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Measuring DNA modifications with the comet assay: a compendium of protocols. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:929-989. [PMID: 36707722 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00754-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The comet assay is a versatile method to detect nuclear DNA damage in individual eukaryotic cells, from yeast to human. The types of damage detected encompass DNA strand breaks and alkali-labile sites (e.g., apurinic/apyrimidinic sites), alkylated and oxidized nucleobases, DNA-DNA crosslinks, UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and some chemically induced DNA adducts. Depending on the specimen type, there are important modifications to the comet assay protocol to avoid the formation of additional DNA damage during the processing of samples and to ensure sufficient sensitivity to detect differences in damage levels between sample groups. Various applications of the comet assay have been validated by research groups in academia, industry and regulatory agencies, and its strengths are highlighted by the adoption of the comet assay as an in vivo test for genotoxicity in animal organs by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The present document includes a series of consensus protocols that describe the application of the comet assay to a wide variety of cell types, species and types of DNA damage, thereby demonstrating its versatility.
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Moise AC, Kay JE, Engelward BP. Transgenic mice harboring direct repeat substrates reveal key underlying causes of homologous recombination in vivo. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 120:103419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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3
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Xu C, Shang Z, Najafi M. Lung Pneumonitis and Fibrosis in Cancer Therapy: A Review on Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1505-1525. [PMID: 36082868 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220907144131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis and pneumonitis are the most important side effects of lung tissue following cancer therapy. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy by some drugs, such as bleomycin, can induce pneumonitis and fibrosis. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy also may induce pneumonitis and fibrosis to a lesser extent compared to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Activation of lymphocytes by immunotherapy or infiltration of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and mast cells following chemo/radiation therapy can induce pneumonitis. Furthermore, the polarization of macrophages toward M2 cells and the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines stimulate fibrosis. Lung fibrosis and pneumonitis may also be potentiated by some other changes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), oxidative stress, reduction/oxidation (redox) responses, renin-angiotensin system, and the upregulation of some inflammatory mediators such as a nuclear factor of kappa B (NF-κB), inflammasome, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Damages to the lung vascular system and the induction of hypoxia also can induce pulmonary injury following chemo/radiation therapy. This review explains various mechanisms of the induction of pneumonitis and lung fibrosis following cancer therapy. Furthermore, the targets and promising agents to mitigate lung fibrosis and pneumonitis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Xu
- Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, 311800, China
| | - Zhongtu Shang
- Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, 311800, China
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Li J, Beiser A, Dey NB, Takeda S, Saha L, Hirota K, Parker L, Carter M, Arrieta M, Sobol R. A high-throughput 384-well CometChip platform reveals a role for 3-methyladenine in the cellular response to etoposide-induced DNA damage. NAR Genom Bioinform 2022; 4:lqac065. [PMID: 36110898 PMCID: PMC9469923 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Comet or single-cell gel electrophoresis assay is a highly sensitive method to measure cellular, nuclear genome damage. However, low throughput can limit its application for large-scale studies. To overcome these limitations, a 96-well CometChip platform was recently developed that increases throughput and reduces variation due to simultaneous processing and automated analysis of 96 samples. To advance throughput further, we developed a 384-well CometChip platform that allows analysis of ∼100 cells per well. The 384-well CometChip extends the capacity by 4-fold as compared to the 96-well system, enhancing application for larger DNA damage analysis studies. The overall sensitivity of the 384-well CometChip is consistent with that of the 96-well system, sensitive to genotoxin exposure and to loss of DNA repair capacity. We then applied the 384-well platform to screen a library of protein kinase inhibitors to probe each as enhancers of etoposide induced DNA damage. Here, we found that 3-methyladenine significantly increased levels of etoposide-induced DNA damage. Our results suggest that a 384-well CometChip is useful for large-scale DNA damage analyses, which may have increased potential in the evaluation of chemotherapy efficacy, compound library screens, population-based analyses of genome damage and evaluating the impact of environmental genotoxins on genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Li
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Alison Beiser
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Nupur B Dey
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Yoshidakonoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Liton Kumar Saha
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Yoshidakonoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kouji Hirota
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University Minamiosawa 1-1, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - L Lynette Parker
- Center for Healthy Communities, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Mariah Carter
- Center for Healthy Communities, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Martha I Arrieta
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
- Center for Healthy Communities, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Robert W Sobol
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
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Hill P, Zellmann F, Vukova T, Marini F, Kolmar S, Kaina B, Hofmann TG, Nikolova T. Dose response to methylating agents in the γH2AX, SCE and colony formation assays: Effect of MGMT and MPG overexpression. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 876-877:503462. [PMID: 35483785 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cells have developed diverse protective mechanisms that enable them to tolerate low doses of genotoxic compounds. DNA repair processes attenuate the mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of alkylating agents, and multiple studies indicate a key role of specific DNA repair factors and pathways in establishing non-linear dose response relationships. Using an overexpression approach, we investigated the impact of O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT), which repairs O6-methylguanine (O6MeG) in a damage reversal reaction, and N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase (MPG), which acts as an apical enzyme in the BER pathway, on the DNA damage response to the alkylating agents MNNG and MMS. Our data indicate a clear protective effect of MGMT against MNNG-induced nuclear γH2AX foci formation, sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and cytotoxicity, as determined in the colony formation assay. MGMT protected with similar efficiency against MMS-induced cytotoxicity and γH2AX foci formation, but suppressed SCE induction only weakly, which indicates that recombination events induced by MMS result from other lesions than O6MeG. In contrast, overexpression of MPG had only a very mild protective effect on the cellular defense against MMS and MNNG. Collectively, our data indicate that overexpression of MGMT results in non-linear DNA damage responses to O6MeG inducers. In contrast, MPG overexpression has only minor impact on the DNA damage response to alkylating drugs, indicating that other downstream enzymes in the BER pathway are limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hill
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Zellmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tsvetomira Vukova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico Marini
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah Kolmar
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas G Hofmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Teodora Nikolova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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Kumar M, Ritambhara, Kumar R, Gupta M, Gautam P, Tiwari S, Vijayraghavalu S, Shukla G. Higher order genes interaction in DNA repair and cytokine genes polymorphism and risk to lung cancer in North Indians. J Cancer Res Ther 2021; 18:953-963. [PMID: 36149146 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_51_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Context Lung cancer pathological process involves cumulative effects exerted by gene polymorphism(s), epigenetic modifications, and alterations in DNA repair machinery. Further, DNA damage due to oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and the interplay between genetic and environmental factors is also an etiologic milieu of this malignant disease. Aims The present study aims to assess the prognostic value of DNA repair, cytokines, and GST gene polymorphism in lung cancer patients who had not received any neoadjuvant therapy. Materials and Methods In this case-control study, 127 cases and 120 controls were enrolled. DNA from the blood samples of both patients and controls was used to genotype XRCC1Arg399Gln, XPDLys751Gln, and interleukin-1 (IL-1β) genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism method, whereas multiplex PCR was performed to genotype GSTT1 and GSTM1. Results Binary logistic regression analysis showed that XRCC1Arg399Gln-mutant genotype (Gln/Gln, odds ratio [OR] = 4.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.2-9.6) and GSTT1 null (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.6-4.5) were linked to cancer susceptibility. Generalized multidimensional reduction analysis of higher order gene-gene interaction using cross-validation testing (CVT) accuracy showed that GSTT1 (CVT 0.62, P = 0.001), XPD751 and IL-1β (CVT 0.6, P = 0.001), and XRCC1399, XPD751, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonists (IL-1RN) (CVT 0.98, P = 0.001) were single-, two-, and three-factor best model predicted, respectively, for lung cancer risk. Classification and regression tree analysis results showed that terminal nodes which contain XRCC1399-mutant genotype (AA) had increased the risk to lung cancer. Conclusion The present study demonstrated that XRCC1399 (Gln/Gln), GSTT1, and IL-1RN allele I, I/II served as the risk genotypes. These genes could serve as the biomarkers to predict lung cancer risk.
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Khan FH, Dervan E, Bhattacharyya DD, McAuliffe JD, Miranda KM, Glynn SA. The Role of Nitric Oxide in Cancer: Master Regulator or NOt? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249393. [PMID: 33321789 PMCID: PMC7763974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key player in both the development and suppression of tumourigenesis depending on the source and concentration of NO. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which NO induces DNA damage, influences the DNA damage repair response, and subsequently modulates cell cycle arrest. In some circumstances, NO induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis protecting against tumourigenesis. NO in other scenarios can cause a delay in cell cycle progression, allowing for aberrant DNA repair that promotes the accumulation of mutations and tumour heterogeneity. Within the tumour microenvironment, low to moderate levels of NO derived from tumour and endothelial cells can activate angiogenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, promoting an aggressive phenotype. In contrast, high levels of NO derived from inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressing M1 and Th1 polarised macrophages and lymphocytes may exert an anti-tumour effect protecting against cancer. It is important to note that the existing evidence on immunomodulation is mainly based on murine iNOS studies which produce higher fluxes of NO than human iNOS. Finally, we discuss different strategies to target NO related pathways therapeutically. Collectively, we present a picture of NO as a master regulator of cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan H. Khan
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland; (F.H.K.); (E.D.); (D.D.B.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Eoin Dervan
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland; (F.H.K.); (E.D.); (D.D.B.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Dibyangana D. Bhattacharyya
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland; (F.H.K.); (E.D.); (D.D.B.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Jake D. McAuliffe
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland; (F.H.K.); (E.D.); (D.D.B.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Katrina M. Miranda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Sharon A. Glynn
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland; (F.H.K.); (E.D.); (D.D.B.); (J.D.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Environmental exposures have long been known to impact public health and safety. For example, exposures to airborne particulates, heavy metals in water, or certain industrial chemicals can contribute to aging and to risk of developing cancer and other diseases. Environmental factors can impact health in a variety of ways, but a key concern is DNA damage, which can lead to mutations that cause cancer. Cancer can take years to develop following chemical exposure; however, one way to predict carcinogenicity in a more practical time frame is by studying the chemical's ability to induce DNA damage. The comet assay (or single-cell gel electrophoresis assay) has been used successfully for genotoxicity testing. The comet assay allows for the detection of DNA strand breaks via analysis of DNA migration during electrophoresis. Previously, the Engelward laboratory, in collaboration with the Bhatia laboratory, developed the CometChip for measurements of DNA damage and repair. The CometChip is a high-throughput comet assay that improves user reproducibility and significantly shortens total assay time. Here, we describe how the high-throughput CometChip platform can be used to measure DNA damage in established cell lines, animal models, and human samples. We also discuss technical challenges associated with these studies and provide recommendations on how to achieve optimal results for researchers interested in adopting this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Chao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Bevin P. Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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9
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Raetz AG, Banda DM, Ma X, Xu G, Rajavel AN, McKibbin PL, Lebrilla CB, David SS. The DNA repair enzyme MUTYH potentiates cytotoxicity of the alkylating agent MNNG by interacting with abasic sites. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3692-3707. [PMID: 32001618 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher expression of the human DNA repair enzyme MUTYH has previously been shown to be strongly associated with reduced survival in a panel of 24 human lymphoblastoid cell lines exposed to the alkylating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). The molecular mechanism of MUTYH-enhanced MNNG cytotoxicity is unclear, because MUTYH has a well-established role in the repair of oxidative DNA lesions. Here, we show in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) that this MNNG-dependent phenotype does not involve oxidative DNA damage and occurs independently of both O6-methyl guanine adduct cytotoxicity and MUTYH-dependent glycosylase activity. We found that blocking of abasic (AP) sites abolishes higher survival of Mutyh-deficient (Mutyh -/-) MEFs, but this blockade had no additive cytotoxicity in WT MEFs, suggesting the cytotoxicity is due to MUTYH interactions with MNNG-induced AP sites. We found that recombinant mouse MUTYH tightly binds AP sites opposite all four canonical undamaged bases and stimulated apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1)-mediated DNA incision. Consistent with these observations, we found that stable expression of WT, but not catalytically-inactive MUTYH, enhances MNNG cytotoxicity in Mutyh -/- MEFs and that MUTYH expression enhances MNNG-induced genomic strand breaks. Taken together, these results suggest that MUTYH enhances the rapid accumulation of AP-site intermediates by interacting with APE1, implicating MUTYH as a factor that modulates the delicate process of base-excision repair independently of its glycosylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Raetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Douglas M Banda
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Gege Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Anisha N Rajavel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Paige L McKibbin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Sheila S David
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616.
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Al-Shaheri FN, Al-Shami KM, Gamal EH, Mahasneh AA, Ayoub NM. Association of DNA repair gene polymorphisms with colorectal cancer risk and treatment outcomes. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 113:104364. [PMID: 31881200 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common carcinoma worldwide. Despite the progress in screening and treatment, CRC remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Alterations to normal nucleic acid processing may drive neoplastic transformation of colorectal epithelium. DNA repair machinery performs an essential function in the protection of genome by reducing the number of genetic polymorphisms/variations that may drive carcinogenicity. Four essential DNA repair systems are known which include nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER), mismatch repair (MMR), and double-strand break repair (DSBR). Polymorphisms of DNA repair genes have been shown to influence the risk of cancer development as well as outcomes of treatment. Several studies demonstrated the association between genetic polymorphism of DNA repair genes and increased risk of CRC in different populations. In this review, we have summarized the impact of DNA repair gene polymorphisms on risk of CRC development and treatment outcomes. Advancements of the current understanding for the impact of DNA repair gene polymorphisms on the risk and treatment of CRC may support diagnostic and predictive roles in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawaz N Al-Shaheri
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), ImNeuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Medical Faculty Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, ImNeuenheimer Feld 672, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Kamal M Al-Shami
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 720 South Donahue Drive, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States of America; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Eshrak H Gamal
- Department of Oncology, Collage of Medicine, Bonn University, Germany; Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Amjad A Mahasneh
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Nehad M Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
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Jaiswal AS, Williamson EA, Srinivasan G, Kong K, Lomelino CL, McKenna R, Walter C, Sung P, Narayan S, Hromas R. The splicing component ISY1 regulates APE1 in base excision repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 86:102769. [PMID: 31887540 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of cellular genome is continuously challenged by endogenous and exogenous DNA damaging agents. If DNA damage is not removed in a timely fashion the replisome may stall at DNA lesions, causing fork collapse and genetic instability. Base excision DNA repair (BER) is the most important pathway for the removal of oxidized or mono-alkylated DNA. While the main components of the BER pathway are well defined, its regulatory mechanism is not yet understood. We report here that the splicing factor ISY1 enhances apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) activity, the multifunctional enzyme in BER, by promoting its 5'-3' endonuclease activity. ISY1 expression is induced by oxidative damage, which would provide an immediate up-regulation of APE1 activity in vivo and enhance BER of oxidized bases. We further found that APE1 and ISY1 interact, and ISY1 enhances the ability of APE1 to recognize abasic sites in DNA. Using purified recombinant proteins, we reconstituted BER and demonstrated that ISY1 markedly promoted APE1 activity in both the short- and long-patch BER pathways. Our study identified ISY1 as a regulator of the BER pathway, which would be of physiological relevance where suboptimal levels of APE1 are present. The interaction of ISY1 and APE1 also establishes a connection between DNA damage repair and pre-mRNA splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna S Jaiswal
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 United States.
| | - Elizabeth A Williamson
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 United States
| | - Gayathri Srinivasan
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 United States
| | - Kimi Kong
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 United States
| | - Carrie L Lomelino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL 32610 United States
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL 32610 United States
| | - Christi Walter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 United States
| | - Patrick Sung
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 San Antonio, TX 78229 United States
| | - Satya Narayan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 United States
| | - Robert Hromas
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229 United States.
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12
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Wang Y, Lin J, Shu J, Li H, Ren Z. Oxidative damage and DNA damage in lungs of an ovalbumin-induced asthmatic murine model. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:4819-4830. [PMID: 30233855 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.07.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Asthma is characterized to chronic airway inflammation. However, the role of oxidative damage and DNA damage in the pathophysiology of asthma have rarely been studied. On the other hand, there are evidences that DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) participates in DNA damage repair and regulates innate immune responses and proinflammatory signaling pathways. Methods After ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic murine model was established, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), total and differential bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell counts. IL-4, IL-8, IL-13 and TNF-α were chosen to evaluate the airway inflammation, and oxidative damage indicators levels (8-isoprostane and 8-OhdG) in BALF were measured. Alkaline comet assay was conducted to detected DNA damage. Histological analysis was conducted after hematoxylin and eosin (HE) straining, and proteins were extracted for 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) detection and immunoblotting. Results AHR, infiltration of inflammatory cells and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in lungs were significantly higher in asthmatic mice. OVA challenge resulted in robust increase in 3-NT, 8-isoprostane and 8OHdG in lungs, which represented oxidative damage level. DNA damage and repair proteins levels in asthma were also increased. NU7441 aggravated the DNA damage level. However, it suppressed infiltration of lung inflammatory cells and inflammatory cytokine levels, suggesting that DNA-PK may be a potential target for treatment of allergic asthma. Conclusions Our study showed that oxidative damage and DNA damage existed in the airway of asthmatic mice. NU7441 augmented DNA damage level, and moreover, it also attenuated infiltration of inflammatory cells and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in asthmatic lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Wang
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiangtao Lin
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Shu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hong Li
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhencui Ren
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
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Aydın M, Arslan M, Rencüzoğulları E, Gözaydın C, Genç A, Bayram S. Investigation of XRCC1 Arg399Gln, Arg280His, and Arg194Trp polymorphisms effects on the induction of micronucleus by Aflatoxin B1 in in vitro. GENE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Towards precision prevention: Technologies for identifying healthy individuals with high risk of disease. Mutat Res 2017; 800-802:14-28. [PMID: 28458064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The rise of advanced technologies for characterizing human populations at the molecular level, from sequence to function, is shifting disease prevention paradigms toward personalized strategies. Because minimization of adverse outcomes is a key driver for treatment decisions for diseased populations, developing personalized therapy strategies represent an important dimension of both precision medicine and personalized prevention. In this commentary, we highlight recently developed enabling technologies in the field of DNA damage, DNA repair, and mutagenesis. We propose that omics approaches and functional assays can be integrated into population studies that fuse basic, translational and clinical research with commercial expertise in order to accelerate personalized prevention and treatment of cancer and other diseases linked to aberrant responses to DNA damage. This collaborative approach is generally applicable to efforts to develop data-driven, individualized prevention and treatment strategies for other diseases. We also recommend strategies for maximizing the use of biological samples for epidemiological studies, and for applying emerging technologies to clinical applications.
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Chen L, Liu MM, Liu H, Lu D, Zhao XD, Yang XJ. ERCC1 and XRCC1 but not XPA single nucleotide polymorphisms correlate with response to chemotherapy in endometrial carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:7019-7028. [PMID: 27895494 PMCID: PMC5117877 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s110976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to investigate the correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms of ERCC1/XRCC1/XPA genes and postoperative chemotherapy efficacy and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma. Our study included 108 patients with endometrial carcinoma and 100 healthy participants. ERCC1 rs11615/XRCC1 rs25487/XPA rs1800975 gene polymorphisms were detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Then the chemotherapy efficacy and toxic effects of the patients were assessed. The genotype and allele frequency of ERCC1 rs11615/XRCC1 rs25487 in the case group were significantly different from that in the control group (all P<0.05). The patients with AA + GA in ERCC1 rs11615 had an increased risk of endometrial carcinoma than those with GG, and the risk of endometrial carcinoma for patients with AA + GA was also higher in comparison with patients with GG genotype in XRCC1 rs25487 (all P<0.05). GG on both ERCC1 rs11615/XRCC1 rs25487 had a higher effective rate of chemotherapy than GA + AA (all P<0.05). ERCC1 rs11615/XRCC1 rs25487 gene polymorphisms were linked with toxic effects in liver, kidney, and nervous system. ERCC1 rs11615/XRCC1 rs25487, muscular invasion, and tumor stage were independent risk factors for the prognosis of endometrial carcinoma (all P<0.05). However, no significant associations were observed between XPA rs1800975 polymorphism and chemotherapy efficacy and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma (all P>0.05). These results indicated that ERCC1 and XRCC1 but not XPA polymorphisms correlate with response to chemotherapy in endometrial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hui Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics
| | | | - Xiao-Dan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University
| | - Xue-Jing Yang
- Nursing Department, Harbin Chest Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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16
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA repair genes and putative cancer risk. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2369-88. [PMID: 27334373 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1771-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most frequent type of genetic alterations between individuals. An SNP located within the coding sequence of a gene may lead to an amino acid substitution and in turn might alter protein function. Such a change in protein sequence could be functionally relevant and therefore might be associated with susceptibility to human diseases, such as cancer. DNA repair mechanisms are known to play an important role in cancer development, as shown in various human cancer syndromes, which arise due to mutations in DNA repair genes. This leads to the question whether subtle genetic changes such as SNPs in DNA repair genes may contribute to cancer susceptibility. In numerous epidemiological studies, efforts have been made to associate specific SNPs in DNA repair genes with altered DNA repair and cancer. The present review describes some of the common and most extensively studied SNPs in DNA repair genes and discusses whether they are functionally relevant and subsequently increase the likelihood that cancer will develop.
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Chan TK, Loh XY, Peh HY, Tan WNF, Tan WSD, Li N, Tay IJJ, Wong WSF, Engelward BP. House dust mite-induced asthma causes oxidative damage and DNA double-strand breaks in the lungs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:84-96.e1. [PMID: 27157131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is related to airway inflammation and oxidative stress. High levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can induce cytotoxic DNA damage. Nevertheless, little is known about the possible role of allergen-induced DNA damage and DNA repair as modulators of asthma-associated pathology. OBJECTIVE We sought to study DNA damage and DNA damage responses induced by house dust mite (HDM) in vivo and in vitro. METHODS We measured DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), DNA repair proteins, and apoptosis in an HDM-induced allergic asthma model and in lung samples from asthmatic patients. To study DNA repair, we treated mice with the DSB repair inhibitor NU7441. To study the direct DNA-damaging effect of HDM on human bronchial epithelial cells, we exposed BEAS-2B cells to HDM and measured DNA damage and reactive oxygen species levels. RESULTS HDM challenge increased lung levels of oxidative damage to proteins (3-nitrotyrosine), lipids (8-isoprostane), and nucleic acid (8-oxoguanine). Immunohistochemical evidence for HDM-induced DNA DSBs was revealed by increased levels of the DSB marker γ Histone 2AX (H2AX) foci in bronchial epithelium. BEAS-2B cells exposed to HDM showed enhanced DNA damage, as measured by using the comet assay and γH2AX staining. In lung tissue from human patients with asthma, we observed increased levels of DNA repair proteins and apoptosis, as shown by caspase-3 cleavage, caspase-activated DNase levels, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling staining. Notably, NU7441 augmented DNA damage and cytokine production in the bronchial epithelium and apoptosis in the allergic airway, implicating DSBs as an underlying driver of asthma pathophysiology. CONCLUSION This work calls attention to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and HDM-induced cytotoxicity and to a potential role for DNA repair as a modulator of asthma-associated pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze Khee Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Immunology Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore
| | - Xin Yi Loh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Hong Yong Peh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Immunology Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - W N Felicia Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - W S Daniel Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Immunology Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Na Li
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore
| | - Ian J J Tay
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research Graduate Academy, Singapore; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - W S Fred Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Immunology Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Bevin P Engelward
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass
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Samadi AK, Bilsland A, Georgakilas AG, Amedei A, Amin A, Bishayee A, Azmi AS, Lokeshwar BL, Grue B, Panis C, Boosani CS, Poudyal D, Stafforini DM, Bhakta D, Niccolai E, Guha G, Vasantha Rupasinghe HP, Fujii H, Honoki K, Mehta K, Aquilano K, Lowe L, Hofseth LJ, Ricciardiello L, Ciriolo MR, Singh N, Whelan RL, Chaturvedi R, Ashraf SS, Shantha Kumara HMC, Nowsheen S, Mohammed SI, Keith WN, Helferich WG, Yang X. A multi-targeted approach to suppress tumor-promoting inflammation. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S151-S184. [PMID: 25951989 PMCID: PMC4635070 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancers harbor significant genetic heterogeneity and patterns of relapse following many therapies are due to evolved resistance to treatment. While efforts have been made to combine targeted therapies, significant levels of toxicity have stymied efforts to effectively treat cancer with multi-drug combinations using currently approved therapeutics. We discuss the relationship between tumor-promoting inflammation and cancer as part of a larger effort to develop a broad-spectrum therapeutic approach aimed at a wide range of targets to address this heterogeneity. Specifically, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, cyclooxygenase-2, transcription factor nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, protein kinase B, and CXC chemokines are reviewed as important antiinflammatory targets while curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, lycopene, and anthocyanins are reviewed as low-cost, low toxicity means by which these targets might all be reached simultaneously. Future translational work will need to assess the resulting synergies of rationally designed antiinflammatory mixtures (employing low-toxicity constituents), and then combine this with similar approaches targeting the most important pathways across the range of cancer hallmark phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin Health Sciences Institute, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State Univeristy, Karmanos Cancer Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bal L Lokeshwar
- Department of Urology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Brendan Grue
- Department of Environmental Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Carolina Panis
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Mediators, State University of West Paraná, UNIOESTE, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Deepak Poudyal
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Diana M Stafforini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kapil Mehta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Lorne J Hofseth
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Luigi Ricciardiello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advanced Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Richard L Whelan
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - H M C Shantha Kumara
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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Chi XX, Liu YY, Shi SN, Cong Z, Liang YQ, Zhang HJ. XRCC1 and XPD genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to age-related cataract: a meta-analysis. Mol Vis 2015; 21:335-46. [PMID: 25873778 PMCID: PMC4384174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aimed to determine the relationships between XRCC1 Arg399Gln (rs25487 G>A) and XPD Lys751Gln (rs1052559 A>C) polymorphisms and susceptibility to age-related cataract. METHODS Medline (1966-2013), the Cochrane Library Database (Issue 12, 2013), EMBASE (1980-2013), CINAHL (1982-2013), Web of Science (1945-2013) and the Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM; 1982-2013) were searched without language restrictions. Various combinations of the keywords and MeSH terms were used to screen for potentially relevant studies, specifically "genetic polymorphisms" or "SNPs" or "variation" or "single nucleotide polymorphism" or "polymorphism" or "mutation" or "variant"; "X-ray repair cross complementing protein 1" or "Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein" or "X-ray repair cross complementing protein 1" or "Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein" or "XPD" or "Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complementation Group D Protein" or "ERCC2" or "XRCC1" or "XRCC1 DNA repair protein"; and "Cataract" or " Membranous Cataract" or " Pseudoaphakia." Meta-analyses were conducted using Stata 12.0 software. Crude odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. RESULTS Six independent case-control studies were included in the meta-analysis. Our results indicated that the association between the genetic polymorphisms of XRCC1 Arg399Gln G>A and XPD Lys751Gln A>C and increased susceptibility to age-related cataracts was statistically significant (XRCC1 Arg399Gln: OR=1.30, 95% CI=1.17-1.44, p<0.001; XPD Lys751Gln: OR=1.25, 95% CI=1.12-1.40, p<0.001, respectively). Ethnicity-stratified analysis indicated that the XRCC1 Arg399Gln G>A polymorphism was correlated with the development and progression of age-related cataract in China, India, and Turkey in the allele model and the dominant model. For the XPD Lys751Gln A>C variant, the association with the pathogenesis of age-related cataract in China and Turkey in the allele model and the dominant model was investigated. CONCLUSIONS The association of XRCC1 Arg399Gln and XPD Lys751Gln polymorphisms with age-related cataract susceptibility observed in our meta-analyses supports the view that XRCC1 and XPD may play important roles in susceptibility to age-related cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Chi
- College nursing, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, P.R. China
| | - You-Yu Liu
- Department of Personnel, Liaoyang Central Hospital, Liaoyang, P.R. China
| | - Su-Ning Shi
- College nursing, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhuang Cong
- College nursing, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qing Liang
- The Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Liaoyang Petrochemical General Hospital of Liaoyang Petrochemical Company, Liaoyang, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Jun Zhang
- College nursing, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, P.R. China
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Wang Y, Ni J, Sun Z, Chen S, Jiao Y, Bai C. The influence of XRCC1 genetic variants on lung cancer susceptibility in Chinese Han population. Gene 2015; 556:127-31. [PMID: 25433331 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that genetic variants of X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 proteins (XRCC1) contribute to genetic effects on the development of lung cancer. This case-control study aims to evaluate the genetic effects of XRCC1 c.482C>T and c.1686C>G single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on lung cancer susceptibility. 391 lung cancer patients and 398 cancer-free controls were enrolled in this study. The genotypes of c.482C>T and c.1686C>G genetic variants were detected by the created restriction site-polymerase chain reaction (CRS-PCR), PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing methods. The genetic effects on lung cancer susceptibility were evaluated using association analyses by the unconditional logistic regression model. Our data indicated that there were significant differences in the distribution of allelic and genotypic frequencies between lung cancer patients and cancer-free controls. The XRCC1 c.482C>T and c.1686C>G genetic variants were significantly associated with the susceptibility to lung cancer (for c.482C>T, TT versus (vs.) CC: OR=2.14, 95% CI 1.31-3.48, P=0.002; T vs. C: OR=1.37, 95% CI 1.10-1.69, P=0.004; for c.1686C>G, GG vs. CC: OR=2.53, 95% CI 1.46-4.38, P=0.001; G vs. C: OR=1.33, 95% CI 1.06-1.65, P=0.012). These preliminary results suggested that the XRCC1 c.482C>T and c.1686C>G genetic variants might play genetic effects on the susceptibility to lung cancer in the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyi Wang
- Oncology Department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 ShuaiFuYuan Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjiao Ni
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Sun
- Oncology Department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 ShuaiFuYuan Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuchang Chen
- Oncology Department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 ShuaiFuYuan Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Jiao
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute & Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Bai
- Oncology Department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 ShuaiFuYuan Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Qin CJ, Xu KW, Chen ZH, Zhai ET, He YL, Song XM. XRCC1 R399Q polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk in the Chinese Han population: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:461-6. [PMID: 25582318 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) plays a key role in DNA repair, genetic instability, and tumorigenesis. The XRCC1 R399Q polymorphism has been reported in some studies to influence the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), though this remains controversial. We performed a meta-analysis to determine the association of XRCC1 R399Q polymorphisms with CRC risk in the Chinese Han population. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure to identify eligible studies published before June 2014. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to estimate the effect of XRCC1 R399Q polymorphisms on CRC risk. Eleven case-control studies with a total of 3194 CRC cases and 4472 controls were identified. No significant association between the XRCC1 R399Q polymorphism and CRC risk was observed in the Chinese Han population (Gln/Gln vs. Arg/Arg, OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 0.85-1.87, P OR = 0.242; Arg/Gln vs. Arg/Arg, OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.70-1.18, P OR = 0.651; dominant model, OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.86-1.38, P OR = 0.480; and recessive model, OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.91-1.70, P OR = 0.177). After excluding two studies that deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, there remained no significant association between XRCC1 R399Q and CRC risk. No publication bias was found using the funnel plot and Egger's test. Our meta-analysis results suggest that the XRCC1 R399Q polymorphism is not associated with increased risk of CRC in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Feng X, Miao G, Han Y, Xu Y, Wu H. Glioma risks associate with genetic polymorphisms of XRCC1 gene in Chinese population. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:1122-7. [PMID: 24375631 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common type of primary brain tumors in adults. Previous evidence indicates that the X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 gene (XRCC1) is an important candidate gene which influencing the pathogenesis of glioma. This study aims to assess the potential associations between glioma risks and genetic polymorphisms of XRCC1 gene. A total of 1,286 Chinese Han ethnic subjects consisting of 638 glioma patients and 648 controls were recruited in this case-control study. The genotyping of XRCC1 genetic polymorphisms (c.482C>T, c.1161G>A, and c.1804C>A) were conducted using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), created restriction site-PCR (CRS-PCR) and DNA sequencing methods. Our data indicated that the allelic and genotypic frequencies of these genetic polymorphisms in glioma patients were significantly different from those of controls. We detected that the alleles/genotypes were statistically associated with the increased risks of glioma (for c.482C>T, TT versus (vs.) CC: OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.48-3.39, P < 0.001; T vs. C: OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.09-1.53, P = 0.003; for c.1161G>A, AA vs. GG: OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.11-2.35, P = 0.012; A vs. G: OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.01-1.41, P = 0.040; for c.1804C>A, AA vs. CC: OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.45-3.11, P < 0.001; A vs. C: OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.12-1.56, P = 0.001). Our findings suggest that these genetic polymorphisms of XRCC1 gene may influence glioma risks in Chinese Han ethnic subjects, and might be potential molecular markers for evaluating glioma risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
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Shahanavaj K, Gil-Bazo I, Castiglia M, Bronte G, Passiglia F, Carreca AP, del Pozo JL, Russo A, Peeters M, Rolfo C. Cancer and the microbiome: potential applications as new tumor biomarker. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 15:317-30. [PMID: 25495037 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.992785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microbial communities that colonize in humans are collectively described as microbiome. According to conservative estimates, about 15% of all types of neoplasms are related to different infective agents. However, current knowledge is not sufficient to explain how the microbiome contributes to the growth and development of cancers. Large and thorough studies involving colonized, diverse and complex microbiome entities are required to identify microbiome as a potential cancer marker and to understand how the immune system is involved in response to pathogens. This article reviews the existing evidence supporting the enigmatic association of transformed microbiome with the development of cancer through the immunological modification. Ascertaining the connection between microbiome and immunological responses with risk of cancer may direct to explaining significant advances in the etiology of cancer, potentially disclosing a novel paradigm of research for the management and prevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Shahanavaj
- Department of Bioscience, Shri Ram Group of College (SRGC), Muzaffarnagar, UP, India
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HSP90 regulates DNA repair via the interaction between XRCC1 and DNA polymerase β. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5513. [PMID: 25423885 PMCID: PMC4246423 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular DNA repair processes are crucial to maintain genome stability and integrity. In DNA base excision repair, a tight heterodimer complex formed by DNA polymerase β (Polβ) and XRCC1 is thought to facilitate repair by recruiting Polβ to DNA damage sites. Here we show that disruption of the complex does not impact DNA damage response or DNA repair. Instead, the heterodimer formation is required to prevent ubiquitylation and degradation of Polβ. In contrast, the stability of the XRCC1 monomer is protected from CHIP-mediated ubiquitylation by interaction with the binding partner HSP90. In response to cellular proliferation and DNA damage, proteasome and HSP90-mediated regulation of Polβ and XRCC1 alters the DNA repair complex architecture. We propose that protein stability, mediated by DNA repair protein complex formation, functions as a regulatory mechanism for DNA repair pathway choice in the context of cell cycle progression and genome surveillance.
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Wang L, Lu H, Li J, Zeng H, Liu C, Chen Q, Lin Z. The association between XRCC1 genetic polymorphisms and the risk of endometrial carcinoma in Chinese. Gene 2014; 554:155-9. [PMID: 25445285 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated evidences report that X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 gene (XRCC1) genetic polymorphisms play an important role in the development of endometrial carcinoma (EC). This study aims to evaluate the association of XRCC1 c.1161G>A and c.1804C>A genetic polymorphisms with the risk of EC. A total of 218 EC patients and 243 cancer-free controls were included in this study. The genotypes of XRCC1 genetic polymorphisms were determined by the created restriction site-polymerase chain reaction (CRS-PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods. We found that these two genetic polymorphisms were statistically associated with the risk of EC. As for c.1161G>A, in comparison with GG wild genotype, the AA genotype was significantly associated with the increased risk of EC (OR=2.36, 95% CI 1.28-4.37, χ(2)=7.71, P=0.005). As for c.1804C>A, the CC genotype significantly increased the risk of EC in comparison with CC wild genotype (OR=2.77, 95% CI 1.38-5.58, χ(2)=8.54, P=0.003). Our data indicate that the A allele of c.1161G>A and c.1804C>A genetic polymorphisms could contribute to increase the risk of EC (for c.1161G>A: A versus (vs.) G, OR=1.34, 95% CI 1.02-1.76, χ(2)=4.56, P=0.033; for c.1804C>A: A vs. C, OR=1.34, 95% CI 1.01-1.77, χ(2)=4.03, P=0.045). Our results indicate that the XRCC1 c.1161G>A and c.1804C>A genetic polymorphisms significantly influenced the risk of EC in Chinese populations, and might be used as molecular markers for evaluating EC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaiwu Lu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhao Liu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongqiu Lin
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Genetic polymorphisms of XRCC1 gene and susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma in Chinese population. Med Oncol 2014; 31:887. [PMID: 24570146 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer in the worldwide. Accumulated evidences indicate that genetic polymorphisms of human X-ray repair complementing group 1 gene (XRCC1) are associated with the susceptibility to HCC. This study aims to investigate the potential association between XRCC1 c.482C>T and c.1178G>A genetic polymorphisms and the susceptibility to HCC. A total of 1,069 Chinese Han subjects consisting of 530 HCC patients and 539 cancer-free controls were recruited in this case-control study. The created restriction site-polymerase chain reaction and directly DNA sequencing methods were utilized to analyze the genotyping of XRCC1 genetic polymorphisms. Our data suggested that the XRCC1 c.482C>T and c.1178G>A genetic polymorphisms were statistically associated with the increased risks of HCC [for c.482C>T, TT vs. CC: OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.26-3.32, P = 0.003; T vs. C: OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.04-1.51, P = 0.017; for c.1178G>A, AA vs. GG: OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.26-3.67, P = 0.004; A vs. G: OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.10-1.61, P = 0.004]. The allele-T and genotype-TT of c.482C>T and allele-A and genotype-AA of c.1178G>A genetic polymorphisms may enhance the susceptibility to HCC. Our findings indicate that the studied XRCC1 genetic polymorphisms may influence the risk of HCC in Chinese populations and might be used as molecular markers for assessing the risk of HCC.
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Deletion of individual Ku subunits in mice causes an NHEJ-independent phenotype potentially by altering apurinic/apyrimidinic site repair. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86358. [PMID: 24466051 PMCID: PMC3900520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ku70 and Ku80 form a heterodimer called Ku that forms a holoenzyme with DNA dependent-protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKCS) to repair DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) through the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. As expected mutating these genes in mice caused a similar DSB repair-defective phenotype. However, ku70-/- cells and ku80-/- cells also appeared to have a defect in base excision repair (BER). BER corrects base lesions, apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites and single stand breaks (SSBs) utilizing a variety of proteins including glycosylases, AP endonuclease 1 (APE1) and DNA Polymerase β (Pol β). In addition, deleting Ku70 was not equivalent to deleting Ku80 in cells and mice. Therefore, we hypothesized that free Ku70 (not bound to Ku80) and/or free Ku80 (not bound to Ku70) possessed activity that influenced BER. To further test this hypothesis we performed two general sets of experiments. The first set showed that deleting either Ku70 or Ku80 caused an NHEJ-independent defect. We found ku80-/- mice had a shorter life span than dna-pkcs-/- mice demonstrating a phenotype that was greater than deleting the holoenzyme. We also found Ku70-deletion induced a p53 response that reduced the level of small mutations in the brain suggesting defective BER. We further confirmed that Ku80-deletion impaired BER via a mechanism that was not epistatic to Pol β. The second set of experiments showed that free Ku70 and free Ku80 could influence BER. We observed that deletion of either Ku70 or Ku80, but not both, increased sensitivity of cells to CRT0044876 (CRT), an agent that interferes with APE1. In addition, free Ku70 and free Ku80 bound to AP sites and in the case of Ku70 inhibited APE1 activity. These observations support a novel role for free Ku70 and free Ku80 in altering BER.
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Kidane D, Chae WJ, Czochor J, Eckert KA, Glazer PM, Bothwell ALM, Sweasy JB. Interplay between DNA repair and inflammation, and the link to cancer. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:116-39. [PMID: 24410153 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.875514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage and repair are linked to cancer. DNA damage that is induced endogenously or from exogenous sources has the potential to result in mutations and genomic instability if not properly repaired, eventually leading to cancer. Inflammation is also linked to cancer. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONs) produced by inflammatory cells at sites of infection can induce DNA damage. RONs can also amplify inflammatory responses, leading to increased DNA damage. Here, we focus on the links between DNA damage, repair, and inflammation, as they relate to cancer. We examine the interplay between chronic inflammation, DNA damage and repair and review recent findings in this rapidly emerging field, including the links between DNA damage and the innate immune system, and the roles of inflammation in altering the microbiome, which subsequently leads to the induction of DNA damage in the colon. Mouse models of defective DNA repair and inflammatory control are extensively reviewed, including treatment of mouse models with pathogens, which leads to DNA damage. The roles of microRNAs in regulating inflammation and DNA repair are discussed. Importantly, DNA repair and inflammation are linked in many important ways, and in some cases balance each other to maintain homeostasis. The failure to repair DNA damage or to control inflammatory responses has the potential to lead to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit Kidane
- Departments of Therapeutic Radiology and Genetics
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Mangerich A, Dedon PC, Fox JG, Tannenbaum SR, Wogan GN. Chemistry meets biology in colitis-associated carcinogenesis. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:958-86. [PMID: 23926919 PMCID: PMC4316682 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.832239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestine comprises an exceptional venue for a dynamic and complex interplay of numerous chemical and biological processes. Here, multiple chemical and biological systems, including the intestinal tissue itself, its associated immune system, the gut microbiota, xenobiotics, and metabolites meet and interact to form a sophisticated and tightly regulated state of tissue homoeostasis. Disturbance of this homeostasis can cause inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-a chronic disease of multifactorial etiology that is strongly associated with increased risk for cancer development. This review addresses recent developments in research into chemical and biological mechanisms underlying the etiology of inflammation-induced colon cancer. Beginning with a general overview of reactive chemical species generated during colonic inflammation, the mechanistic interplay between chemical and biological mediators of inflammation, the role of genetic toxicology, and microbial pathogenesis in disease development are discussed. When possible, we systematically compare evidence from studies utilizing human IBD patients with experimental investigations in mice. The comparison reveals that many strong pathological and mechanistic correlates exist between mouse models of colitis-associated cancer, and the clinically relevant situation in humans. We also summarize several emerging issues in the field, such as the carcinogenic potential of novel inflammation-related DNA adducts and genotoxic microbial factors, the systemic dimension of inflammation-induced genotoxicity, and the complex role of genome maintenance mechanisms during these processes. Taken together, current evidence points to the induction of genetic and epigenetic alterations by chemical and biological inflammatory stimuli ultimately leading to cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Mangerich
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Molecular Toxicology Group, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Peter C. Dedon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - James G. Fox
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Steven R. Tannenbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Gerald N. Wogan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
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Wang YX, Fan K, Tao DB, Dong X. Association Between Genetic Polymorphism of XRCC1 Gene and Risk of Glioma in а Chinese Population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:5957-60. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.10.5957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Huang Y, Xie D, Tang N, Wang J, Zeng X, Zhao P, He L. XRCC1 Arg399Gln variation and leukemia susceptibility: evidence from 2,647 cases and 5,518 controls. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:799-808. [PMID: 23990457 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports implicate XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism as a possible risk factor for several cancers. Increasing studies have been conducted on the association of XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphisms with susceptibility to leukemia. However, conflicting results have been generated. The goal of the present study was to derive a more precise estimation of the relationship. Meta-analyses assessing the association of XRCC1 Arg399Gln variation with leukemia were conducted, and subgroup analyses on ethnicity and clinical types were further performed. Eligible studies were identified for the period up to February 2013. Consequently, 16 publications including 17 case-control studies with 2,647 cases and 5,518 controls were selected for analysis. The overall data indicated a significant association of XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism with leukemia risk (Gln/Gln versus Arg/Arg: OR = 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.08-1.74; dominant model: OR = 1.23, 95%CI = 1.03-1.46; recessive model: OR = 1.23, 95%CI = 1.06-1.44). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, Gln allele may increase leukemia susceptibility among Asians (Gln/Gln versus Arg/Arg: OR = 1.82, 95%CI = 1.19-2.78; dominant model: OR = 1.53, 95%CI = 1.00-2.33; recessive model: OR = 1.51, 95%CI = 1.11-2.06), but not Caucasians or mixed ethnicities. In the subgroup analysis by clinical types, increased risk was observed in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) subgroup (Gln/Gln versus Arg/Arg: OR = 1.45, 95%CI = 1.09-1.93; recessive model: OR = 1.30, 95%CI = 1.00-1.69), but not in acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, or chronic myeloid leukemia subgroups, respectively. Collectively, the results of the present study suggest that XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism might be a low-penetrant risk factor for leukemia, particularly among Asians. Homozygous Gln/Gln alleles might have a correlation with increased ALL susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, 550004, China,
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Jin Z, Xu H, Zhang X, Zhao G. Genetic polymorphisms in XRCC1 gene and susceptibility to glioma in Chinese Han population. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:357-62. [PMID: 23918303 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common type of primary brain malignancy in adults. The X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) is an important candidate gene for influencing the pathogenesis of glioma. This study aimed to evaluate the potential association between XRCC1 genetic polymorphisms and glioma susceptibility. This case-control study was conducted in Chinese Han populations consisting of 620 glioma cases and 630 cancer-free controls. XRCC1 genetic polymorphisms were detected by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and verified using DNA sequencing methods. The c.910A>G and c.1779C>G genetic polymorphisms were identified in this study. Our data suggested that the genotypes/alleles of these two genetic polymorphisms were statistically associated with the increased risk of glioma. As for c.910A>G, the risk of glioma for genotype GG was significantly higher than wild genotype AA (odds ratio (OR) = 1.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33-2.94, P = 0.001). As for c.1779C>G, the genotype GG was statistically associated with the increased risk of glioma compared to wild genotype CC (OR = 1.80, 95% CI 1.17-2.78, P = 0.007). Both of alleles G in c.910A>G and c.1779C>G may contribute to glioma susceptibility (G versus (vs.) A, OR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.09-1.54, P = 0.003; G vs. C, OR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.00-1.42, P = 0.045). Our findings indicate that the c.910A>G and c.1779C>G genetic polymorphisms are associated with the susceptibility to glioma in Chinese Han populations and might be used as molecular markers for evaluating glioma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Bethune Hospital, Jilin University, No. 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
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Zhuo W, Zhang L, Cai L, Zhu B, Chen Z. XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism and bladder cancer risk: updated meta-analyses based on 5767 cases and 6919 controls. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:66-76. [PMID: 23479765 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports implicate XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism as a possible risk factor for several cancers. Published meta-analyses have been conducted on the association of XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism with susceptibility to bladder cancer, and have generated conflicting results. The present study aimed to derive a more precise estimation of the relationship. Updated meta-analyses assessing the association of XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism with bladder cancer were conducted and subgroup analyses on ethnicity, smoking status and source of controls were further performed. Eligible studies were identified for the period up to May 2012. A total of 19 case-control studies comprising 5767 cases and 6919 controls were lastly selected for analysis. The overall data failed to indicate significant associations between XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism and bladder cancer risk (Gln/Gln versus Arg/Arg: odds ratio (OR) = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.85-1.10; dominant model: OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 0.94-1.09; recessive model: OR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.84-1.07). In subgroup analyses stratified by ethnicity, smoking status and source of controls, respectively, similar results were obtained. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism might not modify the susceptibility to bladder cancer. Further large and well-designed studies are needed to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlei Zhuo
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Iyer P, Srinivasan A, Singh SK, Mascara GP, Zayitova S, Sidone B, Fouquerel E, Svilar D, Sobol RW, Bobola MS, Silber JR, Gold B. Synthesis and characterization of DNA minor groove binding alkylating agents. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:156-68. [PMID: 23234400 PMCID: PMC3618862 DOI: 10.1021/tx300437x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Derivatives of methyl 3-(1-methyl-5-(1-methyl-5-(propylcarbamoyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-ylcarbamoyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-ylamino)-3-oxopropane-1-sulfonate (1), a peptide-based DNA minor groove binding methylating agent, were synthesized and characterized. In all cases, the N-terminus was appended with an O-methyl sulfonate ester, while the C-terminus group was varied with nonpolar and polar side chains. In addition, the number of pyrrole rings was varied from 2 (dipeptide) to 3 (tripeptide). The ability of the different analogues to efficiently generate N3-methyladenine was demonstrated as was their selectivity for minor groove (N3-methyladenine) versus major groove (N7-methylguanine) methylation. Induced circular dichroism studies were used to measure the DNA equilibrium binding properties of the stable sulfone analogues; the tripeptide binds with affinity that is >10-fold higher than that of the dipeptide. The toxicities of the compounds were evaluated in alkA/tag glycosylase mutant E. coli and in human WT glioma cells and in cells overexpressing and under-expressing N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase, which excises N3-methyladenine from DNA. The results show that equilibrium binding correlates with the levels of N3-methyladenine produced and cellular toxicity. The toxicity of 1 was inversely related to the expression of MPG in both the bacterial and mammalian cell lines. The enhanced toxicity parallels the reduced activation of PARP and the diminished rate of formation of aldehyde reactive sites observed in the MPG knockdown cells. It is proposed that unrepaired N3-methyladenine is toxic due to its ability to directly block DNA polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prema Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Ajay Srinivasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Sreelekha K. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Gerard P. Mascara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Sevara Zayitova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Brian Sidone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Elise Fouquerel
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15232
| | - David Svilar
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15232
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Robert W. Sobol
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15232
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh 15213
| | - Michael S. Bobola
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - John R. Silber
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Barry Gold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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Adhikary S, Cato MC, McGary KL, Rokas A, Eichman BF. Non-productive DNA damage binding by DNA glycosylase-like protein Mag2 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. DNA Repair (Amst) 2012; 12:196-204. [PMID: 23273506 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Schizosaccharomyces pombe contains two paralogous proteins, Mag1 and Mag2, related to the helix-hairpin-helix (HhH) superfamily of alkylpurine DNA glycosylases from yeast and bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis of related proteins from four Schizosaccharomyces and other fungal species shows that the Mag1/Mag2 duplication is unique to the genus Schizosaccharomyces and most likely occurred in its ancestor. Mag1 excises N3- and N7-alkylguanines and 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine from DNA, whereas Mag2 has been reported to have no detectible alkylpurine base excision activity despite high sequence and active site similarity to Mag1. To understand this discrepancy we determined the crystal structure of Mag2 bound to abasic DNA and compared it to our previously determined Mag1-DNA structure. In contrast to Mag1, Mag2 does not flip the abasic moiety into the active site or stabilize the DNA strand 5' to the lesion, suggesting that it is incapable of forming a catalytically competent protein-DNA complex. Subtle differences in Mag1 and Mag2 interactions with the DNA duplex illustrate how Mag2 can stall at damage sites without fully engaging the lesion. We tested our structural predictions by mutational analysis of base excision and found a single amino acid responsible at least in part for Mag2's lack of activity. Substitution of Mag2 Asp56, which caps the helix at the base of the DNA intercalation loop, with the corresponding serine residue in Mag1 endows Mag2 with ɛA excision activity comparable to Mag1. This work provides novel insight into the chemical and physical determinants by which the HhH glycosylases engage DNA in a catalytically productive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Adhikary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Kipanyula MJ, Seke Etet PF, Vecchio L, Farahna M, Nukenine EN, Nwabo Kamdje AH. Signaling pathways bridging microbial-triggered inflammation and cancer. Cell Signal 2012; 25:403-16. [PMID: 23123499 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial-triggered inflammation protects against pathogens and yet can paradoxically cause considerable secondary damage to host tissues that can result in tissue fibrosis and carcinogenesis, if persistent. In addition to classical pathogens, gut microbiota bacteria, i.e. a group of mutualistic microorganisms permanently inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract and which plays a key role in digestion, immunity, and cancer prevention, can induce inflammation-associated cancer following the alterations of their microenvironment. Emerging experimental evidence indicates that microbiota members like Escherichia coli and several other genotoxic and mutagenic pathogens can cause DNA damage in various cell types. In addition, the inflammatory response induced by chronic infections with pathogens like the microbiota members Helicobacter spp., which have been associated with liver, colorectal, cervical cancers and lymphoma, for instance, can also trigger carcinogenic processes. A microenvironment including active immune cells releasing high amounts of inflammatory signaling molecules can favor the carcinogenic transformation of host cells. Pivotal molecules released during immune response such as the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MMIF) and the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species' products superoxide and peroxynitrite, can further damage DNA and cause the accumulation of oncogenic mutations, whereas pro-inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, and growth factors may create a microenvironment promoting neoplastic cell survival and proliferation. Recent findings on the implication of inflammatory signaling pathways in microbial-triggered carcinogenesis as well as the possible role of microbiota modulation in cancer prevention are herein summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulilio John Kipanyula
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3016, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Zhang L, Qiu Z, Luo J, Shu W. X-ray repair cross-complementing gene 1 Arg399Gln polymorphism and glioma risk among Asians: A meta-analysis based on 2 326 cases and 3 610 controls. Neural Regen Res 2012; 7:2313-9. [PMID: 25538755 PMCID: PMC4268735 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.29.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Previous reports have demonstrated that X-ray repair cross-complementing gene 1 (XRCC1) Arg399Gln polymorphism is a possible risk factor for several cancers. Published data on the association of XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism with glioma susceptibility have generated conflicting results. This study is designed to precisely estimate the relationship. DATA RETRIEVAL: A computer-based online retrieval of Medline, EMBASE, OVID, Sciencedirect, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure was performed to search papers regarding association of XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphisms with glioma published up to April 2012. SELECTION CRITERIA: Two investigators selected data independently. Meta analysis was then performed for the selected studies using STATA 11.0 software after strict selection. Heterogeneity test, sensitivity analysis and publication bias assessments were then conducted. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Association of XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism with glioma risk. RESULTS: A total of nine case-controlled studies comprising 2 326 cases and 3 610 controls were selected for final analysis. The overall data failed to indicate a significant association of XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism with glioma risk (Gln/Gln vs. Arg/Arg: odds ratio (OR) = 1.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.94–1.31; dominant model: OR = 1.06; 95%CI = 0.95–1.18; recessive model: OR = 1.04; 95%CI = 0.81–1.34). However, subgroup analysis regarding ethnicity showed an increased risk among Asians (Gln/Gln vs. Arg/Arg: OR = 1.70; 95%CI = 1.17–2.46; dominant model: OR = 1.40; 95%CI = 1.10–1.78; recessive model: OR = 1.46; 95%CI = 1.04–2.05) but not Caucasians or mixed ethnicities. CONCLUSION: XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism might modify the susceptibility to glioma among Asians but not Caucasians. Further large and well-designed studies are needed to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zhiqun Qiu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jiaohua Luo
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Weiqun Shu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Chongqing 400037, China
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Brooks SC, Adhikary S, Rubinson EH, Eichman BF. Recent advances in the structural mechanisms of DNA glycosylases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1834:247-71. [PMID: 23076011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA glycosylases safeguard the genome by locating and excising a diverse array of aberrant nucleobases created from oxidation, alkylation, and deamination of DNA. Since the discovery 28years ago that these enzymes employ a base flipping mechanism to trap their substrates, six different protein architectures have been identified to perform the same basic task. Work over the past several years has unraveled details for how the various DNA glycosylases survey DNA, detect damage within the duplex, select for the correct modification, and catalyze base excision. Here, we provide a broad overview of these latest advances in glycosylase mechanisms gleaned from structural enzymology, highlighting features common to all glycosylases as well as key differences that define their particular substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja C Brooks
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Svilar D, Dyavaiah M, Brown AR, Tang JB, Li J, McDonald PR, Shun TY, Braganza A, Wang XH, Maniar S, St Croix CM, Lazo JS, Pollack IF, Begley TJ, Sobol RW. Alkylation sensitivity screens reveal a conserved cross-species functionome. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:1580-96. [PMID: 23038810 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To identify genes that contribute to chemotherapy resistance in glioblastoma, we conducted a synthetic lethal screen in a chemotherapy-resistant glioblastoma-derived cell line with the clinical alkylator temozolomide (TMZ) and an siRNA library tailored toward "druggable" targets. Select DNA repair genes in the screen were validated independently, confirming the DNA glycosylases uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) and A/G-specific adenine DNA glycosylase (MYH) as well as methylpurine-DNA glycosylase (MPG) to be involved in the response to high dose TMZ. The involvement of UNG and MYH is likely the result of a TMZ-induced burst of reactive oxygen species. We then compared the human TMZ sensitizing genes identified in our screen with those previously identified from alkylator screens conducted in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The conserved biologic processes across all three species compose an alkylation functionome that includes many novel proteins not previously thought to impact alkylator resistance. This high-throughput screen, validation and cross-species analysis was then followed by a mechanistic analysis of two essential nodes: base excision repair (BER) DNA glycosylases (UNG, human and mag1, S. cerevisiae) and protein modification systems, including UBE3B and ICMT in human cells or pby1, lip22, stp22 and aim22 in S. cerevisiae. The conserved processes of BER and protein modification were dual targeted and yielded additive sensitization to alkylators in S. cerevisiae. In contrast, dual targeting of BER and protein modification genes in human cells did not increase sensitivity, suggesting an epistatic relationship. Importantly, these studies provide potential new targets to overcome alkylating agent resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Svilar
- Departments of Pharmacology& Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-1863, USA
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Qiu Z, Luo J, Zhou Z, Shu W. The XRCC1 Arg194Trp polymorphism is not a risk factor for glioma: A meta-analysis involving 1,440 cases and 2,562 controls. Exp Ther Med 2012; 4:1057-1062. [PMID: 23226774 PMCID: PMC3494116 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have indicated that the X-ray repair cross-complementing gene 1 (XRCC1) Arg194Trp polymorphism may be a risk factor for several types of cancer. Published studies on the association of XRCC1 Arg194Trp polymorphisms with glioma risk have yeilded conflicting results. The present study aimed to obtain a more precise estimation of this association. Meta-analyses assessing the association of the XRCC1 Arg194Trp variation with glioma were conducted and subgroup analyses based on ethnicity and source of controls were also performed. Eligible studies were identified during the period before May 2012. A total of four case-control studies comprising 1,440 cases and 2,562 controls were finally selected for analysis. The overall data failed to indicate a significant association of the XRCC1 Arg194Trp polymorphism with glioma risk [Trp vs. Arg: odds ratio (OR) = 1.01, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.77–1.33; Trp/Trp vs. Arg/Arg: OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 0.96–2.54; dominant model: OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.74–1.31; recessive model: OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 0.92–2.38]. Similarly, in the subgroup analysis based on ethnicity and source of controls, no associations were observed. In conclusion, the results of the present study failed to suggest an association between the XRCC1 Arg194Trp polymorphism and glioma risk. Further large and well-designed studies are required to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038
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Svilar D, Vens C, Sobol RW. Quantitative, real-time analysis of base excision repair activity in cell lysates utilizing lesion-specific molecular beacons. J Vis Exp 2012:e4168. [PMID: 22895410 DOI: 10.3791/4168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a method for the quantitative, real-time measurement of DNA glycosylase and AP endonuclease activities in cell nuclear lysates using base excision repair (BER) molecular beacons. The substrate (beacon) is comprised of a deoxyoligonucleotide containing a single base lesion with a 6-Carboxyfluorescein (6-FAM) moiety conjugated to the 5'end and a Dabcyl moiety conjugated to the 3' end of the oligonucleotide. The BER molecular beacon is 43 bases in length and the sequence is designed to promote the formation of a stem-loop structure with 13 nucleotides in the loop and 15 base pairs in the stem. When folded in this configuration the 6-FAM moiety is quenched by Dabcyl in a non-fluorescent manner via Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). The lesion is positioned such that following base lesion removal and strand scission the remaining 5 base oligonucleotide containing the 6-FAM moiety is released from the stem. Release and detachment from the quencher (Dabcyl) results in an increase of fluorescence that is proportionate to the level of DNA repair. By collecting multiple reads of the fluorescence values, real-time assessment of BER activity is possible. The use of standard quantitative real-time PCR instruments allows the simultaneous analysis of numerous samples. The design of these BER molecular beacons, with a single base lesion, is amenable to kinetic analyses, BER quantification and inhibitor validation and is adaptable for quantification of DNA Repair activity in tissue and tumor cell lysates or with purified proteins. The analysis of BER activity in tumor lysates or tissue aspirates using these molecular beacons may be applicable to functional biomarker measurements. Further, the analysis of BER activity with purified proteins using this quantitative assay provides a rapid, high-throughput method for the discovery and validation of BER inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Svilar
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
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Georgiadis P, Polychronaki N, Kyrtopoulos SA. Progress in high-throughput assays of MGMT and APE1 activities in cell extracts. Mutat Res 2012; 736:25-32. [PMID: 22609488 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair activity is of interest as a potential biomarker of individual susceptibility to genotoxic agents. In view of the current trend for exploitation of large cohorts in molecular epidemiology projects, there is a pressing need for the development of phenotypic DNA repair assays that are high-throughput, very sensitive, inexpensive and reliable. Towards this goal we have developed and validated two phenotypic assays for the measurement of two DNA repair enzymes in cell extracts: (1) O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT), which repairs the O(6)-alkylguanine-type of adducts induced in DNA by alkylating genotoxins; and (2) apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE 1), which participates in base excision repair (BER) by causing a rate-limiting DNA strand cleavage 5' to the abasic sites. The MGMT assay makes use of the fact that: (a) the enzyme works by irreversibly transferring the alkyl group from the O(6) position of guanine to a cystein residue in its active site and thereby becomes inactivated and (b) that the free base O(6)-benzylguanine (BG) is a very good substrate for MGMT. In the new assay, cell extracts are incubated with BG tagged with biotin and the resulting MGMT-BG-biotin complex is immobilized on anti-MGMT-coated microtiter plates, followed by quantitation using streptavidin-conjugated alkaline phosphatase and a chemiluminescence-producing substrate. A one-step/one-tube phenotypic assay for APE1 activity has been developed based on the use of a fluorescent molecular beacon (partially self-complementary oligonucleotide with a hairpin-loop structure carrying a fluorophore and a quencher at each end). It also contains a single tetrahydrofuran residue (THF) which is recognized and cleaved by APE1, and the subsequently formed single-stranded oligomer becomes a fluorescence signal emitter. Both assays are highly sensitive, require very small amounts of protein extracts, are relatively inexpensive and can be easily automated. They have been extensively validated and are being used in the context of large-scale molecular epidemiology studies.
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