-MSCs were induced to differentiate into GCs using a creative two-step method. Passage-3 AM-MSCs were firstly treated with 25 ng/ml bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) for 5 d and in continuing with 1 μM retinoic acid (RA) for 12 d (total treatment time was 17 d). At the end of the treatment period, real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was performed to evaluate the expression of GC-specific markers-Itgb1, Dazl, Stra8, Piwil2, Mvh, Oct4, and c-Kit- in the cells. Moreover, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining were performed to evaluate the expression of Mvh and Dazl at protein level. Real-time RT-PCR showed that most of the tested markers were upregulated in the treated AM-MSCs. Furthermore, flow cytometric and immunofluorescence analyses both revealed that a considerable part of the treated cells expressed GC-specific markers. The percentage of positive cells for Mvh and Dazl was about 23 and 46%, respectively. Our results indicated that a number of AM-MSCs successfully differentiated into the GCs. Finally, it seems that AM-MSCs would be a potential source of adult pluripotent stem cells for in vitro generation of GCs and cell-based therapies for treatment of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Afsartala
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Rezvanfar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Hodjat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Tanha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Assadollahi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolaei
- Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 47318-38711, Amirkola, Babol, Iran.
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17
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Eguizabal C, Herrera L, De Oñate L, Montserrat N, Hajkova P, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Characterization of the Epigenetic Changes During Human Gonadal Primordial Germ Cells Reprogramming. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2418-28. [PMID: 27300161 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic reprogramming is a central process during mammalian germline development. Genome-wide DNA demethylation in primordial germ cells (PGCs) is a prerequisite for the erasure of epigenetic memory, preventing the transmission of epimutations to the next generation. Apart from DNA demethylation, germline reprogramming has been shown to entail reprogramming of histone marks and chromatin remodelling. Contrary to other animal models, there is limited information about the epigenetic dynamics during early germ cell development in humans. Here, we provide further characterization of the epigenetic configuration of the early human gonadal PGCs. We show that early gonadal human PGCs are DNA hypomethylated and their chromatin is characterized by low H3K9me2 and high H3K27me3 marks. Similarly to previous observations in mice, human gonadal PGCs undergo dynamic chromatin changes concomitant with the erasure of genomic imprints. Interestingly, and contrary to mouse early germ cells, expression of BLIMP1/PRDM1 persists in through all gestational stages in human gonadal PGCs and is associated with nuclear lysine-specific demethylase-1. Our work provides important additional information regarding the chromatin changes associated with human PGCs development between 6 and 13 weeks of gestation in male and female gonads. Stem Cells 2016;34:2418-2428.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eguizabal
- Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Group, Basque Center for Transfusion and Human Tissues, Galdakao, Spain
| | - L Herrera
- Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Group, Basque Center for Transfusion and Human Tissues, Galdakao, Spain
| | - L De Oñate
- Pluripotent Stem Cells and Activation of Endogenous Tissue Programs for Organ Regeneration (PR Lab), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Montserrat
- Pluripotent Stem Cells and Activation of Endogenous Tissue Programs for Organ Regeneration (PR Lab), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Hajkova
- Reprogramming and Chromatin Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN
| | - J C Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA.
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18
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Retinoic acid promotes the proliferation of primordial germ cell–like cells differentiated from mouse skin-derived stem cells in vitro. Theriogenology 2016; 85:408-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Kjartansdóttir KR, Reda A, Panula S, Day K, Hultenby K, Söder O, Hovatta O, Stukenborg JB. A Combination of Culture Conditions and Gene Expression Analysis Can Be Used to Investigate and Predict hES Cell Differentiation Potential towards Male Gonadal Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144029. [PMID: 26630562 PMCID: PMC4667967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell differentiation towards various cell types belonging to ecto-, endo- and mesodermal cell lineages has been demonstrated, with high efficiency rates using standardized differentiation protocols. However, germ cell differentiation from human embryonic stem cells has been very inefficient so far. Even though the influence of various growth factors has been evaluated, the gene expression of different cell lines in relation to their differentiation potential has not yet been extensively examined. In this study, the potential of three male human embryonic stem cell lines to differentiate towards male gonadal cells was explored by analysing their gene expression profiles. The human embryonic stem cell lines were cultured for 14 days as monolayers on supporting human foreskin fibroblasts or as spheres in suspension, and were differentiated using BMP7, or spontaneous differentiation by omitting exogenous FGF2. TLDA analysis revealed that in the undifferentiated state, these cell lines have diverse mRNA profiles and exhibit significantly different potentials for differentiation towards the cell types present in the male gonads. This potential was associated with important factors directing the fate of the male primordial germ cells in vivo to form gonocytes, such as SOX17 or genes involved in the NODAL/ACTIVIN pathway, for example. Stimulation with BMP7 in suspension culture resulted in up-regulation of cytoplasmic SOX9 protein expression in all three lines. The observation that human embryonic stem cells differentiate towards germ and somatic cells after spontaneous and BMP7-induced stimulation in suspension emphasizes the important role of somatic cells in germ cell differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristín Rós Kjartansdóttir
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86, Huddinge, Sweden
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Scientific Unit, Horsens Hospital, DK-8700, Horsens, Denmark
| | - Ahmed Reda
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarita Panula
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kelly Day
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Division of Clinical Research Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Olle Söder
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Outi Hovatta
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jan-Bernd Stukenborg
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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20
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Esfandiari F, Mashinchian O, Ashtiani MK, Ghanian MH, Hayashi K, Saei AA, Mahmoudi M, Baharvand H. Possibilities in Germ Cell Research: An Engineering Insight. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:735-746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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21
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Vassena R, Eguizabal C, Heindryckx B, Sermon K, Simon C, van Pelt AMM, Veiga A, Zambelli F. Stem cells in reproductive medicine: ready for the patient? Hum Reprod 2015. [PMID: 26202914 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are there effective and clinically validated stem cell-based therapies for reproductive diseases? SUMMARY ANSWER At the moment, clinically validated stem cell treatments for reproductive diseases and alterations are not available. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Research in stem cells and regenerative medicine is growing in scope, and its translation to the clinic is heralded by the recent initiation of controlled clinical trials with pluripotent derived cells. Unfortunately, stem cell 'treatments' are currently offered to patients outside of the controlled framework of scientifically sound research and regulated clinical trials. Both physicians and patients in reproductive medicine are often unsure about stem cells therapeutic options. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION An international working group was assembled to review critically the available scientific literature in both the human species and animal models. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS This review includes work published in English until December 2014, and available through Pubmed. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A few areas of research in stem cell and reproductive medicine were identified: in vitro gamete production, endometrial regeneration, erectile dysfunction amelioration, vaginal reconstruction. The stem cells studied range from pluripotent (embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells) to monopotent stem cells, such as spermatogonial stem cells or mesenchymal stem cells. The vast majority of studies have been carried out in animal models, with data that are preliminary at best. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This review was not conducted in a systematic fashion, and reports in publications not indexed in Pubmed were not analyzed. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS A much broader clinical knowledge will have to be acquired before translation to the clinic of stem cell therapies in reproductive medicine; patients and physicians should be wary of unfounded claims of improvement of existing medical conditions; at the moment, effective stem cell treatment for reproductive diseases and alterations is not available. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS None. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Eguizabal
- Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Laboratory, Basque Center for Transfusion and Human Tissues, Galdakao, Spain
| | - B Heindryckx
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Sermon
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universtiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Simon
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (FIVI), and Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Valencia University & INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - A M M van Pelt
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Veiga
- Reproductive Medicine Service, Hospital Universitari Quiron Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain Stem Cell Bank, Centre for Regenerative Medicine of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Zambelli
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universtiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium S.I.S.Me.R. Reproductive Medicine Unit, Bologna, Italy
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22
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Mansouri V, Salehi M, Nourozian M, Fadaei F, Farahani RM, Piryaei A, Delbari A. The ability of mouse nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells to differentiate into primordial germ cells. Genet Mol Biol 2015; 38:220-6. [PMID: 26273226 PMCID: PMC4530652 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-475738138120140213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells (ntESCs) show stem cell characteristics such as pluripotency but cause no immunological disorders. Although ntESCs are able to differentiate into somatic cells, the ability of ntESCs to differentiate into primordial germ cells (PGCs) has not been examined. In this work, we examined the capacity of mouse ntESCs to differentiate into PGCs in vitro. ntESCs aggregated to form embryoid bodies (EB) in EB culture medium supplemented with bone morphogenetic protein 4(BMP4) as the differentiation factor. The expression level of specific PGC genes was compared at days 4 and 8 using real time PCR. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemical staining were used to detect Mvh as a specific PGC marker. ntESCs expressed particular genes related to different stages of PGC development. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemical staining confirmed the presence of Mvh protein in a small number of cells. There were significant differences between cells that differentiated into PGCs in the group treated with Bmp4 compared to non-treated cells. These findings indicate that ntESCs can differentiate into putative PGCs. Improvement of ntESC differentiation into PGCs may be a reliable means of producing mature germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Mansouri
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Salehi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nourozian
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fadaei
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mastery Farahani
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Piryaei
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Delbari
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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23
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Zeng F, Huang F, Guo J, Hu X, Liu C, Wang H. Emerging methods to generate artificial germ cells from stem cells. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:89. [PMID: 25715792 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.124800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cells are responsible for the transmission of genetic and epigenetic information across generations. At present, the number of infertile couples is increasing worldwide; these infertility problems can be traced to environmental pollutions, infectious diseases, cancer, psychological or work-related stress, and other factors, such as lifestyle and genetics. Notably, lack of germ cells and germ cell loss present real obstacles in infertility treatment. Recent research aimed at producing gametes through artificial germ cell generation from stem cells may offer great hope for affected couples to treat infertility in the future. Therefore, this rapidly emerging area of artificial germ cell generation from nongermline cells has gained considerable attention from basic and clinical research in the fields of stem cell biology, developmental biology, and reproductive biology. Here, we review the state of the art in artificial germ cell generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanhui Zeng
- The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, China
| | - Fajun Huang
- School of Medical Science, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingchang Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changbai Liu
- The Institute of Molecular Biology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Hu Wang
- Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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24
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RA induces differentiation of multipotent P19 cells towards male germ cell. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 51:85-91. [PMID: 25537091 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9746-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Generating male germ cells in vitro from multipotent stem cells is still a challenge for stem cell biologists. The difficulty is caused by the lack of knowledge about spermatogenesis molecular-controlling mechanisms. In vivo, PGCs differentiate into male germ cells in a very complicated environment through many middle steps. In this study, we use the pluripotent p19 cells to test their responses to different retinoic acid (RA) concentrations by evaluating markers for stem cells (bmp4, egr3), primordial germ cells (ddx4), spermatogonia (c-kit), premeiotic cells (stra8), and male germ cells (dazl and plzf). We have found that cyp26b1, which will catalyze RA, increases dramatically in p19 cells 1 d after RA treatment. Bmp3, egr3, and stra8 are stimulated after 1 d of RA treatment and then recover to normal after 3 d of RA treatment. C-kit keeps being expressed when treated with 10 nM-4 μM RA. Dazl and plzf are gained after 3 d of stimulation. The morphology of RA (100 nM-4 μM)-treated cells changes distinctively, and cell colonies are formed. Typical neural cell-like and germ cell-like morphologies appear in the 100 nM and 4 μM RA groups, respectively. We conclude that 100-500 nM RA can cause responses in p19 cells, but a high concentration of RA (1-4 μM) can drive these pluripotent cells' differentiation towards male germ cells. However, high concentrations of RA are also toxic. Some colonies that survived from 4 μM RA begin to express ddx4 and c-kit. Selection of the c-kit(+), dazl(+), and ddx4(+) cells after RA stimulation and creating a special culture medium for their propagation might benefit successful spermatogenesis induction in vitro.
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Ishii T. Human iPS Cell-Derived Germ Cells: Current Status and Clinical Potential. J Clin Med 2014; 3:1064-83. [PMID: 26237592 PMCID: PMC4470171 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3041064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, fertile spermatozoa and oocytes were generated from mouse induced pluripotent (iPS) cells using a combined in vitro and in vivo induction system. With regard to germ cell induction from human iPS cells, progress has been made particularly in the male germline, demonstrating in vitro generation of haploid, round spermatids. Although iPS-derived germ cells are expected to be developed to yield a form of assisted reproductive technology (ART) that can address unmet reproductive needs, genetic and/or epigenetic instabilities abound in iPS cell generation and germ cell induction. In addition, there is still room to improve the induction protocol in the female germline. However, rapid advances in stem cell research are likely to make such obstacles surmountable, potentially translating induced germ cells into the clinical setting in the immediate future. This review examines the current status of the induction of germ cells from human iPS cells and discusses the clinical potential, as well as future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishii
- Office of Health and Safety, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan.
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Riesco MF, Valcarce DG, Alfonso J, Herráez MP, Robles V. In vitro generation of zebrafish PGC-like cells. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:114. [PMID: 25253737 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.121491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility of generating primordial germ cells (PGCs) in vitro from noncommitted embryonic cells represents an extremely useful tool in current research. Primordial germ cell in vitro differentiation has been successfully reported in mammals. However, contrary to fish, PGC specification in mammals is an inductive mechanism. This study is the first to date to describe a rapid method for PGC in vitro differentiation in teleosts. Primordial germ cell-like cells were characterized by several lines of evidence, including gene expression, cell complexity, size, and image analysis for the quantification of fluorescence under vasa promoter. Moreover, differentiated cells were able to colonize the genital ridge after transplantation. Differentiation treatments increased the number of PGCs in culture, causing differentiation of cells rather than inducing their proliferation. These results open up the possibility of differentiating genetically modified embryonic cells to PGC-like cells to ensure their transmission to the progeny and could be crucial for an in-depth understanding of germline differentiation in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta F Riesco
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Biology Area, University of León, León, Spain
| | - David G Valcarce
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Biology Area, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Javier Alfonso
- Department of Mechanical, Computing, and Aerospace Engineering, University of León, León, Spain
| | - M Paz Herráez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Biology Area, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Vanesa Robles
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Biology Area, University of León, León, Spain
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Kashani IR, Zarnani AH, Soleimani M, Abdolvahabi MA, Nayernia K, Shirazi R. Retinoic acid induces mouse bone marrow-derived CD15⁺, Oct4⁺ and CXCR4⁺ stem cells into male germ-like cells in a two-dimensional cell culture system. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:782-9. [PMID: 24677291 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the effect of retinoic acid (RA) on differentiation of bone marrow-derived CD15(+) , Oct4(+) and CXCR4(+) cells into male germ cells. Bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) were isolated from the femur of 3-4-week-old male C57BL/6 mice. Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) system was used to sort CD15(+) , Oct4(+) and CXCR4(+) cells. RT-PCR was used to follow the expression of pluripotency markers. Sorted CD15(+) , Oct4(+) and CXCR4(+) cells were cultured in an undifferentiated condition on a feeder layer of mitomycin C-inactivated C2C12. The embryoid-like bodies were differentiated into male germ cells by retinoic acid. To identify the expression of male germ specific markers, differentiated cells were analysed by means of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining. RT-PCR and immunofluorescence show that bone marrow-derived CD15(+) , Oct4(+) and CXCR4(+) cells express pluripotency markers, Oct4, Nanog, Rex-1, SOX-2 and AP. The purified CD15(+) , Oct4(+) and CXCR4(+) formed structures like embryoid bodies when plated over a feeder layer; these bodies were alkaline phosphatase positive. When cells were induced by RA, bone marrow-derived CD15(+) , Oct4(+) and CXCR4(+) were positive for Mvh, Dazl, Piwil2, Dppa3 and Stra8, that known molecular markers of male germ cells. Thus RA can induce differentiation of mouse bone marrow-derived CD15(+) , Oct4(+) and CXCR4(+) cells into male germ cells in vitro. Negative results for the gene expression analysis of female germ cells markers, GDF9 and ZP3, confirmed this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Ragerdi Kashani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Petkova R, Arabadjiev B, Chakarov S, Pankov R. Current state of the opportunities for derivation of germ-like cells from pluripotent stem cells: are you a man, or a mouse? BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014; 28:184-191. [PMID: 26019504 PMCID: PMC4434091 DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2014.907037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of pluripotency as a prerogative of cells of early mammal embryos and cultured embryonic stem cells (ESC) has been invalidated with the advent of induced pluripotent stem cells. Later, it became clear that the ability to generate all cell types of the adult organism is also a questionable aspect of pluripotency, as there are cell types, such as germ cells, which are difficult to produce from pluripotent stem cells. Recently it has been proposed that there are at least two different states of pluripotency; namely, the naïve, or ground state, and the primed state, which may differ radically in terms of timeline of existence, signalling mechanisms, cell properties, capacity for differentiation into different cell types, etc. Germ-like male and female rodent cells have been successfully produced in vitro from ESC and induced pluripotent stem cells. The attempts to derive primate primordial germ cells (PGC) and germ cells in vitro from pluripotent stem cells, however, still have a low success rate, especially with the female germline. The paper reviews the properties of rodent and primate ESC with regard to their capacity for differentiation in vitro to germ-like cells, outlining the possible caveats to derivation of PGC and germ cells from primate and human pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumena Petkova
- Scientific Technological Service (STS) Ltd., Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Borislav Arabadjiev
- Scientific Technological Service (STS) Ltd., Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University ‘St. Kliment Ohridsky’, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stoyan Chakarov
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University ‘St. Kliment Ohridsky’, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Roumen Pankov
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University ‘St. Kliment Ohridsky’, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Suszynska M, Zuba-Surma EK, Maj M, Mierzejewska K, Ratajczak J, Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ. The proper criteria for identification and sorting of very small embryonic-like stem cells, and some nomenclature issues. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:702-13. [PMID: 24299281 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that both murine and human adult tissues contain early-development stem cells with a broader differentiation potential than other adult monopotent stem cells. These cells, being pluripotent or multipotent, exist at different levels of specification and most likely represent overlapping populations of cells that, depending on the isolation strategy, ex vivo expansion protocol, and markers employed for their identification, have been given different names. In this review, we will discuss a population of very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) in the context of other stem cells that express pluripotent/multipotent markers isolated from adult tissues as well as review the most current, validated working criteria on how to properly identify and isolate these very rare cells. VSELs have been successfully purified in several laboratories; however, a few have failed to isolate them, which has raised some unnecessary controversy in the field. Therefore, in this short review, we will address the most important reasons that some investigators have experienced problems in isolating these very rare cells and discuss some still unresolved challenges which should be overcome before these cells can be widely employed in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Suszynska
- 1 Stem Cell Institute at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
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Hosseinzadeh Shirzeily M, Pasbakhsh P, Amidi F, Mehrannia K, Sobhani A. Comparison of differentiation potential of male mouse adipose tissue and bone marrow derived-mesenchymal stem cells into germ cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE 2013; 11:965-76. [PMID: 24639722 PMCID: PMC3941408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent publications about differentiation of stem cells to germ cells have motivated researchers to make new approaches to infertility. In vitro production of germ cells improves understanding differentiation process of male and female germ cells. Due to the problem of using embryonic stem cells (ESC), it's necessary the mentioned cells be replaced with some adult multi-potent stem cells in laboratories. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to obtain germ cells from appropriate source beyond ESC and compare differential potentials of adipocytes derived stem cells (ADMSCs) with bone marrow derived stem cells (BMMSCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS To find multi-potential entity, after providing purified ADMSCs and BMMSCs, differentiation to osteoblast and adipocyte was confirmed by using appropriate culture medium. To confirm mesenchymal lineage production superficial markers (expression of CD90 and CD44 and non-expression of CD45 and CD31) were investigated by flowcytometry. Then the cells were differentiated to germ cells in inductive medium containing retinoic acid for 7days. To evaluate germ cells characteristic markers [Dazl (Deleted in azoospermia-like), Mvh (Mouse vasa homolog gene), Stra8 (Stimulated by retinoic acid) and Scp3 (Synaptonemal complex protein 3)] flowcytometry, imunoflorescence and real time PCR were used. RESULTS Both types of cells were able to differentiate into osteoblast and adipocyte cells and presentation of stem cell superficial markers (CD90, CD44) and absence of endothelial and blood cell markers (CD31, CD45) were confirmative The flowcytometry, imunoflorescence and real time PCR results showed remarkable expression of germ cells characteristic markers (Mvh, Dazl, Stra8, and Scp3). CONCLUSION It was found that although ADMSCs were attained easier and also cultured and differentiated rapidly, germ cell markers were expressed in BMMSCs significantly more than ADMSCs. This article extracted from M.Sc. thesis. (Maryam Hosseinzadeh Shirzeily).
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31
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Imamura M, Hikabe O, Lin ZYC, Okano H. Generation of germ cells in vitro in the era of induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Reprod Dev 2013; 81:2-19. [PMID: 23996404 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are stem cells that can be artificially generated via "cellular reprogramming" using gene transduction in somatic cells. iPSCs have enormous potential in stem-cell biology as they can give rise to numerous cell lineages, including the three germ layers. An evaluation of germ-line competency by blastocyst injection or tetraploid complementation, however, is critical for determining the developmental potential of mouse iPSCs towards germ cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that primordial germ cells obtained by the in vitro differentiation of iPSCs produce functional gametes as well as healthy offspring. These findings illustrate not only that iPSCs are developmentally similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), but also that somatic cells from adult tissues can produce gametes in vitro, that is, if they are reprogrammed into iPSCs. In this review, we discuss past and recent advances in the in vitro differentiation of germ cells using pluripotent stem cells, with an emphasis on ESCs and iPSCs. While this field of research is still at a stage of infancy, it holds great promises for investigating the mechanisms of germ-cell development, especially in humans, and for advancing reproductive and developmental engineering technologies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Imamura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Griswold MD, Oatley JM. Concise review: Defining characteristics of mammalian spermatogenic stem cells. Stem Cells 2013; 31:8-11. [PMID: 23074087 PMCID: PMC5312674 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The enormous number of sperms produced daily and over the lifetime of mammals requires a stable source of stem cells that give rise to progenitor cells that proceed through spermatogenesis. Spermatogenic stem cells develop from primitive germ cells that occupy the developing gonad. A transplantation assay was developed for the spermatogenic stem cells, and it remains the only functional measure of authentic stem cells in the testis. Somatic cells comprise a "niche" environment that is essential for the maintenance of stem cell activity. Dividing progenitor cells have intercellular bridges and form syncytia with 2, 4, 8, or 16 cells. Fragmentation of these syncytia may allow some progenitor cells to occupy "niches" and function as stem cells, but this notion requires further investigation. Spermatogenic stem cells can be maintained in culture and are influenced by a number of growth factors. Thus far, the ultimate differentiation of cultured stem cells into functional gametes has not been demonstrated with any efficiency and reproducibility. The ability to maintain spermatogenic stem cells in culture and to induce differentiation into haploid cells and sperm could have many important implications for human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Griswold
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7520, USA.
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Teramura T, Frampton J. Induced pluripotent stem cells in reproductive medicine. Reprod Med Biol 2012; 12:39-46. [PMID: 29699129 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-012-0141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in reproductive medicine, there are still no effective treatments for severe infertility caused by congenital absence of germ cells or gonadotoxic treatments during prepubertal childhood. However, the development of technologies for germ cell formation from stem cells in vitro, induction of pluripotency from somatic cells, and production of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells may provide new solutions for treating these severe fertility problems. It may be possible to produce germ cells in vitro from our own somatic cells that can be used to restore fertility. In addition, these technologies may also bring about novel therapies by helping to elucidate the mechanisms of human germ cell development. In this review, we describe the current approaches for obtaining germ cells from pluripotent stem cells, and provide basic information about induction of pluripotency and germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Teramura
- Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine Kinki University Faculty of Medicine 377-2 Osaka-sayama Osaka Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Mie University Faculty of Medicine Tsu Mie Japan
| | - John Frampton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
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34
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BMP4 can generate primordial germ cells from bone-marrow-derived pluripotent stem cells. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:1185-93. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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35
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Chen B, Zhang L, Tang J, Feng X, Feng Y, Liang G, Wang L, Feng Y, Li L, De Felici M, Shi Q, Shen W. Recovery of functional oocytes from cultured premeiotic germ cells after kidney capsule transplantation. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 22:567-80. [PMID: 22978409 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of in vitro culture systems for a premeiotic female germ cell is still low, mostly because of our incomplete understanding of the mechanisms controlling oogenesis and the obvious difficulties in reproducing the complex in vivo environment of such a process under in vitro conditions. Here we explored the possibility of recovering the developmental potential of mouse oocytes generated in vitro from premeiotic germ cells by transplantation under a kidney capsule of adult animals. To this aim, mouse embryonic ovaries of 12.5 days postcoitum cultured in vitro in a serum-free medium for 7 or 14 days, were transplanted beneath the kidney capsule of immunodeficient mice and analyzed after 21 (7+21 group) or 14 days (14+14 group). Cultured ovaries before transplantation showed delayed oocyte meiotic progression and follicle development. Interestingly, grafted ovaries of both groups, especially those of the 7+21 group, seemed able to restore the reproductive cycle of recipients. While the almost complete absence of primordial follicles was observed in grafted ovaries, oocytes from these ovaries showed transcript levels of genes associated to oocyte maturation similar to control. Moreover, the developmental stage of follicles and oocytes of the 7+21 group ovaries were comparable to that of 21 days post partum in vivo ovaries, whereas significant developmental delay were found in the 14+14 group ovaries. Nevertheless, oocytes retrieved from transplanted ovaries of both groups matured (around 80%) and were fertilized in vitro (around 20%-45%). Two-cell embryos from the fertilized oocytes developed to hatching blastocysts (about 50%) or gave rise to healthy live offspring (from 6% to 10%) when transplanted in a host mother. In conclusion, our results indicate that premeiotic female germ cells cultured in vitro up to primordial/primary follicle stages preserve their capability to complete oogenesis and can be fertilized and generate live pups after transplantation into a suitable in vivo environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Niu Z, Hu Y, Chu Z, Yu M, Bai Y, Wang L, Hua J. Germ-like cell differentiation from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 31:12-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology of Agriculture Ministry of China; Northwest A&F University; Yangling; Shaanxi; 712100; China
| | - Yue Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology of Agriculture Ministry of China; Northwest A&F University; Yangling; Shaanxi; 712100; China
| | - Zhili Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology of Agriculture Ministry of China; Northwest A&F University; Yangling; Shaanxi; 712100; China
| | - Meng Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology of Agriculture Ministry of China; Northwest A&F University; Yangling; Shaanxi; 712100; China
| | - Yaofu Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology of Agriculture Ministry of China; Northwest A&F University; Yangling; Shaanxi; 712100; China
| | - Long Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology of Agriculture Ministry of China; Northwest A&F University; Yangling; Shaanxi; 712100; China
| | - Jinlian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology of Agriculture Ministry of China; Northwest A&F University; Yangling; Shaanxi; 712100; China
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Gu Z, Li Y, Lee P, Liu T, Wan C, Wang Z. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 functions in opposite ways in the cytoplasm and nucleus of prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44033. [PMID: 22952863 PMCID: PMC3428323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) plays multiple roles in a large number of cellular processes, and its subcellular localization is dynamically regulated during mouse development and cellular differentiation. However, little is known of the functional differences between PRMT5 in the cytoplasm and PRMT5 in the nucleus. Here, we demonstrated that PRMT5 predominantly localized in the cytoplasm of prostate cancer cells. Subcellular localization assays designed to span the entire open-reading frame of the PRMT5 protein revealed the presence of three nuclear exclusion signals (NESs) in the PRMT5 protein. PRMT5 and p44/MED50/WD45/WDR77 co-localize in the cytoplasm, and both are required for the growth of prostate cancer cells in an PRMT5 methyltransferase activity-dependent manner. In contrast, PRMT5 in the nucleus inhibited cell growth in a methyltransferase activity-independent manner. Consistent with these observations, PRMT5 localized in the nucleus in benign prostate epithelium, whereas it localized in the cytoplasm in prostate premalignant and cancer tissues. We further found that PRMT5 alone methylated both histone H4 and SmD3 proteins but PRMT5 complexed with p44 and pICln methylated SmD3 but not histone H4. These results imply a novel mechanism by which PRMT5 controls cell growth and contributes to prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongping Gu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, United States of America
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, United States of America
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Chidan Wan
- Center of Pancreatic Disease , Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxin Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kjartansdóttir KR, Gabrielsen A, Reda A, Söder O, Bergström-Tengzelius R, Andersen CY, Hovatta O, Stukenborg JB, Fedder J. Differentiation of stem cells upon deprivation of exogenous FGF2: a general approach to study spontaneous differentiation of hESCs in vitro. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2012; 58:330-8. [PMID: 22708801 PMCID: PMC3507279 DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2012.694009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Establishing a model for in vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) towards the germ cell lineage could be used to identify molecular mechanisms behind germ cell differentiation that may help in understanding human infertility. Here, we evaluate whether a lack of exogenous fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is supporting spontaneous differentiation of hESCs cultured on human foreskin fibroblast (hFF) monolayers towards germ cell lineage. Additionally to depriving the hESCs of exogenous FGF2, cells were stimulated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). To get a more comprehensive impression on effects of removal of FGF2 and stimulation with ATRA, we combined the results of three cell lines for each experimental setting. When combining gene expression profiles of three cell lines for 96 genes, only 6 genes showed a significant up-regulation in all cell lines, when no FGF2 was added to the media for 12 weeks. None of these genes are related to the germ lineage, whereas genes for neuronal cells (PAX6 and NR6A1) and endothelial cells (FLT-1 and PTF1A) were up-regulated. To induce and support the differentiation towards the germ lineage we stimulated hESCs with different concentrations of ATRA for 7 and 14 days. We observed no significant difference in gene expression on RNA level when combining all cell lines. Whereas, the overall outcome was negative, one of these cell lines demonstrated an up-regulation of DDX4 on RNA and protein level after 7 days of ATRA stimulation. In summary, our data showed that the lack of exogenous FGF2 results in up-regulation of genes crucial for neuronal and endothelial cell differentiation of hESCs, but not in the up-regulation of genes related to germ cell differentiation when cultured on hFFs. Additionally, we demonstrated that ATRA supplementation did not result in a general specific direction of hESCs towards the germ lineage.
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Derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells by retroviral gene transduction in mammalian species. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 925:21-48. [PMID: 22907488 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-011-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells can provide us with an enormous cell source for in vitro model systems for development. In 2006, new methodology was designed to generate pluripotent stem cells directly from somatic cells, and these cells were named induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This method consists of technically simple procedures: donor cell preparation, gene transduction, and isolation of embryonic stem cell-like colonies. The iPSC technology enables cell biologists not only to obtain pluripotent stem cells easily but also to study the reprogramming events themselves. Here, we describe the protocols to generate iPSCs from somatic origins by using conventional viral vectors. Specifically, we state the usage of three mammalian species: mouse, common marmoset, and human. As mouse iPSC donors, fibroblasts are easily prepared, while mesenchymal stem cells are expected to give rise to highly reprogrammed iPSCs efficiently. Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a nonhuman primate, represents an alternative model to the usual laboratory animals. Finally, patient-specific human iPSCs give us an opportunity to examine the pathology and mechanisms of dysregulated genomic imprinting. The iPSC technology will serve as a valuable method for studying genomic imprinting, and conversely, the insights from these studies will offer valuable criteria to assess the potential of iPSCs.
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Ross AL, Leder DE, Weiss J, Izakovic J, Grichnik JM. Genomic instability in cultured stem cells: associated risks and underlying mechanisms. Regen Med 2011; 6:653-62. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells expanded in vitro exhibit genomic instability. Commonly reported abnormalities include aneuploidy, deletions and duplications (including regions also amplified in cancer). Genomic instability confers an increased risk of malignant transformation that may impact the safety of cultured stem cell transplantation. Possible mechanisms responsible for this genomic instability include DNA repair mechanism abnormalities, telomere crisis, mitotic spindle abnormalities and inappropriate induction of meiotic pathways. Prior to widespread use of these cells in regenerative medicine, it will be critical to gain an understanding of the mechanisms responsible for genomic instability to develop strategies to prevent the accrual of chromosomal defects during expansion in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Ross
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami FL 33136, USA; Department of Dermatology, Melanoma Program Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Room 912, BRB, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Daniel E Leder
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami FL 33136, USA; Department of Dermatology, Melanoma Program Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Room 912, BRB, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jonathan Weiss
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jan Izakovic
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - James M Grichnik
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami FL 33136, USA; Department of Dermatology, Melanoma Program Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Room 912, BRB, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Zhang L, Tang J, Haines CJ, Feng HL, Lai L, Teng X, Han Y. c-kit and its related genes in spermatogonial differentiation. SPERMATOGENESIS 2011; 1:186-194. [PMID: 22319667 DOI: 10.4161/spmg.1.3.17760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is the process of production of male gametes from SSCs. The SSCs are the stem cells that differentiate into male gametes in the testis. in the mean time, the Spg are remarkable for their potential multiple trans-differentiations, which make them greatly invaluable for clinical applications. However, the molecular mechanism controlling differentiation of the Spg is still not clear. Among the discovered spermatogenesis-related genes, c-kit seems to be expressed first by the Spgs thus may play a central role in switching on the differentiation process. Expression of Kit and the activation of the Kit/Kitl pathway coincide with the start of differentiation of Spgs. Several genes have been discovered to be related to the Kit/Kitl pathway. in this review, we have summarized the recent discoveries of c-kit and the Kit/Kitl pathway-related genes in the spermatogenic cells during different stages of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Prince of Wales Hospital; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
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Abstract
Women may seek to prolong their reproductive span for a variety of reasons. For many this implies reproduction at a late age, possibly driven by lifestyle decisions, but for others affected by a natural or a cancer treatment-induced premature ovarian failure it may simply mean seeking to achieve the normal reproductive span. The range of interventions now available to address the issue of prolonging reproductive life has never been greater, although several of the approaches discussed remain in the realm of future application through being dependent on ongoing scientific developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Barlow
- The College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Mtango NR, VandeVoort CA, Latham KE. Ontological aspects of pluripotency and stemness gene expression pattern in the rhesus monkey. Gene Expr Patterns 2011; 11:285-98. [PMID: 21329766 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two essential aspects of mammalian development are the progressive specialization of cells toward different lineages, and the maintenance of progenitor cells that will give rise to the differentiated components of each tissue and also contribute new cells as older cells die or become injured. The transition from totipotentiality to pluripotentiality, to multipotentiality, to monopotentiality, and then to differentiation is a continuous process during development. The ontological relationship between these different stages is not well understood. We report for the first time an ontological survey of expression of 45 putative "stemness" and "pluripotency" genes in rhesus monkey oocytes and preimplantation stage embryos, and comparison to the expression in the inner cell mass, trophoblast stem cells, and a rhesus monkey (ORMES6) embryonic stem cell line. Our results reveal that some of these genes are not highly expressed in all totipotent or pluripotent cell types. Some are predominantly maternal mRNAs present in oocytes and embryos before transcriptional activation, and diminishing before the blastocyst stage. Others are well expressed in morulae or early blastocysts, but are poorly expressed in later blastocysts or ICMs. Also, some of the genes employed to induce pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells (iPS genes) appear unlikely to play major roles as stemness or pluripotency genes in normal embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namdori R Mtango
- The Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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PSCDGs of mouse multipotent adult germline stem cells can enter and progress through meiosis to form haploid male germ cells in vitro. Differentiation 2010; 80:184-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Characterization, isolation and culture of primordial germ cells in domestic animals: recent progress and insights from the ovine species. Theriogenology 2010; 74:534-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Imamura M, Aoi T, Tokumasu A, Mise N, Abe K, Yamanaka S, Noce T. Induction of primordial germ cells from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells derived from adult hepatocytes. Mol Reprod Dev 2010; 77:802-811. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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47
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Zhou GB, Meng QG, Li N. In vitro derivation of germ cells from embryonic stem cells in mammals. Mol Reprod Dev 2010; 77:586-94. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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48
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Zhou Z, Sun X, Zou Z, Sun L, Zhang T, Guo S, Wen Y, Liu L, Wang Y, Qin J, Li L, Gong W, Bao S. PRMT5 regulates Golgi apparatus structure through methylation of the golgin GM130. Cell Res 2010; 20:1023-33. [PMID: 20421892 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2010.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of the Golgi apparatus (GA) structure and function depends on Golgi matrix proteins. The posttranslational modification of Golgi proteins such as phosphorylation of members of the golgin and GRASP families is important for determining Golgi architecture. Some Golgi proteins including golgin-84 are also known to be methylated, but the function of golgin methylation remains unclear. Here, we show that the protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) localizes to the GA and forms complexes with several components involved in GA ribbon formation and vesicle tethering. PRMT5 interacts with the golgin GM130, and depletion of PRMT5 causes defects in Golgi ribbon formation. Furthermore, PRMT5 methylates N-terminal arginines in GM130, and such arginine methylation appears critical for GA ribbon formation. Our findings reveal a molecular mechanism by which PRMT5-dependent arginine methylation of GM130 controls the maintenance of GA architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology (IGDB), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Clark AT. Egg-Citing Advances in Generating Primordial Germ Cells in the Laboratory. Biol Reprod 2010; 82:233-4. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.082388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Swelstad BB, Kerr CL. Current protocols in the generation of pluripotent stem cells: theoretical, methodological and clinical considerations. Stem Cells Cloning 2009; 3:13-27. [PMID: 24198508 PMCID: PMC3781729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have been derived from various embryonic, fetal and adult sources. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and parthenogenic ESCs (pESCs) are derived from the embryo proper while embryonic germ cells (EGCs), embryonal carcinoma cells (ECCs), and germ-line stem cells (GSC) are produced from germ cells. ECCs were the first pluripotent stem cell lines established from adult testicular tumors while EGCs are generated in vitro from primordial germ cells (PGCs) isolated in late embryonic development. More recently, studies have also demonstrated the ability to produce GSCs from adult germ cells, known as spermatogonial stem cells. Unlike ECCs, the source of GSCs are normal, non-cancerous adult tissue. The study of these unique cell lines has provided information that has led to the ability to reprogram somatic cells into an ESC-like state. These cells, called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have been derived from a number of human fetal and adult origins. With the promises pluripotent stem cells bring to cell-based therapies there remain several considerations that need to be carefully studied prior to their clinical use. Many of these issues involve understanding key factors regulating their generation, including those which define pluripotency. In this regard, the following article discusses critical aspects of pluripotent stem cell derivation and current issues about their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad B Swelstad
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, USA
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