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Lu Y, Xiong Y, Wen Y, Yang Y, Liu H. Rediscover the predictive capacity of B-type natriuretic peptide applied to neonatal supraventricular tachycardia. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:603. [PMID: 38066422 PMCID: PMC10704628 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is one of the most common non-benign arrhythmias in neonates, potentially leading to cardiac decompensation. This study investigated the early risk factors of acute heart failure (AHF) secondary to SVT in neonates, and explored their value in guiding the selection of effective anti-arrhythmic treatment. METHODS A total of 43 newborns diagnosed with and treated for SVT between January 2017 and December 2022 were analyzed. According to the presence of AHF after restoring sinus rhythm in newborns with SVT, they were divided into SVT with AHF group and SVT without AHF group. Clinical data and anti-arrhythmic therapies were analyzed. Risk factors of AHF secondary to SVT in neonates were determined using logistic regression. The cut-off value for predictors of AHF secondary to SVT and demanding of a second-line anti-arrhythmic treatment was determined through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS Time to initial control of tachycardia > 24 h, hyperkalemia, anemia, and plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) were identified as risk factors of AHF secondary to SVT in neonates. BNP exhibited AUC of 0.80 in predicting AHF, and BNP > 2460.5pg/ml (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.27 ~ 45.39, P = 0.03) was an independent predictor, yielding sensitivity of 70.6% and specificity of 84.6%. Neonates with BNP > 2460.5pg/ml (37.5% versus 7.4%, P = 0.04) had a higher demand for a second line anti-arrhythmic treatment to terminate SVT, with sensitivity and specificity for BNP in predicting at 75.0%, 71.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS BNP could be used to predict an incident of AHF secondary to SVT and a demand of second-line anti-arrhythmic treatment to promptly terminate SVT and prevent decompensation in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaheng Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, School of Medicine, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China.
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yizhou Wen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, School of Medicine, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
| | - Yanfeng Yang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, School of Medicine, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
| | - Hanmin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronobiology (Sichuan University), National Health Commission of China, Chengdu, China
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Genome Editing and Myocardial Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1396:53-73. [PMID: 36454459 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-5642-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) has a strong genetic etiology, making it a likely candidate for therapeutic intervention using genetic editing. Complex genetics involving an orchestrated series of genetic events and over 400 genes are responsible for myocardial development. Cooperation is required from a vast series of genetic networks, and mutations in such can lead to CHD and cardiovascular abnormalities, affecting up to 1% of all live births. Genome editing technologies are becoming better studied and with time and improved logistics, CHD could be a prime therapeutic target. Syndromic, nonsyndromic, and cases of familial inheritance all involve identifiable causative mutations and thus have the potential for genome editing therapy. Mouse models are well-suited to study and predict clinical outcome. This review summarizes the anatomical and genetic timeline of myocardial development in both mice and humans, the potential of gene editing in typical CHD categories, as well as the use of mice thus far in reproducing models of human CHD and correcting the mutations that create them.
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Effective Control of Supraventricular Tachycardia in Neonates May Requires Combination Pharmacologic Therapy. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123279. [PMID: 35743350 PMCID: PMC9224806 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is one of the arrhythmias that can occur in newborns. Most SVT incidents in the neonatal period are spontaneously resolved around the first year of life, but since tachycardia can frequently occur before complete resolution, appropriate medication use is required. However, no clear guidelines or consensus on the treatment of neonatal SVT have been established yet. METHODS From January 2011 to December 2021, demographic data and antiarrhythmic medications used were retrospectively analyzed for 18 newborns diagnosed with SVT at a single center. RESULTS A total of four medications (propranolol, amiodarone, flecainide, and atenolol) were used as maintenance therapy to prevent tachycardia recurrence, and propranolol was the most used, followed by amiodarone. Thirty-nine percent of the patients were controlled with monotherapy, but the remainder required two or more medications. The median period from medication initiation after diagnosis to the last tachycardia event was 15.5 days, and the median total duration of medication use was 362 days. None of the patients experienced any side effects of antiarrhythmic medications. The total duration of medication use was statistically significant according to the mechanism of SVT, and the usage time of the increased automaticity group was shorter than that of the re-entry group. CONCLUSION Since most neonatal SVT resolves within 1 year, it is significant to provide prophylactic medication to prevent tachycardia recurrence at least until 1 year of age, and depending on the patient, the appropriate combination of medications should be identified.
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Kharbanda RK, van Schie MS, Ramdat Misier NL, Wesselius FJ, Zwijnenburg RD, van Leeuwen WJ, van de Woestijne PC, de Jong PL, Bogers AJJC, Taverne YJHJ, de Groot NMS. In-vivo Sino-Atrial Node Mapping in Children and Adults With Congenital Heart Disease. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:896825. [PMID: 35844762 PMCID: PMC9283725 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.896825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and atrial tachyarrhythmias frequently co-exist in the aging patient with congenital heart disease (CHD), even after surgical correction early in life. We examined differences in electrophysiological properties of the sino-atrial node (SAN) area between pediatric and adult patients with CHD. METHODS Epicardial mapping of the SAN was performed during sinus rhythm in 12 pediatric (0.6 [0.4-2.4] years) and 15 adult (47 [40-55] years) patients. Unipolar potentials were classified as single-, short or long double- and fractionated potentials. Unipolar voltage, relative R-to-S-amplitude ratio and duration of all potentials was calculated. Conduction velocity (CV) and the amount of conduction block (CB) was calculated. RESULTS SAN activity in pediatric patients was solely observed near the junction of the superior caval vein and the right atrium, while in adults SAN activity was observed even up to the middle part of the right atrium. Compared to pediatric patients, the SAN region of adults was characterized by lower CV, lower voltages, more CB and a higher degree of fractionation. At the earliest site of activation, single potentials from pediatrics consisted of broad monophasic S-waves with high amplitudes, while adults had smaller rS-potentials with longer duration which were more often fractionated. CONCLUSIONS Compared to pediatric patients, adults with uncorrected CHD have more inhomogeneous conduction and variations in preferential SAN exit site, which are presumable caused by aging related remodeling. Long-term follow-up of these patients is essential to demonstrate whether these changes are related to development of SND and also atrial tachyarrhythmias early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit K Kharbanda
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Fons J Wesselius
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Roxanne D Zwijnenburg
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wouter J van Leeuwen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Peter L de Jong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ad J J C Bogers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yannick J H J Taverne
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Ling S, Jenkins MW, Watanabe M, Ford SM, Rollins AM. Prenatal ethanol exposure impairs the conduction delay at the atrioventricular junction in the looping heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H294-H305. [PMID: 34142884 PMCID: PMC8526336 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00107.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of ethanol-related congenital heart defects has been the focus of much study, but most research has concentrated on cellular and molecular mechanisms. We have shown with optical coherence tomography (OCT) that ethanol exposure led to increased retrograde flow and smaller atrioventricular (AV) cushions compared with controls. Since AV cushions play a role in patterning the conduction delay at the atrioventricular junction (AVJ), this study aims to investigate whether ethanol exposure alters the AVJ conduction in early looping hearts and whether this alteration is related to the decreased cushion size. Quail embryos were exposed to a single dose of ethanol at gastrulation, and Hamburger-Hamilton stage 19-20 hearts were dissected for imaging. Cardiac conduction was measured using an optical mapping microscope and we imaged the endocardial cushions using OCT. Our results showed that, compared with controls, ethanol-exposed embryos exhibited abnormally fast AVJ conduction and reduced cushion size. However, this increased conduction velocity (CV) did not strictly correlate with decreased cushion volume and thickness. By matching the CV map to the cushion-size map along the inflow heart tube, we found that the slowest conduction location was consistently at the atrial side of the AVJ, which had the thinner cushions, not at the thickest cushion location at the ventricular side as expected. Our findings reveal regional differences in the AVJ myocardium even at this early stage in heart development. These findings reveal the early steps leading to the heterogeneity and complexity of conduction at the mature AVJ, a site where arrhythmias can be initiated.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the impact of ethanol exposure on the early cardiac conduction system. Our results showed that ethanol-exposed embryos exhibited abnormally fast atrioventricular conduction. In addition, our findings, in CV measurements and endocardial cushion thickness, reveal regional differences in the AVJ myocardium even at this early stage in heart development, suggesting that the differentiation and maturation at this site are complex and warrant further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Ling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Michael W Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Michiko Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Congenital Heart Collaborative, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Stephanie M Ford
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Congenital Heart Collaborative, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
- Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Andrew M Rollins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Rivaud MR, Blok M, Jongbloed MRM, Boukens BJ. How Cardiac Embryology Translates into Clinical Arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8060070. [PMID: 34199178 PMCID: PMC8231901 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8060070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrophysiological signatures of the myocardium in cardiac structures, such as the atrioventricular node, pulmonary veins or the right ventricular outflow tract, are established during development by the spatial and temporal expression of transcription factors that guide expression of specific ion channels. Genome-wide association studies have shown that small variations in genetic regions are key to the expression of these transcription factors and thereby modulate the electrical function of the heart. Moreover, mutations in these factors are found in arrhythmogenic pathologies such as congenital atrioventricular block, as well as in specific forms of atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. In this review, we discuss the developmental origin of distinct electrophysiological structures in the heart and their involvement in cardiac arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde R. Rivaud
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Michiel Blok
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (M.R.M.J.)
| | - Monique R. M. Jongbloed
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (M.R.M.J.)
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan J. Boukens
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)20-566-4659
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Christoffels V, Jensen B. Cardiac Morphogenesis: Specification of the Four-Chambered Heart. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037143. [PMID: 31932321 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Early heart morphogenesis involves a process in which embryonic precursor cells are instructed to form a cyclic contracting muscle tube connected to blood vessels, pumping fluid. Subsequently, the heart becomes structurally complex and its size increases several orders of magnitude to functionally keep up with the demands of the growing organism. Programmed transcriptional regulatory networks control the early steps of cardiac development. However, already during the early stages of its assembly, the heart tube starts to produce electrochemical potentials, contractions, and flow, which are transduced into signals that feed back into the process of morphogenesis itself. Heart morphogenesis, thus, involves the interplay between progressively changing genetic networks, function, and shape. Morphogenesis is evolutionarily conserved, but species-specific differences occur and in mouse, for instance, distinct phases of development become overlapping and compounded in an extremely fast gestation. Here, we review the early morphogenesis of the chambered heart that maintains a circulation supporting development of an organism rapidly growing in size and requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
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Radiofrequency catheter ablation for supraventricular tachycardia in a paediatric population: characteristics of tachycardia mechanisms in a subpopulation with early onset. Cardiol Young 2020; 30:1383-1388. [PMID: 32972474 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951120002954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In children, the first episode of supraventricular tachycardia occurs at various ages. The aim of this study is to describe age-specific tachycardia mechanisms, clinical findings, and outcome in a contemporary cohort of paediatric patients with supraventricular tachycardia. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 531 consecutive patients with structurally normal hearts under the age of 18 years who underwent invasive electrophysiological study for supraventricular tachycardia. The study population was divided into two groups, early-onset group (n = 57) and late-onset group (n = 474), according to the age of the occurrence of the first tachycardia before or after the age of 12 months. RESULTS Accessory pathway-mediated tachycardia was more common (82.5 versus 50.1%, p < 0.001) and the proportion of left-sided accessory pathways was more pronounced (74.5 versus 53.7%, p = 0.01) in the early-onset group than in the late-onset group. The antegrade and retrograde refractory periods of the accessory pathways were similar in both groups, but pre-excitation was more common in the early-onset group (50.9 versus 31.9%, p = 0.007). Typical atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia was more common (36.7 versus 7.0%, p < 0.001) in the late-onset group. There was no difference among the two groups regarding overall outcome. CONCLUSION Accessory pathway-mediated re-entrant tachycardia is the most common mechanism of recurrent supraventricular tachycardia in infants with structurally normal hearts who are later referred to an electrophysiological study. These pathways often cause pre-excitation and tend to be located on the left side whereas their refractory period is not different from that of patients with late-onset tachycardia.
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Kharbanda RK, Knops P, van der Does LJME, Kik C, Taverne YJHJ, Roos‐Serote MC, Heida A, Oei FBS, Bogers AJJC, de Groot NMS. Simultaneous Endo-Epicardial Mapping of the Human Right Atrium: Unraveling Atrial Excitation. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e017069. [PMID: 32808551 PMCID: PMC7660792 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background The significance of endo-epicardial asynchrony (EEA) and atrial conduction block (CB), which play an important role in the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation (AF) during sinus rhythm is poorly understood. The aim of our study was therefore to examine 3-dimensional activation of the human right atrium (RA). Methods and Results Eighty patients (79% men, 39% history of AF) underwent simultaneous endo-epicardial sinus rhythm mapping of the inferior, middle and superior RA. Areas of CB were defined as conduction delays of ≥12 ms, EEA as activation time differences of opposite electrodes of ≥15 ms and transmural CB as CB at similar endo-epicardial sites. CB was more pronounced at the endocardium (all locations P<0.025). Amount, extensiveness and severity of CB was higher at the superior RA. Transmural CB at the inferior RA was associated with a higher incidence of post-operative AF (P=0.03). EEA occurred up to 84 ms and was more pronounced at the superior RA (superior: 27 ms [interquartile range, 18.3-39.3], versus mid-RA: 20.3 ms [interquartile range, 0-29.9], and inferior RA: 0 ms [interquartile range, 0-21], P<0.001). Hypertension (P=0.009), diabetes mellitus (P=0.018), and hypercholesterolemia (P=0.015) were associated with a higher degree of EEA. CB (P=0.007) and EEA (P=0.037) were more pronounced in patients with a history of persistent AF compared with patients without AF history. Conclusions This study provides important insights into complex atrial endo-epicardial excitation. Significant differences in conduction disorders between the endo- and epicardium and a significant degree of EEA are already present during sinus rhythm and are more pronounced in patients with cardiovascular risk factors or a history of persistent AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit K. Kharbanda
- Department of CardiologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Paul Knops
- Department of CardiologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Charles Kik
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Annejet Heida
- Department of CardiologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Frans B. S. Oei
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ad J. J. C. Bogers
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
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Lv L, Zheng N, Zhang L, Li R, Li Y, Yang R, Li C, Fang R, Shabanova A, Li X, Liu Y, Liang H, Zhou Y, Shan H. Metformin ameliorates cardiac conduction delay by regulating microRNA-1 in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173131. [PMID: 32450177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac conduction delay may occur as a common complication of several cardiac diseases. A few therapies and drugs have a good effect on cardiac conduction delay. Metformin (Met) has a protective effect on the heart. This study's aim was to investigate whether Met could ameliorate cardiac conduction delay and its potential mechanism. Cardiac-specific microRNA-1 (miR-1) transgenic (TG) and myocardial infarction (MI) mouse models were used. Mice were administered with Met in an intragastric manner. We found that the expression of miR-1 was significantly up-regulated in H2O2 treated cardiomyocytes as well as in TG and MI mice. The protein levels of inwardly rectifying potassium channel 2.1 (Kir2.1) and Connexin43 (CX43) were down-regulated both in cardiomyocytes treated with H2O2 as well as cardiac tissues of TG and MI mice, as compared to their controls. Furthermore, the PR and QT intervals were prolonged, action potential duration (APD) was delayed, and conduction velocity (CV) was reduced, with upregulation of miR-1 in the hearts. In the meanwhile, intercalated disc injuries were found in the hearts of MI mice. Interestingly, Met can noticeably inhibit miR-1 upregulation and attenuate the changes mentioned above. Taken together, this suggested that Met could play an important role in improving cardiac conduction delay through inhibition of miR-1 expression. Our study proposes that Met is a potential candidate for the treatment of cardiac conduction delay and provides a new idea of treating arrhythmia with a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Lv
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China; The Centre of Functional Experiment Teaching, Department of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Harbin Medical University), Harbin, China
| | - Lijia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China
| | - Ruotong Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China
| | - Yingnan Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China
| | - Ruonan Fang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China; Northern Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China
| | - Azaliia Shabanova
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China; Northern Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China; Department of Outpatient and Emergency Pediatric, Bashkir State Medical University, Ground Floor, Teatralnaya Street, 2a, 450000, Ufa, Russia
| | - Xuelian Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China
| | - Yingqi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China
| | - Haihai Liang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China; Northern Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China
| | - Yuhong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China.
| | - Hongli Shan
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China; Northern Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, PR China.
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Srinivasan C, Balaji S. Neonatal supraventricular tachycardia. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J 2019; 19:222-231. [PMID: 31541680 PMCID: PMC6904811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ipej.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is one of the most common conditions requiring emergency cardiac care in neonates. Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia utilizing an atrioventricular bypass tract is the most common form of SVT presenting in the neonatal period. There is high likelihood for spontaneous resolution for most of the common arrhythmia substrates in infancy. Pharmacological agents remain as the primary therapy for neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Srinivasan
- Section of Pediatric & Adult Congenital Cardiac Electrophysiology, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA.
| | - Seshadri Balaji
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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12
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Abstract
The rate and rhythm of heart muscle contractions are coordinated by the cardiac conduction system (CCS), a generic term for a collection of different specialized muscular tissues within the heart. The CCS components initiate the electrical impulse at the sinoatrial node, propagate it from atria to ventricles via the atrioventricular node and bundle branches, and distribute it to the ventricular muscle mass via the Purkinje fibre network. The CCS thereby controls the rate and rhythm of alternating contractions of the atria and ventricles. CCS function is well conserved across vertebrates from fish to mammals, although particular specialized aspects of CCS function are found only in endotherms (mammals and birds). The development and homeostasis of the CCS involves transcriptional and regulatory networks that act in an embryonic-stage-dependent, tissue-dependent, and dose-dependent manner. This Review describes emerging data from animal studies, stem cell models, and genome-wide association studies that have provided novel insights into the transcriptional networks underlying CCS formation and function. How these insights can be applied to develop disease models and therapies is also discussed.
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13
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Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-de Groot AC. Development and evolution of the metazoan heart. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:634-656. [PMID: 31063648 PMCID: PMC6767493 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of the evolution and development of the heart in metazoans are highlighted, starting with the evolutionary origin of the contractile cell, supposedly the precursor of cardiomyocytes. The last eukaryotic common ancestor is likely a combination of several cellular organisms containing their specific metabolic pathways and genetic signaling networks. During evolution, these tool kits diversified. Shared parts of these conserved tool kits act in the development and functioning of pumping hearts and open or closed circulations in such diverse species as arthropods, mollusks, and chordates. The genetic tool kits became more complex by gene duplications, addition of epigenetic modifications, influence of environmental factors, incorporation of viral genomes, cardiac changes necessitated by air‐breathing, and many others. We evaluate mechanisms involved in mollusks in the formation of three separate hearts and in arthropods in the formation of a tubular heart. A tubular heart is also present in embryonic stages of chordates, providing the septated four‐chambered heart, in birds and mammals passing through stages with first and second heart fields. The four‐chambered heart permits the formation of high‐pressure systemic and low‐pressure pulmonary circulation in birds and mammals, allowing for high metabolic rates and maintenance of body temperature. Crocodiles also have a (nearly) separated circulation, but their resting temperature conforms with the environment. We argue that endothermic ancestors lost the capacity to elevate their body temperature during evolution, resulting in ectothermic modern crocodilians. Finally, a clinically relevant paragraph reviews the occurrence of congenital cardiac malformations in humans as derailments of signaling pathways during embryonic development. The cardiac regulatory toolkit contains many factors including epigenetic, genetic, viral, hemodynamic, and environmental factors, but also transcriptional activators, repressors, duplicated genes, redundancies and dose‐dependancies. Numerous toolkits regulate mechanisms including cell‐cell interactions, EMT, mitosis patterns, cell migration and differentiation and left/right sidedness involved in the development of endocardial cushions, looping, septum complexes, pharyngeal arch arteries, chamber and valve formation and conduction system. Evolutionary development of the yolk sac circulation likely preceded the advent of endothermy in amniotes. Parallel evolutionary traits regulate the development of contractile pumps in various taxa often in conjunction with the gut, lungs and excretory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Poelmann
- Institute of Biology, Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Gyenes DL, McBrien AH, Bohun CM, Serrano-Lomelin J, Alvarez SGV, Howley LW, Savard W, Jain V, Motan T, Atallah J, Hornberger LK. Evolution of the Fetal Atrioventricular Interval from 6 to 40 Weeks of Gestation. Am J Cardiol 2019; 123:1709-1714. [PMID: 30871745 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Doppler-based methods of estimating the atrioventricular interval are commonly used as a surrogate for the electrical PR in fetuses at risk of conduction abnormalities; however, to date, normal values for the fetal atrioventricular interval and an understanding of the evolution of its components in the late first trimester are lacking. We sought to investigate changes in the fetal atrioventricular interval from the first trimester to 40 weeks gestational age, and to explore functional and electrophysiological events that potentially impact its evolution. We prospectively examined healthy pregnancies by fetal echocardiography from 6 to 40 weeks' gestational age. The atrioventricular interval, heart rate, isovolumic contraction time, and A-wave duration were measured from simultaneous ventricular inflow-outflow Doppler tracings. Regression analysis was used to examine relations with gestational age, and linear relations with heart rate were assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. Data were collected in 305 fetuses from 279 pregnancies. Atrioventricular interval demonstrated an inverse relation with heart rate (r = -0.45, p <0.0001), dramatically decreasing before 10 weeks and slowly increasing thereafter. Between 6 and 9 weeks, isovolumic contraction time acutely decreased approaching 0, thereafter minimally increasing to term. In contrast, from 6 weeks, the A-wave duration linearly increased through gestation, and negatively correlated with heart rate (r = -0.62, p <0.0001). In conclusion, we have established normal measures of the atrioventricular interval from 6 to 40 weeks' gestational age. Before 10 weeks, a prolonged atrioventricular interval in healthy fetuses largely reflects the lengthened isovolumic contraction time which is likely influenced by the evolution of ventricular function and afterload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora L Gyenes
- Fetal and Neonatal Cardiology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Women's and Children's Health Research Institute and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Angela H McBrien
- Fetal and Neonatal Cardiology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Women's and Children's Health Research Institute and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - C Monique Bohun
- Department of Pediatrics/Cardiology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Jesus Serrano-Lomelin
- Women's and Children's Health Research Institute and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Lisa W Howley
- The Heart Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado/University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Winnie Savard
- Fetal and Neonatal Cardiology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Women's and Children's Health Research Institute and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Venu Jain
- Women's and Children's Health Research Institute and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tarek Motan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joseph Atallah
- Fetal and Neonatal Cardiology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lisa K Hornberger
- Fetal and Neonatal Cardiology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Women's and Children's Health Research Institute and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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15
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Vicente Steijn R, Sedmera D, Blom NA, Jongbloed M, Kvasilova A, Nanka O. Apoptosis and epicardial contributions act as complementary factors in remodeling of the atrioventricular canal myocardium and atrioventricular conduction patterns in the embryonic chick heart. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:1033-1042. [PMID: 30152577 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During heart development, it has been hypothesized that apoptosis of atrioventricular canal myocardium and replacement by fibrous tissue derived from the epicardium are imperative to develop a mature atrioventricular conduction. To test this, apoptosis was blocked using an established caspase inhibitor and epicardial growth was delayed using the experimental epicardial inhibition model, both in chick embryonic hearts. RESULTS Chicken embryonic hearts were either treated with the peptide caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk by intrapericardial injection in ovo (ED4) or underwent epicardial inhibition (ED2.5). Spontaneously beating embryonic hearts isolated (ED7-ED8) were then stained with voltage-sensitive dye Di-4-ANEPPS and imaged at 0.5-1 kHz. Apoptotic cells were quantified (ED5-ED7) by whole-mount LysoTracker Red and anti-active caspase 3 staining. zVAD-treated hearts showed a significantly increased proportion of immature (base to apex) activation patterns at ED8, including ventricular activation originating from the right atrioventricular junction, a pattern never observed in control hearts. zVAD-treated hearts showed decreased numbers of apoptotic cells in the atrioventricular canal myocardium at ED7. Hearts with delayed epicardial outgrowth showed also increased immature activation patterns at ED7.5 and ED8.5. However, the ventricular activation always originated from the left atrioventricular junction. Histological examination showed no changes in apoptosis rates, but a diminished presence of atrioventricular sulcus tissue compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Apoptosis in the atrioventricular canal myocardium and controlled replacement of this myocardium by epicardially derived HCN4-/Trop1- sulcus tissue are essential determinants of mature ventricular activation pattern. Disruption can lead to persistence of accessory atrioventricular connections, forming a morphological substrate for ventricular pre-excitation. Developmental Dynamics 247:1033-1042, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Vicente Steijn
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Sedmera
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nico A Blom
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Jongbloed
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alena Kvasilova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Nanka
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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Vicente-Steijn R, Kelder TP, Tertoolen LG, Wisse LJ, Pijnappels DA, Poelmann RE, Schalij MJ, deRuiter MC, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Jongbloed MRM. RHOA-ROCK signalling is necessary for lateralization and differentiation of the developing sinoatrial node. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:1186-1197. [PMID: 28899000 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims RHOA-ROCK signalling regulates cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and transcription. RHOA is expressed in the developing cardiac conduction system in chicken and mice. In early development, the entire sinus venosus myocardium, including both the transient left-sided and the definitive sinoatrial node (SAN), has pacemaker potential. Later, pacemaker potential is restricted to the right-sided SAN. Disruption of RHOA expression in adult mice causes arrhythmias including bradycardia and atrial fibrillation, the mechanism of which is unknown but presumed to affect the SAN. The aim of this study is to assess the role of RHOA-ROCK signalling in SAN development in the chicken heart. Methods and results ROCK signalling was inhibited chemically in embryonic chicken hearts using Y-27632. This prolonged the immature state of the sinus venosus myocardium, evidenced by up-regulation of the transcription factor ISL1, wide distribution of pacemaker potential, and significantly reduced heart rate. Furthermore ROCK inhibition caused aberrant expression of typical SAN genes: ROCK1, ROCK2, SHOX2, TBX3, TBX5, ISL1, HCN4, CX40, CAV3.1, and NKX2.5 and left-right asymmetry genes: PITX2C and NODAL. Anatomical abnormalities in pulmonary vein development were also observed. Patch clamp electrophysiology confirmed the immature phenotype of the SAN cells and a residual left-sided sinus venosus myocardium pacemaker-like potential. Conclusions RHOA-ROCK signalling is involved in establishing the right-sided SAN as the definitive pacemaker of the heart and restricts typical pacemaker gene expression to the right side of the sinus venosus myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Vicente-Steijn
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,ICIN Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim P Kelder
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leon G Tertoolen
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus J Wisse
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël A Pijnappels
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert E Poelmann
- Sylvius Laboratory, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J Schalij
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C deRuiter
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana C Gittenberger-de Groot
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique R M Jongbloed
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Lanters EAH, Yaksh A, Teuwen CP, van der Does LJME, Kik C, Knops P, van Marion DMS, Brundel BJJM, Bogers AJJC, Allessie MA, de Groot NMS. Spatial distribution of conduction disorders during sinus rhythm. Int J Cardiol 2017; 249:220-225. [PMID: 28888481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Length of lines of conduction block (CB) during sinus rhythm (SR) at Bachmann's bundle (BB) is associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, it is unknown whether extensiveness of CB at BB represents CB elsewhere in the atria. We aim to investigate during SR 1) the spatial distribution and extensiveness of CB 2) whether there is a predilection site for CB and 3) the association between CB and incidence of post-operative AF. METHODS During SR, epicardial mapping of the right atrium (RA), BB and left atrium was performed in 209 patients with coronary artery disease. The amount of conduction delay (CD, Δlocal activation time ≥7ms) and CB (Δ≥12ms) was quantified as % of the mapping area. Atrial regions were compared to identify potential predilection sites for CD/CB. Correlations between CD/CB and clinical characteristics were tested. RESULTS Areas with CD or CB were present in all patients, overall prevalence was respectively 1.4(0.2-4.0) % and 1.3(0.1-4.3) %. Extensiveness and spatial distribution of CD/CB varied considerably, however occurred mainly at the superior intercaval RA. Of all clinicalcharacteristics, CD/CB only correlated weakly with age and diabetes (P<0.05). A 1% increase in CD or CB caused a 1.1-1.5ms prolongation of the activation time (P<0.001). There was no correlation between CD/CB and post-operative AF. CONCLUSION CD/CB during SR in CABG patients with electrically non-remodeled atria show considerable intra-atrial, but also inter-individual variation. Despite these differences, a predilection site is present at the superior intercaval RA. Extensiveness of CB at the superior intercaval RA or BB does not reflect CB elsewhere in the atria and is not associated with post-operative AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A H Lanters
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ameeta Yaksh
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe P Teuwen
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Charles Kik
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus MC, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Knops
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denise M S van Marion
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, VU Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bianca J J M Brundel
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, VU Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ad J J C Bogers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus MC, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits A Allessie
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M S de Groot
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Ellesøe SG, Johansen MM, Bjerre JV, Hjortdal VE, Brunak S, Larsen LA. Familial Atrial Septal Defect and Sudden Cardiac Death: Identification of a Novel NKX2-5 Mutation and a Review of the Literature. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2016; 11:283-90. [PMID: 26679770 PMCID: PMC5019245 DOI: 10.1111/chd.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atrial septal defect (ASD) is the second most common congenital heart defect (CHD) and is observed in families as an autosomal dominant trait as well as in nonfamilial CHD. Mutations in the NKX2-5 gene, located on chromosome 5, are associated with ASD, often combined with conduction disturbances, cardiomyopathies, complex CHD, and sudden cardiac death as well. Here, we show that NKX2-5 mutations primarily occur in ASD patients with conduction disturbances and heritable ASD. Furthermore, these families are at increased risk of sudden cardiac death. RESULTS We screened 39 probands with familial CHD for mutations in NKX2-5 and discovered a novel mutation in one family (2.5%) with ASD and atrioventricular block. A review of the literature revealed 59 different NKX2-5 mutations in 202 patients. Mutations were significantly more common in familial cases compared to nonfamilial cases (P = 7.1 × 10(-9) ). The majority of patients (74%) had ASD with conduction disturbance. Nineteen patients (15%) of 120 with familial ASD and conduction disturbance died from sudden cardiac death of which nine (8%) were confirmed mutation carriers, and 10 were possible carriers. CONCLUSIONS NKX2-5 mutations mainly occur in familial CHD, the signature phenotype is ASD with conduction disturbances and mutation carriers are at increased risk of sudden cardiac death. We suggest that familial ASD patients should be screened for NKX2-5 mutations and, if they are mutation carriers, implantation of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator should be considered in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gade Ellesøe
- Department of Disease Systems BiologyNNF Center for Protein Research, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Morten Munk Johansen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | | | - Søren Brunak
- Department of Disease Systems BiologyNNF Center for Protein Research, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Lars Allan Larsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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19
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Kelder TP, Vicente-Steijn R, Poelmann RE, Mummery CL, DeRuiter MC, Jongbloed MRM. The avian embryo to study development of the cardiac conduction system. Differentiation 2016; 91:90-103. [PMID: 26856662 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The avian embryo has long been a popular model system in developmental biology. The easy accessibility of the embryo makes it particularly suitable for in ovo microsurgery and manipulation. Re-incubation of the embryo allows long-term follow-up of these procedures. The current review focuses on the variety of techniques available to study development of the cardiac conduction system in avian embryos. Based on the large amount of relevant data arising from experiments in avian embryos, we conclude that the avian embryo has and will continue to be a powerful model system to study development in general and the developing cardiac conduction system in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim P Kelder
- Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Vicente-Steijn
- Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; ICIN Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert E Poelmann
- Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Integrative Zoology, Institute Biology, University Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marco C DeRuiter
- Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Monique R M Jongbloed
- Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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20
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Ladd AN. New Insights Into the Role of RNA-Binding Proteins in the Regulation of Heart Development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 324:125-85. [PMID: 27017008 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression during development takes place both at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate pre-mRNA processing, mRNA localization, stability, and translation. Many RBPs are expressed in the heart and have been implicated in heart development, function, or disease. This chapter will review the current knowledge about RBPs in the developing heart, focusing on those that regulate posttranscriptional gene expression. The involvement of RBPs at each stage of heart development will be considered in turn, including the establishment of specific cardiac cell types and formation of the primitive heart tube, cardiac morphogenesis, and postnatal maturation and aging. The contributions of RBPs to cardiac birth defects and heart disease will also be considered in these contexts. Finally, the interplay between RBPs and other regulatory factors in the developing heart, such as transcription factors and miRNAs, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Ladd
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America.
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21
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Gu S, Wang YT, Ma P, Werdich AA, Rollins AM, Jenkins MW. Mapping conduction velocity of early embryonic hearts with a robust fitting algorithm. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:2138-57. [PMID: 26114034 PMCID: PMC4473749 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.002138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac conduction maturation is an important and integral component of heart development. Optical mapping with voltage-sensitive dyes allows sensitive measurements of electrophysiological signals over the entire heart. However, accurate measurements of conduction velocity during early cardiac development is typically hindered by low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measurements of action potentials. Here, we present a novel image processing approach based on least squares optimizations, which enables high-resolution, low-noise conduction velocity mapping of smaller tubular hearts. First, the action potential trace measured at each pixel is fit to a curve consisting of two cumulative normal distribution functions. Then, the activation time at each pixel is determined based on the fit, and the spatial gradient of activation time is determined with a two-dimensional (2D) linear fit over a square-shaped window. The size of the window is adaptively enlarged until the gradients can be determined within a preset precision. Finally, the conduction velocity is calculated based on the activation time gradient, and further corrected for three-dimensional (3D) geometry that can be obtained by optical coherence tomography (OCT). We validated the approach using published activation potential traces based on computer simulations. We further validated the method by adding artificially generated noise to the signal to simulate various SNR conditions using a curved simulated image (digital phantom) that resembles a tubular heart. This method proved to be robust, even at very low SNR conditions (SNR = 2-5). We also established an empirical equation to estimate the maximum conduction velocity that can be accurately measured under different conditions (e.g. sampling rate, SNR, and pixel size). Finally, we demonstrated high-resolution conduction velocity maps of the quail embryonic heart at a looping stage of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yves T Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44016, USA
| | - Pei Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Andreas A Werdich
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew M Rollins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Michael W Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44016, USA
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22
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Kelder TP, Vicente-Steijn R, Harryvan TJ, Kosmidis G, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Poelmann RE, Schalij MJ, DeRuiter MC, Jongbloed MRM. The sinus venosus myocardium contributes to the atrioventricular canal: potential role during atrioventricular node development? J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1375-89. [PMID: 25752780 PMCID: PMC4459851 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of distinct electrophysiological pathways within the atrioventricular node (AVN) is a prerequisite for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia to occur. In this study, the different cell contributions that may account for the anatomical and functional heterogeneity of the AVN were investigated. To study the temporal development of the AVN, the expression pattern of ISL1, expressed in cardiac progenitor cells, was studied in sequential stages performing co-staining with myocardial markers (TNNI2 and NKX2-5) and HCN4 (cardiac conduction system marker). An ISL1+/TNNI2+/HCN4+ continuity between the myocardium of the sinus venosus and atrioventricular canal was identified in the region of the putative AVN, which showed a pacemaker-like phenotype based on single cell patch-clamp experiments. Furthermore, qPCR analysis showed that even during early development, different cell populations can be identified in the region of the putative AVN. Fate mapping was performed by in ovo vital dye microinjection. Embryos were harvested and analysed 24 and 48 hrs post-injection. These experiments showed incorporation of sinus venosus myocardium in the posterior region of the atrioventricular canal. The myocardium of the sinus venosus contributes to the atrioventricular canal. It is postulated that the myocardium of the sinus venosus contributes to nodal extensions or transitional cells of the AVN since these cells are located in the posterior region of the AVN. This finding may help to understand the origin of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim P Kelder
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Vicente-Steijn
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J Harryvan
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Georgios Kosmidis
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana C Gittenberger-de Groot
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob E Poelmann
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J Schalij
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C DeRuiter
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique R M Jongbloed
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Liang X, Evans SM, Sun Y. Insights into cardiac conduction system formation provided by HCN4 expression. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2015; 25:1-9. [PMID: 25442735 PMCID: PMC5544420 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Specialized myocytes of the cardiac conduction system (CCS) are essential to coordinate sequential contraction of cardiac atria and ventricles. Anomalies of the CCS can result in lethal cardiac arrhythmias, including sick sinus syndrome and atrial or ventricular fibrillation. To develop future therapies and regenerative medicine aimed at cardiac arrhythmias, it is important to understand formation and function of distinct components of the CCS. Essential to this understanding is the development of CCS-specific markers. In this review, we briefly summarize available mouse models of CCS markers and focus on those involving the hyperpolarization cation-selective nucleotide-gated cation channel, HCN4, which selectively marks all components of the specialized CCS in adult heart. Recent studies have revealed, however, that HCN4 expression during development is highly dynamic in cardiac precursors. These studies have offered insights into the contributions of the first and second heart field to myocyte and conduction system lineages and suggested the timing of allocation of specific conduction system precursors during development. Altogether, they have highlighted the utility of HCN4 as a cell surface marker for distinct components of the CCS at distinct stages of development, which can be utilized to facilitate purification and characterization of CCS precursors in mouse and human model systems and pave the way for regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA.
| | - Yunfu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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24
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Calkoen EE, Vicente-Steijn R, Hahurij ND, van Munsteren CJ, Roest AAW, DeRuiter MC, Steendijk P, Schalij MJ, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Blom NA, Jongbloed MRM. Abnormal sinoatrial node development resulting from disturbed vascular endothelial growth factor signaling. Int J Cardiol 2014; 183:249-57. [PMID: 25700200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sinus node dysfunction is frequently observed in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Variants in the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF) pathway are associated with CHD. In Vegf(120/120) mice, over-expressing VEGF120, a reduced sinoatrial node (SAN) volume was suggested. Aim of the study is to assess the effect of VEGF over-expression on SAN development and function. METHODS Heart rate was measured in Vegf(120/120) and wildtype (WT) embryos during high frequency ultrasound studies at embryonic day (E)12.5, 14.5 and 17.5 and by optical mapping at E12.5. Morphology was studied with several antibodies. SAN volume estimations were performed, and qualitative-PCR was used to quantify expression of genes in SAN tissues of WT and Vegf(120/120) embryos. RESULTS Heart rate was reduced in Vegf(120/120) compared with WT embryos during embryonic echocardiography (52 ± 17 versus 125 ± 31 beats per minute (bpm) at E12.5, p<0.001; 123 ± 37 vs 160 ± 29 bmp at E14.5, p=0.024; and 177 ± 30 vs 217 ± 34 bmp, at E17.5 p=0.017) and optical mapping (81 ± 5 vs 116 ± 8 bpm at E12.5; p=0.003). The SAN of mutant embryos was smaller and more vascularized, and showed increased expression of the fast conducting gap junction protein, Connexin43. CONCLUSIONS Over-expression of VEGF120 results in reduced heart rate and a smaller, less compact and hypervascularized SAN with increased expression of Connexin43. This indicates that VEGF is necessary for normal SAN development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeline E Calkoen
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Vicente-Steijn
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nathan D Hahurij
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Conny J van Munsteren
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arno A W Roest
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C DeRuiter
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Steendijk
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J Schalij
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana C Gittenberger-de Groot
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nico A Blom
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique R M Jongbloed
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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25
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Chubb H, Williams SE, Wright M, Rosenthal E, O'Neill M. Tachyarrhythmias and catheter ablation in adult congenital heart disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 12:751-70. [PMID: 24783943 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2014.914434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Advances in surgical technique have had an immense impact on longevity and quality of life in patients with congenital heart disease. However, an inevitable consequence of these surgical successes is the creation of a unique patient population whose anatomy, surgical history and haemodynamics result in the development of a challenging and complex arrhythmia substrate. Furthermore, this patient group remains susceptible to the arrhythmias seen in the general adult population. It is through a thorough appreciation of the cardiac structural defect, the surgical corrective approach, and haemodynamic impact that the most effective arrhythmia care can be delivered. Catheter ablation techniques offer a highly effective management option but require a meticulous attention to the real-time integration of anatomical and electrophysiological information to identify and eliminate the culprit arrhythmia substrate. This review describes the current approach to the interventional management of patients with tachyarrhythmias in the context of congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Chubb
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, King's College London, 4th Floor, North Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, UK
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26
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Echocardiographic assessment of embryonic and fetal mouse heart development: a focus on haemodynamics and morphology. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:531324. [PMID: 24707208 PMCID: PMC3951091 DOI: 10.1155/2014/531324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Heart development is a complex process, and abnormal development may result in congenital heart disease (CHD). Currently, studies on animal models mainly focus on cardiac morphology and the availability of hemodynamic data, especially of the right heart half, is limited. Here we aimed to assess the morphological and hemodynamic parameters of normal developing mouse embryos/fetuses by using a high-frequency ultrasound system. Methods. A timed breeding program was initiated with a WT mouse line (Swiss/129Sv background). All recordings were performed transabdominally, in isoflurane sedated pregnant mice, in hearts of sequential developmental stages: 12.5, 14.5, and 17.5 days after conception (n = 105). Results. Along development the heart rate increased significantly from 125 ± 9.5 to 219 ± 8.3 beats per minute. Reliable flow measurements could be performed across the developing mitral and tricuspid valves and outflow tract. M-mode measurements could be obtained of all cardiac compartments. An overall increase of cardiac systolic and diastolic function with embryonic/fetal development was observed. Conclusion. High-frequency echocardiography is a promising and useful imaging modality for structural and hemodynamic analysis of embryonic/fetal mouse hearts.
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27
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Wu M, Peng S, Zhao Y. Inducible gene deletion in the entire cardiac conduction system using Hcn4-CreERT2 BAC transgenic mice. Genesis 2013; 52:134-40. [PMID: 24281837 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Developmental defects and disruption of molecular pathways of the cardiac conduction system (CCS) can cause life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. Despite decades of effort, knowledge about the development and molecular control of the CCS remains primitive. Mouse genetics, complementary to other approaches such as human genetics, has become a key tool for exploring the developmental processes of various organs and associated diseases. Genetic analysis using mouse models will likely provide great insights about the development of the CCS, which can facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat arrhythmias. To enable genetic studies of the CCS, CCS-associated Cre mouse models are essential. However, existing mouse models with Cre activity reported in the CCS have various limitations such as Cre leak, haploinsufficiency, and inadequate specificity of the Cre activity. To circumvent those limitations, we successfully generated Hcn4-CreERT2 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice using BAC recombineering in which Cre activity was specifically detected in the entire CCS after tamoxifen induction. Our Hcn4-CreERT2 BAC transgenic line will be an invaluable genetic tool with which to dissect the developmental control of CCS and arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wu
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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28
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Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Bartelings MM, Poelmann RE, Haak MC, Jongbloed MRM. Embryology of the heart and its impact on understanding fetal and neonatal heart disease. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 18:237-44. [PMID: 23886508 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Heart development is a complex process during which the heart needs to transform from a single tube towards a fully septated heart with four chambers and a separated outflow tract. Several major events contribute to this process, that largely overlap in time. Abnormal heart development results in congenital heart disease, which has an estimated incidence of 1% of liveborn children. Eighty percent of cases of congenital heart disease are considered to have a multifactoral developmental background, whereas knowledge of monogenetic causes for congenital heart disease is still limited. This review focuses on several novel findings in cardiac development that might enhance our knowledge of aetiology and support refinement of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C Gittenberger-de Groot
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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29
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Smith AW, Hoyne JD, Nguyen PK, McCreedy DA, Aly H, Efimov IR, Rentschler S, Elbert DL. Direct reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts to cardiomyocyte-like cells using Yamanaka factors on engineered poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6559-71. [PMID: 23773820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Direct reprogramming strategies enable rapid conversion of somatic cells to cardiomyocytes or cardiomyocyte-like cells without going through the pluripotent state. A recently described protocol couples Yamanaka factor induction with pluripotency inhibition followed by BMP4 treatment to achieve rapid reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts to beating cardiomyocyte-like cells. The original study was performed using Matrigel-coated tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS), a stiff material that also non-specifically adsorbs serum proteins. Protein adsorption-resistant poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) materials can be covalently modified to present precise concentrations of adhesion proteins or peptides without the unintended effects of non-specifically adsorbed proteins. Here, we describe an improved protocol that incorporates custom-engineered materials. We first reproduced the Efe et al. protocol on Matrigel-coated TCPS (the original material), reprogramming adult mouse tail-tip mouse fibroblasts (TTF) and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) to cardiomyocyte-like cells that demonstrated striated sarcomeric α-actinin staining, spontaneous calcium transients, and visible beating. We then designed poly(ethylene glycol) culture substrates to promote MEF adhesion via laminin and RGD-binding integrins. PEG hydrogels improved proliferation and reprogramming efficiency (evidenced by beating patch number and area, gene expression, and flow cytometry), yielding almost twice the number of sarcomeric α-actinin positive cardiomyocyte-like cells as the originally described substrate. These results illustrate that cellular reprogramming may be enhanced using custom-engineered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda W Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Materials Innovation, Washington University, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Dr., St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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31
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Tu S, Chi NC. Zebrafish models in cardiac development and congenital heart birth defects. Differentiation 2012; 84:4-16. [PMID: 22704690 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish has become an ideal vertebrate animal system for investigating cardiac development due to its genetic tractability, external fertilization, early optical clarity and ability to survive without a functional cardiovascular system during development. In particular, recent advances in imaging techniques and the creation of zebrafish transgenics now permit the in vivo analysis of the dynamic cellular events that transpire during cardiac morphogenesis. As a result, the combination of these salient features provides detailed insight as to how specific genes may influence cardiac development at the cellular level. In this review, we will highlight how the zebrafish has been utilized to elucidate not only the underlying mechanisms of cardiac development and human congenital heart diseases (CHDs), but also potential pathways that may modulate cardiac regeneration. Thus, we have organized this review based on the major categories of CHDs-structural heart, functional heart, and vascular/great vessel defects, and will conclude with how the zebrafish may be further used to contribute to our understanding of specific human CHDs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Tu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0613J, USA
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32
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Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Winter EM, Bartelings MM, Goumans MJ, DeRuiter MC, Poelmann RE. The arterial and cardiac epicardium in development, disease and repair. Differentiation 2012; 84:41-53. [PMID: 22652098 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the epicardium covering the heart and the intrapericardial part of the great arteries has reached a new summit. It has evolved as a major cellular component with impact both in development, disease and more recently also repair potential. The role of the epicardium in development, its differentiation from a proepicardial organ at the venous pole (vPEO) and the differentiation capacities of the vPEO initiating cardiac epicardium (cEP) into epicardium derived cells (EPDCs) have been extensively described in recent reviews on growth and transcription factor pathways. In short, the epicardium is the source of the interstitial, the annulus fibrosus and the adventitial fibroblasts, and differentiates into the coronary arterial smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, EPDCs induce growth of the compact myocardium and differentiation of the Purkinje fibers. This review includes an arterial pole located PEO (aPEO) that provides the epicardium covering the intrapericardial great vessels. In avian and mouse models disturbance of epicardial outgrowth and maturation leads to a broad spectrum of cardiac anomalies with main focus on non-compaction of the myocardium, deficient annulus fibrosis, valve malformations and coronary artery abnormalities. The discovery that in disease both arterial and cardiac epicardium can again differentiate into EPDCs and thus reactivate its embryonic program and potential has highly broadened the scope of research interest. This reactivation is seen after myocardial infarction and also in aneurysm formation of the ascending aorta. Use of EPDCs for cell therapy show their positive function in paracrine mediated repair processes which can be additive when combined with the cardiac progenitor stem cells that probably share the same embryonic origin with EPDCs. Research into the many cell-autonomous and cell-cell-based capacities of the adult epicardium will open up new realistic therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C Gittenberger-de Groot
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Postal zone: S-5-24, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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