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Yin H, Staples SCR, Pickering JG. The fundamentals of fibroblast growth factor 9. Differentiation 2023:S0301-4681(23)00070-1. [PMID: 37783652 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) was first identified during a screen for factors acting on cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Research over the subsequent two decades has revealed this protein to be a critically important and elegantly regulated growth factor. A hallmark control feature is reciprocal compartmentalization, particularly during development, with epithelium as a dominant source and mesenchyme a prime target. This mesenchyme selectivity is accomplished by the high affinity of FGF9 to the IIIc isoforms of FGFR1, 2, and 3. FGF9 is expressed widely in the embryo, including the developing heart and lungs, and more selectively in the adult, including the CNS and kidneys. Global Fgf9-null mice die shortly after birth due to respiratory failure from hypoplastic lungs. As well, their hearts are dilated and poorly vascularized, the skeleton is small, the intestine is shortened, and male-to-female sex reversal can be found. Conditional Fgf9-null mice have revealed CNS phenotypes, including ataxia and epilepsy. In humans, FGF9 variants have been found to underlie multiple synostoses syndrome 3, a syndrome characterized by multiple joint fusions. Aberrant FGF9 signaling has also been implicated in differences of sex development and cancer, whereas vascular stabilizing effects of FGF9 could benefit chronic diseases. This primer reviews the attributes of this vital growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yin
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Sabrina C R Staples
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
| | - J Geoffrey Pickering
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Canada; Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada; London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada.
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2
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Ravikrishnan A, Fowler EW, Stuffer AJ, Jia X. Hydrogel-Supported, Engineered Model of Vocal Fold Epithelium. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4305-4317. [PMID: 33635635 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a critical need for the establishment of an engineered model of the vocal fold epithelium that can be used to gain understanding of its role in vocal fold health, disease, and facilitate the development of new treatment options. Toward this goal, we isolated primary vocal fold epithelial cells (VFECs) from healthy porcine larynxes and used them within passage 3. Culture-expanded VFECs expressed the suprabasal epithelial marker cytokeratin 13 and intercellular junctional proteins occludin, E-cadherin, and zonula occludens-1. To establish the engineered model, we cultured VFECs on a hyaluronic acid-derived synthetic basement membrane displaying fibronectin-derived integrin-binding peptide (RGDSP) and/or laminin 111-derived syndecan-binding peptide AG73 (RKRLQVQLSIRT). Our results show that matrix stiffness and composition cooperatively regulate the adhesion, proliferation, and stratification of VFECs. Cells cultured on hydrogels with physiological stiffness (elastic shear modulus, G' = 1828 Pa) adopted a cobblestone morphology with close cell-cell contacts, whereas those on softer matrices (G' = 41 Pa) were spindle shaped with extensive intracellular stress fibers. The development of stratified epithelium with proliferating basal cells and additional (1-2) suprabasal layers requires the presence of both RGDSP and AG73 peptide signals. Supplementation of cytokines produced by vimentin positive primary porcine vocal fold fibroblasts in the VFEC culture led to the establishment of 4-5 distinct cell layers. The engineered vocal fold epithelium resembled native tissue morphologically; expressed cytokeratin 13, mucin 1, and tight/adherens junction markers; and secreted basement membrane proteins collagen IV and laminin 5. Collectively, our results demonstrate that stiffness matching, cell-matrix engagement, and paracrine signaling cooperatively contribute to the stratification of VFECs. The engineered epithelium can be used as a versatile tool for investigations of genetic and molecular mechanisms in vocal fold health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Ravikrishnan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Eric W Fowler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Alexander J Stuffer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
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Nakajima T, Kozuma M, Hirasawa T, Matsunaga YT, Tomooka Y. Extracellular matrix components and elasticity regulate mouse vaginal epithelial differentiation induced by mesenchymal cells†. Biol Reprod 2021; 104:1239-1248. [PMID: 33693507 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oviduct, uterus, and vagina are derived from Müllerian ducts. But only in the vagina, the epithelium differentiates into stratified layers. Organ-specific secreted factors derived from the stroma of a neonatal mouse induce epithelial differentiation in the female reproductive tracts. However, the effects of the components and mechanical property of extracellular matrix (ECM) on the regulation of gene expression in the mesenchymal cells of neonatal stroma and differentiation of epithelium in the female reproductive tracts have been overlooked. In the present study, we have developed a simple 3D neonatal vaginal model using clonal cell lines to study the effect of ECM's components and stiffness on the epithelial stratification. Transcriptome analysis was performed by DNA-microarray to identify the components of ECM involved in the differentiation of vaginal epithelial stratification. The knockdown experiment of the candidate genes relating to vaginal epithelial stratification was focused on fibromodulin (Fmod), a collagen cross-linking protein. FMOD was essential for the expression of Bmp4, which encodes secreted factors to induce the epithelial stratification of vaginal mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, stiffer ECM as a scaffold for epithelial cells is necessary for vaginal epithelial stratification. Therefore, the components and stiffness of ECM are both crucial for the epithelial stratification in the neonatal vagina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaaki Nakajima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyabi Kozuma
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hirasawa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Tomooka
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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New frontiers of developmental endocrinology opened by researchers connecting irreversible effects of sex hormones on developing organs. Differentiation 2020; 118:4-23. [PMID: 33189416 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the early 1960's, at Professor Bern's laboratory, University of California, Berkeley) in the US, Takasugi discovered ovary-independent, persistent vaginal changes in mice exposed neonatally to estrogen, which resulted in vaginal cancer later in life. Reproductive abnormalities in rodents were reported as a result of perinatal exposure to various estrogenic chemicals. Ten years later, vaginal cancers were reported in young women exposed in utero to the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) and this has been called the "DES syndrome". The developing organism is particularly sensitive to developmental exposure to estrogens inducing long-term changes in various organs including the reproductive organs. The molecular mechanism underlying the persistent vaginal changes induced by perinatal estrogen exposure was partly demonstrated. Persistent phosphorylation and sustained expression of EGF-like growth factors, lead to estrogen receptor α (ESR1) activation, and then persistent vaginal epithelial cell proliferation. Agents which are weakly estrogenic by postnatal criteria may have major developmental effects, especially during a critical perinatal period. The present review outlines various studies conducted by four generations of investigators all under the influence of Prof. Bern. The studies include reports of persistent changes induced by neonatal androgen exposure, analyses of estrogen responsive genes, factors determining epithelial differentiation in the Müllerian duct, ESR and growth factor signaling, and polyovular follicles in mammals. This review is then expanded to the studies on the effects of environmental estrogens on wildlife and endocrine disruption in Daphnids.
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Neovaginoplasty Using Nile Tilapia Fish Skin as a New Biologic Graft in Patients with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndrome. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2020; 27:966-972. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2019.09.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Hirano YU, Suzuki K, Iguchi T, Yamada G, Miyagawa S. The Role of Fgf Signaling on Epithelial Cell Differentiation in Mouse Vagina. In Vivo 2019; 33:1499-1505. [PMID: 31471398 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The mouse vagina exhibits stratified squamous epithelium, which is comprised of multiple cell layers. We previously showed that erbB signaling, induced by epithelial estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), is required for the initial differentiation of the epithelium. However, the downstream effector that mediates terminal differentiation in the apical layers remains elusive. The contribution of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to vaginal epithelial cell differentiation was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Vaginas from wild-type or epithelium-specific Esr1 conditional knockout (cKO) mice were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Of the FGF ligands examined, Fgf22 mRNA was significantly induced following estrogen treatment. Furthermore, FGF downstream signaling, phosphorylated FRS2 and ERK1/2 were exclusively expressed in the apical layers of the vaginal epithelium. No changes in such expression were observed in the Esr1 cKO mice. CONCLUSION FGF-ERK/MAPK pathway may be a main inducer of terminal differentiation in the mouse vaginal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y U Hirano
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyagawa
- Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Nakajima T, Sato T, Iguchi T, Takasugi N. Retinoic acid signaling determines the fate of the uterus from the mouse Müllerian duct. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 86:56-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nakajima T, Yamanaka R, Tomooka Y. Elongation of Müllerian ducts and connection to urogenital sinus determine the borderline of uterine and vaginal development. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 17:44-50. [PMID: 30555939 PMCID: PMC6279966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In female mice, proximal, middle and caudal Müllerian ducts (MDs) differentiate into oviduct, uterus and vagina, respectively. The fates of female reproductive tract epithelia are determined by the mesenchyme. However, the mesenchymal fate determination system is still unclear. It is reported that presence or absence of retinoic acid (RA) signaling in MD mesenchyme induced uterine or vaginal mesenchyme, respectively. To analyze determination of the borderline, RA signal switching factors were found to play critical roles. Expression of a RA metabolizing enzyme, CYP26A1, was high in the epithelium of caudal MD and urogenital sinus, indicating that the enzyme causes the absence of RA signaling in the region. mRNA expression of some transcription factors regulating Aldh1a2, RA synthesis enzyme expressed in MDs, in other tissues was detected in MDs. When the transcription factor genes were overexpressed in a uterine mesenchymal cell line, C/ebpδ overexpression stimulated Aldh1a2 expression. Furthermore, C/EBPδ protein was strongly expressed in the proximal and middle regions of the MDs and bound to the Aldh1a2 promoter in vivo. Since C/ebpδ mRNA expression was maintained at the same level in proximal, middle and caudal MDs, we hypothesize that a high frequency of mitosis induces a low level protein expression in MD mesenchyme. In fact, the mitotic activity was significantly high in caudal mesenchyme, and a mathematical model showed that a gradient of protein was induced by cell proliferation. Therefore, morphogenesis of MDs controls the fate of mesenchyme via RA degradation in urogenital sinus and a gradient of proteins involved in RA synthesis. Degradation of RA by CYP26A1 is involved in fate determination of vaginal mesenchyme. C/EBPδ can directly bind to Aldh1a2 promoter and stimulates the expression. Müllerian ductal cell proliferation causes protein gradient involved in RA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaaki Nakajima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan.,Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Risa Yamanaka
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tomooka
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
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Jiang Y, Chen L, Taylor RN, Li C, Zhou X. Physiological and pathological implications of retinoid action in the endometrium. J Endocrinol 2018; 236:R169-R188. [PMID: 29298821 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Retinol (vitamin A) and its derivatives, collectively known as retinoids, are required for maintaining vision, immunity, barrier function, reproduction, embryogenesis and cell proliferation and differentiation. Despite the fact that most events in the endometrium are predominantly regulated by steroid hormones (estrogens and progesterone), accumulating evidence shows that retinoid signaling is also involved in the development and maintenance of the endometrium, stromal decidualization and blastocyst implantation. Moreover, aberrant retinoid metabolism seems to be a critical factor in the development of endometriosis, a common gynecological disease, which affects up to 10% of reproductive age women and is characterized by the ectopic localization of endometrial-like tissue in the pelvic cavity. This review summarizes recent advances in research on the mechanisms and molecular actions of retinoids in normal endometrial development and physiological function. The potential roles of abnormal retinoid signaling in endometriosis are also discussed. The objectives are to identify limitations in current knowledge regarding the molecular actions of retinoids in endometrial biology and to stimulate new investigations toward the development potential therapeutics to ameliorate or prevent endometriosis symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Jiang
- College of Animal SciencesJilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Animal SciencesJilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Robert N Taylor
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Molecular Medicine and Translational SciencesWake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chunjin Li
- College of Animal SciencesJilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- College of Animal SciencesJilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Nagata T, Kawano A, Koyama M, Nakamura T, Hirahara F, Nakajima T, Sato T, Sakakibara H. Efficacy of Fibroblast Growth Factor on Epithelialization of the Neovagina in Patients with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndrome Who Underwent Vaginoplasty. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2017; 30:400-404. [PMID: 26688428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) on epithelialization of neovagina in patients with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome who underwent vaginoplasty. DESIGN Observational study. SETTING University hospital. PARTICIPANTS Seven patients with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome. INTERVENTIONS Cytological examination was done on vaginal smear samples from the site of completed epithelialization, and tissue was collected from the epithelialized part for histological evaluation. Immunostaining for estrogen receptor α, and keratin 13 and 14, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of the FGF receptor (FGFR) 1-4 were performed in samples from case 2 three times (ie, during the surgery, during the period of vaginal creation, and at 3 months and 6 months after the surgery). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was the FGF effects on the epithelialization speed and FGFR expression in the neovagina. The second was the role of FGF in the mechanism of vaginal epithelial cell proliferation. RESULTS The histological structure of the neovagina was consistent with that of normal vagina. RT-PCR analysis revealed that FGFR was expressed in the control vaginas and neovaginas. Among the FGFR subtypes, FGFR-4 was overexpressed during the process of epithelialization and its level decreased after completion of creation of the new vagina. CONCLUSION The epithelium of the neovagina was morphologically similar to that of normal vagina. It is suggested that FGF plays the role as a growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nagata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Aiko Kawano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Makiko Koyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fumiki Hirahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Nakajima
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sato
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideya Sakakibara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Gynecology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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Retinoic acid signaling determines the fate of uterine stroma in the mouse Müllerian duct. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14354-14359. [PMID: 27911779 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608808113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Müllerian duct develops into the oviduct, uterus, and vagina, all of which are quite distinct in their morphology and function. The epithelial fate of these female reproductive organs in developing mice is determined by factors secreted from the stroma; however, how stromal differentiation occurs in the female reproductive organs derived from the Müllerian duct is still unclear. In the present study, roles of retinoic acid (RA) signaling in developing female reproductive tracts were investigated. Retinol dehydrogenase 10 (RDH10) and aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 subfamily A2 (ALDH1A2) mRNAs and proteins and transactivation activity of endogenous RA were found in the stroma of proximal Müllerian ducts and gradually decreased from the proximal to caudal regions in fetal mice. In organ-cultured Müllerian ducts, retinaldehyde or RA treatment induced uterine epithelial differentiation, defined as a layer of columnar epithelial cells negative for oviductal and vaginal epithelial markers. In contrast, inhibition of RA receptor (RAR) signaling induced vaginal epithelial differentiation, characterized as vaginal epithelial marker genes-positive stratified epithelium. Grafting experiments of the organ-cultured Müllerian duct revealed irreversible epithelial fate determination. Although RAR did not directly bind to the homeobox A10 (Hoxa10) promoter region, RA-RAR signaling stimulated Hoxa10 expression. Thus, RA-RAR signaling in the Müllerian duct determines the fate of stroma to form the future uterus and vagina.
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Terakawa J, Rocchi A, Serna VA, Bottinger EP, Graff JM, Kurita T. FGFR2IIIb-MAPK Activity Is Required for Epithelial Cell Fate Decision in the Lower Müllerian Duct. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:783-95. [PMID: 27164167 DOI: 10.1210/me.2016-1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell fate of lower Müllerian duct epithelium (MDE), to become uterine or vaginal epithelium, is determined by the absence or presence of ΔNp63 expression, respectively. Previously, we showed that SMAD4 and runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) were independently required for MDE to express ΔNp63. Here, we report that vaginal mesenchyme directs vaginal epithelial cell fate in MDE through paracrine activation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor-MAPK pathway. In the developing reproductive tract, FGF7 and FGF10 were enriched in vaginal mesenchyme, whereas FGF receptor 2IIIb was expressed in epithelia of both the uterus and vagina. When Fgfr2 was inactivated, vaginal MDE underwent uterine cell fate, and this differentiation defect was corrected by activation of MEK-ERK pathway. In vitro, FGF10 in combination with bone morphogenetic protein 4 and activin A (ActA) was sufficient to induce ΔNp63 in MDE, and ActA was essential for induction of RUNX1 through SMAD-independent pathways. Accordingly, inhibition of type 1 receptors for activin in neonatal mice induced uterine differentiation in vaginal epithelium by down-regulating RUNX1, whereas conditional deletion of Smad2 and Smad3 had no effect on vaginal epithelial differentiation. In conclusion, vaginal epithelial cell fate in MDE is induced by FGF7/10-MAPK, bone morphogenetic protein 4-SMAD, and ActA-RUNX1 pathway activities, and the disruption in any one of these pathways results in conversion from vaginal to uterine epithelial cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Terakawa
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics (J.T., V.A.S., T.K.), The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (A.R.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine (E.P.B.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Developmental Biology (J.M.G.), Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Altea Rocchi
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics (J.T., V.A.S., T.K.), The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (A.R.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine (E.P.B.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Developmental Biology (J.M.G.), Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Vanida A Serna
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics (J.T., V.A.S., T.K.), The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (A.R.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine (E.P.B.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Developmental Biology (J.M.G.), Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics (J.T., V.A.S., T.K.), The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (A.R.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine (E.P.B.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Developmental Biology (J.M.G.), Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Jonathan M Graff
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics (J.T., V.A.S., T.K.), The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (A.R.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine (E.P.B.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Developmental Biology (J.M.G.), Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Takeshi Kurita
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics (J.T., V.A.S., T.K.), The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (A.R.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine (E.P.B.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Developmental Biology (J.M.G.), Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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Nakajima T, Tanimoto Y, Tanaka M, Chambon P, Watanabe H, Iguchi T, Sato T. Neonatal Estrogen Receptor β Is Important in the Permanent Inhibition of Epithelial Cell Proliferation in the Mouse Uterus. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3317-28. [PMID: 26020796 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) plays a pivotal role in the mouse uterine and vaginal epithelial cell proliferation stimulated by estrogen, whereas ERβ inhibits cell proliferation. ERβ mRNA is expressed in neonatal uteri and vaginae; however, its functions in neonatal tissues have not been ascertained. In this study, we investigated the ontogenic mRNA expression and localization of ERβ, and its roles in cell proliferation in neonatal uteri and vaginae of ERβ knockout (βERKO) mice. ERβ mRNA and protein were abundant in the uterine and vaginal epithelia of 2-day-old mice and decreased with age. In uterine and vaginal epithelia of 2-day-old βERKO mice, cell proliferation was greater than that in wild-type animals and in uterine epithelia of 90- and 365-day-old βERKO mice. In addition, p27 protein, known as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, was decreased in the uteri of 90- and 365-day-old βERKO mice. Inhibition of neonatal ERs by ICI 182780 (an ER antagonist) treatment stimulated cell proliferation and decreased p27 protein in the uterine luminal epithelium of 90-day-old mice but not in the vaginal epithelium. These results suggest that neonatal ERβ is important in the persistent inhibition of epithelial cell proliferation with accumulation of p27 protein in the mouse uterus. Thus, suppression of ERβ function in the uterine epithelium during the neonatal period may be responsible for a risk for proliferative disease in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaaki Nakajima
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience (T.N., Y.T., T.S.), Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology (T.N.), Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition (M.T.), Junior College of Aizu, Aizu 965-8570, Japan; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur (P.C.), Collège de France, 67404 Illkirch, France; Graduate School of Engineering (H.W.), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (T.I.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience (T.N., Y.T., T.S.), Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology (T.N.), Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition (M.T.), Junior College of Aizu, Aizu 965-8570, Japan; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur (P.C.), Collège de France, 67404 Illkirch, France; Graduate School of Engineering (H.W.), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (T.I.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Masami Tanaka
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience (T.N., Y.T., T.S.), Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology (T.N.), Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition (M.T.), Junior College of Aizu, Aizu 965-8570, Japan; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur (P.C.), Collège de France, 67404 Illkirch, France; Graduate School of Engineering (H.W.), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (T.I.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience (T.N., Y.T., T.S.), Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology (T.N.), Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition (M.T.), Junior College of Aizu, Aizu 965-8570, Japan; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur (P.C.), Collège de France, 67404 Illkirch, France; Graduate School of Engineering (H.W.), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (T.I.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hajime Watanabe
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience (T.N., Y.T., T.S.), Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology (T.N.), Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition (M.T.), Junior College of Aizu, Aizu 965-8570, Japan; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur (P.C.), Collège de France, 67404 Illkirch, France; Graduate School of Engineering (H.W.), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (T.I.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience (T.N., Y.T., T.S.), Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology (T.N.), Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition (M.T.), Junior College of Aizu, Aizu 965-8570, Japan; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur (P.C.), Collège de France, 67404 Illkirch, France; Graduate School of Engineering (H.W.), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (T.I.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sato
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience (T.N., Y.T., T.S.), Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology (T.N.), Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition (M.T.), Junior College of Aizu, Aizu 965-8570, Japan; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur (P.C.), Collège de France, 67404 Illkirch, France; Graduate School of Engineering (H.W.), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (T.I.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
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Filant J, DeMayo FJ, Pru JK, Lydon JP, Spencer TE. Fibroblast growth factor receptor two (FGFR2) regulates uterine epithelial integrity and fertility in mice. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:7. [PMID: 24227756 PMCID: PMC7289345 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.114496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) regulate luminal epithelial (LE) cell proliferation in the adult mouse uterus. This study tested the hypothesis that FGFR2 has a biological role in postnatal development and function of the uterus by conditionally deleting Fgfr2 after birth using progesterone receptor (Pgr)-Cre mice. Adult Fgfr2 mutant female mice were initially subfertile and became infertile with increasing parity. No defects in uterine gland development were observed in conditional Fgfr2 mutant mice. In the adult, Fgfr2 mutant mice possessed a histologically normal reproductive tract with the exception of the uterus. The LE of the Fgfr2 mutant uterus was stratified, but no obvious histological differences were observed in the glandular epithelium, stroma, or myometrium. Within the stratified LE, cuboidal basal cells were present and positive for basal cell markers (KRT14 and TRP63). Nulliparous bred Fgfr2 mutants contained normal numbers of blastocysts on Day 3.5 postmating, but the number of embryo implantation sites was substantially reduced on Day 5.5 postmating. These results support the idea that loss of FGFR2 in the uterus after birth alters its development, resulting in LE stratification and peri-implantation pregnancy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Filant
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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15
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Novel immunohistochemical data indicate that the female foetal urethra is more than an epithelial tube. Ann Anat 2013; 195:586-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Pechriggl EJ, Bitsche M, Blumer MJ, Fritsch H. The male urethra: Spatiotemporal distribution of molecular markers during early development. Ann Anat 2013; 195:260-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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17
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Hedgehog signaling plays roles in epithelial cell proliferation in neonatal mouse uterus and vagina. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 348:239-47. [PMID: 22388655 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Both the uterus and vagina develop from the Müllerian duct but are quite distinct in morphology and function. To investigate factors controlling epithelial differentiation and cell proliferation in neonatal uterus and vagina, we focused on Hedgehog (HH) signaling. In neonatal mice, Sonic hh (Shh) was localized in the vaginal epithelium and Indian hh (Ihh) was slightly expressed in the uterus and vagina, whereas all Glioma-associated oncogene homolog (Gli) genes were mainly expressed in the stroma. The expression of target genes of HH signaling was high in the neonatal vagina and in the uterus, it increased with growth. Thus, in neonatal mice, Shh in the vaginal epithelium and Ihh in the uterus and vagina activated HH signaling in the stroma. Tissue recombinants showed that vaginal Shh expression was inhibited by the vaginal stroma and uterine Ihh expression was stimulated by the uterine stroma. Addition of a HH signaling inhibitor decreased epithelial cell proliferation in organ-cultured uterus and vagina and increased stromal cell proliferation in organ-cultured uterus. However, it did not affect epithelial differentiation or the expression of growth factors in organ-cultured uterus and vagina. Thus, activated HH signaling stimulates epithelial cell proliferation in neonatal uterus and vagina but inhibits stromal cell proliferation in neonatal uterus.
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