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Rahman R, Shi DD, Reitman ZJ, Hamerlik P, de Groot JF, Haas-Kogan DA, D’Andrea AD, Sulman EP, Tanner K, Agar NYR, Sarkaria JN, Tinkle CL, Bindra RS, Mehta MP, Wen PY. DNA damage response in brain tumors: A Society for Neuro-Oncology consensus review on mechanisms and translational efforts in neuro-oncology. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:1367-1387. [PMID: 38770568 PMCID: PMC11300028 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noae072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms are critical to maintenance of overall genomic stability, and their dysfunction can contribute to oncogenesis. Significant advances in our understanding of DDR pathways have raised the possibility of developing therapies that exploit these processes. In this expert-driven consensus review, we examine mechanisms of response to DNA damage, progress in development of DDR inhibitors in IDH-wild-type glioblastoma and IDH-mutant gliomas, and other important considerations such as biomarker development, preclinical models, combination therapies, mechanisms of resistance and clinical trial design considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifaquat Rahman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diana D Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zachary J Reitman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Petra Hamerlik
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John F de Groot
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daphne A Haas-Kogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan D D’Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erik P Sulman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kirk Tanner
- National Brain Tumor Society, Newton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathalie Y R Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher L Tinkle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ranjit S Bindra
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Minesh P Mehta
- Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Laverty DJ, Gupta SK, Bradshaw GA, Hunter AS, Carlson BL, Calmo NM, Chen J, Tian S, Sarkaria JN, Nagel ZD. ATM inhibition exploits checkpoint defects and ATM-dependent double strand break repair in TP53-mutant glioblastoma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5294. [PMID: 38906885 PMCID: PMC11192742 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Determining the balance between DNA double strand break repair (DSBR) pathways is essential for understanding treatment response in cancer. We report a method for simultaneously measuring non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), homologous recombination (HR), and microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). Using this method, we show that patient-derived glioblastoma (GBM) samples with acquired temozolomide (TMZ) resistance display elevated HR and MMEJ activity, suggesting that these pathways contribute to treatment resistance. We screen clinically relevant small molecules for DSBR inhibition with the aim of identifying improved GBM combination therapy regimens. We identify the ATM kinase inhibitor, AZD1390, as a potent dual HR/MMEJ inhibitor that suppresses radiation-induced phosphorylation of DSBR proteins, blocks DSB end resection, and enhances the cytotoxic effects of TMZ in treatment-naïve and treatment-resistant GBMs with TP53 mutation. We further show that a combination of G2/M checkpoint deficiency and reliance upon ATM-dependent DSBR renders TP53 mutant GBMs hypersensitive to TMZ/AZD1390 and radiation/AZD1390 combinations. This report identifies ATM-dependent HR and MMEJ as targetable resistance mechanisms in TP53-mutant GBM and establishes an approach for simultaneously measuring multiple DSBR pathways in treatment selection and oncology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Laverty
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiajia Chen
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | | | | | - Zachary D Nagel
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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3
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Li S, Guo Y, Liu X, Chen Y. Helicobacter pylori plus N-Methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine: DNA damage and repair; malignant transformation of human esophageal epithelial cells. MUTATION RESEARCH/GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 888:503636. [PMID: 37188438 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.503636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), found in pickled foods and in chlorinated water, has been used to induce malignant transformation and gastrointestinal cancer in rats. Helicobacter pylori (HP) is implicated in human gastric cancer and possibly also in esophageal cancer. These two agents - one chemical and the other biological - might act together to induce esophageal cancer. In this study, human esophageal epithelial cells (HEECs) were divided into four groups: HP, MNNG, HP + MNNG, and control. The HP-to-HEEC ratio was 100:1. Cells were exposed for 6 h and then passaged until malignant transformation. HEEC at early, intermediate, and late stages of malignant transformation were used for proliferation, cell-cycle, and invasion assays. The alkaline comet assay was performed and expression of proteins, including γ-H2AX and PAXX, was studied by western blotting, to explore DNA damage and repair processes. Measurements of cell morphology, soft-agar clone formation, and invasiveness, and a nude mouse xenograft model, were used to examine malignancy. The effect of HP was stronger than that of MNNG. The combination HP + MNNG exerted a stronger malignant transformation effect than either HP or MNNG alone. Mechanisms of this combined carcinogenesis may include promotion of cell proliferation, perturbation of the cell cycle, promotion of invasiveness, DNA double-strand break induction, or PAXX inhibition.
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Fahrer J, Christmann M. DNA Alkylation Damage by Nitrosamines and Relevant DNA Repair Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054684. [PMID: 36902118 PMCID: PMC10003415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrosamines occur widespread in food, drinking water, cosmetics, as well as tobacco smoke and can arise endogenously. More recently, nitrosamines have been detected as impurities in various drugs. This is of particular concern as nitrosamines are alkylating agents that are genotoxic and carcinogenic. We first summarize the current knowledge on the different sources and chemical nature of alkylating agents with a focus on relevant nitrosamines. Subsequently, we present the major DNA alkylation adducts induced by nitrosamines upon their metabolic activation by CYP450 monooxygenases. We then describe the DNA repair pathways engaged by the various DNA alkylation adducts, which include base excision repair, direct damage reversal by MGMT and ALKBH, as well as nucleotide excision repair. Their roles in the protection against the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of nitrosamines are highlighted. Finally, we address DNA translesion synthesis as a DNA damage tolerance mechanism relevant to DNA alkylation adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Fahrer
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (M.C.); Tel.: +496312052974 (J.F.); Tel: +496131179066 (M.C.)
| | - Markus Christmann
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (M.C.); Tel.: +496312052974 (J.F.); Tel: +496131179066 (M.C.)
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5
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Onclercq-Delic R, Buhagiar-Labarchède G, Leboucher S, Larcher T, Ledevin M, Machon C, Guitton J, Amor-Guéret M. Cytidine deaminase deficiency in mice enhances genetic instability but limits the number of chemically induced colon tumors. Cancer Lett 2023; 555:216030. [PMID: 36496104 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.216030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytidine deaminase (CDA) catalyzes the deamination of cytidine (C) and deoxycytidine (dC) to uridine and deoxyuridine, respectively. We recently showed that CDA deficiency leads to genomic instability, a hallmark of cancers. We therefore investigated whether constitutive CDA inactivation conferred a predisposition to cancer development. We developed a novel mouse model of Cda deficiency by generating Cda-knockout mice. Cda+/+ and Cda-/- mice did not differ in lifetime phenotypic or behavioral characteristics, or in the frequency or type of spontaneous cancers. However, the frequency of chemically induced tumors in the colon was significantly lower in Cda-/- mice. An analysis of primary kidney cells from Cda-/- mice revealed an excess of C and dC associated with significantly higher frequencies of sister chromatid exchange and ultrafine anaphase bridges and lower Parp-1 activity than in Cda+/+ cells. Our results suggest that, despite inducing genetic instability, an absence of Cda limits the number of chemically induced tumors. These results raise questions about whether a decrease in basal Parp-1 activity can protect against inflammation-driven tumorigenesis; we discuss our findings in light of published data for the Parp-1-deficient mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosine Onclercq-Delic
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, UMR 3348, 91405, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR 3348, Centre Universitaire, 91405, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Centre Universitaire, UMR 3348, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Géraldine Buhagiar-Labarchède
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, UMR 3348, 91405, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR 3348, Centre Universitaire, 91405, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Centre Universitaire, UMR 3348, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Leboucher
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, UMR 3348, 91405, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR 3348, Centre Universitaire, 91405, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Centre Universitaire, UMR 3348, 91405, Orsay, France
| | | | | | - Christelle Machon
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France; Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, ISPB, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie, ISPB, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mounira Amor-Guéret
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, UMR 3348, 91405, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR 3348, Centre Universitaire, 91405, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Centre Universitaire, UMR 3348, 91405, Orsay, France.
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Is Autophagy Inhibition in Combination with Temozolomide a Therapeutically Viable Strategy? Cells 2023; 12:cells12040535. [PMID: 36831202 PMCID: PMC9954434 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide is an oral alkylating agent that is used as the first line treatment for glioblastoma multiform, and in recurrent anaplastic astrocytoma, as well as having demonstrable activity in patients with metastatic melanoma. However, as the case with other chemotherapeutic agents, the development of resistance often limits the therapeutic benefit of temozolomide, particularly in the case of glioblastoma. A number of resistance mechanisms have been proposed including the development of cytoprotective autophagy. Cytoprotective autophagy is a survival mechanism that confers upon tumor cells the ability to survive in a nutrient deficient environment as well as under external stresses, such as cancer chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation, in part through the suppression of apoptotic cell death. In this review/commentary, we explore the available literature and provide an overview of the evidence for the promotion of protective autophagy in response to temozolomide, highlighting the possibility of targeting autophagy as an adjuvant therapy to potentially increase the effectiveness of temozolomide and to overcome the development of resistance.
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Ozgiray E, Sogutlu F, Biray Avci C. Chk1/2 inhibitor AZD7762 enhances the susceptibility of IDH-mutant brain cancer cells to temozolomide. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:166. [PMID: 35972603 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The IDH mutation initially exhibits chemosensitive properties, progression-free survival cannot be achieved in the later grades, and malignant transformation occurs as a result of TMZ-induced hypermutation profile and adaptation to this profile. In this study, we evaluated the potential of the combination of TMZ and AZD7762 at molecular level, to increase the anticancer activity of TMZ in IDH-mutant U87-mg cells. We used the WST-1 test to evaluate cytotoxic effect of TMZ and AZD7762 combination with dose-effect and isobologram curves. The effects of the inhibitory and effective concentrations of the combination on apoptosis, cell cycle and γ-H2AX phosphorylation were analyzed with flow cytometry. The expression of genes responsible for the DNA damage response was analyzed with qRT-PCR. The combination showed a synergistic effect with high dose reduction index. Single and combined administrations of TMZ and AZD7762 increased in G2/M arrest from 24 to 48 h, and cells in the G2/M phase shifted towards octaploidy at 72 h. While no double-strand breaks were detected after TMZ treatment, AZD7762 and combination treatments caused a significant increase in γ-H2AX phosphorylation and increased apoptotic stimulation towards 72 h although TMZ did not cause apoptotic effect in IDH-mutant U87-mg cells. The genes controlling the apoptosis were determined to be upregulated in all three groups, and genes regarding cell cycle checkpoints were downregulated. Targeting Chk1/2 with AZD7762 simultaneously with TMZ may be a potential therapeutic strategy for both increasing the sensitivity of IDH-mutant glioma cells to TMZ and reducing the dose of TMZ. In IDH-mutant glioma cells, AZD7762, the Chk1/2 inhibitor, can increase the efficacy of Temozolomide by (i) increasing mitotic chaos, and (ii) inhibiting double-strand break repair, (iii) thereby inducing cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkin Ozgiray
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medicine Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Sogutlu
- Department of Medical Biology, Medicine Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cigir Biray Avci
- Department of Medical Biology, Medicine Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
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8
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Kaina B, Beltzig L, Strik H. Temozolomide – Just a Radiosensitizer? Front Oncol 2022; 12:912821. [PMID: 35785203 PMCID: PMC9246413 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.912821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation concomitant with the DNA methylating drug temozolomide (TMZ) is the gold standard in the treatment of glioblastoma. In this adjuvant setting, TMZ is regarded to be a radiation sensitizer. However, similar to ionising radiation, TMZ induces DNA double-strand breaks and is itself a potent trigger of apoptosis, cellular senescence and autophagy, suggesting that radiation and TMZ act independently. Although cell culture experiments yielded heterogeneous results, some data indicate that the cytotoxic effect of radiation was only enhanced when TMZ was given before radiation treatment. Based on the molecular mechanism of action of TMZ, the importance of specific TMZ and radiation-induced DNA lesions, their repair as well as their interactions, possible scenarios for an additive or synergistic effect of TMZ and radiation are discussed, and suggestions for an optimal timing of radio-chemical treatments are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Bernd Kaina,
| | - Lea Beltzig
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Herwig Strik
- Department of Neurology, Sozialstiftung, Bamberg, Germany
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9
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Maksoud S. The DNA Double-Strand Break Repair in Glioma: Molecular Players and Therapeutic Strategies. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5326-5365. [PMID: 35696013 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most frequent type of tumor in the central nervous system, which exhibit properties that make their treatment difficult, such as cellular infiltration, heterogeneity, and the presence of stem-like cells responsible for tumor recurrence. The response of this type of tumor to chemoradiotherapy is poor, possibly due to a higher repair activity of the genetic material, among other causes. The DNA double-strand breaks are an important type of lesion to the genetic material, which have the potential to trigger processes of cell death or cause gene aberrations that could promote tumorigenesis. This review describes how the different cellular elements regulate the formation of DNA double-strand breaks and their repair in gliomas, discussing the therapeutic potential of the induction of this type of lesion and the suppression of its repair as a control mechanism of brain tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semer Maksoud
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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10
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Hanisch D, Krumm A, Diehl T, Stork CM, Dejung M, Butter F, Kim E, Brenner W, Fritz G, Hofmann TG, Roos WP. Class I HDAC overexpression promotes temozolomide resistance in glioma cells by regulating RAD18 expression. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:293. [PMID: 35365623 PMCID: PMC8975953 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in cancer commonly causes resistance to genotoxic-based therapies. Here, we report on the novel mechanism whereby overexpressed class I HDACs increase the resistance of glioblastoma cells to the SN1 methylating agent temozolomide (TMZ). The chemotherapeutic TMZ triggers the activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) in resistant glioma cells, leading to DNA lesion bypass and cellular survival. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the catalytic activity of class I HDACs stimulates the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase RAD18. Furthermore, the data showed that RAD18 is part of the O6-methylguanine-induced DDR as TMZ induces the formation of RAD18 foci at sites of DNA damage. Downregulation of RAD18 by HDAC inhibition prevented glioma cells from activating the DDR upon TMZ exposure. Lastly, RAD18 or O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) overexpression abolished the sensitization effect of HDAC inhibition on TMZ-exposed glioma cells. Our study describes a mechanism whereby class I HDAC overexpression in glioma cells causes resistance to TMZ treatment. HDACs accomplish this by promoting the bypass of O6-methylguanine DNA lesions via enhancing RAD18 expression. It also provides a treatment option with HDAC inhibition to undermine this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hanisch
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Krumm
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tamara Diehl
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carla M Stork
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mario Dejung
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ella Kim
- Laboratory for Experimental Neurooncology, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Medical Center of the University Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Walburgis Brenner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas G Hofmann
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wynand P Roos
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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11
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Hill P, Zellmann F, Vukova T, Marini F, Kolmar S, Kaina B, Hofmann TG, Nikolova T. Dose response to methylating agents in the γH2AX, SCE and colony formation assays: Effect of MGMT and MPG overexpression. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 876-877:503462. [PMID: 35483785 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cells have developed diverse protective mechanisms that enable them to tolerate low doses of genotoxic compounds. DNA repair processes attenuate the mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of alkylating agents, and multiple studies indicate a key role of specific DNA repair factors and pathways in establishing non-linear dose response relationships. Using an overexpression approach, we investigated the impact of O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT), which repairs O6-methylguanine (O6MeG) in a damage reversal reaction, and N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase (MPG), which acts as an apical enzyme in the BER pathway, on the DNA damage response to the alkylating agents MNNG and MMS. Our data indicate a clear protective effect of MGMT against MNNG-induced nuclear γH2AX foci formation, sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and cytotoxicity, as determined in the colony formation assay. MGMT protected with similar efficiency against MMS-induced cytotoxicity and γH2AX foci formation, but suppressed SCE induction only weakly, which indicates that recombination events induced by MMS result from other lesions than O6MeG. In contrast, overexpression of MPG had only a very mild protective effect on the cellular defense against MMS and MNNG. Collectively, our data indicate that overexpression of MGMT results in non-linear DNA damage responses to O6MeG inducers. In contrast, MPG overexpression has only minor impact on the DNA damage response to alkylating drugs, indicating that other downstream enzymes in the BER pathway are limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hill
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Zellmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tsvetomira Vukova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico Marini
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah Kolmar
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas G Hofmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Teodora Nikolova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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12
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Guervilly JH, Blin M, Laureti L, Baudelet E, Audebert S, Gaillard PH. SLX4 dampens MutSα-dependent mismatch repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:2667-2680. [PMID: 35166826 PMCID: PMC8934664 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour suppressor SLX4 plays multiple roles in the maintenance of genome stability, acting as a scaffold for structure-specific endonucleases and other DNA repair proteins. It directly interacts with the mismatch repair (MMR) protein MSH2 but the significance of this interaction remained unknown until recent findings showing that MutSβ (MSH2-MSH3) stimulates in vitro the SLX4-dependent Holliday junction resolvase activity. Here, we characterize the mode of interaction between SLX4 and MSH2, which relies on an MSH2-interacting peptide (SHIP box) that drives interaction of SLX4 with both MutSβ and MutSα (MSH2-MSH6). While we show that this MSH2 binding domain is dispensable for the well-established role of SLX4 in interstrand crosslink repair, we find that it mediates inhibition of MutSα-dependent MMR by SLX4, unravelling an unanticipated function of SLX4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Hugues Guervilly
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Blin
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Luisa Laureti
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Baudelet
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Audebert
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Gaillard
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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13
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Comprehensive pharmacogenomics characterization of temozolomide response in gliomas. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174580. [PMID: 34678239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in pharmacogenomics have created opportunities for predicting temozolomide response in gliomas. Temozolomide is the main first-line alkylating chemotherapeutic drug together with radiotherapy as standard treatments of high-risk gliomas after surgery. However, there are great individual differences in temozolomide response. Besides the heterogeneity of gliomas, pharmacogenomics relevant genetic polymorphisms can not only affect pharmacokinetics of temozolomide but also change anti-tumor effects of temozolomide. This review will summarize pharmacogenomic studies of temozolomide in gliomas which can lay the foundation to personalized chemotherapy.
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14
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Impact of Chromatin Dynamics and DNA Repair on Genomic Stability and Treatment Resistance in Pediatric High-Grade Gliomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225678. [PMID: 34830833 PMCID: PMC8616465 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs) are the leading cause of mortality in pediatric neuro-oncology, due in great part to treatment resistance driven by complex DNA repair mechanisms. pHGGs have recently been divided into molecular subtypes based on mutations affecting the N-terminal tail of the histone variant H3.3 and the ATRX/DAXX histone chaperone that deposits H3.3 at repetitive heterochromatin loci that are of paramount importance to the stability of our genome. This review addresses the functions of H3.3 and ATRX/DAXX in chromatin dynamics and DNA repair, as well as the impact of mutations affecting H3.3/ATRX/DAXX on treatment resistance and how the vulnerabilities they expose could foster novel therapeutic strategies. Abstract Despite their low incidence, pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs), including diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), are the leading cause of mortality in pediatric neuro-oncology. Recurrent, mutually exclusive mutations affecting K27 (K27M) and G34 (G34R/V) in the N-terminal tail of histones H3.3 and H3.1 act as key biological drivers of pHGGs. Notably, mutations in H3.3 are frequently associated with mutations affecting ATRX and DAXX, which encode a chaperone complex that deposits H3.3 into heterochromatic regions, including telomeres. The K27M and G34R/V mutations lead to distinct epigenetic reprogramming, telomere maintenance mechanisms, and oncogenesis scenarios, resulting in distinct subgroups of patients characterized by differences in tumor localization, clinical outcome, as well as concurrent epigenetic and genetic alterations. Contrasting with our understanding of the molecular biology of pHGGs, there has been little improvement in the treatment of pHGGs, with the current mainstays of therapy—genotoxic chemotherapy and ionizing radiation (IR)—facing the development of tumor resistance driven by complex DNA repair pathways. Chromatin and nucleosome dynamics constitute important modulators of the DNA damage response (DDR). Here, we summarize the major DNA repair pathways that contribute to resistance to current DNA damaging agent-based therapeutic strategies and describe the telomere maintenance mechanisms encountered in pHGGs. We then review the functions of H3.3 and its chaperones in chromatin dynamics and DNA repair, as well as examining the impact of their mutation/alteration on these processes. Finally, we discuss potential strategies targeting DNA repair and epigenetic mechanisms as well as telomere maintenance mechanisms, to improve the treatment of pHGGs.
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15
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El Touny LH, Hose C, Connelly J, Harris E, Monks A, Dull AB, Wilsker DF, Hollingshead MG, Gottholm-Ahalt M, Alcoser SY, Mullendore ME, Parchment RE, Doroshow JH, Teicher BA, Rapisarda A. ATR inhibition reverses the resistance of homologous recombination deficient MGMT low/MMR proficient cancer cells to temozolomide. Oncotarget 2021; 12:2114-2130. [PMID: 34676045 PMCID: PMC8522839 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of temozolomide (TMZ) is hindered by inherent and acquired resistance. Biomarkers such as MGMT expression and MMR proficiency are used as predictors of response. However, not all MGMTlow/-ve/MMRproficient patients benefit from TMZ treatment, indicating a need for additional patient selection criteria. We explored the role of ATR in mediating TMZ resistance and whether ATR inhibitors (ATRi) could reverse this resistance in multiple cancer lines. We observed that only 31% of MGMTlow/-ve/MMRproficient patient-derived and established cancer lines are sensitive to TMZ at clinically relevant concentrations. TMZ treatment resulted in DNA damage signaling in both sensitive and resistant lines, but prolonged G2/M arrest and cell death were exclusive to sensitive models. Inhibition of ATR but not ATM, sensitized the majority of resistant models to TMZ and resulted in measurable DNA damage and persistent growth inhibition. Also, compromised homologous recombination (HR) via RAD51 or BRCA1 loss only conferred sensitivity to TMZ when combined with an ATRi. Furthermore, low REV3L mRNA expression correlated with sensitivity to the TMZ and ATRi combination in vitro and in vivo. This suggests that HR defects and low REV3L levels could be useful selection criteria for enhanced clinical efficacy of an ATRi plus TMZ combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara H. El Touny
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., FNLCR, Frederick, MD, USA
- Current address: Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Curtis Hose
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., FNLCR, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - John Connelly
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., FNLCR, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Erik Harris
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., FNLCR, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Anne Monks
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., FNLCR, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Angie B. Dull
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., FNLCR, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Deborah F. Wilsker
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., FNLCR, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael E. Mullendore
- In Vivo Evaluation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., FNLCR, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ralph E. Parchment
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., FNLCR, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - James H. Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Beverly A. Teicher
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, NCI, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Annamaria Rapisarda
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., FNLCR, Frederick, MD, USA
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16
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Sharma AB, Erasimus H, Pinto L, Caron MC, Gopaul D, Peterlini T, Neumann K, Nazarov PV, Fritah S, Klink B, Herold-Mende CC, Niclou SP, Pasero P, Calsou P, Masson JY, Britton S, Van Dyck E. XAB2 promotes Ku eviction from single-ended DNA double-strand breaks independently of the ATM kinase. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:9906-9925. [PMID: 34500463 PMCID: PMC8464071 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication-associated single-ended DNA double-strand breaks (seDSBs) are repaired predominantly through RAD51-mediated homologous recombination (HR). Removal of the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) factor Ku from resected seDSB ends is crucial for HR. The coordinated actions of MRE11-CtIP nuclease activities orchestrated by ATM define one pathway for Ku eviction. Here, we identify the pre-mRNA splicing protein XAB2 as a factor required for resistance to seDSBs induced by the chemotherapeutic alkylator temozolomide. Moreover, we show that XAB2 prevents Ku retention and abortive HR at seDSBs induced by temozolomide and camptothecin, via a pathway that operates in parallel to the ATM-CtIP-MRE11 axis. Although XAB2 depletion preserved RAD51 focus formation, the resulting RAD51-ssDNA associations were unproductive, leading to increased NHEJ engagement in S/G2 and genetic instability. Overexpression of RAD51 or RAD52 rescued the XAB2 defects and XAB2 loss was synthetically lethal with RAD52 inhibition, providing potential perspectives in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bharadwaj Sharma
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Hélène Erasimus
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Lia Pinto
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marie-Christine Caron
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Oncology Division, Québec City, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Canada
| | - Diyavarshini Gopaul
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS et Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Thibaut Peterlini
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Oncology Division, Québec City, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Canada
| | - Katrin Neumann
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Petr V Nazarov
- Quantitative Biology Unit, Multiomics Data Science Group, LIH, Luxembourg
| | - Sabrina Fritah
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, LIH, Luxembourg
| | - Barbara Klink
- National Center of Genetics, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg.,Functional Tumour Genetics Group, Department of Oncology, LIH, Luxembourg
| | | | - Simone P Niclou
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, LIH, Luxembourg.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Philippe Pasero
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS et Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Calsou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2018
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Oncology Division, Québec City, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Canada
| | - Sébastien Britton
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2018
| | - Eric Van Dyck
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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17
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Tomar MS, Kumar A, Srivastava C, Shrivastava A. Elucidating the mechanisms of Temozolomide resistance in gliomas and the strategies to overcome the resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188616. [PMID: 34419533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is a first-choice alkylating agent inducted as a gold standard therapy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and astrocytoma. A majority of patients do not respond to TMZ during the course of their treatment. Activation of DNA repair pathways is the principal mechanism for this phenomenon that detaches TMZ-induced O-6-methylguanine adducts and restores genomic integrity. Current understanding in the domain of oncology adds several other novel mechanisms of resistance such as the involvement of miRNAs, drug efflux transporters, gap junction's activity, the advent of glioma stem cells as well as upregulation of cell survival autophagy. This review describes a multifaceted account of different mechanisms responsible for the intrinsic and acquired TMZ-resistance. Here, we summarize different strategies that intensify the TMZ effect such as MGMT inhibition, development of novel imidazotetrazine analog, and combination therapy; with an aim to incorporate a successful treatment and increased overall survival in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manendra Singh Tomar
- Center for Advance Research, Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bhopal, Saket Nagar, Bhopal 462020, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Chhitij Srivastava
- Department of Neurosurgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh Shrivastava
- Center for Advance Research, Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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18
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Localization matters: nuclear-trapped Survivin sensitizes glioblastoma cells to temozolomide by elevating cellular senescence and impairing homologous recombination. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5587-5604. [PMID: 34100981 PMCID: PMC8257519 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03864-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To clarify whether differential compartmentalization of Survivin impacts temozolomide (TMZ)-triggered end points, we established a well-defined glioblastoma cell model in vitro (LN229 and A172) and in vivo, distinguishing between its nuclear and cytoplasmic localization. Expression of nuclear export sequence (NES)-mutated Survivin (SurvNESmut-GFP) led to impaired colony formation upon TMZ. This was not due to enhanced cell death but rather due to increased senescence. Nuclear-trapped Survivin reduced homologous recombination (HR)-mediated double-strand break (DSB) repair, as evaluated by γH2AX foci formation and qPCR-based HR assay leading to pronounced induction of chromosome aberrations. Opposite, clones, expressing free-shuttling cytoplasmic but not nuclear-trapped Survivin, could repair TMZ-induced DSBs and evaded senescence. Mass spectrometry-based interactomics revealed, however, no direct interaction of Survivin with any of the repair factors. The improved TMZ-triggered HR activity in Surv-GFP was associated with enhanced mRNA and stabilized RAD51 protein expression, opposite to diminished RAD51 expression in SurvNESmut cells. Notably, cytoplasmic Survivin could significantly compensate for the viability under RAD51 knockdown. Differential Survivin localization also resulted in distinctive TMZ-triggered transcriptional pathways, associated with senescence and chromosome instability as shown by global transcriptome analysis. Orthotopic LN229 xenografts, expressing SurvNESmut exhibited diminished growth and increased DNA damage upon TMZ, as manifested by PCNA and γH2AX foci expression, respectively, in brain tissue sections. Consequently, those mice lived longer. Although tumors of high-grade glioma patients expressed majorly nuclear Survivin, they exhibited rarely NES mutations which did not correlate with survival. Based on our in vitro and xenograft data, Survivin nuclear trapping would facilitate glioma response to TMZ.
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19
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Inhibition of DNA Repair in Combination with Temozolomide or Dianhydrogalactiol Overcomes Temozolomide-Resistant Glioma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112570. [PMID: 34073837 PMCID: PMC8197190 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma is the most prevalent and lethal brain tumor. Temozolomide is usually used for the treatment of glioblastoma. The poor prognosis of the tumor is due to drug resistance and tumor heterogeneity. The mechanism of the resistance to temozolomide is various within the same tumor. The aim of the study was to clarify the mechanism of temozolomide resistance and find methods to overcome temozolomide resistance in glioma. Inhibition of DNA repair (homologous recombination or base excision repair) resensitized resistant cells harboring different resistance mechanism to temozolomide. Additionally, a bifunctional DNA-targeting agent, dianhydrogalactiol, showed anti-tumor effect independent of MGMT and mismatch repair status. Further, inhibition of checkpoint or homologous recombination enhanced dianhydrogalactiol-induced cytotoxicity in temozolomide-resistant glioma cells. Although resistance to temozolomide is clinically important issue, selecting suitable treatments for resistance mechanism can improve the prognosis of glioma. Abstract Resistance to temozolomide and intratumoral heterogeneity contribute to the poor prognosis of glioma. The mechanisms of temozolomide resistance can vary within a heterogeneous tumor. Temozolomide adds a methyl group to DNA. The primary cytotoxic lesion, O6-methylguanine, mispairs with thymine, leading to a futile DNA mismatch repair cycle, formation of double-strand breaks, and eventual cell death when O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is absent. N7-methylguanine and N3-methyladenine are repaired by base excision repair (BER). The study aim was to elucidate temozolomide resistance mechanisms and identify methods to overcome temozolomide resistance in glioma. Several temozolomide-resistant clones were analyzed. Increased homologous recombination and mismatch repair system deficiencies contributed to temozolomide resistance. Inhibition of homologous recombination resensitized resistant cells with high homologous recombination efficiency. For the mismatch repair-deficient cells, inhibition of BER by PARP inhibitor potentiated temozolomide-induced cytotoxicity. Dianhydrogalactiol is a bifunctional DNA-targeting agent that forms N7-alkylguanine and inter-strand DNA crosslinks. Dianhydrogalactiol reduced the proliferation of cells independent of MGMT and mismatch repair, inducing DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis in temozolomide-resistant cells. Further, inhibition of chk1 or homologous recombination enhanced dianhydrogalactiol-induced cytotoxicity in the cells. Selecting treatments most appropriate to the types of resistance mechanisms can potentially improve the prognosis of glioma.
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20
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Ortiz R, Perazzoli G, Cabeza L, Jiménez-Luna C, Luque R, Prados J, Melguizo C. Temozolomide: An Updated Overview of Resistance Mechanisms, Nanotechnology Advances and Clinical Applications. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:513-537. [PMID: 32589560 PMCID: PMC8206461 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200626204005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ), an oral alkylating prodrug which delivers a methyl group to purine bases of DNA (O6-guanine; N7-guanine and N3-adenine), is frequently used together with radiotherapy as part of the first-line treatment of high-grade gliomas. The main advantages are its high oral bioavailability (almost 100% although the concentration found in the cerebrospinal fluid was approximately 20% of the plasma concentration of TMZ), its lipophilic properties, and small size that confer the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, this agent has demonstrated activity not only in brain tumors but also in a variety of solid tumors. However, conventional therapy using surgery, radiation, and TMZ in glioblastoma results in a median patient survival of 14.6 months. Treatment failure has been associated with tumor drug resistance. This phenomenon has been linked to the expression of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, but the mismatch repair system and the presence of cancer stem-like cells in tumors have also been related to TMZ resistance. The understanding of these mechanisms is essential for the development of new therapeutic strategies in the clinical use of TMZ, including the use of nanomaterial delivery systems and the association with other chemotherapy agents. The aim of this review is to summarize the resistance mechanisms of TMZ and the current advances to improve its clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Ortiz
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Spain
| | | | - Laura Cabeza
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Jiménez-Luna
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Raquel Luque
- Medical Oncology Service, Virgen de las Nieves Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Prados
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Spain
| | - Consolación Melguizo
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Spain
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21
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Neary B, Zhou J, Qiu P. Identifying gene expression patterns associated with drug-specific survival in cancer patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5004. [PMID: 33654134 PMCID: PMC7925648 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to predict the efficacy of cancer treatments is a longstanding goal of precision medicine that requires improved understanding of molecular interactions with drugs and the discovery of biomarkers of drug response. Identifying genes whose expression influences drug sensitivity can help address both of these needs, elucidating the molecular pathways involved in drug efficacy and providing potential ways to predict new patients’ response to available therapies. In this study, we integrated cancer type, drug treatment, and survival data with RNA-seq gene expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas to identify genes and gene sets whose expression levels in patient tumor biopsies are associated with drug-specific patient survival using a log-rank test comparing survival of patients with low vs. high expression for each gene. This analysis was successful in identifying thousands of such gene–drug relationships across 20 drugs in 14 cancers, several of which have been previously implicated in the respective drug’s efficacy. We then clustered significant genes based on their expression patterns across patients and defined gene sets that are more robust predictors of patient outcome, many of which were significantly enriched for target genes of one or more transcription factors, indicating several upstream regulatory mechanisms that may be involved in drug efficacy. We identified a large number of genes and gene sets that were potentially useful as transcript-level biomarkers for predicting drug-specific patient survival outcome. Our gene sets were robust predictors of drug-specific survival and our results included both novel and previously reported findings, suggesting that the drug-specific survival marker genes reported herein warrant further investigation for insights into drug mechanisms and for validation as biomarkers to aid cancer therapy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Neary
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peng Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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22
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Abstract
![]()
The cellular outcomes of chemical
exposure are as much about the
cellular response to the chemical as it is an effect of the chemical. We are growing in our understanding
of the genotoxic interaction between chemistry and biology. For example,
recent data has revealed the biological basis for mutation induction
curves for a methylating chemical, which has been shown to be dependent
on the repair capacity of the cells. However, this is just one end
point in the toxicity pathway from chemical exposure to cell death.
Much remains to be known in order for us to predict how cells will
respond to a certain dose. Methylating agents, a subset of alkylating
agents, are of particular interest, because of the variety of adverse
genetic end points that can result, not only at increasing doses,
but also over time. For instance, methylating agents are mutagenic,
their potency, for this end point, is determined by the cellular repair
capacity of an enzyme called methylguanine DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT)
and its ability to repair the induceed methyl adducts. However, methyl
adducts can become clastogenic. Erroneous biological processing will
convert mutagenic adducts to clastogenic events in the form of double
strand breaks (DSBs). How the cell responds to DSBs is via a cascade
of protein kinases, which is called the DNA damage response (DDR),
which will determine if the damage is repaired effectively, via homologous
recombination, or with errors, via nonhomologous end joining, or whether
the cell dies via apoptosis or enters senescence. The fate of cells
may be determined by the extent of damage and the resulting strength
of DDR signaling. Therefore, thresholds of damage may exist that determine
cell fate. Such thresholds would be dependent on each of the repair
and response mechanisms that these methyl adducts stimulate. The molecular
mechanism of how methyl adducts kill cells is still to be fully resolved.
If we are able to quantify each of these thresholds of damage for
a given cell, then we can ascertain, of the many adducts that are
induced, what proportion of them are mutagenic, what proportion are
clastogenic, and how many of these clastogenic events are toxic. This
review examines the possibility of dose and damage thresholds for
methylating agents, from the perspective of the underlying evolutionary
mechanisms that may be accountable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Thomas
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
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23
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Ferri A, Stagni V, Barilà D. Targeting the DNA Damage Response to Overcome Cancer Drug Resistance in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4910. [PMID: 32664581 PMCID: PMC7402284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a severe brain tumor whose ability to mutate and adapt to therapies is at the base for the extremely poor survival rate of patients. Despite multiple efforts to develop alternative forms of treatment, advances have been disappointing and GBM remains an arduous tumor to treat. One of the leading causes for its strong resistance is the innate upregulation of DNA repair mechanisms. Since standard therapy consists of a combinatory use of ionizing radiation and alkylating drugs, which both damage DNA, targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) is proving to be a beneficial strategy to sensitize tumor cells to treatment. In this review, we will discuss how recent progress in the availability of the DDR kinase inhibitors will be key for future therapy development. Further, we will examine the principal existing DDR inhibitors, with special focus on those currently in use for GBM clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ferri
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy;
| | - Venturina Stagni
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy;
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council (CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Barilà
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy;
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Ellison M, Mittal M, Chaudhuri M, Chaudhuri G, Misra S. The role of the redox/miR-6855-3p/PRDX5A axis in reversing SLUG-mediated BRCA2 silencing in breast cancer cells. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:15. [PMID: 31987042 PMCID: PMC6986021 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0493-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that the zinc finger transcription repressor SNAI2 (SLUG) represses tumor suppressor BRCA2-expression in non-dividing cells by binding to the E2-box upstream of the transcription start site. However, it is unclear how proliferating breast cancer (BC) cells that has higher oxidation state, overcome this repression. In this study, we provide insight into the mechanism of de-silencing of BRCA2 gene expression by PRDX5A, which is the longest member of the peroxiredoxin5 family, in proliferating breast cancer cells. METHODS We used cell synchronization and DNA affinity pulldown to analyze PRDX5A binding to the BRCA2 silencer. We used oxidative stress and microRNA (miRNA) treatments to study nuclear localization of PRDX5A and its impact on BRCA2-expression. We validated our findings using mutational, reporter assay, and immunofluorescence analyses. RESULTS Under oxidative stress, proliferating BC cells express PRDX5 isoform A (PRDX5A). In the nucleus, PRDX5A binds to the BRCA2 silencer near the E2-box, displacing SLUG and enhancing BRCA2-expression. Nuclear PRDX5A is translated from the second AUG codon in frame to the first AUG codon in the PRDX5A transcript that retains all exons. Mutation of the first AUG increases nuclear localization of PRDX5A in MDA-MB-231 cells, but mutation of the second AUG decreases it. Increased mitronic hsa-miRNA-6855-3p levels under oxidative stress renders translation from the second AUG preferable. Mutational analysis using reporter assay uncovered a miR-6855-3p binding site between the first and second AUG codon in the PRDX5A transcript. miR-6855-3p mimic increases accumulation of nuclear PRDX5A and inhibits reporter gene translation. CONCLUSION Oxidative stress increases miR-6855-3p expression and binding to the inter-AUG sequence of the PRDX5A transcript, promoting translation of nuclear PRDX5A. Nuclear PRDX5A relieves SLUG-mediated BRCA2 silencing, resulting in increased BRCA2-expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall Ellison
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Mukul Mittal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Minu Chaudhuri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Gautam Chaudhuri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Smita Misra
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA. .,Center for Women's Health Research (CWHR), Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA.
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Toma M, Skorski T, Sliwinski T. DNA Double Strand Break Repair - Related Synthetic Lethality. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1446-1482. [PMID: 29421999 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180201114306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a high degree of diversity between and within tumors. Our limited knowledge of their biology results in ineffective treatment. However, personalized approach may represent a milestone in the field of anticancer therapy. It can increase specificity of treatment against tumor initiating cancer stem cells (CSCs) and cancer progenitor cells (CPCs) with minimal effect on normal cells and tissues. Cancerous cells carry multiple genetic and epigenetic aberrations which may disrupt pathways essential for cell survival. Discovery of synthetic lethality has led a new hope of creating effective and personalized antitumor treatment. Synthetic lethality occurs when simultaneous inactivation of two genes or their products causes cell death whereas individual inactivation of either gene is not lethal. The effectiveness of numerous anti-tumor therapies depends on induction of DNA damage therefore tumor cells expressing abnormalities in genes whose products are crucial for DNA repair pathways are promising targets for synthetic lethality. Here, we discuss mechanistic aspects of synthetic lethality in the context of deficiencies in DNA double strand break repair pathways. In addition, we review clinical trials utilizing synthetic lethality interactions and discuss the mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Toma
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 3400 North Broad Street, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Tomasz Sliwinski
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Kaina B, Christmann M. DNA repair in personalized brain cancer therapy with temozolomide and nitrosoureas. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 78:128-141. [PMID: 31039537 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alkylating agents have been used since the 60ties in brain cancer chemotherapy. Their target is the DNA and, although the DNA of normal and cancer cells is damaged unselectively, they exert tumor-specific killing effects because of downregulation of some DNA repair activities in cancer cells. Agents exhibiting methylating properties (temozolomide, procarbazine, dacarbazine, streptozotocine) induce at least 12 different DNA lesions. These are repaired by damage reversal mechanisms involving the alkyltransferase MGMT and the alkB homologous protein ALKBH2, and through base excision repair (BER). There is a strong correlation between the MGMT expression level and therapeutic response in high-grade malignant glioma, supporting the notion that O6-methylguanine and, for nitrosoureas, O6-chloroethylguanine are the most relevant toxic damages at therapeutically relevant doses. Since MGMT has a significant impact on the outcome of anti-cancer therapy, it is a predictive marker of the effectiveness of methylating anticancer drugs, and clinical trials are underway aimed at assessing the influence of MGMT inhibition on the therapeutic success. Other DNA repair factors involved in methylating drug resistance are mismatch repair, DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR) and DSB signaling. Base excision repair and ALKBH2 might also contribute to alkylating drug resistance and their downregulation may have an impact on drug sensitivity notably in cells expressing a high amount of MGMT and at high doses of temozolomide, but the importance in a therapeutic setting remains to be shown. MGMT is frequently downregulated in cancer cells (up to 40% in glioblastomas), which is due to CpG promoter methylation. Astrocytoma (grade III) are frequently mutated in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1). These tumors show a surprisingly good therapeutic response. IDH1 mutation has an impact on ALKBH2 activity thus influencing DNA repair. A master switch between survival and death is p53, which often retains transactivation activity (wildtype) in malignant glioma. The role of p53 in regulating survival via DNA repair and the routes of death are discussed and conclusions as to cancer therapeutic options were drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Markus Christmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
XRCC2 is one of five somatic RAD51 paralogs, all of which have Walker A and B ATPase motifs. Each of the paralogs, including XRCC2, has a function in DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination (HR). However, their individual roles are not as well understood as that of RAD51 itself. The XRCC2 protein forms a complex (BCDX2) with three other RAD51 paralogs, RAD51B, RAD51C and RAD51D. It is believed that the BCDX2 complex mediates HR downstream of BRCA2 but upstream of RAD51, as XRCC2 is involved in the assembly of RAD51 into DNA damage foci. XRCC2 can bind DNA and, along with RAD51D, can promote homologous pairing in vitro. Consistent with its role in HR, XRCC2-deficient cells have increased levels of spontaneous chromosome instability, and exhibit hypersensitivity to DNA interstrand crosslinking agents such as mitomycin C and cisplatin as well as ionizing radiation, alkylating agents and aldehydes. XRCC2 also functions in promoting DNA replication and chromosome segregation. Biallelic mutation of XRCC2 (FANCU) causes the FA-U subtype of FA, while heterozygosity for deleterious mutations in XRCC2 may be associated with an increased breast cancer risk. XRCC2 appears to function 'downstream' in the FA pathway, since it is not required for FANCD2 monoubiquitination, which is the central step in the FA pathway. Clinically, the only known FA-U patient in the world exhibits severe congenital abnormalities, but had not developed, by seven years of age, the bone marrow failure and cancer that are often seen in patients from other FA complementation groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Andreassen
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA; (PRA); Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen Germany; (HH)
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA; (PRA); Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen Germany; (HH)
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Ingham MA, McGuinness JE, Kalinsky K, Schwartz GK. Exceptional Response to Dacarbazine in Uterine Leiomyosarcoma With Homozygous BRCA2 Deletion Highlights the Role of Homologous Recombination in Response to DNA Damage From Alkylating Agents. JCO Precis Oncol 2018; 2:1-6. [DOI: 10.1200/po.18.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Ingham
- All authors: Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Julia E. McGuinness
- All authors: Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Kevin Kalinsky
- All authors: Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Gary K. Schwartz
- All authors: Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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Khalil A, Jameson MJ. Downregulation of IGF1R Expression Inhibits Growth and Enhances Cisplatin Sensitivity of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells In Vitro. Discov Oncol 2018; 10:11-23. [PMID: 30350263 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-018-0352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A lentivirus-mediated doxycycline-inducible pTRIPZ shRNAmir plasmid targeting IGF1R transcript was transfected into two head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines to silence IGF1R expression and to assess the effect of its downregulation on cisplatin sensitivity in vitro. In Cal27-regIGF1R and SCC25-regIGF1R cell lines, IGF1R protein expression was reduced by more than 90% after 72 h of incubation with doxycycline. Both basal and IGF-stimulated pIGF1R, pAKT, and pERK were significantly reduced, without influence on total AKT and ERK expression. Downregulation of the IGF1R was associated with decreased proliferation and cell viability in both cell lines. Reduced IGF1R expression was also associated with increased sub-G0/G1-phase and G0/G1-phase populations and decreased S-phase and G2/M-phase populations. IGF1R downregulation enhanced sensitivity to cisplatin with decrease of cisplatin IC50 from 15 to 7.1 in Cal27-regIGF1R cells and from 11 to 6.3 in SCC25-regIGF1R cells. Cisplatin exhibited increased pro-apoptotic activity by annexin V staining and PARP cleavage in both cells lines when cultured in doxycycline. Thus, in two HNSCC cell lines in vitro, reduced IGF1R expression results in reduced growth rate and increased sensitivity to cisplatin. Thus, IGF1R downregulation and/or inhibition may serve as a useful adjunct to platinum-based cytotoxic chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Khalil
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Head and Neck Oncologic and Microvascular Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt.
| | - Mark J Jameson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Head and Neck Oncologic and Microvascular Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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30
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Tachon G, Cortes U, Guichet PO, Rivet P, Balbous A, Masliantsev K, Berger A, Boissonnade O, Wager M, Karayan-Tapon L. Cell Cycle Changes after Glioblastoma Stem Cell Irradiation: The Major Role of RAD51. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103018. [PMID: 30282933 PMCID: PMC6213228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
“Glioma Stem Cells” (GSCs) are known to play a role in glioblastoma (GBM) recurrence. Homologous recombination (HR) defects and cell cycle checkpoint abnormalities can contribute concurrently to the radioresistance of GSCs. DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 (RAD51) is a crucial protein for HR and its inhibition has been shown to sensitize GSCs to irradiation. The aim of this study was to examine the consequences of ionizing radiation (IR) for cell cycle progression in GSCs. In addition, we intended to assess the potential effect of RAD51 inhibition on cell cycle progression. Five radiosensitive GSC lines and five GSC lines that were previously characterized as radioresistant were exposed to 4Gy IR, and cell cycle analysis was done by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h with or without RAD51 inhibitor. Following 4Gy IR, all GSC lines presented a significant increase in G2 phase at 24 h, which was maintained over 72 h. In the presence of RAD51 inhibitor, radioresistant GSCs showed delayed G2 arrest post-irradiation for up to 48 h. This study demonstrates that all GSCs can promote G2 arrest in response to radiation-induced DNA damage. However, following RAD51 inhibition, the cell cycle checkpoint response differed. This study contributes to the characterization of the radioresistance mechanisms of GSCs, thereby supporting the rationale of targeting RAD51-dependent repair pathways in view of radiosensitizing GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Tachon
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques (LNEC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1084, Université de Poitiers, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Ulrich Cortes
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Pierre-Olivier Guichet
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques (LNEC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1084, Université de Poitiers, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Pierre Rivet
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Anais Balbous
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques (LNEC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1084, Université de Poitiers, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Konstantin Masliantsev
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques (LNEC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1084, Université de Poitiers, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Antoine Berger
- Département d'Oncologie Radiothérapie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Odile Boissonnade
- Département d'Oncologie Radiothérapie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Michel Wager
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques (LNEC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1084, Université de Poitiers, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Lucie Karayan-Tapon
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques (LNEC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1084, Université de Poitiers, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
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Hombach-Klonisch S, Mehrpour M, Shojaei S, Harlos C, Pitz M, Hamai A, Siemianowicz K, Likus W, Wiechec E, Toyota BD, Hoshyar R, Seyfoori A, Sepehri Z, Ande SR, Khadem F, Akbari M, Gorman AM, Samali A, Klonisch T, Ghavami S. Glioblastoma and chemoresistance to alkylating agents: Involvement of apoptosis, autophagy, and unfolded protein response. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 184:13-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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Roos WP, Frohnapfel L, Quiros S, Ringel F, Kaina B. XRCC3 contributes to temozolomide resistance of glioblastoma cells by promoting DNA double-strand break repair. Cancer Lett 2018; 424:119-126. [PMID: 29574277 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most frequent and aggressive form of high-grade malignant glioma. Due to the dismal prognosis faced by patients suffering from this disease, there is a need for identifying new targets that might improve therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of the DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair protein X-ray repair cross-complementing 3 (XRCC3) to the resistance of glioma cells to the chemotherapeutic drug temozolomide. Analysis of a publicly available database, E-GEOD-4290, showed that gliomas overexpress XRCC3 (NM_005432) compared to normal brain tissue. Using an isogenic glioma cell system, in which XRCC3 was downregulated by interference RNA, we demonstrate that XRCC3 protects glioma cells against temozolomide-induced reproductive cell death, apoptosis and cell cycle inhibition. Furthermore, XRCC3 knockdown significantly reduced the rate of repair of DSBs following TMZ treatment, which results in increased drug sensitivity. This study confirms the importance of homologous recombination in the resistance of glioma cells to the methylating drug temozolomide and adds XRCC3 to the list of homology-directed DNA repair proteins as possible targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wynand P Roos
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Larissa Frohnapfel
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steve Quiros
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Ringel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131, Mainz, Germany.
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Czyż M, Toma M, Gajos-Michniewicz A, Majchrzak K, Hoser G, Szemraj J, Nieborowska-Skorska M, Cheng P, Gritsyuk D, Levesque M, Dummer R, Sliwinski T, Skorski T. PARP1 inhibitor olaparib (Lynparza) exerts synthetic lethal effect against ligase 4-deficient melanomas. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75551-75560. [PMID: 27705909 PMCID: PMC5342760 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer including melanoma may be ''addicted" to double strand break (DSB) repair and targeting this process could sensitize them to the lethal effect of DNA damage. PARP1 exerts an important impact on DSB repair as it binds to both single- and double- strand breaks. PARP1 inhibitors might be highly effective drugs triggering synthetic lethality in patients whose tumors have germline or somatic defects in DNA repair genes. We hypothesized that PARP1-dependent synthetic lethality could be induced in melanoma cells displaying downregulation of DSB repair genes. We observed that PARP1 inhibitor olaparib sensitized melanomas with reduced expression of DNA ligase 4 (LIG4) to an alkylatimg agent dacarbazine (DTIC) treatment in vitro, while normal melanocytes remained intact. PARP1 inhibition caused accumulation of DSBs, which was associated with apoptosis in LIG4 deficient melanoma cells. Our hypothesis that olaparib is synthetic lethal with LIG4 deficiency in melanoma cells was supported by selective anti-tumor effects of olaparib used either alone or in combination with dacarbazine (DTIC) in LIG4 deficient, but not LIG4 proficient cells. In addition, olaparib combined with DTIC inhibited the growth of LIG4 deficient human melanoma xenografts. This work for the first time demonstrates the effectiveness of a combination of PARP1 inhibitor olaparib and alkylating agent DTIC for treating LIG4 deficient melanomas. In addition, analysis of the TCGA and transcriptome microarray databases revealed numerous individual melanoma samples potentially displaying specific defects in DSB repair pathways, which may predispose them to synthetic lethality triggered by PARP1 inhibitor combined with a cytotoxic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Czyż
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Toma
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Gajos-Michniewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kinga Majchrzak
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Grazyna Hoser
- Department of Flow Cytometry, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Margaret Nieborowska-Skorska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Phil Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, and University of Zürich, CH-8952, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Gritsyuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Mitchell Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, and University of Zürich, CH-8952, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, and University of Zürich, CH-8952, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz Sliwinski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Artesunate enhances the therapeutic response of glioma cells to temozolomide by inhibition of homologous recombination and senescence. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67235-67250. [PMID: 27626497 PMCID: PMC5341871 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a malignant brain tumor with a dismal prognosis, shows a high level of chemo- and radioresistance and, therefore, attempts to sensitize glioma cells are highly desired. Here, we addressed the question of whether artesunate (ART), a drug currently used in the treatment of malaria, enhances the killing response of glioblastoma cells to temozolomide (TMZ), which is the first-line therapeutic for GBM. We measured apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy and senescence, and the extent of DNA damage in glioblastoma cells. Further, we determined the tumor growth in nude mice. We show that ART enhances the killing effect of TMZ in glioblastoma cell lines and in glioblastoma stem-like cells. The DNA double-strand break level induced by TMZ was not clearly enhanced in the combined treatment regime. Also, we did not observe an attenuation of TMZ-induced autophagy, which is considered a survival mechanism. However, we observed a significant effect of ART on homologous recombination (HR) with downregulation of RAD51 protein expression and HR activity. Further, we found that ART is able to inhibit senescence induced by TMZ. Since HR and senescence are pro-survival mechanisms, its inhibition by ART appears to be a key node in enhancing the TMZ-induced killing response. Enhancement of the antitumor effect of TMZ by co-administration of ART was also observed in a mouse tumor model. In conclusion, the amelioration of TMZ-induced cell death upon ART co-treatment provides a rational basis for a combination regime of TMZ and ART in glioblastoma therapy.
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35
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Hashimoto K, Sharma V, Sasanuma H, Tian X, Takata M, Takeda S, Swenberg JA, Nakamura J. Poor recognition of O6-isopropyl dG by MGMT triggers double strand break-mediated cell death and micronucleus induction in FANC-deficient cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:59795-59808. [PMID: 27486975 PMCID: PMC5312349 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Isopropyl methanesulfonate (IPMS) is the most potent genotoxic compound among methanesulfonic acid esters. The genotoxic potential of alkyl sulfonate esters is believed to be due to their alkylating ability of the O6 position of guanine. Understanding the primary repair pathway activated in response to IPMS-induced DNA damage is important to profile the genotoxic potential of IPMS. In the present study, both chicken DT40 and human TK6 cell-based DNA damage response (DDR) assays revealed that dysfunction of the FANC pathway resulted in higher sensitivity to IPMS compared to EMS or MMS. O6-alkyl dG is primarily repaired by methyl guanine methyltransferase (MGMT), while isopropyl dG is less likely to be a substrate for MGMT. Comparison of the cytotoxic potential of IPMS and its isomer n-propyl methanesulfonate (nPMS) revealed that the isopropyl moiety avoids recognition by MGMT and leads to higher cytotoxicity. Next, the micronucleus (MN) assay showed that FANC deficiency increases the sensitivity of DT40 cells to MN induction by IPMS. Pretreatment with O6-benzyl guanine (OBG), an inhibitor of MGMT, increased the MN frequency in DT40 cells treated with nPMS, but not IPMS. Lastly, IPMS induced more double strand breaks in FANC-deficient cells compared to wild-type cells in a time-dependent manner. All together, these results suggest that IPMS-derived O6-isopropyl dG escapes recognition by MGMT, and the unrepaired DNA damage leads to double strand breaks, resulting in MN induction. FANC, therefore, plays a pivotal role in preventing MN induction and cell death caused by IPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohiro Hashimoto
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA.,Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Vyom Sharma
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Sasanuma
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Xu Tian
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - James A Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Jun Nakamura
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
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36
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Annovazzi L, Mellai M, Schiffer D. Chemotherapeutic Drugs: DNA Damage and Repair in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:E57. [PMID: 28587121 PMCID: PMC5483876 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9060057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in therapeutic strategies, glioblastoma (GB) remains one of the most lethal cancers. The presence of the blood-brain barrier, the infiltrative nature of the tumor and several resistance mechanisms account for the failure of current treatments. Distinct DNA repair pathways can neutralize the cytotoxicity of chemo- and radio-therapeutic agents, driving resistance and tumor relapse. It seems that a subpopulation of stem-like cells, indicated as glioma stem cells (GSCs), is responsible for tumor initiation, maintenance and recurrence and they appear to be more resistant owing to their enhanced DNA repair capacity. Recently, attention has been focused on the pivotal role of the DNA damage response (DDR) in tumorigenesis and in the modulation of therapeutic treatment effects. In this review, we try to summarize the knowledge concerning the main molecular mechanisms involved in the removal of genotoxic lesions caused by alkylating agents, emphasizing the role of GSCs. Beside their increased DNA repair capacity in comparison with non-stem tumor cells, GSCs show a constitutive checkpoint expression that enables them to survive to treatments in a quiescent, non-proliferative state. The targeted inhibition of checkpoint/repair factors of DDR can contribute to eradicate the GSC population and can have a great potential therapeutic impact aiming at sensitizing malignant gliomas to treatments, improving the overall survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Annovazzi
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Via Pietro Micca 29, 13100 Vercelli, Italy.
| | - Marta Mellai
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Via Pietro Micca 29, 13100 Vercelli, Italy.
| | - Davide Schiffer
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Via Pietro Micca 29, 13100 Vercelli, Italy.
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Koncar RF, Chu Z, Romick-Rosendale LE, Wells SI, Chan TA, Qi X, Bahassi EM. PLK1 inhibition enhances temozolomide efficacy in IDH1 mutant gliomas. Oncotarget 2017; 8:15827-15837. [PMID: 28178660 PMCID: PMC5362526 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite multimodal therapy with radiation and the DNA alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ), malignant gliomas remain incurable. Up to 90% of grades II-III gliomas contain a single mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) allele. IDH1 mutant-mediated transformation is associated with TMZ resistance; however, there is no clinically available means of sensitizing IDH1 mutant tumors to TMZ. In this study we sought to identify a targetable mechanism of TMZ resistance in IDH1 mutant tumors to enhance TMZ efficacy. IDH1 mutant astrocytes rapidly bypassed the G2 checkpoint with unrepaired DNA damage following TMZ treatment. Checkpoint adaptation was accompanied by PLK1 activation and IDH1 mutant astrocytes were more sensitive to treatment with BI2536 and TMZ in combination (<20% clonogenic survival) than either TMZ (~60%) or BI2536 (~75%) as single agents. In vivo, TMZ or BI2536 alone had little effect on tumor size. Combination treatment caused marked tumor shrinkage in all mice and complete tumor regression in 5 of 8 mice. Mutant IDH1 promotes checkpoint adaptation which can be exploited therapeutically with the combination of TMZ and a PLK1 inhibitor, indicating PLK1 inhibitors may be clinically valuable in the treatment of IDH1 mutant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Koncar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zhengtao Chu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Susanne I. Wells
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Timothy A. Chan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - El Mustapha Bahassi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Nikolova T, Roos WP, Krämer OH, Strik HM, Kaina B. Chloroethylating nitrosoureas in cancer therapy: DNA damage, repair and cell death signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:29-39. [PMID: 28143714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chloroethylating nitrosoureas (CNU), such as lomustine, nimustine, semustine, carmustine and fotemustine are used for the treatment of malignant gliomas, brain metastases of different origin, melanomas and Hodgkin disease. They alkylate the DNA bases and give rise to the formation of monoadducts and subsequently interstrand crosslinks (ICL). ICL are critical cytotoxic DNA lesions that link the DNA strands covalently and block DNA replication and transcription. As a result, S phase progression is inhibited and cells are triggered to undergo apoptosis and necrosis, which both contribute to the effectiveness of CNU-based cancer therapy. However, tumor cells resist chemotherapy through the repair of CNU-induced DNA damage. The suicide enzyme O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) removes the precursor DNA lesion O6-chloroethylguanine prior to its conversion into ICL. In cells lacking MGMT, the formed ICL evoke complex enzymatic networks to accomplish their removal. Here we discuss the mechanism of ICL repair as a survival strategy of healthy and cancer cells and DNA damage signaling as a mechanism contributing to CNU-induced cell death. We also discuss therapeutic implications and strategies based on sequential and simultaneous treatment with CNU and the methylating drug temozolomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Nikolova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Wynand P Roos
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Herwig M Strik
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Baldinger Strasse, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Berte N, Piée-Staffa A, Piecha N, Wang M, Borgmann K, Kaina B, Nikolova T. Targeting Homologous Recombination by Pharmacological Inhibitors Enhances the Killing Response of Glioblastoma Cells Treated with Alkylating Drugs. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2665-2678. [PMID: 27474153 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas exhibit a high level of intrinsic and acquired drug resistance and have a dismal prognosis. First- and second-line therapeutics for glioblastomas are alkylating agents, including the chloroethylating nitrosoureas (CNU) lomustine, nimustine, fotemustine, and carmustine. These agents target the tumor DNA, forming O6-chloroethylguanine adducts and secondary DNA interstrand cross-links (ICL). These cross-links are supposed to be converted into DNA double-strand breaks, which trigger cell death pathways. Here, we show that lomustine (CCNU) with moderately toxic doses induces ICLs in glioblastoma cells, inhibits DNA replication fork movement, and provokes the formation of DSBs and chromosomal aberrations. Since homologous recombination (HR) is involved in the repair of DSBs formed in response to CNUs, we elucidated whether pharmacologic inhibitors of HR might have impact on these endpoints and enhance the killing effect. We show that the Rad51 inhibitors RI-1 and B02 greatly ameliorate DSBs, chromosomal changes, and the level of apoptosis and necrosis. We also show that an inhibitor of MRE11, mirin, which blocks the formation of the MRN complex and thus the recognition of DSBs, has a sensitizing effect on these endpoints as well. In a glioma xenograft model, the Rad51 inhibitor RI-1 clearly enhanced the effect of CCNU on tumor growth. The data suggest that pharmacologic inhibition of HR, for example by RI-1, is a reasonable strategy for enhancing the anticancer effect of CNUs. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2665-78. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Berte
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Piée-Staffa
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Piecha
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mengwan Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Borgmann
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Teodora Nikolova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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40
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Krumm A, Barckhausen C, Kücük P, Tomaszowski KH, Loquai C, Fahrer J, Krämer OH, Kaina B, Roos WP. Enhanced Histone Deacetylase Activity in Malignant Melanoma Provokes RAD51 and FANCD2-Triggered Drug Resistance. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3067-77. [PMID: 26980768 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA-damaging anticancer drugs remain a part of metastatic melanoma therapy. Epigenetic reprogramming caused by increased histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity arising during tumor formation may contribute to resistance of melanomas to the alkylating drugs temozolomide, dacarbazine, and fotemustine. Here, we report on the impact of class I HDACs on the response of malignant melanoma cells treated with alkylating agents. The data show that malignant melanomas in situ contain a high level of HDAC1/2 and malignant melanoma cells overexpress HDAC1/2/3 compared with noncancer cells. Furthermore, pharmacologic inhibition of class I HDACs sensitizes malignant melanoma cells to apoptosis following exposure to alkylating agents, while not affecting primary melanocytes. Inhibition of HDAC1/2/3 caused sensitization of melanoma cells to temozolomide in vitro and in melanoma xenografts in vivo HDAC1/2/3 inhibition resulted in suppression of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination because of downregulation of RAD51 and FANCD2. This sensitized cells to the cytotoxic DNA lesion O(6)-methylguanine and caused a synthetic lethal interaction with the PARP-1 inhibitor olaparib. Furthermore, knockdown experiments identified HDAC2 as being responsible for the regulation of RAD51. The influence of class I HDACs on DSB repair by homologous recombination and the possible clinical implication on malignant melanoma therapy with temozolomide and other alkylating drugs suggests a combination approach where class I HDAC inhibitors such as valproic acid or MS-275 (entinostat) appear to counteract HDAC- and RAD51/FANCD2-mediated melanoma cell resistance. Cancer Res; 76(10); 3067-77. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Krumm
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Pelin Kücük
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Carmen Loquai
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wynand Paul Roos
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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41
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Kitange GJ, Mladek AC, Schroeder MA, Pokorny JC, Carlson BL, Zhang Y, Nair AA, Lee JH, Yan H, Decker PA, Zhang Z, Sarkaria JN. Retinoblastoma Binding Protein 4 Modulates Temozolomide Sensitivity in Glioblastoma by Regulating DNA Repair Proteins. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2587-98. [PMID: 26972001 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we provide evidence that RBBP4 modulates temozolomide (TMZ) sensitivity through coordinate regulation of two key DNA repair genes critical for recovery from TMZ-induced DNA damage: methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) and RAD51. Disruption of RBBP4 enhanced TMZ sensitivity, induced synthetic lethality to PARP inhibition, and increased DNA damage signaling in response to TMZ. Moreover, RBBP4 silencing enhanced TMZ-induced H2AX phosphorylation and apoptosis in GBM cells. Intriguingly, RBBP4 knockdown suppressed the expression of MGMT, RAD51, and other genes in association with decreased promoter H3K9 acetylation (H3K9Ac) and increased H3K9 tri-methylation (H3K9me3). Consistent with these data, RBBP4 interacts with CBP/p300 to form a chromatin-modifying complex that binds within the promoter of MGMT, RAD51, and perhaps other genes. Globally, RBBP4 positively and negatively regulates genes involved in critical cellular functions including tumorigenesis. The RBBP4/CBP/p300 complex may provide an interesting target for developing therapy-sensitizing strategies for GBM and other tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar J Kitange
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Ann C Mladek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mark A Schroeder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jenny C Pokorny
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Brett L Carlson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yuji Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Asha A Nair
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jeong-Heon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Huihuang Yan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Paul A Decker
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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42
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Faust D, Nikolova T, Wätjen W, Kaina B, Dietrich C. The Brassica-derived phytochemical indolo[3,2-b]carbazole protects against oxidative DNA damage by aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:967-982. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1672-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Li X, Pan L, Shi J. Nuclear-Targeting MSNs-Based Drug Delivery System: Global Gene Expression Analysis on the MDR-Overcoming Mechanisms. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:2641-8. [PMID: 26450832 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The biological mechanisms of nuclear-targeting mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs)-based DDSs (DOX@NT-MSNs) in overcoming multidrug resistance of cancer cells are studied. It is interesting to find for the first time that DOX@NT-MSNs down-regulate the expression of apoptosis suppressor genes and inhibit DNA repair process by disturbing the p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure; Shanghai Institute of Ceramics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 1295 Ding-xi Road Shanghai 200050 China
| | - Limin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure; Shanghai Institute of Ceramics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 1295 Ding-xi Road Shanghai 200050 China
| | - Jianlin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure; Shanghai Institute of Ceramics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 1295 Ding-xi Road Shanghai 200050 China
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Ramcharan R, Aleksic T, Kamdoum WP, Gao S, Pfister SX, Tanner J, Bridges E, Asher R, Watson AJ, Margison GP, Woodcock M, Repapi E, Li JL, Middleton MR, Macaulay VM. IGF-1R inhibition induces schedule-dependent sensitization of human melanoma to temozolomide. Oncotarget 2015; 6:39877-90. [PMID: 26497996 PMCID: PMC4741867 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies implicate type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-1R) in mediating chemo-resistance. Here, we investigated whether IGF-1R influences response to temozolomide (TMZ), which generates DNA adducts that are removed by O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), or persist causing replication-associated double-strand breaks (DSBs). Initial assessment in 10 melanoma cell lines revealed that TMZ resistance correlated with MGMT expression (r = 0.79, p = 0.009), and in MGMT-proficient cell lines, with phospho-IGF-1R (r = 0.81, p = 0.038), suggesting that TMZ resistance associates with IGF-1R activation. Next, effects of IGF-1R inhibitors (IGF-1Ri) AZ3801 and linsitinib (OSI-906) were tested on TMZ-sensitivity, cell cycle progression and DSB induction. IGF-1Ri sensitized BRAF wild-type and mutant melanoma cells to TMZ in vitro, an effect that was independent of MGMT. Cells harboring wild-type p53 were more sensitive to IGF-1Ri, and showed schedule-dependent chemo-sensitization that was most effective when IGF-1Ri followed TMZ. This sequence sensitized to clinically-achievable TMZ concentrations and enhanced TMZ-induced apoptosis. Simultaneous or prior IGF-1Ri caused less effective chemo-sensitization, associated with increased G1 population and reduced accumulation of TMZ-induced DSBs. Clinically relevant sequential (TMZ → IGF-1Ri) treatment was tested in mice bearing A375M (V600E BRAF, wild-type p53) melanoma xenografts, achieving peak plasma/tumor IGF-1Ri levels comparable to clinical Cmax, and inducing extensive intratumoral apoptosis. TMZ or IGF-1Ri caused minor inhibition of tumor growth (gradient reduction 13%, 25% respectively), while combination treatment caused supra-additive growth delay (72%) that was significantly different from control (p < 0.01), TMZ (p < 0.01) and IGF-1Ri (p < 0.05) groups. These data highlight the importance of scheduling when combining IGF-1Ri and other targeted agents with drugs that induce replication-associated DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Ramcharan
- Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK
| | - Tamara Aleksic
- Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Shan Gao
- Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophia X. Pfister
- Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK
| | - Jordan Tanner
- Biomedical Services, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Esther Bridges
- Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth Asher
- Department of Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Amanda J. Watson
- Cancer Research UK Carcinogenesis Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Manchester, UK
| | - Geoffrey P. Margison
- Cancer Research UK Carcinogenesis Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Manchester, UK
| | - Mick Woodcock
- Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanouela Repapi
- Computational Biology Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Ji-Liang Li
- Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Valentine M. Macaulay
- Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Cancer Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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45
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Chai KM, Wang CY, Liaw HJ, Fang KM, Yang CS, Tzeng SF. Downregulation of BRCA1-BRCA2-containing complex subunit 3 sensitizes glioma cells to temozolomide. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10901-15. [PMID: 25337721 PMCID: PMC4279418 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that BRCA1-BRCA2-containing complex subunit 3 (BRCC3) was highly expressed in tumorigenic rat glioma cells. However, the functional role of BRCC3 in human glioma cells remains to be characterized. This study indicated that the upregulation of BRCC3 expression was induced in two human malignant glioblastoma U251 and A172 cell lines following exposure to the alkylating agent, temozolomide (TMZ). Homologous recombination (HR)-dependent DNA repair-associated genes (i.e. BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51 and FANCD2) were also increased in U251 and A172 cells after treatment with TMZ. BRCC3 gene knockdown through lentivirus-mediated gene knockdown approach not only significantly reduced the clonogenic and migratory abilities of U251 and A172 cells, but also enhanced their sensitization to TMZ. The increase in phosphorylated H2AX foci (γH2AX) formation, an indicator of DNA damage, persisted in TMZ-treated glioma cells with stable knockdown BRCC3 expression, suggesting that BRCC3 gene deficiency is associated with DNA repair impairment. In summary, we demonstrate that by inducing DNA repair, BRCC3 renders glioma cells resistant to TMZ. The findings point to BRCC3 as a potential target for treatment of alkylating drug-resistant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Man Chai
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yen Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jiun Liaw
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Min Fang
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shi Yang
- Center for Nanomedicine Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fen Tzeng
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
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46
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Thomas AD, Fahrer J, Johnson GE, Kaina B. Theoretical considerations for thresholds in chemical carcinogenesis. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 765:56-67. [PMID: 26281768 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for non-linear relationships for gene mutations, chromosomal aberrations and even tumor incidences in response to low doses of genotoxic carcinogens. To attain the biological relevance of such non-linear responses, there is a need to identify the underlying defense mechanisms that allow tolerance to low doses of genotoxicants. This communication discusses presumptive cancer prevention mechanisms that may contribute to thresholds, i.e. points of departure, for each endpoint, from initial DNA lesion to tumor formation. We discuss a sequential order of genome protection during carcinogenesis where genotoxicant scavenging, cellular efflux, DNA repair, elimination of damaged cells by apoptosis, autophagy, silencing by DNA damage-triggered replicative senescence, and finally, elimination of transformed (premalignant) cells by the immune system are thought to be responsible for a threshold in tumor formation. We highlight DNA repair, for which experimental evidence has been recently provided to dictate a role in PoDs. In conclusion, from a theoretical perspective it is reasonable to posit that tolerance to low dose levels exists for each requisite step of tumor formation and these tolerance mechanisms are critical in determining thresholds in chemical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Thomas
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - George E Johnson
- Institue of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany.
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Göder A, Nagel G, Kraus A, Dörsam B, Seiwert N, Kaina B, Fahrer J. Lipoic acid inhibits the DNA repair protein O 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and triggers its depletion in colorectal cancer cells with concomitant autophagy induction. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:817-31. [PMID: 25998848 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkylating agents are present in food and tobacco smoke, but are also used in cancer chemotherapy, inducing the DNA lesion O (6)-methylguanine. This critical adduct is repaired by O (6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), resulting in MGMT inactivation and degradation. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of the natural disulfide compound lipoic acid (LA) on MGMT in vitro and in colorectal cancer cells. We show that LA, but not its reduced form dihydrolipoic acid, potently inhibits the activity of recombinant MGMT by interfering with its catalytic Cys-145 residue, which was partially reversible by N-acetyl cysteine. Incubation of HCT116 colorectal cancer cells with LA altered their glutathione pool and caused a decline in MGMT activity. This was mirrored by LA-induced depletion of MGMT protein, which was not attributable to changes in MGMT messenger RNA levels. Loss of MGMT protein coincided with LA-induced autophagy, a process resulting in lysosomal degradation of proteins, including presumably MGMT. LA-stimulated autophagy in a p53-independent manner as revealed by the response of isogenic HCT116 cell lines. Knockdown of the crucial autophagy component beclin-1 and chemical inhibitors blocked LA-induced autophagy, but did not abrogate LA-triggered MGMT degradation. Concomitant with MGMT depletion, LA pretreatment resulted in enhanced O (6)-methylguanine levels in DNA. It also increased the cytotoxicity of the alkylating anticancer drug temozolomide in temozolomide-resistant colorectal cancer cells. Taken together, our study showed that the natural compound LA inhibits MGMT and induces autophagy. Furthermore, LA enhanced the cytotoxic effects of temozolomide, which makes it a candidate for a supplement in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Göder
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Georg Nagel
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Kraus
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bastian Dörsam
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nina Seiwert
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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de Vries N, Hulsman D, Akhtar W, de Jong J, Miles D, Blom M, van Tellingen O, Jonkers J, van Lohuizen M. Prolonged Ezh2 Depletion in Glioblastoma Causes a Robust Switch in Cell Fate Resulting in Tumor Progression. Cell Rep 2015; 10:383-397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Ohba S, Mukherjee J, See WL, Pieper RO. Mutant IDH1-driven cellular transformation increases RAD51-mediated homologous recombination and temozolomide resistance. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4836-44. [PMID: 25035396 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations occur in most lower grade glioma and not only drive gliomagenesis but are also associated with longer patient survival and improved response to temozolomide. To investigate the possible causative relationship between these events, we introduced wild-type (WT) or mutant IDH1 into immortalized, untransformed human astrocytes, then monitored transformation status and temozolomide response. Temozolomide-sensitive parental cells exhibited DNA damage (γ-H2AX foci) and a prolonged G2 cell-cycle arrest beginning three days after temozolomide (100 μmol/L, 3 hours) exposure and persisting for more than four days. The same cells transformed by expression of mutant IDH1 exhibited a comparable degree of DNA damage and cell-cycle arrest, but both events resolved significantly faster in association with increased, rather than decreased, clonogenic survival. The increases in DNA damage processing, cell-cycle progression, and clonogenicity were unique to cells transformed by mutant IDH1, and were not noted in cells transformed by WT IDH1 or an oncogenic form (V12H) of Ras. Similarly, these effects were not noted following introduction of mutant IDH1 into Ras-transformed cells or established glioma cells. They were, however, associated with increased homologous recombination (HR) and could be reversed by the genetic or pharmacologic suppression of the HR DNA repair protein RAD51. These results show that mutant IDH1 drives a unique set of transformative events that indirectly enhance HR and facilitate repair of temozolomide-induced DNA damage and temozolomide resistance. The results also suggest that inhibitors of HR may be a viable means to enhance temozolomide response in IDH1-mutant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Ohba
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joydeep Mukherjee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Wendy L See
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Russell O Pieper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Fahrer J, Kaina B. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in the defense against N-nitroso compounds and colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2435-42. [PMID: 23929436 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the leading causes of cancer death worldwide, involving multiple dietary and non-dietary risk factors. A growing body of evidence suggests that N-nitroso compounds (NOC) play a pivotal role in the etiology of CRC. NOC are present in food and are also formed endogenously in the large intestine. Upon metabolic activation and also spontaneously, they form electrophilic species that methylate the DNA, producing N-methylated purines and O(6)-methylguanine, the latter of which bears high mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. Methylated DNA bases are removed by base excision repair initiated by the alkyladenine-DNA glycosylase, the family of AlkB homologs proteins, and the suicide enzyme O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), which is the main focus of this review. We present animal models with a deficiency of MGMT that display a tremendously enhanced sensitivity toward alkylation-induced colorectal carcinogenesis, highlighting its role in the protection against the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of alkylating agents. In line with these studies, MGMT was linked to the formation of human sporadic CRC. Colorectal tumors and precursor lesions frequently display epigenetic inactivation of MGMT resulting from promoter hypermethylation, which is tightly associated with the occurrence of G:C to A:T transition mutations in the KRAS oncogene. We also discuss clinical data, which identified the MGMT status of CRC patients as promising parameter for the treatment of metastasized CRC using alkylating anticancer drugs such as temozolomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Fahrer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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