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Itriago H, Marufee Islam Z, Cohn M. Characterization of the RAD52 Gene in the Budding Yeast Naumovozyma castellii. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1908. [PMID: 37895257 PMCID: PMC10606518 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several sources of DNA damage compromise the integrity and stability of the genome of every organism. Specifically, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) can have lethal consequences for the cell. To repair this type of DNA damage, the cells employ homology-directed repair pathways or non-homologous end joining. Homology-directed repair requires the activity of the RAD52 epistasis group of genes. Rad52 is the main recombination protein in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and rad52Δ mutants have been characterized to show severe defects in DSB repair and other recombination events. Here, we identified the RAD52 gene in the budding yeast Naumovozyma castellii. Our analysis showed that the primary amino acid sequence of N. castellii Rad52 shared 70% similarity with S. cerevisiae Rad52. To characterize the gene function, we developed rad52Δ mutant strains by targeted gene replacement transformation. We found that N. castellii rad52Δ mutants showed lowered growth capacity, a moderately altered cell morphology and increased sensitivity to genotoxic agents. The decreased viability of the N. castellii rad52Δ mutants in the presence of genotoxic agents indicates that the role of the Rad52 protein in the repair of DNA damage is conserved in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marita Cohn
- Department of Biology, Genetics Group, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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2
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Tseng WC, Chen CY, Chern CY, Wang CA, Lee WC, Chi YC, Cheng SF, Kuo YT, Chiu YC, Tseng ST, Lin PY, Liou SJ, Li YC, Chen CC. Targeting HR Repair as a Synthetic Lethal Approach to Increase DNA Damage Sensitivity by a RAD52 Inhibitor in BRCA2-Deficient Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4422. [PMID: 33922657 PMCID: PMC8122931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA mutation, one of the most common types of mutations in breast and ovarian cancer, has been suggested to be synthetically lethal with depletion of RAD52. Pharmacologically inhibiting RAD52 specifically eradicates BRCA-deficient cancer cells. In this study, we demonstrated that curcumin, a plant polyphenol, sensitizes BRCA2-deficient cells to CPT-11 by impairing RAD52 recombinase in MCF7 cells. More specifically, in MCF7-siBRCA2 cells, curcumin reduced homologous recombination, resulting in tumor growth suppression. Furthermore, a BRCA2-deficient cell line, Capan1, became resistant to CPT-11 when BRCA2 was reintroduced. In vivo, xenograft model studies showed that curcumin combined with CPT-11 reduced the growth of BRCA2-knockout MCF7 tumors but not MCF7 tumors. In conclusion, our data indicate that curcumin, which has RAD52 inhibitor activity, is a promising candidate for sensitizing BRCA2-deficient cells to DNA damage-based cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Che Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (W.-C.T.); (S.-F.C.); (Y.-T.K.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.-T.T.); (P.-Y.L.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Chi-Yuan Chen
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yuh Chern
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Chu-An Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Chih Lee
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopedics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Ying-Chih Chi
- Cryo-EM Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Shu-Fang Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (W.-C.T.); (S.-F.C.); (Y.-T.K.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.-T.T.); (P.-Y.L.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Yi-Tsen Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (W.-C.T.); (S.-F.C.); (Y.-T.K.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.-T.T.); (P.-Y.L.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Ya-Chen Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (W.-C.T.); (S.-F.C.); (Y.-T.K.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.-T.T.); (P.-Y.L.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Shih-Ting Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (W.-C.T.); (S.-F.C.); (Y.-T.K.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.-T.T.); (P.-Y.L.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Pei-Ya Lin
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (W.-C.T.); (S.-F.C.); (Y.-T.K.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.-T.T.); (P.-Y.L.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Shou-Jhen Liou
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (W.-C.T.); (S.-F.C.); (Y.-T.K.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.-T.T.); (P.-Y.L.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Yi-Chen Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Chin-Chuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (W.-C.T.); (S.-F.C.); (Y.-T.K.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.-T.T.); (P.-Y.L.); (S.-J.L.)
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
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3
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Oshidari R, Mekhail K, Seeber A. Mobility and Repair of Damaged DNA: Random or Directed? Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:144-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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4
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Lim G, Chang Y, Huh WK. Phosphoregulation of Rad51/Rad52 by CDK1 functions as a molecular switch for cell cycle-specific activation of homologous recombination. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay2669. [PMID: 32083180 PMCID: PMC7007264 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay2669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Homologous recombination is exquisitely activated only during specific cell phases. In the G1 phase, homologous recombination activity is completely suppressed. According to previous reports, the activation of homologous recombination during specific cell phases depends on the kinase activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). However, the precise regulatory mechanism and target substrates of CDK1 for this regulation have not been completely determined. Here, we report that the budding yeast CDK1, Cdc28, phosphorylates the major homologous recombination regulators Rad51 and Rad52. This phosphorylation occurs in the G2/M phase by Cdc28 in combination with G2/M phase cyclins. Nonphosphorylatable mutations in Rad51 and Rad52 impair the DNA binding affinity of Rad51 and the affinity between Rad52 rings that leads to their interaction. Collectively, our data provide detailed insights into the regulatory mechanism of cell cycle-dependent homologous recombination activation in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyubum Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonji Chang
- Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ki Huh
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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5
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Toma M, Sullivan-Reed K, Śliwiński T, Skorski T. RAD52 as a Potential Target for Synthetic Lethality-Based Anticancer Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1561. [PMID: 31615159 PMCID: PMC6827130 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in DNA repair systems play a key role in the induction and progression of cancer. Tumor-specific defects in DNA repair mechanisms and activation of alternative repair routes create the opportunity to employ a phenomenon called "synthetic lethality" to eliminate cancer cells. Targeting the backup pathways may amplify endogenous and drug-induced DNA damage and lead to specific eradication of cancer cells. So far, the synthetic lethal interaction between BRCA1/2 and PARP1 has been successfully applied as an anticancer treatment. Although PARP1 constitutes a promising target in the treatment of tumors harboring deficiencies in BRCA1/2-mediated homologous recombination (HR), some tumor cells survive, resulting in disease relapse. It has been suggested that alternative RAD52-mediated HR can protect BRCA1/2-deficient cells from the accumulation of DNA damage and the synthetic lethal effect of PARPi. Thus, simultaneous inhibition of RAD52 and PARP1 might result in a robust dual synthetic lethality, effectively eradicating BRCA1/2-deficient tumor cells. In this review, we will discuss the role of RAD52 and its potential application in synthetic lethality-based anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Toma
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Katherine Sullivan-Reed
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Tomasz Śliwiński
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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6
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Abstract
The health of an organism is intimately linked to its ability to repair damaged DNA. Importantly, DNA repair processes are highly dynamic. This highlights the necessity of characterizing DNA repair in live cells. Advanced genome editing and imaging approaches allow us to visualize damaged DNA and its associated factors in real time. Here, we summarize both established and recent methods that are used to induce DNA damage and visualize damaged DNA and its repair in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Oshidari
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, MaRS Centre, West Tower, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Karim Mekhail
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, MaRS Centre, West Tower, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada; Canada Research Chairs Program, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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7
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Nair A, Agarwal R, Chittela RK. Biochemical characterization of plant Rad52 protein from rice (Oryza sativa). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 106:108-117. [PMID: 27156135 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage in living cells is repaired by two main pathways, homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Of all the genes promoting HR, Rad52 (Radiation sensitive 52) is an important gene which is found to be highly conserved across different species. It was believed that RAD52 is absent in plant systems until lately. However, recent genetic studies have shown the presence of RAD52 homologues in plants. Rad52 homologues in plant systems have not yet been characterized biochemically. In the current study, we bring out the biochemical properties of rice Rad52-2a protein. OsRad52-2a was over-expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells and the protein was purified. The identity of purified OsRad52-2a protein was confirmed via peptide mass fingerprinting. Gel filtration and native PAGE analysis indicated that the OsRad52-2a protein in its native state probably formed an undecameric structure. Purified OsRad52-2a protein showed binding to single stranded DNA, double stranded DNA. Protein also mediated the renaturation of complementary single strands into duplex DNA in both agarose gel and FRET based assays. Put together, OsRad52-2a forms oligomeric structures and binds to ssDNA/dsDNA for mediating an important function like renaturation during homologous recombination. This study represents the first report on biochemical properties of OsRad52-2a protein from important crop like rice. This information will help in dissecting the recombination and repair machinery in plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Nair
- Bio-molecular Damage and Repair Section, Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Rachna Agarwal
- Bio-molecular Damage and Repair Section, Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Rajani Kant Chittela
- Bio-molecular Damage and Repair Section, Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India.
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Campos-Góngora E, Andaluz E, Bellido A, Ruiz-Herrera J, Larriba G. The RAD52 ortholog of Yarrowia lipolytica is essential for nuclear integrity and DNA repair. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 13:441-52. [PMID: 23566019 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica (Yl) is a dimorphic fungus that has become a well-established model for a number of biological processes, including secretion of heterologous and chimerical proteins. However, little is known on the recombination machinery responsible for the integration in the genome of the exogenous DNA encoding for those proteins. We have carried out a phenotypic analysis of rad52 deletants of Y. lipolytica. YlRad52 exhibited 20-30% identity with Rad52 homologues of other eukaryotes, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. Ylrad52-Δ strains formed colonies on YPD-agar plates which were spinier and smaller than those from wild type, whereas in YPD liquid cultures they exhibited a decreased grow rate and contained cells with aberrant morphology and fragmented chromatin, supporting a role for homologous recombination (HR) in genome stability under nondamaging conditions. In addition, Ylrad52 mutants showed moderate to high sensitivity to UV light, oxidizing agents and compounds that cause single- (SSB) and double-strand breaks (DSB), indicating an important role for Rad52 in DNA repair. These findings extend to Yl previous observations indicating that RAD52 is a crucial gene for DNA repair in other fungi, including S. cerevisiae, C. albicans and Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Campos-Góngora
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, México
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Teijeira F, Ullán R, Fernández-Aguado M, Martín J. CefR modulates transporters of beta-lactam intermediates preventing the loss of penicillins to the broth and increases cephalosporin production in Acremonium chrysogenum. Metab Eng 2011; 13:532-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Saito K, Kagawa W, Suzuki T, Suzuki H, Yokoyama S, Saitoh H, Tashiro S, Dohmae N, Kurumizaka H. The putative nuclear localization signal of the human RAD52 protein is a potential sumoylation site. J Biochem 2010; 147:833-42. [PMID: 20190268 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RAD52, a key factor in homologous recombination (HR), plays important roles in both RAD51-dependent and -independent HR pathways. Several studies have suggested a link between the functional regulation of RAD52 and the protein modification by a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of RAD52 by SUMO is unknown. To begin investigating this mechanism, we identified possible target sites for sumoylation in the human RAD52 protein by preparing a RAD52-SUMO complex using an established Escherichia coli sumoylation system. Mass spectrometry and amino acid sequencing of the enzymatically digested fragments of the purified complex revealed that the putative nuclear localization signal located near the C terminus of RAD52 was sumoylated. Biochemical studies of the RAD52-SUMO complex suggested that sumoylation at the identified site has no apparent effect on the DNA binding, D-loop formation, ssDNA annealing and RAD51-binding activities of RAD52. On the other hand, visualization of the GFP-fused RAD52 protein in the human cell that contained mutations at the identified sumoylation sites showed clear differences in the cytosolic and nuclear distributions of the protein. These results suggest the possibility of sumoylation playing an important role in the nuclear transport of RAD52.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Saito
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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11
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Deng X, Prakash A, Dhar K, Baia GS, Kolar C, Oakley GG, Borgstahl GEO. Human replication protein A-Rad52-single-stranded DNA complex: stoichiometry and evidence for strand transfer regulation by phosphorylation. Biochemistry 2009; 48:6633-43. [PMID: 19530647 PMCID: PMC2710861 DOI: 10.1021/bi900564k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The eukaryotic single-stranded DNA-binding protein, replication protein A (RPA), is essential in DNA metabolism and is phosphorylated in response to DNA-damaging agents. Rad52 and RPA participate in the repair of double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). It is known that human RPA and Rad52 form a complex, but the molecular mass, stoichiometry, and exact role of this complex in DSB repair are unclear. In this study, absolute molecular masses of individual proteins and complexes were measured in solution using analytical size-exclusion chromatography coupled with multiangle light scattering, the protein species present in each purified fraction were verified via sodium dodecyl sulfate−polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS−PAGE)/Western analyses, and the presence of biotinylated ssDNA in the complexes was verified by chemiluminescence detection. Then, employing UV cross-linking, the protein partner holding the ssDNA was identified. These data show that phosphorylated RPA promoted formation of a complex with monomeric Rad52 and caused the transfer of ssDNA from RPA to Rad52. This suggests that RPA phosphorylation may regulate the first steps of DSB repair and is necessary for the mediator function of Rad52.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Deng
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 987696 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-7696, USA
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12
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Plate I, Hallwyl SCL, Shi I, Krejci L, Müller C, Albertsen L, Sung P, Mortensen UH. Interaction with RPA is necessary for Rad52 repair center formation and for its mediator activity. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:29077-85. [PMID: 18703507 PMCID: PMC2570898 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804881200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is a major DNA repair pathway and therefore essential for maintaining the integrity of the genome. HR is catalyzed by proteins encoded by genes of the RAD52 epistasis group, including the recombinase Rad51 and its mediator Rad52. HR proteins fused with green fluorescent protein form foci at damaged DNA reflecting the assembly of repair centers that harbor a high concentration of repair proteins. Rad52 mediates the recruitment of Rad51 and other HR proteins to DNA damage. To understand the mechanism for the assembly of Rad52-dependent DNA repair centers, we used a mutational strategy to identify a Rad52 domain essential for its recruitment to DNA repair foci. We present evidence to implicate an acidic domain in Rad52 in DNA repair focus formation. Mutations in this domain confer marked DNA damage sensitivity and recombination deficiency. Importantly, these Rad52 mutants are specifically compromised for interaction with the single-stranded DNA-binding factor RPA. Based on these findings, we propose a model where Rad52 displaces RPA from single-stranded DNA using the acidic domain as a molecular lever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iben Plate
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyng by 2800, Denmark
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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14
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Ohuchi T, Seki M, Enomoto T. Nuclear localization of Rad52 is pre-requisite for its sumoylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 372:126-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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