1
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Bar-Hai N, Ishay-Ronen D. Engaging plasticity: Differentiation therapy in solid tumors. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:944773. [PMID: 36034865 PMCID: PMC9410762 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.944773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a systemic heterogeneous disease that can undergo several rounds of latency and activation. Tumor progression evolves by increasing diversity, adaptation to signals from the microenvironment and escape mechanisms from therapy. These dynamic processes indicate necessity for cell plasticity. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a major role in facilitating cell plasticity in solid tumors by inducing dedifferentiation and cell type transitions. These two practices, plasticity and dedifferentiation enhance tumor heterogeneity creating a key challenge in cancer treatment. In this review we will explore cancer cell plasticity and elaborate treatment modalities that aspire to overcome such dynamic processes in solid tumors. We will further discuss the therapeutic potential of utilizing enhanced cell plasticity for differentiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Bar-Hai
- Cancer Research Center, Oncology Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dana Ishay-Ronen
- Cancer Research Center, Oncology Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Dana Ishay-Ronen,
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2
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Xie L, Zou L, Chen J, Liu Y. All-Trans Retinoic Acid Inhibits Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Commitment to Adipocytes via Upregulating FRA1 Signaling. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:6525787. [PMID: 32089684 PMCID: PMC7013307 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6525787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, caused by an increased number and volume of adipocytes, is a global epidemic that seriously threatens human health. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can differentiate into adipocytes. All-trans retinoic acid (atRA, the active form of vitamin A) inhibits the adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs through its receptor RARG. The expression level of FRA1 (FOS like 1, AP-1 transcription factor subunit) in atRA-treated BMSCs increased, suggesting that atRA-mediated inhibition of BMSCs adipogenesis involves FRA1. BMSCs were transfected with adenovirus overexpressing Fra1 (ad-fra1) or silenced for Fra1 (si-fra1) and then treated with atRA. BMSCs treated with atRA and treated with ad-fra1 showed decreased mRNA and protein levels of key adipogenic genes (Pparg2, Cebpa) and adipogenesis-associated genes (Cd36, Fabp, Lpl, and Plin); atRA had a stronger inhibitory effect on adipogenesis compared with that in the ad-fra1 group. Adipogenic gene expression in Fra1-silenced BMSCs was significantly upregulated. Compared with that in the atRA group, the si-fra1 + atRA also upregulated adipogenic gene expression. However, compared with si-fra1, si-fra1 + atRA significantly inhibited adipogenic differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that RARG directly regulates Fra1 and FRA1 directly regulates Pparg2 and Cebpa. The results supported the conclusion that atRA inhibits BMSC adipogenesis partially through the RARG-FRA1-PPARG2 or the CEBPA axis or both. Thus, vitamin A might be used to treat obesity and its related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjun Xie
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorder, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Liying Zou
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorder, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorder, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Youxue Liu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorder, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
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3
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Casado-Díaz A, Dorado G, Quesada-Gómez JM. Influence of olive oil and its components on mesenchymal stem cell biology. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:1045-1064. [PMID: 31875868 PMCID: PMC6904865 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i12.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extra virgin olive oil is characterized by its high content of unsaturated fatty acid residues in triglycerides, mainly oleic acid, and the presence of bioactive and antioxidant compounds. Its consumption is associated with lower risk of suffering chronic diseases and unwanted processes linked to aging, due to the antioxidant capacity and capability of its components to modulate cellular signaling pathways. Consumption of olive oil can alter the physiology of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). This may explain part of the healthy effects of olive oil consumption, such as prevention of unwanted aging processes. To date, there are no specific studies on the action of olive oil on MSCs, but effects of many components of such food on cell viability and differentiation have been evaluated. The objective of this article is to review existing literature on how different compounds of extra virgin olive oil, including residues of fatty acids, vitamins, squalene, triterpenes, pigments and phenols, affect MSC maintenance and differentiation, in order to provide a better understanding of the healthy effects of this food. Interestingly, most studies have shown a positive effect of these compounds on MSCs. The collective findings support the hypothesis that at least part of the beneficial effects of extra virgin olive oil consumption on health may be mediated by its effects on MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Casado-Díaz
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba 14004, Spain
| | - Gabriel Dorado
- Departement Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Rabanales C6-1-E17, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Universidad de Córdoba, CIBERFES, Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - José Manuel Quesada-Gómez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba 14004, Spain.
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4
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Chen Y, Cao J, Zhang N, Yang B, He Q, Shao X, Ying M. Advances in differentiation therapy for osteosarcoma. Drug Discov Today 2019; 25:497-504. [PMID: 31499188 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation therapy involves the use of agents that can induce differentiation in cancer cells, with the irreversible loss of tumour phenotype. The application of differentiation therapy in osteosarcoma has made progress because of a better understanding of the potential links between differentiation defects and tumorigenesis. Here, we review recent studies on differentiation therapy for osteosarcoma, describing a variety of differentiation inducers. By highlighting these examples of drug-induced osteosarcoma cell differentiation, we can acquire unique insights into not only osteosarcoma treatment, but also novel approaches to transform differentiating drugs into more effective therapies for other solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqian Chen
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Cao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuejing Shao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Meidan Ying
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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5
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Long MD, Singh PK, Russell JR, Llimos G, Rosario S, Rizvi A, van den Berg PR, Kirk J, Sucheston-Campbell LE, Smiraglia DJ, Campbell MJ. The miR-96 and RARγ signaling axis governs androgen signaling and prostate cancer progression. Oncogene 2019; 38:421-444. [PMID: 30120411 PMCID: PMC6336686 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0450-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Expression levels of retinoic acid receptor gamma (NR1B3/RARG, encodes RARγ) are commonly reduced in prostate cancer (PCa). Therefore, we sought to establish the cellular and gene regulatory consequences of reduced RARγ expression, and determine RARγ regulatory mechanisms. RARG shRNA approaches in non-malignant (RWPE-1 and HPr1-AR) and malignant (LNCaP) prostate models revealed that reducing RARγ levels, rather than adding exogenous retinoid ligand, had the greatest impact on prostate cell viability and gene expression. ChIP-Seq defined the RARγ cistrome, which was significantly enriched at active enhancers associated with AR binding sites. Reflecting a significant genomic role for RARγ to regulate androgen signaling, RARγ knockdown in HPr1-AR cells significantly regulated the magnitude of the AR transcriptome. RARγ downregulation was explained by increased miR-96 in PCa cell and mouse models, and TCGA PCa cohorts. Biochemical approaches confirmed that miR-96 directly regulated RARγ expression and function. Capture of the miR-96 targetome by biotin-miR-96 identified that RARγ and a number of RARγ interacting co-factors including TACC1 were all targeted by miR-96, and expression of these genes were prominently altered, positively and negatively, in the TCGA-PRAD cohort. Differential gene expression analyses between tumors in the TCGA-PRAD cohort with lower quartile expression levels of RARG and TACC1 and upper quartile miR-96, compared to the reverse, identified a gene network including several RARγ target genes (e.g., SOX15) that significantly associated with worse disease-free survival (hazard ratio 2.23, 95% CI 1.58 to 2.88, p = 0.015). In summary, miR-96 targets a RARγ network to govern AR signaling, PCa progression and disease outcome.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Androgens
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Progression
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Fetal Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Male
- Mice
- MicroRNAs/physiology
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/mortality
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/mortality
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Neoplasm/physiology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Retinoic Acid Receptor gamma
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Long
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPCCC), Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Prashant K Singh
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - James R Russell
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPCCC), Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Gerard Llimos
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPCCC), Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Spencer Rosario
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPCCC), Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Abbas Rizvi
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Patrick R van den Berg
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPCCC), Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Leiden institute of Physics, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jason Kirk
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Lara E Sucheston-Campbell
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Dominic J Smiraglia
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPCCC), Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Moray J Campbell
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 536 Parks Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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6
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Liu Y, Ma X, Guo J, Lin Z, Zhou M, Bi W, Liu J, Wang J, Lu H, Wu G. All-trans retinoic acid can antagonize osteoblastogenesis induced by different BMPs irrespective of their dimerization types and dose-efficiencies. Drug Des Devel Ther 2018; 12:3419-3430. [PMID: 30349195 PMCID: PMC6186890 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s178190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alcoholism can lead to low mineral density, compromised regenerative bone capacity and delayed osteointegration of dental implants. This may be partially attributed to the inhibitive effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a metabolite of alcohol, on osteoblastogenesis. Our previous studies demonstrated that heterodimeric bone morphogenetic protein 2/7 (BMP2/7) was a more potent BMP than homodimeric BMP2 or BMP7, and could antagonize the inhibitive effect of ATRA to rescue osteoblastogenesis. Materials and methods In this study, we compared the effectiveness of BMP2/7, BMP2 and BMP7 in restoring osteoblastogenesis of murine preosteoblasts upon inhibition with 1 µM ATRA, and we further analyzed the potential mechanisms. We measured the following parameters: cell viability, ALP, OCN, mineralization, the expression of osteogenic differentiation marker genes (Collagen I, ALP and OCN) and the expression of BMP signaling key genes (Dlx5, Runx2, Osterix and Smad1). Results BMP2/7 treatment alone induced significantly higher osteoblastogenesis compared to BMP2 and BMP7. When cells were treated by ATRA, BMP2/7 was superior only in rescuing cell viability and ALP activity, compared to BMP2 or BMP7. However, BMP2/7 was not superior to BMP2 or BMP7 in restoring OCN expression and extracellular mineralized nodules, or in rescuing expression of two key osteogenic genes, Dlx5 and Runx2. Irrespective of their dimeric types or potency, the selected BMPs could antagonize the inhibitory effect of ATRA on osteoblastogenesis. Conclusion The presence of ATRA, BMP2/7 still induced significantly higher cell viability and early differentiation than the homodimers. However, ATRA significantly attenuated the advantages of BMP2/7 in inducing late and final osteoblastogenic differentiation over the homodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Xiaoqing Ma
- Shanghai Xuhui District Dental Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Zhen Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Miao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Wenjuan Bi
- College of Stomatology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jingxiao Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Haiping Lu
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China,
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081LA Amsterdam, the Netherlands,
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7
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Saito K, Takahashi K, Huang B, Asahara M, Kiso H, Togo Y, Tsukamoto H, Mishima S, Nagata M, Iida M, Tokita Y, Asai M, Shimizu A, Komori T, Harada H, MacDougall M, Sugai M, Bessho K. Loss of Stemness, EMT, and Supernumerary Tooth Formation in Cebpb -/-Runx2 +/- Murine Incisors. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5169. [PMID: 29581460 PMCID: PMC5980103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult Cebpb KO mice incisors present amelogenin-positive epithelium pearls, enamel and dentin allopathic hyperplasia, fewer Sox2-positive cells in labial cervical loop epitheliums, and reduced Sox2 expression in enamel epithelial stem cells. Thus, Cebpb acts upstream of Sox2 to regulate stemness. In this study, Cebpb KO mice demonstrated cementum-like hard tissue in dental pulp, loss of polarity by ameloblasts, enamel matrix in ameloblastic layer, and increased expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in a Cebpb knockdown mouse enamel epithelial stem cell line. Runx2 knockdown in the cell line presented a similar expression pattern. Therefore, the EMT enabled disengaged odontogenic epithelial stem cells to develop supernumerary teeth. Cebpb and Runx2 knockdown in the cell line revealed higher Biglycan and Decorin expression, and Decorin-positive staining in the periapical region, indicating their involvement in supernumerary tooth formation. Cebpb and Runx2 acted synergistically and played an important role in the formation of supernumerary teeth in adult incisors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Saito
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Katsu Takahashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Boyen Huang
- School of Dentistry and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Leeds Parade Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Masakazu Asahara
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Honoka Kiso
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yumiko Togo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sayaka Mishima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Nagata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Machiko Iida
- Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Tokita
- Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masato Asai
- Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Harada
- The Advanced Oral Health Science Research Center, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Mary MacDougall
- Facultyl of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Manabu Sugai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Kazuhisa Bessho
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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8
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Auci DL, Egilmez NK. Synergy of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 and All Trans Retinoic Acid in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Role of Regulatory T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 3. [PMID: 28603774 DOI: 10.15226/2374-815x/3/4/00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nejat K Egilmez
- University of Louisville, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisville, KY
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9
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Hao C, Yang S, Xu W, Shen JK, Ye S, Liu X, Dong Z, Xiao B, Feng Y. MiR-708 promotes steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head, suppresses osteogenic differentiation by targeting SMAD3. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22599. [PMID: 26932538 PMCID: PMC4773864 DOI: 10.1038/srep22599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH) is a serious complication of glucocorticoid (GC) use. We investigated the differential expression of miRs in the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of patients with ONFH, and aimed to explain the relationship between GC use and the development of MSC dysfunction in ONFH. Cells were collected from bone marrow of patients with ONFH. Samples were assigned to either GCs Group or Control Group at 1:1 matched with control. We then used miRNA microarray analysis and real-time PCR to identify the differentially expressed miRs. We also induced normal MSCs with GCs to verify the differential expression above. Subsequently, we selected some of the miRs for further studies, including miRNA target and pathway prediction, and functional analysis. We discovered that miR-708 was upregulated in ONFH patients and GC-treated MSCs. SMAD3 was identified as a direct target gene of miR-708, and functional analysis demonstrated that miR-708 could markedly suppress osteogenic differentiation and adipogenesis differentiation of MSCs. Inhibition of miR-708 rescued the suppressive effect of GC on osteonecrosis. Therefore, we determined that GC use resulted in overexpression of miR-708 in MSCs, and thus, targeting miR-708 may serve as a novel therapeutic biomarker for the prevention and treatment of ONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Hao
- Orthopedic Hospital, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- Orthopedic Hospital, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Weihua Xu
- Orthopedic Hospital, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jacson K Shen
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Shunan Ye
- Orthopedic Hospital, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xianzhe Liu
- Orthopedic Hospital, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhe Dong
- Orthopedic Hospital, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Baojun Xiao
- Orthopedic Hospital, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yong Feng
- Orthopedic Hospital, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.,Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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10
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The E3 ubiquitin protein ligase MDM2 dictates all-trans retinoic acid-induced osteoblastic differentiation of osteosarcoma cells by modulating the degradation of RARα. Oncogene 2016; 35:4358-67. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Lamarche É, Lala-Tabbert N, Gunanayagam A, St-Louis C, Wiper-Bergeron N. Retinoic acid promotes myogenesis in myoblasts by antagonizing transforming growth factor-beta signaling via C/EBPβ. Skelet Muscle 2015; 5:8. [PMID: 25878769 PMCID: PMC4397812 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-015-0032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) are mediated by the transcription factors Smad2 and Smad3. During adult skeletal myogenesis, TGFβ signaling inhibits the differentiation of myoblasts, and this can be reversed by treatment with retinoic acid (RA). In mesenchymal stem cells and preadipocytes, RA treatment can function in a non-classical manner by stimulating the expression of Smad3. Smad3 can bind to and prevent the bzip transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPβ) from binding DNA response elements in target promoters, thereby affecting cell differentiation. In skeletal muscle, C/EBPβ is highly expressed in satellite cells and myoblasts and is downregulated during differentiation. Persistent expression of C/EBPβ in myoblasts inhibits their differentiation. METHODS Using both C2C12 myoblasts and primary myoblasts, we examined the regulation of C/EBPβ expression and activity following treatment with TGFβ and RA. RESULTS We demonstrate that treatment with RA upregulates Smad3, but not Smad2 expression in myoblasts, and can partially rescue the block of differentiation induced by TGFβ. RA treatment reduces C/EBPβ occupancy of the Pax7 and Smad2 promoters and decreased their expression. RA also inhibits the TGFβ-mediated phosphorylation of Smad2, which may also contribute to its pro-myogenic activities. TGFβ treatment of C2C12 myoblasts stimulates C/EBPβ expression, which in turn can stimulate Pax7 and Smad2 expression, and inhibits myogenesis. Loss of C/EBPβ expression in myoblasts partially restores differentiation in the presence of TGFβ. CONCLUSIONS TGFβ acts, at least in part, to inhibit myogenesis by upregulating the expression of C/EBPβ, as treatment with RA or loss of C/EBPβ can partially rescue differentiation in TGFβ-treated cells. This work identifies a pro-myogenic role for Smad3, through the inhibition of C/EBPβ's actions in myoblasts, and reveals mechanisms of crosstalk between RA and TGFβ signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Émilie Lamarche
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Neena Lala-Tabbert
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Angelo Gunanayagam
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Catherine St-Louis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Nadine Wiper-Bergeron
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
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12
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Yu Y, Al-Mansoori L, Opas M. Optimized osteogenic differentiation protocol from R1 mouse embryonic stem cells in vitro. Differentiation 2015; 89:1-10. [PMID: 25613029 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are a unique model that allows the study of molecular pathways underlying commitment and differentiation. One such lineage is osteoblasts, which are responsible for forming bone tissue in the body. There are many osteogenic differentiation protocols in the literature utilizing different soluble factors. The goal of the present study was to increase the efficacy of our osteogenic differentiation protocol from R1 cells. We have studied the effects of the addition of the following factors: dexamethasone, retinoic acid, and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma inhibitor, which have been reported to enhance osteogenesis. We found that among the 6 different protocols that were tested, the addition of retinoic acid with later addition of dexamethasone gives the most enrichment of osteogenic lineage cells. Thus, our findings provide valuable guidelines for culture condition to differentiate mouse R1 ESCs to osteoblastic cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Layla Al-Mansoori
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8 Canada; Department of Chemistry & Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Qatar, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Michal Opas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8 Canada.
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Henning P, Conaway HH, Lerner UH. Retinoid receptors in bone and their role in bone remodeling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:31. [PMID: 25814978 PMCID: PMC4356160 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A (retinol) is a necessary and important constituent of the body which is provided by food intake of retinyl esters and carotenoids. Vitamin A is known best for being important for vision, but in addition to the eye, vitamin A is necessary in numerous other organs in the body, including the skeleton. Vitamin A is converted to an active compound, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), which is responsible for most of its biological actions. ATRA binds to intracellular nuclear receptors called retinoic acid receptors (RARα, RARβ, RARγ). RARs and closely related retinoid X receptors (RXRα, RXRβ, RXRγ) form heterodimers which bind to DNA and function as ligand-activated transcription factors. It has been known for many years that hypervitaminosis A promotes skeleton fragility by increasing osteoclast formation and decreasing cortical bone mass. Some epidemiological studies have suggested that increased intake of vitamin A and increased serum levels of retinoids may decrease bone mineral density and increase fracture rate, but the literature on this is not conclusive. The current review summarizes how vitamin A is taken up by the intestine, metabolized, stored in the liver, and processed to ATRA. ATRA's effects on formation and activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts are outlined, and a summary of clinical data pertaining to vitamin A and bone is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Henning
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H. Herschel Conaway
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Ulf H. Lerner
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Periodontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Ulf H. Lerner, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Vita Straket 11, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden e-mail:
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14
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Rieger S, Zhao H, Martin P, Abe K, Lisse TS. The role of nuclear hormone receptors in cutaneous wound repair. Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 33:1-13. [PMID: 25529612 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cutaneous wound repair process involves balancing a dynamic series of events ranging from inflammation, oxidative stress, cell migration, proliferation, survival and differentiation. A complex series of secreted trophic factors, cytokines, surface and intracellular proteins are expressed in a temporospatial manner to restore skin integrity after wounding. Impaired initiation, maintenance or termination of the tissue repair processes can lead to perturbed healing, necrosis, fibrosis or even cancer. Nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) in the cutaneous environment regulate tissue repair processes such as fibroplasia and angiogenesis. Defects in functional NHRs and their ligands are associated with the clinical phenotypes of chronic non-healing wounds and skin endocrine disorders. The functional relationship between NHRs and skin niche cells such as epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts is pivotal for successful wound closure and permanent repair. The aim of this review is to delineate the cutaneous effects and cross-talk of various nuclear receptors upon injury towards functional tissue restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rieger
- Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME, USA
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15
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Zhang L, Zhou Q, Zhang N, Li W, Ying M, Ding W, Yang B, He Q. E2F1 impairs all-trans retinoic acid-induced osteogenic differentiation of osteosarcoma via promoting ubiquitination-mediated degradation of RARα. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1277-87. [PMID: 24608861 DOI: 10.4161/cc.28190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a widely used differentiation drug that can effectively induce osteogenic differentiation of osteosarcoma cells, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive, which limits the clinical application for ATRA in osteosarcoma patients. In this study, we identified E2F1 as a novel regulator involved in ATRA-induced osteogenic differentiation of osteosarcoma cells. We observed that osteosarcoma cells are coupled with individual differences in the expression levels of E2F1 in patients, and E2F1 impairs ATRA-induced differentiation of osteosarcoma cells. Moreover, remarkable anti-proliferative and differentiation-inducing effects of ATRA treatment are only observed in E2F1 low to negative expressed primary osteosarcoma cultures. These results strongly suggested that E2F1 may serve as a potent indicator for the effectiveness of ATRA treatment in osteosarcoma. Interestingly, E2F1 is found to downregulate retinoic acid receptor α (RARα), a key factor determines the effectiveness of ATRA. E2F1 specifically binds to RARα and promotes its ubiquitination-mediated degradation; as a consequence, RARα-mediated differentiation is inhibited in osteosarcoma. Therefore, our studies present E2F1 as a potent biomarker, as well as a therapeutic target for ATRA-based differentiation therapeutics, and raise the hope of using differentiation-based approaches for osteosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Weixu Li
- Department of Orthopedics; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Meidan Ying
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanjing Ding
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
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16
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Nuttall ME, Shah F, Singh V, Thomas-Porch C, Frazier T, Gimble JM. Adipocytes and the regulation of bone remodeling: a balancing act. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 94:78-87. [PMID: 24101233 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-013-9807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Throughout life, a balance exists within the marrow cavity between adipose tissue and bone. Each tissue derives from a common progenitor cell known both as a "bone marrow-derived multipotent stromal cell" and as a "mesenchymal stem cell" (BMSC). The majority of in vitro and in vivo data suggest that BMSCs differentiate into adipocytes or osteoblasts in a reciprocal manner. For example, while ligand induction of the transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ initiates BMSC adipogenesis, it suppresses osteogenesis. Nevertheless, this hypothesis may oversimplify a complex regulatory paradigm. The picture may be further complicated by the systemic impact of extramedullary adipose depots on bone via the secretion of protein adipokines and lipid metabolites. This review focuses on past and current literature examining the mechanisms governing the adipose-bone interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Nuttall
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ, 08560, USA,
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17
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Fakhry M, Hamade E, Badran B, Buchet R, Magne D. Molecular mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation towards osteoblasts. World J Stem Cells 2013; 5:136-148. [PMID: 24179602 PMCID: PMC3812518 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v5.i4.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue that is constantly renewed by the coordinated action of two cell types, i.e., the bone-resorbing osteoclasts and the bone-forming osteoblasts. However, in some circumstances, bone regeneration exceeds bone self repair capacities. This is notably often the case after bone fractures, osteolytic bone tumor surgery, or osteonecrosis. In this regard, bone tissue engineering with autologous or allogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is been widely developed. MSCs can be isolated from bone marrow or other tissues such as adipose tissue or umbilical cord, and can be implanted in bone defects with or without prior amplification and stimulation. However, the outcome of most pre-clinical studies remains relatively disappointing. A better understanding of the successive steps and molecular mechanisms involved in MSC-osteoblastic differentiation appears to be crucial to optimize MSC-bone therapy. In this review, we first present the important growth factors that stimulate osteoblastogenesis. Then we review the main transcription factors that modulate osteoblast differentiation, and the microRNAs (miRs) that inhibit their expression. Finally, we also discuss articles dealing with the use of these factors and miRs in the development of new bone MSC therapy strategies. We particularly focus on the studies using human MSCs, since significant differences exist between osteoblast differentiation mechanisms in humans and mice for instance.
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18
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Protein inhibitor of activated STAT 1 (PIAS1) is identified as the SUMO E3 ligase of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) during adipogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:4606-17. [PMID: 24061474 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00723-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that PIAS1, a SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) E3 ligase, modulates such cellular processes as cell proliferation, DNA damage responses, and inflammation responses. Recent studies have shown that PIAS1 also plays a part in cell differentiation. However, the role of PIAS1 in adipocyte differentiation remains unknown. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ), a major regulator of adipogenesis, is a target of SUMOylation, but the E3 ligase responsible for the SUMOylation of C/EBPβ has not been identified. The present study showed that PIAS1 functions as a SUMO E3 ligase of C/EBPβ to regulate adipogenesis. PIAS1 expression was significantly and transiently induced on day 4 of 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation, when C/EBPβ began to decline. PIAS1 was found to interact with C/EBPβ through the SAP (scaffold attachment factor A/B/acinus/PIAS) domain and SUMOylate it, leading to increased ubiquitination and degradation of C/EBPβ. C/EBPβ became more stable when PIAS1 was silenced by RNA interference (RNAi). Moreover, adipogenesis was inhibited by overexpression of wild-type PIAS1 and promoted by knockdown of PIAS1. The mutational study indicated that the catalytic activity of SUMO E3 ligase was required for PIAS1 to restrain adipogenesis. Importantly, the inhibitory effect of PIAS1 overexpression on adipogenesis was rescued by overexpressed C/EBPβ. Thus, PIAS1 could play a dynamic role in adipogenesis by promoting the SUMOylation of C/EBPβ.
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19
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Nallamshetty S, Wang H, Rhee EJ, Kiefer FW, Brown JD, Lotinun S, Le P, Baron R, Rosen CJ, Plutzky J. Deficiency of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 induces BMP2 and increases bone mass in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71307. [PMID: 23951127 PMCID: PMC3739807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of retinoids, the structural derivatives of vitamin A (retinol), on post-natal peak bone density acquisition and skeletal remodeling are complex and compartment specific. Emerging data indicates that retinoids, such as all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and its precursor all trans retinaldehyde (Rald), exhibit distinct and divergent transcriptional effects in metabolism. Despite these observations, the role of enzymes that control retinoid metabolism in bone remains undefined. In this study, we examined the skeletal phenotype of mice deficient in retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (Aldh1a1), the enzyme responsible for converting Rald to ATRA in adult animals. Bone densitometry and micro-computed tomography (µCT) demonstrated that Aldh1a1-deficient (Aldh1a1−/−) female mice had higher trabecular and cortical bone mass compared to age and sex-matched control C57Bl/6 wild type (WT) mice at multiple time points. Histomorphometry confirmed increased cortical bone thickness and demonstrated significantly higher bone marrow adiposity in Aldh1a1−/− mice. In serum assays, Aldh1a1−/− mice also had higher serum IGF-1 levels. In vitro, primary Aldh1a1−/− mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) expressed significantly higher levels of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and demonstrated enhanced osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis versus WT MSCs. BMP2 was also expressed at higher levels in the femurs and tibias of Aldh1a1−/− mice with accompanying induction of BMP2-regulated responses, including expression of Runx2 and alkaline phosphatase, and Smad phosphorylation. In vitro, Rald, which accumulates in Aldh1a1−/− mice, potently induced BMP2 in WT MSCs in a retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-dependent manner, suggesting that Rald is involved in the BMP2 increases seen in Aldh1a1 deficiency in vivo. Collectively, these data implicate Aldh1a1 as a novel determinant of cortical bone density and marrow adiposity in the skeleton in vivo through modulation of BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriram Nallamshetty
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Sadie-Van Gijsen H, Crowther NJ, Hough FS, Ferris WF. The interrelationship between bone and fat: from cellular see-saw to endocrine reciprocity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:2331-49. [PMID: 23178849 PMCID: PMC11113730 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The number of mature osteoblasts and marrow adipocytes in bone is influenced by the differentiation of the common mesenchymal progenitor cell towards one phenotype and away from the other. Consequently, factors which promote adipogenesis not only lead to fatty marrow but also inhibit osteoblastogenesis, resulting in decreased osteoblast numbers, diminished bone formation and, potentially, inadequate bone mass and osteoporosis. In addition to osteoblast and bone adipocyte numbers being influenced by this skewing of progenitor cell differentiation towards one phenotype, mature osteoblasts and adipocytes secrete factors which may evoke changes in the cell fate and function of each other. This review examines the endogenous factors, such as PPAR-γ2, Wnt, IGF-1, GH, FGF-2, oestrogen, the GP130 signalling cytokines, vitamin D and glucocorticoids, which regulate the selection between osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis and the interrelationship between fat and bone. The role of adipokines on bone, such as adiponectin and leptin, as well as adipose-derived oestrogen, is reviewed and the role of bone as an energy regulating endocrine organ is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Sadie-Van Gijsen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
| | - N. J. Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Services, University of Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193 South Africa
| | - F. S. Hough
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
| | - W. F. Ferris
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
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Imai Y, Youn MY, Inoue K, Takada I, Kouzmenko A, Kato S. Nuclear receptors in bone physiology and diseases. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:481-523. [PMID: 23589826 PMCID: PMC3768103 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, our view on the skeleton as a mere solid physical support structure has been transformed, as bone emerged as a dynamic, constantly remodeling tissue with systemic regulatory functions including those of an endocrine organ. Reflecting this remarkable functional complexity, distinct classes of humoral and intracellular regulatory factors have been shown to control vital processes in the bone. Among these regulators, nuclear receptors (NRs) play fundamental roles in bone development, growth, and maintenance. NRs are DNA-binding transcription factors that act as intracellular transducers of the respective ligand signaling pathways through modulation of expression of specific sets of cognate target genes. Aberrant NR signaling caused by receptor or ligand deficiency may profoundly affect bone health and compromise skeletal functions. Ligand dependency of NR action underlies a major strategy of therapeutic intervention to correct aberrant NR signaling, and significant efforts have been made to design novel synthetic NR ligands with enhanced beneficial properties and reduced potential negative side effects. As an example, estrogen deficiency causes bone loss and leads to development of osteoporosis, the most prevalent skeletal disorder in postmenopausal women. Since administration of natural estrogens for the treatment of osteoporosis often associates with undesirable side effects, several synthetic estrogen receptor ligands have been developed with higher therapeutic efficacy and specificity. This review presents current progress in our understanding of the roles of various nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathways in bone physiology and disease, and in development of advanced NR ligands for treatment of common skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Imai
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Flajollet S, Staels B, Lefebvre P. Retinoids and nuclear retinoid receptors in white and brown adipose tissues: physiopathologic aspects. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2013; 14:75-86. [DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2013-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AbstractVitamin A, ingested either as retinol or β-carotene from animal- or plant-derived foods respectively, is a nutrient essential for many biological functions such as embryonic development, vision, immune response, tissue remodeling, and metabolism. Its main active metabolite is all
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23
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Xu Q, Kopp JB. Retinoid and TGF-β families: crosstalk in development, neoplasia, immunity, and tissue repair. Semin Nephrol 2012; 32:287-94. [PMID: 22835460 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) isoforms are profibrotic cytokines, par excellence, and have complex multifunctional effects on many systems, depending on the biologic setting. Retinoids are vitamin A derivatives that also have diverse effects in development, physiology, and disease. The interactions between these classes of molecules are, not surprisingly, highly complex and are dependent on the tissue, cellular, and molecular settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihe Xu
- Department of Renal Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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24
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Benisch P, Schilling T, Klein-Hitpass L, Frey SP, Seefried L, Raaijmakers N, Krug M, Regensburger M, Zeck S, Schinke T, Amling M, Ebert R, Jakob F. The transcriptional profile of mesenchymal stem cell populations in primary osteoporosis is distinct and shows overexpression of osteogenic inhibitors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45142. [PMID: 23028809 PMCID: PMC3454401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary osteoporosis is an age-related disease characterized by an imbalance in bone homeostasis. While the resorptive aspect of the disease has been studied intensely, less is known about the anabolic part of the syndrome or presumptive deficiencies in bone regeneration. Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are the primary source of osteogenic regeneration. In the present study we aimed to unravel whether MSC biology is directly involved in the pathophysiology of the disease and therefore performed microarray analyses of hMSC of elderly patients (79–94 years old) suffering from osteoporosis (hMSC-OP). In comparison to age-matched controls we detected profound changes in the transcriptome in hMSC-OP, e.g. enhanced mRNA expression of known osteoporosis-associated genes (LRP5, RUNX2, COL1A1) and of genes involved in osteoclastogenesis (CSF1, PTH1R), but most notably of genes coding for inhibitors of WNT and BMP signaling, such as Sclerostin and MAB21L2. These candidate genes indicate intrinsic deficiencies in self-renewal and differentiation potential in osteoporotic stem cells. We also compared both hMSC-OP and non-osteoporotic hMSC-old of elderly donors to hMSC of ∼30 years younger donors and found that the transcriptional changes acquired between the sixth and the ninth decade of life differed widely between osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic stem cells. In addition, we compared the osteoporotic transcriptome to long term-cultivated, senescent hMSC and detected some signs for pre-senescence in hMSC-OP. Our results suggest that in primary osteoporosis the transcriptomes of hMSC populations show distinct signatures and little overlap with non-osteoporotic aging, although we detected some hints for senescence-associated changes. While there are remarkable inter-individual variations as expected for polygenetic diseases, we could identify many susceptibility genes for osteoporosis known from genetic studies. We also found new candidates, e.g. MAB21L2, a novel repressor of BMP-induced transcription. Such transcriptional changes may reflect epigenetic changes, which are part of a specific osteoporosis-associated aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Benisch
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Schilling
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Klein-Hitpass
- Institute of Cell Biology (Tumor Research), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sönke P. Frey
- Department of Trauma, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lothar Seefried
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Raaijmakers
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Krug
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Regensburger
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Zeck
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Regina Ebert
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Franz Jakob
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Smink JJ, Leutz A. Instruction of mesenchymal cell fate by the transcription factor C/EBPβ. Gene 2012; 497:10-7. [PMID: 22306325 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPβ) plays a role in the differentiation of a large variety of cell types. C/EBPβ was initially described as an early inducer of adipocyte differentiation, however, recent data have shown that this is not the only mesenchymal cell lineage where C/EBPβ has an instructive function. Mouse models and tissue culture studies have now established a regulatory role of C/EBPβ in osteoblast and in chondrocyte differentiation. These three different cell lineages are derived from the same precursor, the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC). This review will focus on the emerging role of C/EBPβ and its different protein isoforms in various mesenchymal cell lineages and its function in adipocyte, chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, the mesenchymal stem cell has attracted the attention of regenerative medicine in recent years, and the possible role of C/EBPβ in this respect will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeske J Smink
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
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