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Aggarwal P, Hutcheson KA, Yu R, Wang J, Fuller CD, Garden AS, Goepfert RP, Rigert J, Mott FE, Lu C, Lai SY, Gunn GB, Chambers MS, Li G, Wu CC, Hanna EY, Sturgis EM, Shete S. Genetic susceptibility to patient-reported xerostomia among long-term oropharyngeal cancer survivors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6662. [PMID: 35459784 PMCID: PMC9033773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility for xerostomia, a common sequela of radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy for head and neck cancer, is unknown. Therefore, to identify genetic variants associated with moderate to severe xerostomia, we conducted a GWAS of 359 long-term oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) survivors using 579,956 autosomal SNPs. Patient-reported cancer treatment-related xerostomia was assessed using the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory. Patient response was dichotomized as moderate to severe or none to mild symptoms. In our study, 39.2% of OPC survivors reported moderate to severe xerostomia. Our GWAS identified eight SNPs suggestively associated with higher risk of moderate to severe xerostomia in six genomic regions (2p13.3, rs6546481, Minor Allele (MA) = A, ANTXR1, P = 4.3 × 10-7; 5p13.2-p13.1, rs16903936, MA = G, EGFLAM, P = 5.1 × 10-6; 4q21.1, rs10518156, MA = G, SHROOM3, P = 7.1 × 10-6; 19q13.42, rs11882068, MA = G, NLRP9, P = 1.7 × 10-5; 12q24.33, rs4760542, MA = G, GLT1D1, P = 1.8 × 10-5; and 3q27.3, rs11714564, MA = G, RTP1, P = 2.9 × 10-5. Seven SNPs were associated with lower risk of moderate to severe xerostomia, of which only one mapped to specific genomic region (15q21.3, rs4776140, MA = G, LOC105370826, a ncRNA class RNA gene, P = 1.5 × 10-5). Although our small exploratory study did not reach genome-wide statistical significance, our study provides, for the first time, preliminary evidence of genetic susceptibility to xerostomia. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of genetic susceptibility to xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Aggarwal
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katherine A Hutcheson
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Clifton D Fuller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Adam S Garden
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ryan P Goepfert
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jillian Rigert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frank E Mott
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charles Lu
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Y Lai
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - G Brandon Gunn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark S Chambers
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guojun Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chih-Chieh Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Ehab Y Hanna
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erich M Sturgis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sanjay Shete
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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2
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Bahreyni-Toossi MT, Azimian H, Aghaee-Bakhtiari SH, Mahmoudi M, Sadat-Darbandi M, Zafari N. Radiation-induced DNA damage and altered expression of p21, cyclin D1 and Mre11 genes in human fibroblast cell lines with different radiosensitivity. Mutat Res 2021; 823:111760. [PMID: 34390933 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2021.111760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy plays a pivotal role in the treatment of cancer. One of the main challenges in this treatment modality is radiation-induced complications in some patients affected by high radiosensitivity (RS). The differences in RS are determined mainly by genetic factors. Therefore, identifying the genes and mechanisms that affect RS in different cells is essential for evaluating radiotherapy outcomes. In the present study, the ability to repair DNA double-stranded breaks (DSB) is evaluated, followed by examining the expression levels of CDKN1A (p21), cyclinD1, and Mre11 genes in human fibroblasts with different RSs. MATERIALS & METHODS Cellular RS was measured by survival fraction at 2 Gy (SF2). The γ-H2AX assay was used for assessing DNA repair capacity. Eventually, gene expression levels from each cell line 4 and 24 h after irradiation (at 2, 4, and 8 Gy) were measured by real-time PCR. RESULTS The SF2 values for the cell lines ranged from 0.286 to 0.641, and RS differences of fibroblast cells were identified. Among the studied genes, the expression of Mre11 was the most important. Analysis of the real-time PCR data showed that changes in Mre11 gene expression (4 h after 8 Gy irradiation) were directly correlated with the RS (R2 = 0.905). The difference in the expression of the p21 gene (4 h after 4 Gy irradiation) was also promising. Finally, the flow cytometry analysis showed that the radioresistant cell lines quickly repaired DBS damages. However, the repair process was slow in the radiosensitive cell line, and the residual damage is significantly higher than other cell lines (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that changes in the expression of p21 and Mre11 genes play an important role in cell response to radiation and thus these genes can be introduced as biomarkers to predict RS in normal cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hosein Azimian
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sadat-Darbandi
- Department of Medical Physics, Reza Radiotherapy and Oncology Center, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Navid Zafari
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Association between NF- κB Activation in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Late Skin and Subcutaneous Fibrosis following Radiotherapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2957818. [PMID: 32775415 PMCID: PMC7391119 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2957818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aimed at evaluating the association between the speed of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and late skin and subcutaneous fibrosis in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) after radiotherapy. Methods The speed of NF-κB activation was represented by the nuclear p65 expression ratio before and after irradiation. The optimal time point to measure the ratio was determined by Western blot in the PBMCs from healthy outpatients ranging from 0 to 12 hours after ex vivo irradiation. We recruited patients with HNSCC who had received ratiotherapy and who were under regular follow-up care. We assessed the association between the risk of developing ≥grade 2 late fibrosis and the nuclear p65 expression ratio in the PBMCs after ex vivo irradiation in these patients. Results The maximum nuclear p65 ratio was observed at 1 hour after ex vivo irradiation in the PBMCs from the healthy outpatients. The speed of NF-κB activation was then represented by the nuclear p65 ratio in the PBMCs before and 1 hour after ex vivo irradiation. A total of 200 patients with HNSCC were recruited, 32.50% (n = 65) of which presented with ≥grade 2 late fibrosis. There was a significant association between the speed of NF-κB activation in the PBMCs and an increased risk of developing ≥grade 2 late fibrosis in these patients (P = 0.004). Subgroup analysis suggested that this finding was independent of the known clinical characteristics. Conclusions The speed of NF-κB activation might be a potential predictor of late toxicity in cancer patients after radiotherapy. Prospective studies are needed for validation.
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Lee Y, Wang Q, Shuryak I, Brenner DJ, Turner HC. Development of a high-throughput γ-H2AX assay based on imaging flow cytometry. Radiat Oncol 2019; 14:150. [PMID: 31438980 PMCID: PMC6704696 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-019-1344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Measurement of γ-H2AX foci levels in cells provides a sensitive and reliable method for quantitation of the radiation-induced DNA damage response. The objective of the present study was to develop a rapid, high-throughput γ-H2AX assay based on imaging flow cytometry (IFC) using the ImageStream®X Mk II (ISX) platform to evaluate DNA double strand break (DSB) repair kinetics in human peripheral blood cells after exposure to ionizing irradiation. Methods The γ-H2AX protocol was developed and optimized for small volumes (100 μL) of human blood in Matrix™ 96-tube format. Blood cell lymphocytes were identified and captured by ISX INSPIRE™ software and analyzed by Data Exploration and Analysis Software. Results Dose- and time-dependent γ-H2AX levels corresponding to radiation exposure were measured at various time points over 24 h using the IFC system. γ-H2AX fluorescence intensity at 1 h after exposure, increased linearly with increasing radiation dose (R2 = 0.98) for the four human donors tested, whereas the dose response for the mean number of γ-H2AX foci/cell was not as robust (R2 = 0.81). Radiation-induced γ-H2AX levels rapidly increased within 30 min and reached a maximum by ~ 1 h, after which time there was fast decline by 6 h, followed by a much slower rate of disappearance up to 24 h. A mathematical approach for quantifying DNA repair kinetics using the rate of γ-H2AX decay (decay constant, Kdec), and yield of residual unrepaired breaks (Fres) demonstrated differences in individual repair capacity between the healthy donors. Conclusions The results indicate that the IFC-based γ-H2AX protocol may provide a practical and high-throughput platform for measurements of individual global DNA DSB repair capacity which can facilitate precision medicine by predicting individual radiosensitivity and risk of developing adverse effects related to radiotherapy treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13014-019-1344-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghyun Lee
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Present Address: Laboratory of Biological Dosimetry, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01812, Republic of Korea.
| | - Qi Wang
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Helen C Turner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Filippi AR, Franco P, Ricardi U. Is Clinical Radiosensitivity a Complex Genetically Controlled Event? TUMORI JOURNAL 2019; 92:87-91. [PMID: 16724685 DOI: 10.1177/030089160609200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
New insights into molecular mechanisms responsible for cellular radiation response are coming from recent basic radiobiological studies. Preliminary data supporting the concept of clinical radiosensitivity as a complex genetically controlled event are available, and it seems reasonable to hypothesize that genes encoding for proteins implicated in known radiation-induced pathways, such as DNA repair, could influence normal tissue and tumor response to radiotherapy. Such genes could be considered as candidates for experimental studies and as targets for innovative therapies. Variants that could influence individual radiosensitivity have been recently identified, and specific Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms have been associated to the development of different radiation effects on normal tissues. Allelic architecture of complex traits able to modify phenotypes is difficult to be established, and different grades of interaction between common or rare genetic determinants may be present and should be considered. Many different experimental strategies could be investigated in the future, such as analysis of multiple genes in large irradiated patient cohorts strictly observed for radiation effects or identification of new candidate genes, with the aim of identifying factors that could be employed in predictive testing and individualization of radiation therapy on a genetic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Riccardo Filippi
- Dipartimento di Discipline Medico-Chirurgiche, Sezione di Radioterapia, Università di Torino, Italy.
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6
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Thiagarajan A, Iyer NG. Genomics of radiation sensitivity in squamous cell carcinomas. Pharmacogenomics 2019; 20:457-466. [PMID: 30983507 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2018-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an important modality in the management of squamous cell cancers with 50% of patients receiving radiotherapy at some point. Despite technological advances, the risk of severe toxicity in a proportion of radiosensitive patients limits radiation doses that can be safely prescribed affecting the potential for cure. While comorbidities, lifestyle and treatment factors can influence interindividual variations, genetic factors are thought to play a major role, accounting for approximately 80% of the variance observed. Over the last decade, substantial progress has been made in the field of radiogenomics, with compelling associations for SNPs identified in genes involved in DNA-damage response, cell-cycle control, apoptosis, antioxidant defenses and cytokine production. Future research efforts should be collaborative, focused on validating and broadening their clinical applicability. Numerous obstacles exist to the clinical application of this knowledge, which need to be overcome before personalized radiation therapy becomes a routine component of oncologic care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Thiagarajan
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre, 11 Hospital Drive, 169610, Singapore
| | - N Gopalakrishna Iyer
- Division of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, 11 Hospital Drive, 169610, Singapore.,Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre, 11 Hospital Drive, 169610, Singapore
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7
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Niedzielski JS, Yang J, Stingo F, Liao Z, Gomez D, Mohan R, Martel M, Briere T, Court L. A Novel Methodology using CT Imaging Biomarkers to Quantify Radiation Sensitivity in the Esophagus with Application to Clinical Trials. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6034. [PMID: 28729729 PMCID: PMC5519548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized cancer therapy seeks to tailor treatment to an individual patient's biology. Therefore, a means to characterize radiosensitivity is necessary. In this study, we investigated radiosensitivity in the normal esophagus using an imaging biomarker of radiation-response and esophageal toxicity, esophageal expansion, as a method to quantify radiosensitivity in 134 non-small-cell lung cancer patients, by using K-Means clustering to group patients based on esophageal radiosensitivity. Patients within the cluster of higher response and lower dose were labelled as radiosensitive. This information was used as a variable in toxicity prediction modelling (lasso logistic regression). The resultant model performance was quantified and compared to toxicity prediction modelling without utilizing radiosensitivity information. The esophageal expansion-response was highly variable between patients, even for similar radiation doses. K-Means clustering was able to identify three patient subgroups of radiosensitivity: radiosensitive, radio-normal, and radioresistant groups. Inclusion of the radiosensitive variable improved lasso logistic regression models compared to model performance without radiosensitivity information. Esophageal radiosensitivity can be quantified using esophageal expansion and K-Means clustering to improve toxicity prediction modelling. Finally, this methodology may be applied in clinical trials to validate pre-treatment biomarkers of esophageal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Niedzielski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Colorado-School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA. .,Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. .,University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Jinzhong Yang
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Francesco Stingo
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications "G. Parenti", University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhongxing Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel Gomez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Radhe Mohan
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mary Martel
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tina Briere
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Laurence Court
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, Texas, USA
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Shim G, Normil MD, Testard I, Hempel WM, Ricoul M, Sabatier L. Comparison of Individual Radiosensitivity to γ-Rays and Carbon Ions. Front Oncol 2016; 6:137. [PMID: 27379201 PMCID: PMC4904030 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon ions are an up-and-coming ion species, currently being used in charged particle radiotherapy. As it is well established that there are considerable interindividual differences in radiosensitivity in the general population that can significantly influence clinical outcomes of radiotherapy, we evaluate the degree of these differences in the context of carbon ion therapy compared with conventional radiotherapy. In this study, we evaluate individual radiosensitivity following exposure to carbon-13 ions or γ-rays in peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy individuals based on the frequency of ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) that was either misrepaired or left unrepaired to form chromosomal aberrations (CAs) (simply referred to here as DSBs for brevity). Levels of DSBs were estimated from the scoring of CAs visualized with telomere/centromere-fluorescence in situ hybridization (TC-FISH). We examine radiosensitivity at the dose of 2 Gy, a routinely administered dose during fractionated radiotherapy, and we determined that a wide range of DSBs were induced by the given dose among healthy individuals, with highly radiosensitive individuals harboring more IR-induced breaks in the genome than radioresistant individuals following exposure to the same dose. Furthermore, we determined the relative effectiveness of carbon irradiation in comparison to γ-irradiation in the induction of DSBs at each studied dose (isodose effect), a quality we term “relative dose effect” (RDE). This ratio is advantageous, as it allows for simple comparison of dose–response curves. At 2 Gy, carbon irradiation was three times more effective in inducing DSBs compared with γ-irradiation (RDE of 3); these results were confirmed using a second cytogenetic technique, multicolor-FISH. We also analyze radiosensitivity at other doses (0.2–15 Gy), to represent hypo- and hyperfractionation doses and determined that RDE is dose dependent: high ratios at low doses, and approaching 1 at high doses. These results could have clinical implications as IR-induced DNA damage and the ensuing CAs and genomic instability can have significant cellular consequences that could potentially have profound implications for long-term human health after IR exposure, such as the emergence of secondary cancers and other pathobiological conditions after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Shim
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), DRF/PROCyTOX , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Marie Delna Normil
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), DRF/PROCyTOX , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Isabelle Testard
- CEA Grenoble, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, BIG, DRF , Grenoble , France
| | - William M Hempel
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), DRF/PROCyTOX , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Michelle Ricoul
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), DRF/PROCyTOX , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Laure Sabatier
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), DRF/PROCyTOX , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
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9
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Mumbrekar KD, Goutham HV, Vadhiraja BM, Bola Sadashiva SR. Polymorphisms in double strand break repair related genes influence radiosensitivity phenotype in lymphocytes from healthy individuals. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 40:27-34. [PMID: 26974709 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A range of individual radiosensitivity observed in humans can influence individual's susceptibility toward cancer risk and radiotherapy outcome. Therefore, it is important to measure the variation in radiosensitivity and to identify the genetic factors influencing it. METHODS By adopting a pathway specific genotype-phenotype design, we established the variability in cellular radiosensitivity by performing γ-H2AX foci assay in healthy individuals. Further, we genotyped ten selected SNPs in candidate genes XRCC3 (rs861539), XRCC4 (rs1805377), XRCC5 (rs3835), XRCC6 (rs2267437), ATM (rs3218698, rs1800057), LIG4 (rs1805388), NBN (rs1805794), RAD51 (rs1801320) and PRKDC (rs7003908), and analysed their influence on observed variation in radiosensitivity. RESULTS The rs2267437 polymorphisms in XRCC6 was associated (P=0.0326) with increased DSB induction while rs1805388 in LIG4 (P=0.0240) was associated with increased radioresistance. Further, multiple risk alleles decreased the DSB repair capacity in an additive manner. Polymorphisms in candidate DSB repair genes can act individually or in combination to the efficacy of DSB repair process, resulting in variation of cellular radiosensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Current study suggests that γ-H2AX assay may fulfil the role of a rapid and sensitive biomarker that can be used for epidemiological studies to measure variations in radiosensitivity. DSB repair gene polymorphisms can impact the formation and repair of DSBs. IMPACT γ-H2AX foci analysis as well as DSBs repair gene polymorphisms can be used to assess cellular radiosensitivity, which will be useful in population risk assessment, disease prediction, individualization of radiotherapy and also in setting the radiation protection standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalesh Dattaram Mumbrekar
- Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Hassan Venkatesh Goutham
- Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Satish Rao Bola Sadashiva
- Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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Wang Y, Ha M, Liu J, Li P, Zhang W, Zhang X. Role of BCL2-associated athanogene in resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:984-990. [PMID: 26893680 PMCID: PMC4734146 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.4003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to address the pharmacogenetic role of BAG1 in platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and in cultured human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. A total of 108 NSCLC patients (stages I-IIIA) were treated with a standard chemotherapy regimen of cisplatin plus vinorelbine. Additionally, in vitro cultured A549 cells were treated with cisplatin in the presence or absence of tunicamycin. Cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay and protein levels were assessed via western blot analysis. Patients with BAG1-positive expression were revealed to have a prolonged survival time (progression-free survival, 24.0 months) compared with that of patients without BAG1 expression (21.6 months; χ2=18.018, P<0.05). Treatment of A549 cells with tunicamycin followed by cisplatin resulted in elevated BAG1 levels. In addition, tunicamycin was found to significantly enhance cisplatin-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in A549 cells. The results indicate that BAG1 is important in cisplatin-induced cell death in lung adenocarcinoma, suggesting that endoplasmic reticulum stress may promote the sensitivity of NSCLC patients to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Minwen Ha
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Jingsong Liu
- Department of Heart Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Wenlu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
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11
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Song YZ, Han FJ, Liu M, Xia CC, Shi WY, Dong LH. Association between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in XRCC3 and Radiation-Induced Adverse Effects on Normal Tissue: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130388. [PMID: 26091483 PMCID: PMC4474802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The X-ray repair cross-complementing group 3 (XRCC3) protein plays an important role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. The relationship between XRCC3 polymorphisms and the risk of radiation-induced adverse effects on normal tissue remains inconclusive. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to elucidate the association between XRCC3 polymorphisms and radiation-induced adverse effects on normal tissue. All eligible studies up to December 2014 were identified through a search of the PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases. Seventeen studies involving 656 cases and 2193 controls were ultimately included in this meta-analysis. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the association between XRCC3 polymorphisms and the risk of radiation-induced normal tissue adverse effects. We found that the XRCC3 p.Thr241Met (rs861539) polymorphism was significantly associated with early adverse effects induced by radiotherapy (OR = 1.99, 95%CI: 1.31-3.01, P = 0.001). A positive association lacking statistical significance with late adverse effects was also identified (OR = 1.28, 95%CI: 0.97-1.68, P = 0.08). In addition, the rs861539 polymorphism was significantly correlated with a higher risk of adverse effects induced by head and neck area irradiation (OR = 2.41, 95%CI: 1.49-3.89, p = 0.0003) and breast irradiation (OR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.02-1.95, p = 0.04), whereas the correlation was not significant for lung irradiation or pelvic irradiation. Furthermore, XRCC3 rs1799794 polymorphism may have a protective effect against late adverse effects induced by radiotherapy (OR = 0.47, 95%CI: 0.26-0.86, P = 0.01). Well-designed large-scale clinical studies are required to further validate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhe Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fu-Jun Han
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei-Yan Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Li-Hua Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- * E-mail:
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Among 45 variants in 11 genes, HDM2 promoter polymorphisms emerge as new candidate biomarker associated with radiation toxicity. 3 Biotech 2014; 4:137-148. [PMID: 28324443 PMCID: PMC3964253 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-013-0135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to individual variations in radiosensitivity, biomarkers are needed to tailor radiation treatment to cancer patients. Since single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are frequent in human, we hypothesized that SNPs in genes that mitigate the radiation response are associated with radiotoxicity, in particular late complications to radiotherapy and could be used as genetic biomarkers for radiation sensitivity. A total of 155 patients with nasopharyngeal cancer were included in the study. Normal tissue fibrosis was scored using RTOG/EORTC grading system. Eleven candidate genes (ATM, XRCC1, XRCC3, XRCC4, XRCC5, PRKDC, LIG4, TP53, HDM2, CDKN1A, TGFB1) were selected for their presumed influence on radiosensitivity. Forty-five SNPs (12 primary and 33 neighboring) were genotyped by direct sequencing of genomic DNA. Patients with severe fibrosis (cases, G3–4, n = 48) were compared to controls (G0–2, n = 107). Results showed statistically significant (P < 0.05) association with radiation complications for six SNPs (ATM G/A rs1801516, HDM2 promoter T/G rs2279744 and T/A rs1196333, XRCC1 G/A rs25487, XRCC5 T/C rs1051677 and TGFB1 C/T rs1800469). We conclude that these six SNPs are candidate genetic biomarkers for radiosensitivity in our patients that have cumulative effects as patients with severe fibrosis harbored significantly higher number of risk alleles than the controls (P < 0.001). Larger cohort, independent replication of these findings and genome-wide association studies are required to confirm these results in order for SNPs to be used as biomarkers to individualize radiotherapy on genetic basis.
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Shim G, Ricoul M, Hempel WM, Azzam EI, Sabatier L. Crosstalk between telomere maintenance and radiation effects: A key player in the process of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 760:S1383-5742(14)00002-7. [PMID: 24486376 PMCID: PMC4119099 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that ionizing radiation induces chromosomal damage, both following direct radiation exposure and via non-targeted (bystander) effects, activating DNA damage repair pathways, of which the proteins are closely linked to telomeric proteins and telomere maintenance. Long-term propagation of this radiation-induced chromosomal damage during cell proliferation results in chromosomal instability. Many studies have shown the link between radiation exposure and radiation-induced changes in oxidative stress and DNA damage repair in both targeted and non-targeted cells. However, the effect of these factors on telomeres, long established as guardians of the genome, still remains to be clarified. In this review, we will focus on what is known about how telomeres are affected by exposure to low- and high-LET ionizing radiation and during proliferation, and will discuss how telomeres may be a key player in the process of radiation-induced carcinogenesis.
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Zou Y, Song T, Yu W, Zhao R, Wang Y, Xie R, Chen T, Wu B, Wu S. XRCC3 polymorphisms are associated with the risk of developing radiation-induced late xerostomia in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with intensity modulation radiated therapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014; 44:241-8. [PMID: 24453273 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyt202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incidence of radiation-induced late xerostomia varies greatly in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with radiotherapy. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved in DNA repair and fibroblast proliferation may be correlated with such variability. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the association between the risk of developing radiation-induced late xerostomia and four genetic polymorphisms: TGFβ1 C-509T, TGFβ1 T869C, XRCC3 722C>T and ATM 5557G>A in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with Intensity Modulation Radiated Therapy. METHODS The severity of late xerostomia was assessed using a patient self-reported validated xerostomia questionnaire. Polymerase chain reaction-ligation detection reaction methods were performed to determine individual genetic polymorphism. The development of radiation-induced xerostomia associated with genetic polymorphisms was modeled using Cox proportional hazards, accounting for equivalent uniform dose. RESULTS A total of 43 (41.7%) patients experienced radiation-induced late xerostomia. Univariate Cox proportional hazard analyses showed a higher risk of late xerostomia for patients with XRCC3 722 TT/CT alleles. In multivariate analysis adjusted for clinical and dosimetric factors, XRCC3 722C>T polymorphisms remained a significant factor for higher risk of late xerostomia. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrated an association between genetic polymorphisms and the risk of radiation-induced late xerostomia in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with Intensity Modulation Radiated Therapy. Our findings suggest that the polymorphisms in XRCC3 are significantly associated with the risk of developing radiation-induced late xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zou
- *Department of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310002, China.
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15
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Forssell-Aronsson E, Spetz J, Ahlman H. Radionuclide therapy via SSTR: future aspects from experimental animal studies. Neuroendocrinology 2013; 97:86-98. [PMID: 22572526 DOI: 10.1159/000336086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is need for better therapeutic options for neuroendocrine tumours. The aim of this review was to summarize results of experimental animal studies and raise ideas for future radionuclide therapy based on high expression of somatostatin (SS) receptors by many neuroendocrine tumours. In summary, one of the major options is individualized treatment for each patient, including choice of SS analogues, radionuclides and treatment schedules. Other options are methods to increase the treatment effect on tumour tissue (increasing tumour uptake and retention by upregulation of receptor expression and avoiding saturation of receptor binding), methods to increase the tumour tissue response (by choice of radionuclides, SS analogues or combined therapies), and methods to reduce side effects (diminished uptake and retention in critical organs and reduced normal tissue response). Furthermore, combination therapy with other radiopharmaceuticals, cytotoxic drugs or radiosensitizers can be considered to enhance the effects of radiolabelled SS analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Forssell-Aronsson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Kim EJ, Kim SY, Yun HJ, Kim CG, Jeong JW, Kim TH, Kim CH, Darroudi F, Kang CM. Detection and quantification of a radiation-associated mitochondrial DNA deletion by a nested real-time PCR in human peripheral lymphocytes. Mutat Res 2012; 749:53-9. [PMID: 22944079 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study we implemented a new assay using a nested real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect radiation-induced common deletion (CD) in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of human peripheral lymphocytes. A standard curve for real-time PCR was established by applying a plasmid DNA containing human normal mtDNA or mutated mtDNA. Human peripheral lymphocyte DNA was amplified and quantified by real-time PCR using primer sets for total damaged or mutated mtDNA, plus probes labeled with the fluorescent dyes. The first-round PCR generated multiple products were used as the template for a second-round PCR. We herein describe a nested real-time PCR assay capable of quantifying mtDNA bearing the CD in human peripheral lymphocytes following exposure (in vitro) to (137)Cs γ-rays in a dose range of 0.5 up to 5Gy. The reproducibility of this assay was evident for both unirradiated and irradiated samples by examining human blood lymphocytes from 14 donors. This technique was sensitive enough to detect deletions in mtDNA at low dose levels, as low as 0.5Gy, and higher levels of CD mtDNA were evident at higher doses (≥1Gy), however, there was no consistent dose-response relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Kim
- Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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DNA Double-Strand Break Analysis by γ-H2AX Foci: A Useful Method for Determining the Overreactors to Radiation-Induced Acute Reactions Among Head-and-Neck Cancer Patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 84:e607-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Oh JH, Wong HP, Wang X, Deasy JO. A bioinformatics filtering strategy for identifying radiation response biomarker candidates. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38870. [PMID: 22768051 PMCID: PMC3387230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of biomarker candidates is often much larger than the number of clinical patient data points available, which motivates the use of a rational candidate variable filtering methodology. The goal of this paper is to apply such a bioinformatics filtering process to isolate a modest number (<10) of key interacting genes and their associated single nucleotide polymorphisms involved in radiation response, and to ultimately serve as a basis for using clinical datasets to identify new biomarkers. In step 1, we surveyed the literature on genetic and protein correlates to radiation response, in vivo or in vitro, across cellular, animal, and human studies. In step 2, we analyzed two publicly available microarray datasets and identified genes in which mRNA expression changed in response to radiation. Combining results from Step 1 and Step 2, we identified 20 genes that were common to all three sources. As a final step, a curated database of protein interactions was used to generate the most statistically reliable protein interaction network among any subset of the 20 genes resulting from Steps 1 and 2, resulting in identification of a small, tightly interacting network with 7 out of 20 input genes. We further ranked the genes in terms of likely importance, based on their location within the network using a graph-based scoring function. The resulting core interacting network provides an attractive set of genes likely to be important to radiation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hun Oh
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Harry P. Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joseph O. Deasy
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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Sanpaolo P, Barbieri V, Genovesi D, Fusco V, Ausili Cèfaro G. Biologically effective dose and breast cancer conservative treatment: is duration of radiation therapy really important? Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 134:81-7. [PMID: 22203436 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1932-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate if biologically effective dose (BED), and in particular the duration of radiation treatment, has an effect on local relapse risk. Between January 2000 and December 2008 a total of 762 patients with T1-2 N0/+ breast cancer was treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiotherapy, with and without hormone therapy and chemotherapy. Adjuvant radiation therapy was administered to a total dose of 60-66 Gy in 30-33 fractions. The computed BEDs were divided in four groups: <43.1, 43.1-44.9, 45.0-46.1, and >46.1 Gy (A-D, respectively). Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate local relapse rates. Cox regression method was used to identify prognostic factors of local relapse. Evaluated variables were age, tumor histology, tumor size, surgical margin status, axillary nodal status, tumor grading, adjuvant therapies, adjuvant chemotherapy alone, adjuvant hormone therapy alone, adjuvant anthracyclines, and BEDs values. 8-year local relapse rates were 18.0% for group A, 8.5% for group B, 4.6% for group C, and 2.7% for group D (P=0.008). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that BEDs values were associated with higher local relapse risk (P=0.001). In our study, a prolongation of radiotherapy treatment, intended as a lower BED value, after breast-conserving surgery is associated with an increased risk of local relapse. Considering the wide range of results published in other studies, hypofractionation for breast cancer should be considered, at the moment, feasible in selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Sanpaolo
- Radiation Oncology Department, CROB, Via Padre Pio 1, 85028, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza, Italy.
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20
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Nowsheen S, Aziz K, Panayiotidis MI, Georgakilas AG. Molecular markers for cancer prognosis and treatment: have we struck gold? Cancer Lett 2011; 327:142-52. [PMID: 22120674 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed an emerging role for molecular or biochemical markers indicating a specific cellular mechanism or tissue function, often called 'biomarkers'. Biomarkers such as altered DNA, proteins and inflammatory cytokines are critical in cancer research and strategizing treatment in the clinic. In this review we look at the application of biological indicators to cancer research and highlight their roles in cancer detection and treatment. With technological advances in gene expression, genomic and proteomic analysis, biomarker discovery is expanding fast. We focus on some of the predominantly used markers in different types of malignancies, their advantages, and their limitations. Finally we conclude by looking at the future of biomarkers, their utility in the tumorigenic studies, and the progress towards personalized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaira Nowsheen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center, 35294, USA
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Mehta SR, Suhag V, Semwal M, Sharma N. Radiotherapy: Basic Concepts and Recent Advances. Med J Armed Forces India 2011; 66:158-62. [PMID: 27375326 DOI: 10.1016/s0377-1237(10)80132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is a clinical modality dealing with the use of ionizing radiations to treat malignant neoplasias (and occasionally benign diseases). Since its inception, the goal of RT has been to cure cancer locally without excessive side effects. The most important factors affecting the results of RT are the tumor type, its location and regional extent, the anatomic area of involvement and the geometric accuracy with which a calculated radiation dose is delivered. Although higher doses of radiation can produce better tumor control, the dosage which can be given is limited by the possibility of normal tissue damage. Approximately 60-65% of all cancer patients require RT as the sole treatment modality and / or in combination with surgery or chemotherapeutic drugs. There is a huge gap between demand and supply of radiotherapy facilities and infrastructure. Most of the oncocentres are located in urban areas in private sector and are beyond the reach of the common man.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Mehta
- DGMS (Army) & Col Comdt, O/o DGMS, IHQ of MoD, "L" Block, New Delhi-110001
| | - V Suhag
- Graded Specialist (Radiotherapy), Command Hospital (AF), Bangalore-7
| | - M Semwal
- Scientist-E (Medical Physicist & RSO), Army Hospital (R&R), Delhi Cantt-10
| | - N Sharma
- Graded Specialist (Radiotherapy), Command Hospital (SC), Pune-40
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Analysis of DNA repair gene polymorphisms and survival in low-grade and anaplastic gliomas. J Neurooncol 2011; 105:531-8. [PMID: 21643987 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the variation in DNA repair genes in adults with WHO grade II and III gliomas and their relationship to patient survival. We analysed a total of 1,458 tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were selected to cover DNA repair genes, in 81 grade II and grade III gliomas samples, collected in Sweden and Denmark. The statistically significant genetic variants from the first dataset (P < 0.05) were taken forward for confirmation in a second dataset of 72 grade II and III gliomas from northern UK. In this dataset, eight gene variants mapping to five different DNA repair genes (ATM, NEIL1, NEIL2, ERCC6 and RPA4) which were associated with survival. Finally, these eight genetic variants were adjusted for treatment, malignancy grade, patient age and gender, leaving one variant, rs4253079, mapped to ERCC6, with a significant association to survival (OR 0.184, 95% CI 0.054-0.63, P = 0.007). We suggest a possible novel association between rs4253079 and survival in this group of patients with low-grade and anaplastic gliomas that needs confirmation in larger datasets.
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Langsenlehner T, Renner W, Gerger A, Hofmann G, Thurner EM, Kapp KS, Langsenlehner U. Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene for XRCC1 and radiation-induced late toxicity in prostate cancer patients. Radiother Oncol 2011; 98:387-93. [PMID: 21345510 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Polymorphisms in genes responsible for DNA damage signaling and repair might modulate DNA repair capacity and, therefore, affect cell and tissue response to radiation and influence individual radiosensitivity. The purpose of the present prospective investigation was to evaluate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in XRCC1 with radiation-induced late side effects in prostate cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS To analyze the role of XRCC1 polymorphisms for late toxicity 603 participants from the Austrian PROCAGENE study treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy were included in the present investigation. Three non-synonymous candidate polymorphisms in the X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) gene (Arg194Trp; Arg280His; Arg399Gln) were selected and determined by 5´-nuclease (TaqMan) assays. RESULTS Within a median follow-up time of 35 months, 91 patients (15.7%) developed high-grade late toxicities (defined as late bladder and/or rectal toxicity RTOG≥2). In a Kaplan-Meier analysis, carriers of the XRCC1 Arg280His polymorphism were at decreased risk of high-grade late toxicity (p=0.022), in multivariate analysis including clinical and dosimetric parameters as potential confounders the XRCC1 Arg280His polymorphism remained a significant predictor for high-grade late toxicity (HR=0.221, 95% CI 0.051-0.956; p=0.043). No significant associations were found for the remaining polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the XRCC1 Arg280His polymorphism may be protective against the development of high-grade late toxicity after radiotherapy in prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Langsenlehner
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 32, Graz, Austria.
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Güerci A, Zúñiga L, Marcos R. Construction and validation of a dose-response curve using the comet assay to determine human radiosensitivity to ionizing radiation. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:1087-1093. [PMID: 21707432 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.582318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Individual radiosensitivity is an individual characteristic associated with an increased reaction to ionizing radiation. The purpose of our work is to establish a dose-response curve useful to classify individuals as radiosensitive or radioresistant. Thus, a dose-response curve was constructed by measuring in vitro responses to increasing doses (0 to 8 Gy) of gamma radiation in the comet assay. The obtained curve fit well with a linear equation in the range of 0 to 8 Gy. The overall dose-response curve was constructed for percent DNA in tail, as a measure of the genetic damage induced by irradiation. To probe the goodness of the constructed curve, a validation study was carried out with whole blood from two donors in a blind study. Results show that, for the two applied doses (2 and 6 Gy), the obtained values fit well inside the interval of confidence of the curve. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the usefulness of the comet assay in determining individual responses to defined doses of gamma radiation. The standard dose-response curve constructed may be used to detect individuals departing from reference values.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Güerci
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici Cn, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Ishikawa A, Suga T, Shoji Y, Kato S, Ohno T, Ishikawa H, Yoshinaga S, Ohara K, Ariga H, Nomura K, Shibamoto Y, Ishikawa KI, Moritake T, Michikawa Y, Iwakawa M, Imai T. Genetic variants of NPAT-ATM and AURKA are associated with an early adverse reaction in the gastrointestinal tract of patients with cervical cancer treated with pelvic radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 81:1144-52. [PMID: 21050672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study sought to associate polymorphisms in genes related to cell cycle regulation or genome maintenance with radiotherapy (RT)-induced an early adverse reaction (EAR) in patients with cervical cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS This study enrolled 243 cervical cancer patients who were treated with pelvic RT. An early gastrointestinal reaction was graded using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria, version 2. Clinical factors of the enrolled patients were analyzed, and 208 patients were grouped for genetic analysis according to their EAR (Grade ≤1, n = 150; Grade ≥2, n = 58). Genomic DNA was genotyped, and association with the risk of EAR for 44 functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 19 candidate genes was assessed by single-locus, haplotype, and multilocus analyses. RESULTS Our analysis revealed two haplotypes to be associated with an increased risk of EAR. The first, comprising rs625120C, rs189037T, rs228589A, and rs183460G, is located between the 5' ends of NPAT and ATM (OR = 1.86; 95% CI, 1.21-2.87), whereas the second is located in the AURKA gene and comprises rs2273535A and rs1047972G (OR = 1.75; 95% CI, 1.10-2.78). A third haplotype, rs2273535T and rs1047972A in AURKA, was associated with a reduced EAR risk (OR = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.20-0.89). The risk of EAR was significantly higher among patients with both risk diplotypes than in those possessing the other diplotypes (OR = 3.24; 95% CI, 1.52-6.92). CONCLUSIONS Individual radiosensitivity of intestine may be determined by haplotypes in the NPAT-ATM and AURKA genes. These variants should be explored in larger association studies in cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Ishikawa
- RadGenomics Project, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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Grimminger PP, Brabender J, Warnecke-Eberz U, Narumiya K, Wandhöfer C, Drebber U, Bollschweiler E, Hölscher AH, Metzger R, Vallböhmer D. XRCC1 gene polymorphism for prediction of response and prognosis in the multimodality therapy of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. J Surg Res 2010; 164:e61-6. [PMID: 20863523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoadjuvant treatment strategies have been developed to improve survival of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Since mainly patients with major histopathologic response benefit from this therapy, predictive markers are needed. The gene polymorphism of the X-ray-repair-cross complementing (XRCC1-) gene (rs25487) was analyzed to predict response to neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy and prognosis in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS 81 patients (51 male; 30 female; median age 59 years) with locally advanced rectal cancer were included in this study. All patients received a neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (50.4 Gy, 5-FU) followed by surgical therapy. Histomorphologic regression was defined as major response when resected specimens contained less than 10% viable tumor cells (n = 28) and minor response when more than 10% viable tumor cells (n = 53) were detected in the surgical specimen. Genomic DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tissues of all study patients. Allelic discrimination was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Two allele-specific TaqMan probes in competition were used for amplification of the XRCC1 gene. Allelic genotyping was correlated with therapy response and prognosis. RESULTS Single-nucleotide polymorphism XRCC1 A399G (rs25487) was predictive for therapy response (P = 0.039). Within the AG genotype group, 17 (53%) patients showed a minor response and 15 (47%) patients a major response. In contrast, 39 (78%) of the patients with homogeneous AA or GG genotype were minor responders and only 11 (22%) major responders. No prognostic value was revealed for the XRCC1 A399G (rs25487) gene polymorphism in the multimodality therapy. CONCLUSION Our data supports the role of XRCC1 as a predictive marker for therapy response in the multimodality therapy of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Single-nucleotide polymorphism XRCC1 A399G (rs25487) could be applied to individualize treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Grimminger
- Department of General, Visceral, and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Saleh EMY, El-Awady RAE. Expression of RAD51, BRCA1 and P53 does not correlate with cellular radiosensitivity of normal human fibroblasts. Ir J Med Sci 2010; 180:715-20. [PMID: 20803320 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-010-0554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the potential role of key DNA repair proteins in the sensitivity of normal human fibroblasts to ionising radiations. METHODS Radiosensitivity of six human fibroblast strains established from skin biopsies of women who had undergone conservative breast surgery and received a curative breast conserving radiotherapy was measured by colony-formation assay. The expression level of RAD51, BRCA1 and p53 proteins were studied using western blot analysis. RESULTS The six fibroblast strains represent a typical spectrum of normal human radiosensitivity with the surviving fraction measured for a dose of 3.5 Gy (SF3.5) ranging from 0.21 to 0.40. We found that these differences in cell survival did not correlate with the expression of RAD51, BRCA1 nor p53 in the tested normal human fibroblast strains. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that measurement of protein expression of the three tested genes (RAD51, BRCA1 and p53) did not reflect sensitivity of normal fibroblasts to IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Y Saleh
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Michikawa Y, Suga T, Ishikawa A, Hayashi H, Oka A, Inoko H, Iwakawa M, Imai T. Genome wide screen identifies microsatellite markers associated with acute adverse effects following radiotherapy in cancer patients. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:123. [PMID: 20701746 PMCID: PMC2928773 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background The response of normal tissues in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy varies, possibly due to genetic differences underlying variation in radiosensitivity. Methods Cancer patients (n = 360) were selected retrospectively from the RadGenomics project. Adverse effects within 3 months of radiotherapy completion were graded using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria; high grade group were grade 3 or more (n = 180), low grade group were grade 1 or less (n = 180). Pooled genomic DNA (gDNA) (n = 90 from each group) was screened using 23,244 microsatellites. Markers with different inter-group frequencies (Fisher exact test P < 0.05) were analyzed using the remaining pooled gDNA. Silencing RNA treatment was performed in cultured normal human skin fibroblasts. Results Forty-seven markers had positive association values; including one in the SEMA3A promoter region (P = 1.24 × 10-5). SEMA3A knockdown enhanced radiation resistance. Conclusions This study identified 47 putative radiosensitivity markers, and suggested a role for SEMA3A in radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Michikawa
- RadGenomics Project, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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Pre-clinical and clinical evaluation of PARP inhibitors as tumour-specific radiosensitisers. Cancer Treat Rev 2010; 36:566-75. [PMID: 20409643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Approximately two million fractions of radiotherapy are administered in the UK every year, as part of adjuvant, radical or palliative cancer treatment. For many tumour types, radiotherapy is routinely combined with concomitant chemotherapy as part of adjuvant or radical treatment. In addition, new agents have been developed in recent years and tested in phase 1, 2 and 3 trials concomitantly with radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. One such class of drugs, the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, has shown activity in conjunction with radiotherapy in several cancer cell lines. Pre-clinical data suggest that PARP inhibitors may potentiate the effects of radiotherapy in several tumour types, namely lung, colorectal, head and neck, glioma, cervix and prostate cancers. In vitro, PARP inhibitors are radiosensitisers in various cell lines with enhancement ratios of up to 1.7. In vivo, non-toxic doses of PARP inhibitors have been shown to increase radiation-induced growth delay of xenograft tumours in mice. Clinical trials to assess the toxicity and potential benefit of combining radiotherapy with PARP inhibition are now needed.
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Rübe CE, Fricke A, Wendorf J, Stützel A, Kühne M, Ong MF, Lipp P, Rübe C. Accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks in normal tissues after fractionated irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 76:1206-13. [PMID: 20206019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is increasing evidence that genetic factors regulating the recognition and/or repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are responsible for differences in radiosensitivity among patients. Genetically defined DSB repair capacities are supposed to determine patients' individual susceptibility to develop adverse normal tissue reactions after radiotherapy. In a preclinical murine model, we analyzed the impact of different DSB repair capacities on the cumulative DNA damage in normal tissues during the course of fractionated irradiation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Different strains of mice with defined genetic backgrounds (SCID(-/-) homozygous, ATM(-/-) homozygous, ATM(+/-)heterozygous, and ATM(+/+)wild-type mice) were subjected to single (2 Gy) or fractionated irradiation (5 x 2 Gy). By enumerating gammaH2AX foci, the formation and rejoining of DSBs were analyzed in organs representative of both early-responding (small intestine) and late-responding tissues (lung, kidney, and heart). RESULTS In repair-deficient SCID(-/-) and ATM(-/-)homozygous mice, large proportions of radiation-induced DSBs remained unrepaired after each fraction, leading to the pronounced accumulation of residual DNA damage after fractionated irradiation, similarly visible in early- and late-responding tissues. The slight DSB repair impairment of ATM(+/-)heterozygous mice was not detectable after single-dose irradiation but resulted in a significant increase in unrepaired DSBs during the fractionated irradiation scheme. CONCLUSIONS Radiation-induced DSBs accumulate similarly in acute- and late-responding tissues during fractionated irradiation, whereas the whole extent of residual DNA damage depends decisively on the underlying genetically defined DSB repair capacity. Moreover, our data indicate that even minor impairments in DSB repair lead to exceeding DNA damage accumulation during fractionated irradiation and thus may have a significant impact on normal tissue responses in clinical radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E Rübe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstr. Geb. 49/ 51, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Zhang L, Yang M, Bi N, Fang M, Sun T, Ji W, Tan W, Zhao L, Yu D, Lin D, Wang L. ATM polymorphisms are associated with risk of radiation-induced pneumonitis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 77:1360-8. [PMID: 20171797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein plays crucial roles in repair of double-stranded DNA breaks, control of cell cycle checkpoints, and radiosensitivity, we hypothesized that variations in this gene might be associated with radiation-induced pneumonitis (RP). METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 253 lung cancer patients receiving thoracic irradiation between 2004 and 2006 were included in this study. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0 was used to grade RP. Five haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ATM gene were genotyped using DNA from blood lymphocytes. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of RP for genotypes were computed by the Cox model, adjusted for clinical factors. The function of the ATM SNP associated with RP was examined by biochemical assays. RESULTS During the median 22-month follow-up, 44 (17.4%) patients developed grade > or = 2 RP. In multivariate Cox regression models adjusted for other clinical predictors, we found two ATM variants were independently associated with increased RP risk. They were an 111G > A) polymorphism (HR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.07-5.80) and an ATM 126713G > A polymorphism (HR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.16-5.28). Furthermore, genotype-dependent differences in ATM expression were demonstrated both in cell lines (p < 0.001) and in individual lung tissue samples (p = 0.003), which supported the results of the association study. CONCLUSIONS Genetic polymorphisms of ATM are significantly associated with RP risk. These variants might exert their effect through regulation of ATM expression and serve as independent biomarkers for prediction of RP in patients treated with thoracic radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Rübe CE, Fricke A, Schneider R, Simon K, Kühne M, Fleckenstein J, Gräber S, Graf N, Rübe C. DNA repair alterations in children with pediatric malignancies: novel opportunities to identify patients at risk for high-grade toxicities. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 78:359-69. [PMID: 20153123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate, in a pilot study, the phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) foci approach for identifying patients with double-strand break (DSB) repair deficiencies, who may overreact to DNA-damaging cancer therapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS The DSB repair capacity of children with solid cancers was analyzed compared with that of age-matched control children and correlated with treatment-related normal-tissue responses (n = 47). Double-strand break repair was investigated by counting γH2AX foci in blood lymphocytes at defined time points after irradiation of blood samples. RESULTS Whereas all healthy control children exhibited proficient DSB repair, 3 children with tumors revealed clearly impaired DSB repair capacities, and 2 of these repair-deficient children developed life-threatening or even lethal normal-tissue toxicities. The underlying mutations affecting regulatory factors involved in DNA repair pathways were identified. Moreover, significant differences in mean DSB repair capacity were observed between children with tumors and control children, suggesting that childhood cancer is based on genetic alterations affecting DSB repair function. CONCLUSIONS Double-strand break repair alteration in children may predispose to cancer formation and may affect children's susceptibility to normal-tissue toxicities. Phosphorylated H2AX analysis of blood samples allows one to detect DSB repair deficiencies and thus enables identification of children at risk for high-grade toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E Rübe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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34
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Radiodermatitis prevention with sucralfate in breast cancer: fundamental and clinical studies. Support Care Cancer 2009; 19:57-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-009-0788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Alsbeih GA, Al-Harbi NM, El-Sebaie MM, Al-Rajhi NM, Al-Hadyan KS, Abu-Amero KK. Involvement of Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variations and Respiratory Activity in Late Complications following Radiotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:7352-60. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Soler D, Pampalona J, Tusell L, Genescà A. Radiation sensitivity increases with proliferation-associated telomere dysfunction in nontransformed human epithelial cells. Aging Cell 2009; 8:414-25. [PMID: 19473118 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated age differences among human adults in susceptibility to radiation, with cancer cases attributable to radiation being more frequent for older individuals at time of exposure. In addition to the notion that susceptibility increases because of progressive decline in DNA monitoring and immunosurveillance, telomere function is now emerging as a new and important factor in modulating cellular and organism sensitivity to ionizing radiation. The link between telomeres and radiosensitivity is well-documented in humans, but the causal events remain elusive. In this paper, it is shown that irradiated human epithelial cells with short dysfunctional telomeres derived from normal mammary gland display elevated DNA damage. An approach identifying the specific chromosomes with critically shortened telomeres in each donor has allowed us to conclude that short dysfunctional telomeres in human epithelial cells join radiation-induced DNA broken ends, thus interfering with their efficient repair. These findings argue against telomeres participating as sensors or transducers of DNA damage, as previously suggested. Rather, our current findings give support to the idea that dysfunctional telomeres, by acting as an additional joining option, reduce the repair fidelity of DNA broken-ends induced by radiation throughout the genome. In the mammary gland, age-dependent telomere attrition due to epithelial turnover, together with the accretion of checkpoint deficiencies, might render the accumulation of short dysfunctional telomeres. This implies that the risks associated with mammography screening could be higher than previously assumed. Our results have the possibility of imprinting a temporal dimension onto radiation sensitivity, namely, that shortened telomeres in aged cells may more easily compromise normal tissue function in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Soler
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Marchetti F, Coleman MA, Jones IM, Wyrobek AJ. Candidate protein biodosimeters of human exposure to ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 82:605-39. [PMID: 17050475 DOI: 10.1080/09553000600930103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a literature review of candidate protein biomarkers for individual radiation biodosimetry of exposure to ionizing radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reviewed approximately 300 publications (1973 - April 2006) that reported protein effects in mammalian systems after either in vivo or in vitro radiation exposure. RESULTS We found 261 radiation-responsive proteins including 173 human proteins. Most of the studies used high doses of ionizing radiation (>4 Gy) and had no information on dose- or time-responses. The majority of the proteins showed increased amounts or changes in phosphorylation states within 24 h after exposure (range: 1.5- to 10-fold). Of the 47 proteins that are responsive at doses of 1 Gy and below, 6 showed phosphorylation changes at doses below 10 cGy. Proteins were assigned to 9 groups based on consistency of response across species, dose- and time-response information and known role in the radiation damage response. CONCLUSIONS ATM (Ataxia telengiectasia mutated), H2AX (histone 2AX), CDKN1A (Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A), and TP53 (tumor protein 53) are top candidate radiation protein biomarkers. Furthermore, we recommend a panel of protein biomarkers, each with different dose and time optima, to improve individual radiation biodosimetry for discriminating between low-, moderate-, and high-dose exposures. Our findings have applications for early triage and follow-up medical assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Marchetti
- Biosciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
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Liu Y, Scheurer ME, El-Zein R, Cao Y, Do KA, Gilbert M, Aldape KD, Wei Q, Etzel C, Bondy ML. Association and interactions between DNA repair gene polymorphisms and adult glioma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:204-14. [PMID: 19124499 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that glioma develops through accumulation of genetic alterations. We hypothesized that polymorphisms of candidate genes involved in the DNA repair pathways may contribute to susceptibility to glioma. To address this possibility, we conducted a study on 373 Caucasian glioma cases and 365 cancer-free Caucasian controls to assess associations between glioma risk and 18 functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA repair genes. We evaluated potential gene-gene and gene-environment interactions using a multianalytic strategy combining logistic regression, multifactor dimensionality reduction and classification and regression tree approaches. In the single-locus analysis, six single-nucleotide polymorphisms [ERCC1 3' untranslated region (UTR), XRCC1 R399Q, APEX1 E148D, PARP1 A762V, MGMT F84L, and LIG1 5'UTR] showed a significant association with glioma risk. In the analysis of cumulative genetic risk of multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms, a significant gene-dosage effect was found for increased glioma risk with increasing numbers of adverse genotypes involving the aforementioned six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (P(trend) = 0.0004). Furthermore, the multifactor dimensionality reduction and classification and regression tree analyses identified MGMT F84L as the predominant risk factor for glioma and revealed strong interactions among ionizing radiation exposure, PARP1 A762V, MGMT F84L, and APEX1 E148D. Interestingly, the risk for glioma was dramatically increased in ionizing radiation exposure individuals who had the wild-type genotypes of MGMT F84L and PARP1 A762V (adjusted odds ratios, 5.95; 95% confidence intervals, 2.21-16.65). Taken together, these results suggest that polymorphisms in DNA repair genes may act individually or together to contribute to glioma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Thrombin generation as a predictor of radiotherapy induced skin erythema. Radiother Oncol 2009; 90:136-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rübe CE, Grudzenski S, Kühne M, Dong X, Rief N, Löbrich M, Rübe C. DNA double-strand break repair of blood lymphocytes and normal tissues analysed in a preclinical mouse model: implications for radiosensitivity testing. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:6546-55. [PMID: 18927295 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-5147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy is an effective cancer treatment, but a few patients suffer severe radiation toxicities in neighboring normal tissues. There is increasing evidence that the variable susceptibility to radiation toxicities is caused by the individual genetic predisposition, by subtle mutations, or polymorphisms in genes involved in cellular responses to ionizing radiation. Double-strand breaks (DSB) are the most deleterious form of radiation-induced DNA damage, and DSB repair deficiencies lead to pronounced radiosensitivity. Using a preclinical mouse model, the highly sensitive gammaH2AX-foci approach was tested to verify even subtle, genetically determined DSB repair deficiencies known to be associated with increased normal tissue radiosensitivity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN By enumerating gammaH2AX-foci in blood lymphocytes and normal tissues (brain, lung, heart, and intestine), the induction and repair of DSBs after irradiation with therapeutic doses (0.1-2 Gy) was investigated in repair-proficient and repair-deficient mouse strains in vivo and blood samples irradiated ex vivo. RESULTS gammaH2AX-foci analysis allowed to verify the different DSB repair deficiencies; even slight impairments caused by single polymorphisms were detected similarly in both blood lymphocytes and solid tissues, indicating that DSB repair measured in lymphocytes is valid for different and complex organs. Moreover, gammaH2AX-foci analysis of blood samples irradiated ex vivo was found to reflect repair kinetics measured in vivo and, thus, give reliable information about the individual DSB repair capacity. CONCLUSIONS gammaH2AX analysis of blood and tissue samples allows to detect even minor genetically defined DSB repair deficiencies, affecting normal tissue radiosensitivity. Future studies will have to evaluate the clinical potential to identify patients more susceptible to radiation toxicities before radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E Rübe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Isomura M, Oya N, Tachiiri S, Kaneyasu Y, Nishimura Y, Akimoto T, Hareyama M, Sugita T, Mitsuhashi N, Yamashita T, Aoki M, Sai H, Hirokawa Y, Sakata KI, Karasawa K, Tomida A, Tsuruo T, Miki Y, Noda T, Hiraoka M. IL12RB2 and ABCA1 genes are associated with susceptibility to radiation dermatitis. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:6683-9. [PMID: 18927311 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Severe acute radiation dermatitis is observed in approximately 5% to 10% of patients who receive whole-breast radiotherapy. Several factors, including treatment-related and patient-oriented factors, are involved in susceptibility to severe dermatitis. Genetic factors are also thought to be related to a patient's susceptibility to severe dermatitis. To elucidate genetic polymorphisms associated with a susceptibility to radiation-induced dermatitis, a large-scale single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis using DNA samples from 156 patients with breast cancer was conducted. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients were selected from more than 3,000 female patients with early breast cancer who received radiotherapy after undergoing breast-conserving surgery. The dermatitis group was defined as patients who developed dermatitis at a National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria grade of > or =2. For the SNP analysis, DNA samples from each patient were subjected to the genotyping of 3,144 SNPs covering 494 genes. RESULTS SNPs that mapped to two genes, ABCA1 and IL12RB2, were associated with radiation-induced dermatitis. In the ABCA1 gene, one of these SNPs was a nonsynonymous coding SNP causing R219K (P = 0.0065). As for the IL12RB2 gene, the strongest association was observed at SNP-K (rs3790568; P = 0.0013). Using polymorphisms of both genes, the probability of severe dermatitis was estimated for each combination of genotypes. These analyses showed that individuals carrying a combination of genotypes accounting for 14.7% of the Japanese population have the highest probability of developing radiation-induced dermatitis. CONCLUSION Our results shed light on the mechanisms responsible for radiation-induced dermatitis. These results may also contribute to the individualization of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Isomura
- Genome Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Japan
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Abstract
Over the past five decades, those interested in markers of radiation effect have focused primarily on tumor response. More recently, however, the view has broadened to include irradiated normal tissues-markers that predict unusual risk of side-effects, prognosticate during the prodromal and therapeutic phases, diagnose a particular toxicity as radiation-related, and, in the case of bioterror, allow for tissue-specific biodosimetry. Currently, there are few clinically useful radiation-related biomarkers. Notably, levels of some hormones such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) have been used successfully as markers of dysfunction, indicative of the need for replacement therapy, and for prevention of cancers. The most promising macromolecular markers are cytokines: TGFbeta, IL-1, IL-6, and TNFalpha being lead molecules in this class as both markers and targets for therapy. Genomics and proteomics are still in nascent stages and are actively being studied and developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Okunieff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 647, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Chistiakov DA, Voronova NV, Chistiakov PA. Genetic variations in DNA repair genes, radiosensitivity to cancer and susceptibility to acute tissue reactions in radiotherapy-treated cancer patients. Acta Oncol 2008; 47:809-24. [PMID: 18568480 DOI: 10.1080/02841860801885969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is a well established carcinogen for human cells. At low doses, radiation exposure mainly results in generation of double strand breaks (DSBs). Radiation-related DSBs could be directly linked to the formation of chromosomal rearrangements as has been proven for radiation-induced thyroid tumors. Repair of DSBs presumably involves two main pathways, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). A number of known inherited syndromes, such as ataxia telangiectasia, ataxia-telangiectasia like-disorder, radiosensitive severe combined immunodeficiency, Nijmegen breakage syndrome, and LIG4 deficiency are associated with increased radiosensitivity and/or cancer risk. Many of them are caused by mutations in DNA repair genes. Recent studies also suggest that variations in the DNA repair capacity in the general population may influence cancer susceptibility. In this paper, we summarize the current status of DNA repair proteins as potential targets for radiation-induced cancer risk. We will focus on genetic alterations in genes involved in HR- and NHEJ-mediated repair of DSBs, which could influence predisposition to radiation-related cancer and thereby explain interindividual differences in radiosensitivity or radioresistance in a general population.
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Fernet M, Hall J. Predictive markers for normal tissue reactions: fantasy or reality? Cancer Radiother 2008; 12:614-8. [PMID: 18752979 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interpatient heterogeneity in normal tissue reactions varies considerably, yet the genetic determinants and the molecular mechanisms of therapeutic radiation sensitivity remain poorly understood. Predictive assays and markers for normal tissue reactions are still in their infancy, although some progress has been made, particularly, for predicting late toxicity. For instance the T-lymphocyte radiation-induced apoptosis assay was shown to significantly predict differences in late toxicity between individuals and an 18 gene classifier based on radiation-induced expression in subcutaneous fibroblasts has also been identified that differentiated between patients with a high and low risk of radiation-induced fibrosis. However, the technical set-up for gene expression measurements means that this latter assay is unlikely to be introduced soon into a routine clinical setting but has importantly allowed the identification of genes that are involved in the fibrotic process. Serum markers have also been identified that show potential for the prediction of patients who will develop acute and late pulmonary toxicity. Few genetic predictive markers for normal tissue reaction have been identified and validated. Many of the single nucleotide polymorphism association studies have been limited by size and the inclusion of subjects with different kinds of radiation morbidity. International collaboration to assemble well-defined cohorts and technological progress should mean that the identification and validation of such markers using candidate gene approaches and whole genome association studies, which have been successful in other research areas, will make rapid progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernet
- Institut Curie-recherche, centre universitaire, bâtiments 110-112, 91405 Orsay, France
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Burri RJ, Stock RG, Cesaretti JA, Atencio DP, Peters S, Peters CA, Fan G, Stone NN, Ostrer H, Rosenstein BS. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in SOD2, XRCC1 and XRCC3 with susceptibility for the development of adverse effects resulting from radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Radiat Res 2008; 170:49-59. [PMID: 18582155 DOI: 10.1667/rr1219.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether an association exists between certain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which have previously been linked with adverse normal tissue effects resulting from radiotherapy, and the development of radiation injury resulting from radiotherapy for prostate cancer. A total of 135 consecutive patients with clinically localized prostate cancer and a minimum of 1 year of follow-up who had been treated with radiation therapy, either brachytherapy alone or in combination with external-beam radiotherapy, with or without hormone therapy, were genotyped for SNPs in SOD2, XRCC1 and XRCC3. Three common late tissue toxicities were investigated: late rectal bleeding, urinary morbidity, and erectile dysfunction. Patients with the XRCC1 rs25489 G/A (Arg280His) genotype were more likely to develop erectile dysfunction after irradiation than patients who had the G/G genotype (67% compared to 24%; P=0.048). In addition, patients who had the SOD2 rs4880 T/C (Val16Ala) genotype exhibited a significant increase in grade 2 late rectal bleeding compared to patients who had either the C/C or T/T genotype for this SNP (8% compared to 0%; P=0.02). Finally, patients with the combination of the SOD2 rs4880 C/T genotype and XRCC3 rs861539 T/C (Thr241Met) genotype experienced a significant increase in grade 2 late rectal bleeding compared to patients without this particular genotypic arrangement (14% compared to 1%; P=0.002). These results suggest that SNPs in the SOD2, XRCC1 and XRCC3 genes are associated with the development of late radiation injury in patients treated with radiation therapy for prostate adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Burri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Alsner J, Andreassen CN, Overgaard J. Genetic markers for prediction of normal tissue toxicity after radiotherapy. Semin Radiat Oncol 2008; 18:126-35. [PMID: 18314067 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, a number of studies have supported the hypothesis that there is an important genetic component to the observed interpatient variability in normal tissue toxicity after radiotherapy. This review summarizes the candidate gene association studies published so far on the risk of radiation-induced morbidity and highlights some recent successful whole-genome association studies showing feasibility in other research areas. Future genetic association studies are discussed in relation to methodological problems such as the characterization of clinical and biological phenotypes, genetic haplotypes, and handling of confounding factors. Finally, candidate gene studies elucidating the genetic component of radiation-induced morbidity and the functional consequences of single nucleotide polymorphisms by studying intermediate phenotypes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Alsner
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Wilson PF, Nagasawa H, Warner CL, Fitzek MM, Little JB, Bedford JS. Radiation Sensitivity of Primary Fibroblasts from Hereditary Retinoblastoma Family Members and Some Apparently Normal Controls: Colony Formation Ability during Continuous Low-Dose-Rate Gamma Irradiation. Radiat Res 2008; 169:483-94. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1333.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Déterminants et facteurs prédictifs pour la radiosensibilité tumorale. Cancer Radiother 2008; 12:3-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Suga T, Ishikawa A, Kohda M, Otsuka Y, Yamada S, Yamamoto N, Shibamoto Y, Ogawa Y, Nomura K, Sho K, Omura M, Sekiguchi K, Kikuchi Y, Michikawa Y, Noda S, Sagara M, Ohashi J, Yoshinaga S, Mizoe J, Tsujii H, Iwakawa M, Imai T. Haplotype-based analysis of genes associated with risk of adverse skin reactions after radiotherapy in breast cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 69:685-93. [PMID: 17889263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify haplotypes of single nucleotide polymorphism markers associated with the risk of early adverse skin reactions (EASRs) after radiotherapy in breast cancer patients. METHODS AND MATERIALS DNA was sampled from 399 Japanese breast cancer patients who qualified for breast-conserving radiotherapy. Using the National Cancer Institute-Common Toxicity Criteria scoring system, version 2, the patients were grouped according to EASRs, defined as those occurring within 3 months of starting radiotherapy (Grade 1 or less, n = 290; Grade 2 or greater, n = 109). A total of 999 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 137 candidate genes for radiation susceptibility were genotyped, and the haplotype associations between groups were assessed. RESULTS The global haplotype association analysis (p < 0.05 and false discovery rate < 0.05) indicated that estimated haplotypes in six loci were associated with EASR risk. A comparison of the risk haplotype with the most frequent haplotype in each locus showed haplotype GGTT in CD44 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-4.43) resulted in a significantly greater EASR risk. Five haplotypes, CG in MAD2L2 (OR = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.35-0.87), GTTG in PTTG1 (OR = 0.48; 95% CI, 0.24-0.96), TCC (OR = 0.48; 95% CI, 0.26-0.89) and CCG (OR = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.27-0.92) in RAD9A, and GCT in LIG3 (OR = 0.46; 95% CI, 0.22-0.93) were associated with a reduced EASR risk. No significant risk haplotype was observed in REV3L. CONCLUSION Individual radiosensitivity can be partly determined by these haplotypes in multiple loci. Our findings may lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the genetic variation in radiation sensitivity and resistance among breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomo Suga
- RadGenomics Project, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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