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López-Sánchez C, Lagoa R, Poejo J, García-López V, García-Martínez V, Gutierrez-Merino C. An Update of Kaempferol Protection against Brain Damage Induced by Ischemia-Reperfusion and by 3-Nitropropionic Acid. Molecules 2024; 29:776. [PMID: 38398528 PMCID: PMC10893315 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaempferol, a flavonoid present in many food products, has chemical and cellular antioxidant properties that are beneficial for protection against the oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Kaempferol administration to model experimental animals can provide extensive protection against brain damage of the striatum and proximal cortical areas induced by transient brain cerebral ischemic stroke and by 3-nitropropionic acid. This article is an updated review of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of protection by kaempferol administration against brain damage induced by these insults, integrated with an overview of the contributions of the work performed in our laboratories during the past years. Kaempferol administration at doses that prevent neurological dysfunctions inhibit the critical molecular events that underlie the initial and delayed brain damage induced by ischemic stroke and by 3-nitropropionic acid. It is highlighted that the protection afforded by kaempferol against the initial mitochondrial dysfunction can largely account for its protection against the reported delayed spreading of brain damage, which can develop from many hours to several days. This allows us to conclude that kaempferol administration can be beneficial not only in preventive treatments, but also in post-insult therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen López-Sánchez
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ricardo Lagoa
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Morro do Lena-Alto do Vieiro, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal;
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Joana Poejo
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
| | - Virginio García-López
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, Pharmacology Area, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Virginio García-Martínez
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
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Wang Y, Zhong Y, Xu X, Li X, Li H, Shen H, Wang W, Fang Q. Axin1 participates in blood-brain barrier protection during experimental ischemic stroke via phosphorylation at Thr485 in rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 127:102204. [PMID: 36464067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Axin1 takes an important part in a variety of signaling pathway, such as MEKK1, GSK3β, and β-catenin, and plays a variety of physiological functions; but its effects on the brain-blood barrier (BBB) and stroke remain unclear. To explore the effects and underlying mechanisms of Axin1 on the BBB in ischemic stroke, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) were subjected to oxygen/glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) to imitate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. We found that Axin1 was upregulated in HBMEC after OGD without reoxygenation, and downregulated in the injured hemisphere after MCAO without reperfusion. Tight junction (TJ) proteins were upregulated both in HBMEC after OGD without reoxygenation and in ischemic penumbra of the injured hemisphere in rats after MCAO without reperfusion. TJ proteins were downregulated after MCAO/R in rats. Overexpression of Axin1 upregulated the levels of TJ proteins, which alleviated BBB permeability, reduced infarction volume, and ultimately improved neurological behavioral indicators after I/R injury. Furthermore, inhibiting phosphorylation of Axin1 at Thr485 notably increased the expression of Snail and decreased the expression of TJ proteins. Our findings demonstrate that Axin1 participates in BBB protection and improvement of neurological functions during ischemic stroke by regulating TJ proteins. Axin1 may serve as a potential novel candidate to protect BBB and relieve brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, North Haierxiang Road 6, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Qi Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China.
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Cao L, Wu H, Chen S, Dong Y, Zhu C, Jia J, Fan C. A Novel Deep Learning Method Based on an Overlapping Time Window Strategy for Brain-Computer Interface-Based Stroke Rehabilitation. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1502. [PMID: 36358428 PMCID: PMC9688819 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. The classification of motor intentions using brain activity is an important task in the rehabilitation of stroke patients using brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). This paper presents a new method for model training in EEG-based BCI rehabilitation by using overlapping time windows. For this aim, three different models, a convolutional neural network (CNN), graph isomorphism network (GIN), and long short-term memory (LSTM), are used for performing the classification task of motor attempt (MA). We conducted several experiments with different time window lengths, and the results showed that the deep learning approach based on overlapping time windows achieved improvements in classification accuracy, with the LSTM combined vote-counting strategy (VS) having achieved the highest average classification accuracy of 90.3% when the window size was 70. The results verified that the overlapping time window strategy is useful for increasing the efficiency of BCI rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hailiang Wu
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shugeng Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yilin Dong
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Changming Zhu
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jie Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Chunjiang Fan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wuxi Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi 214001, China
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Blanco S, Martínez-Lara E, Siles E, Peinado MÁ. New Strategies for Stroke Therapy: Nanoencapsulated Neuroglobin. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081737. [PMID: 36015363 PMCID: PMC9412405 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a global health and socio-economic problem. However, no efficient preventive and/or palliative treatments have yet been found. Neuroglobin (Ngb) is an endogen neuroprotective protein, but it only exerts its beneficial action against stroke after increasing its basal levels. Therefore, its systemic administration appears to be an efficient therapy applicable to stroke and other neurodegenerative pathologies. Unfortunately, Ngb cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), making its direct pharmacological use unfeasible. Thus, the association of Ngb with a drug delivery system (DDS), such as nanoparticles (NPs), appears to be a good strategy for overcoming this handicap. NPs are a type of DDS which efficiently transport Ngb and increase its bioavailability in the infarcted area. Hence, we previously built hyaluronate NPS linked to Ngb (Ngb-NPs) as a therapeutic tool against stroke. This nanoformulation induced an improvement of the cerebral infarct prognosis. However, this innovative therapy is still in development, and a more in-depth study focusing on its long-lasting neuroprotectant and neuroregenerative capabilities is needed. In short, this review aims to update the state-of-the-art of stroke therapies based on Ngb, paying special attention to the use of nanotechnological drug-delivering tools.
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Ghozy S, Reda A, Varney J, Elhawary AS, Shah J, Murry K, Sobeeh MG, Nayak SS, Azzam AY, Brinjikji W, Kadirvel R, Kallmes DF. Neuroprotection in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Battle Against the Biology of Nature. Front Neurol 2022; 13:870141. [PMID: 35711268 PMCID: PMC9195142 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.870141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second most common cause of global death following coronary artery disease. Time is crucial in managing stroke to reduce the rapidly progressing insult of the ischemic penumbra and the serious neurologic deficits that might follow it. Strokes are mainly either hemorrhagic or ischemic, with ischemic being the most common of all types of strokes. Thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and endovascular thrombectomy are the main types of management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). In addition, there is a vital need for neuroprotection in the setting of AIS. Neuroprotective agents are important to investigate as they may reduce mortality, lessen disability, and improve quality of life after AIS. In our review, we will discuss the main types of management and the different modalities of neuroprotection, their mechanisms of action, and evidence of their effectiveness after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherief Ghozy
- Department of Neuroradiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences and Department for Continuing Education (EBHC Program), Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullah Reda
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Joseph Varney
- School of Medicine, American University of the Caribbean, Philipsburg, Sint Maarten
| | | | - Jaffer Shah
- Medical Research Center, Kateb University, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | | | - Mohamed Gomaa Sobeeh
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Sinai University, Cairo, Egypt.,Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sandeep S Nayak
- Department of Internal Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals/Metropolitan, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ahmed Y Azzam
- Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Waleed Brinjikji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - David F Kallmes
- Department of Neuroradiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Dhote V, Mandloi AS, Singour PK, Kawadkar M, Ganeshpurkar A, Jadhav MP. Neuroprotective effects of combined trimetazidine and progesterone on cerebral reperfusion injury. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100108. [PMID: 35602337 PMCID: PMC9118508 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury induces multi-dimensional damage to neuronal cells through exacerbation of critical protective mechanisms. Targeting more than one mechanism simultaneously namely, inflammatory responses and metabolic energy homeostasis could provide additional benefits to restrict or manage cerebral injury. Being proven neuroprotective agents both, progesterone (PG) and trimetazidine (TMZ) has the potential to add on the individual therapeutic outcomes. We hypothesized the simultaneous administration of PG and TMZ could complement each other to synergize, or at least enhance neuroprotection in reperfusion injury. We investigated the combination of PG and TMZ on middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induced cerebral reperfusion injury in rats. Molecular docking on targets of energy homeostasis and apoptosis assessed the initial viability of PG and TMZ for neuroprotection. Animal experimentation with MCA induced ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats was performed on five randomized groups. Sham operated control group received vehicle (saline) while the other four I-R groups were pre-treated with vehicle (saline), PG (8 mg/kg), TMZ treated (25 mg/kg), and PG + TMZ (8 and 25 mg/kg) for 7 days by intraperitoneal route. Neurological deficit, infarct volume, and oxidative stress were evaluated to assess the extent of injury in rats. Inflammatory reactivity and apoptotic activity were determined with alterations in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and DNA fragments. Reperfusion injury inflicted cerebral infarct, neurological deficit, and shattered BBB integrity. The combination treatment of PG and TMZ restricted cellular damage indicated by significant (p < 0.05) decrease in infarct volume and improvement in free radical scavenging ability (SOD activity and GSH level). MPO activity and LPO decreased which contributed in improved BBB integrity in treated rats. We speculate that inhibition of inflammatory and optimum energy utilization would critically contribute to observed neuroprotection with combined PG and TMZ treatment. Further exploration of this neuroprotective approach for post-recovery cognitive improvement is worth investigating. Molecular docking study. Drug repurposing. Combinatorial approach. Network Pharmacology.
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Arbab A, Mohammed A, T. Abdalla TM. Assessment of risk factors and management of ischemic stroke at Ibrahim Malik Teaching Hospital in Khartoum, 2018. MATRIX SCIENCE MEDICA 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/mtsm.mtsm_2_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Sarkaki A, Rashidi M, Ranjbaran M, Asareh Zadegan Dezfuli A, Shabaninejad Z, Behzad E, Adelipour M. Therapeutic Effects of Resveratrol on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in the Nervous System. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:3085-3102. [PMID: 34365594 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a phenol compound produced by some plants in response to pathogens, infection, or physical injury. It is well-known that resveratrol has antioxidant and protective roles in damages potentially caused by cancer or other serious disorders. Thus, it is considered as a candidate agent for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. Evidence has confirmed other bioactive impacts of resveratrol, including cardioprotective, anti-tumorigenic, anti-inflammatory, phytoestrogenic, and neuroprotective effects. Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) can result in various disorders, comprising myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, which may continue to induce debilitating conditions and even mortality. In virtue of chronic ischemia or hypoxia, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism, giving rise to some dysfunctions in mitochondria. As the result of lactate accumulation, adenosine triphosphate levels and pH decline in cells. This condition leads cells to apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. However, restoring oxygen level upon reperfusion after ischemia by producing reactive oxygen species is an outcome of mitochondrial dysfunction. Considering the neuroprotective effect of resveratrol and neuronal injury that comes from IR, we focused on the mechanism(s) involved in IR injury in the nervous system and also on the functions of resveratrol in the protection, inhibition, and treatment of this injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sarkaki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Rashidi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mina Ranjbaran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aram Asareh Zadegan Dezfuli
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Shabaninejad
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Behzad
- Neurology Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Adelipour
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Li Z, Wang H, Xiao G, Du H, He S, Feng Y, Zhang B, Zhu Y. Recovery of post-stroke cognitive and motor deficiencies by Shuxuening injection via regulating hippocampal BDNF-mediated Neurotrophin/Trk Signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111828. [PMID: 34146848 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A mild ischemic stroke may cause both debilitating locomotor and cognitive decline, for which the mechanism is not fully understood, and no therapies are currently available. In this study, a nonfatal stroke model was constructed in mice by a modified middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) procedure, allowing an extended recovery period up to 28 days. The extended MCAO model successfully mimicked phenotypes of a recovery phase post-stroke, including locomotor motor and cognitive deficiencies, which were effectively improved after Shuxuening injection (SXNI) treatment. Tissue slices staining showed that SXNI repaired brain injury and reduced neuronal apoptosis, especially in the hippocampus CA3 region. Transcriptomics sequencing study revealed 565 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the ischemic brain after SXNI treatment. Integrated network pharmacological analysis identified Neurotrophin/Trk Signaling was the most relevant pathway, which involves 15 key genes. Related DEGs were further validated by RT-PCR. Western-blot analysis showed that SXNI reversed the abnormal expression of BDNF, TrkB, Mek3 and Jnk1after stroke. ELISA found that SXNI increased brain level of p-Erk and Creb. At sub-brain level, the expression of BDNF and TrkB was decreased and GFAP was increased on the hippocampal CA3 region in the post-stroke recovery phase and this abnormality was improved by SXNI. In vitro experiments also found that oxygen glucose deprivation reduced the expression of BDNF and TrkB, which was reversed by SXNI. In summary, we conclude that SXNI facilitates the recovery of cognitive and locomotor dysfunction by modulating Neurotrophin/Trk Signaling in a mouse model for the recovery phase of post-ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Huanyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Guangxu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hongxia Du
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuang He
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yuxin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Boli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China.
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Esmaile SC, Bezerra KS, de Oliveira Campos DM, da Silva MK, Neto JXL, Manzoni V, Fulco UL, Oliveira JIN. Quantum binding energy features of the drug olmesartan bound to angiotensin type-1 receptors in the therapeutics of stroke. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03975j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the binding energies of 105 residues within a 10 Å pocket radius, predicted the energetic relevance of olmesartan regions, and the influence of individual protein segments on OLM -AT1 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephany Campanelli Esmaile
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Katyanna Sales Bezerra
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Karolaynne da Silva
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - José Xavier Lima Neto
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Manzoni
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceio, AL, Brazil
| | - Umberto Laino Fulco
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Jonas Ivan Nobre Oliveira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Li J, Yang C, Wang Y. miR‑126 overexpression attenuates oxygen‑glucose deprivation/reperfusion injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory response via the activation of SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2020; 23:165. [PMID: 33355373 PMCID: PMC7789090 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA‑126 (miR‑126) has been reported to be implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, its role is still unclear and requires further investigation. The objective of the present study was to determine the neuroprotective effect of miR‑126 overexpression against oxygen‑glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)‑induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) injury, an in vitro model of cerebral I/R injury, and to further explore the role of the NAD‑dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin‑1 (SIRT1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway in this process. The results of the present study revealed that miR‑126 expression was markedly reduced in HUVECs subjected to OGD/R treatment. Functional experiments demonstrated that transfection with miR‑126 mimics attenuated OGD/R‑induced down‑regulation of cell viability, and reversed OGD/R‑induced up‑regulation of lactate dehydrogenase release, apoptosis and caspase‑3 activity in HUVECs. Notably, OGD/R reduced SIRT1 and heme oxygenase‑1 expression, and induced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, as demonstrated by the increase in cytoplasmic Nrf2 expression and the decrease in nuclear Nrf2 expression. Following transfection with miR‑126 mimics, these effects of OGD/R were reversed, indicating that miR‑126 overexpression promoted the SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Additionally, miR‑126 mimics attenuated OGD/R‑induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis, which was blocked by inhibition of the SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling pathway followed by transfection with SIRT1‑small interfering RNA (siRNA). Furthermore, miR‑126 mimics decreased ROS generation and malondialdehyde content, and increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity in HUVECs exposed to OGD/R, and these effects of miR‑126 mimics were also blocked by SIRT1‑siRNA. Additionally, the miR‑126 mimics‑induced the decreases in the levels of pro‑inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin (IL)‑1β and IL‑6, and the miR‑126 mimics‑induced increase in anti‑inflammatory cytokines, including IL‑10, were reversed by SIRT1‑siRNA. Overall, these results suggested that miR‑126 overexpression attenuated OGD/R‑induced neurotoxicity to HUVECs by alleviating oxidative stress and the inflammatory response via promotion of the SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixin Li
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Caili Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317016, P.R. China
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Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Hosseinzadeh H. Effects of rosmarinic acid on nervous system disorders: an updated review. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 393:1779-1795. [PMID: 32725282 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01935-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the worldwide interest is growing to use medicinal plants and their active constituents to develop new potent medicines with fewer side effects. Precise dietary compounds have prospective beneficial applications for various neurodegenerative ailments. Rosmarinic acid is a polyphenol and is detectable most primarily in many Lamiaceae families, for instance, Rosmarinus officinalis also called rosemary. This review prepared a broad and updated literature review on rosmarinic acid elucidating its biological activities on some nervous system disorders. Rosmarinic acid has significant antinociceptive, neuroprotective, and neuroregenerative effects. In this regard, we classified and discussed our findings in different nervous system disorders including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, depression, Huntington's disease, familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, spinal cord injury, stress, anxiety, and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Liang H, Matei N, McBride DW, Xu Y, Tang J, Luo B, Zhang JH. Activation of TGR5 protects blood brain barrier via the BRCA1/Sirt1 pathway after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:61. [PMID: 32381096 PMCID: PMC7206796 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a critical event in the pathogenesis of ischemia stroke. TGR5 is recognized as a potential target for the treatment for neurologic disorders. METHODS This study investigated the roles of TGR5 activation in attenuating BBB damage and underlying mechanisms after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to model of MCAO and TGR5 agonist, INT777, was administered intranasally. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) for TGR5 and BRCA1 were administered through intracerebroventricular injection 48 h before MCAO. Infarct volumes, brain water content, BBB permeability, neurological scores, Western blot, immunofluorescence staining and co- immunoprecipitation were evaluated. RESULTS Endogenous TGR5 and BRCA1 were upregulated in the injured hemisphere after MCAO and TGR5 expressed in endothelial cells. Treatment with INT777 alleviated brain water content and BBB permeability, reduced infarction volume and improved neurological scores at 24 h and 72 h after ischemia. INT777 administration increased BRCA1 and Sirt1 expression, as well as upregulated expressions of tight junction proteins. Ischemic damage induced interaction of TGR5 with BRCA1. TGR5 siRNA and BRCA1 siRNA significantly inhibited expressions of BRCA1 and Sirt1, aggravated BBB permeability and exacerbated stroke outcomes after MCAO. The protective effects of INT777 at 24 h after MCAO were also abolished by TGR5 siRNA or BRCA1 siRNA. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that activating TGR5 could reduce BBB breakdown and improve neurological functions through BRCA1/Sirt1 signaling pathway after MCAO. TGR5 may serve as a potential new candidate to relieve brain injury after MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Nathanael Matei
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Devin W McBride
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Benyan Luo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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Wang J, Mao J, Wang R, Li S, Wu B, Yuan Y. Kaempferol Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Through Intervening Oxidative and Inflammatory Stress Induced Apoptosis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:424. [PMID: 32351385 PMCID: PMC7174640 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research is to investigate the potential neuro-protective effect of kaempferol which with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune modulatory properties, and understand the effect of kaempferol on reducing cerebral ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury in vivo. Male adult Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were pretreated with kaempferol for one week via gavage before cerebral I/R injury operation. We found that kaempferol treatment can reduce the cerebral infarct volume and neurological score after cerebral I/R. Rats were sacrificed after 24 h reperfusion. We observed that kaempferol improved the arrangement, distribution, and morphological structure of neurons, as well as attenuated cell apoptosis in brain tissue via hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, Nissl staining and TUNEL staining. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH) kit analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay, real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical examination indicated that kaempferol mitigated oxidative and inflammatory stress via regulating the expression of proteins, p-Akt, p-GSK-3β, nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), and p-NF-κB during cerebral I/R, thus increasing the activity of SOD and GSH, meanwhile decreasing the content of MDA in serum and brain tissue, as well as restoring the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 in vivo. Taken together, this study suggested that kaempferol protects against cerebral I/R induced brain damage. The possible mechanism is related with inhibiting oxidative and inflammatory stress induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junqin Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Li X, Zhang D, Bai Y, Xiao J, Jiao H, He R. Ginaton improves neurological function in ischemic stroke rats via inducing autophagy and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:1813-1822. [PMID: 31308674 PMCID: PMC6613354 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s205612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study was carried out to confirm the protective effect of extract of Ginkgo biloba (Ginaton) against ischemic neuronal damage post-treatment at 24 h after reperfusion in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and further reveal its possible mechanisms. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were modeled by MCAO for 2 h. The rats were divided into three groups: sham, model, and Ginaton (50 mg/kg). All animals received treatment once a day for 14 days from 24 h after reperfusion. Modified neurological severity score test was performed in 1, 7 and 14 days after MCAO, and beam walking test was performed only 14 days after MCAO. Hematoxylin-eosin straining was implemented to measure infarct volume and immunohistochemical analysis was performed to calculate the number of neurons in ischemic cortex penumbra. Western blot was used to evaluate the expression of autophagy (Beclin1, LC3, AMPK, mTOR, ULK), mitochondrial dynamic protein (Parkin, DRP1, OPA1) and apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bax). RESULTS Post-treatment with Ginaton for 14 days decreased neurological deficit score, promoted the recovery of motor function, and noticeably reduced infarct size. Besides, Ginaton also alleviated the loss of NeuN-positive cells in ischemic cortex penumbra. In ischemic cortex, Ginaton increased the expression of Beclin1 and LC3-Ⅱ, elevated the AMPK, mTOR and ULK1, and induced autophagy. Moreover, Ginaton treatment upregulated Parkin, DRP1, and OPA1, and elevated the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax in 14 days after MCAO reperfusion injury. CONCLUSION Ginaton exhibited obvious neuroprotective effects in MCAO rats with initial administered 24 h after MCAO. The mechanism of Ginaton included induction of autophagy via activation of the AMPK pathway, maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis and inhibition of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, People's Republic of China
| | - Deli Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinliang Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyuan Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, People's Republic of China
| | - Haisheng Jiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongxia He
- Department of Gynecology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, People's Republic of China
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Sui R, Zang L, Bai Y. Administration of troxerutin and cerebroprotein hydrolysate injection alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by down-regulating caspase molecules. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2345-2352. [PMID: 31695379 PMCID: PMC6707350 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s213212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R injury) is an important pathological process for nervous system. The I/R injury usually causes cerebral hypoxia, infarct or stroke. This study aimed to evaluate effects of troxerutin and cerebroprotein hydrolysate injection (TC) on I/R injury in rat models. METHODS Middle-cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) rat models were established. Rats were divided into normal control (NC), MCAO/R rat model (injecting saline) and MCAO/R rats administrating with TC group (injecting with TC at concentration of 2 mL/100 g body weight). Neurological scores were evaluated with Garcia scale. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was employed to observe infarct area, contralateral area and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. Cerebral infarct size was examined and visualized by staining with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). Western blotting assay was used to determine caspase-1, caspase-3 and caspase-8 expression. RESULTS The infarct size of mice in MCAO/R+TC group was smaller significantly compared to that in MCAO/R group (p<0.05). The infarct/contralateral area ratio of T2 and T2 Flair signals in MCAO/R+TC group were lower significantly compared to that in MCAO/R group (p<0.05). ADC values in MCAO/R+TC group were significantly enhanced compared to that in MCAO/R group (p<0.05). The troxerutin and cerebroprotein treatment significantly increased neurological scores compared to that in MCAO/R group (p<0.05). Troxerutin and cerebroprotein treatment significantly decreased expression of caspase-1, caspase-3, caspase-8 compared to that in MCAO/R group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Troxerutin and cerebroprotein administration alleviated cerebral I/R injury by down-regulating caspase molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubo Sui
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lie Zang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjuan Bai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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Meadows KL. Experimental models of focal and multifocal cerebral ischemia: a review. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:661-674. [PMID: 29397392 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rodent and rabbit stroke models have been instrumental in our current understanding of stroke pathophysiology; however, translational failure is a significant problem in preclinical ischemic stroke research today. There are a number of different focal cerebral ischemia models that vary in their utility, pathophysiology of causing disease, and their response to treatments. Unfortunately, despite active preclinical research using these models, treatment options for ischemic stroke have not significantly advanced since the food and drug administration approval of tissue plasminogen activator in 1996. This review aims to summarize current stroke therapies, the preclinical experimental models used to help develop stroke therapies, as well as their advantages and limitations. In addition, this review discusses the potential for naturally occurring canine ischemic stroke models to compliment current preclinical models and to help bridge the translational gap between small mammal models and human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy L Meadows
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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18
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Meadows KL. Ischemic stroke and select adipose-derived and sex hormones: a review. Hormones (Athens) 2018; 17:167-182. [PMID: 29876798 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-018-0034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the USA and is the leading cause of serious, long-term disability worldwide. The principle sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone), both endogenous and exogenous, have profound effects on various stroke outcomes and have become the focus of a number of studies evaluating risk factors and treatment options for ischemic stroke. In addition, the expression of other hormones that may influence stroke outcome, including select adipose-derived hormones (adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin), can be regulated by sex hormones and are also the focus of several ischemic stroke studies. This review aims to summarize some of the preclinical and clinical studies investigating the principle sex hormones, as well as select adipose-derived hormones, as risk factors or potential treatments for ischemic stroke. In addition, the potential for relaxin, a lesser studied sex hormone, as a novel treatment option for ischemic stroke is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy L Meadows
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd., North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
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Yin X, Feng L, Ma D, Yin P, Wang X, Hou S, Hao Y, Zhang J, Xin M, Feng J. Roles of astrocytic connexin-43, hemichannels, and gap junctions in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion injury induced neuroinflammation and the possible regulatory mechanisms of salvianolic acid B and carbenoxolone. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:97. [PMID: 29587860 PMCID: PMC5872583 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glia-mediated neuroinflammation is related to brain injury exacerbation after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Astrocytic hemichannels or gap junctions, which were mainly formed by connexin-43, have been implicated in I/R damage. However, the exact roles of astrocytic hemichannels and gap junction in neuroinflammatory responses induced by I/R injury remain unknown. Methods Primary cultured astrocytes were subjected to OGD/R injury, an in vitro model of I/R injury. Salvianolic acid B (SalB) or carbenoxolone (CBX) were applied for those astrocytes. Besides, Cx43 mimetic peptides Gap19 or Gap26 were also applied during OGD/R injury; Cx43 protein levels were determined by western blot and cytoimmunofluorescene staining, hemichannel activities by Ethidium bromide uptake and ATP concentration detection, and gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) permeability by parachute assay. Further, astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) was collected and incubated with microglia. Meanwhile, ATP or apyrase were applied to explore the role of ATP during OGD/R injury. Microglial activation, M1/M2 phenotypes, and M1/M2-related cytokines were detected. Also, microglia-conditioned medium (MEM) was collected and incubated with astrocytes to further investigate its influence on astrocytic hemichannel activity and GJIC permeability. Lastly, effects of ACM and MCM on neuronal viability were detected by flow cytometry. Results We found that OGD/R induced abnormally opened hemichannels with increased ATP release and EtBr uptake but reduced GJIC permeability. WB tests showed decreased astrocytic plasma membrane’s Cx43, while showing an increase in cytoplasma. Treating OGD/R-injured microglia with ATP or OGD/R-ACM induced further microglial activation and secondary pro-inflammatory cytokine release, with the M1 phenotype predominating. Conversely, astrocytes incubated with OGD/R-MCM exhibited increased hemichannel opening but reduced GJIC coupling. Both SalB and CBX inhibited abnormal astrocytic hemichannel opening and ATP release and switched the activated microglial phenotype from M1 to M2, thus providing effective neuroprotection. Application of Gap19 or Gap26 showed similar results with CBX. We also found that OGD/R injury caused both plasma membrane p-Cx43(Ser265) and p-Src(Tyr416) significantly upregulated; application of SalB may be inhibiting Src kinase and attenuating Cx43 internalization. Meanwhile, CBX treatment induced obviously downregulation of p-Cx43(Ser368) and p-PKC(Ser729) protein levels in plasma membrane. Conclusions We propose a vicious cycle exists between astrocytic hemichannel and microglial activation after OGD/R injury, which would aggravate neuroinflammatory responses and neuronal damage. Astrocytic Cx43, hemichannels, and GJIC play critical roles in OGD/R injury-induced neuroinflammatory responses; treatment differentially targeting astrocytic Cx43, hemichannels, and GJIC may provide novel avenues for therapeutics during cerebral I/R injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1127-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangshu Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Ma
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Hou
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulei Hao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingdian Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiying Xin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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Chang C, Zhao Y, Song G, She K. Resveratrol protects hippocampal neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via modulating JAK/ERK/STAT signaling pathway in rats. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 315:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Oliveira EP, Silva-Correia J, Reis RL, Oliveira JM. Biomaterials Developments for Brain Tissue Engineering. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1078:323-346. [PMID: 30357631 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0950-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Central Nervous System (CNS) is a highly complex organ that works as the control centre of the body, managing vital and non-vital functions. Neuro-diseases can lead to the degeneration of neural tissue, breakage of the neuronal networks which can affect vital functions and originate cognitive deficits. The complexity of the neural networks, their components and the low regenerative capacity of the CNS are on the basis for the lack of recovery, having the need for therapies that can promote tissue repair and recovery. Most brain processes are mediated through molecules (e.g. cytokines, neurotransmitters) and cells response accordingly and to surrounding cues, either biological or physical, which offers molecule administration and/or cell transplantation a great potential for use in brain recovery. Biomaterials and in particular, of natural-origin are attractive candidates owed to their intrinsic biological cues and biocompatibility and degradability. Through the use of biomaterials, it is possible to protect the cells/molecules from body clearance, enzymatic degradation while maintaining the components in a place of interest. Moreover, by means of combining several components, it is possible to obtain a more targeted and controlled delivery, to image the biomaterial implantation and its degradation over time and tackling simultaneously occurring events (cell death and inflammation) in brain diseases. In this chapter, it is reviewed some brain-affecting diseases and the current developments on tissue engineering approaches for a functional recovery of the brain from those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda P Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3Bs - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana Silva-Correia
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3Bs - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3Bs - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal. .,ICVS/3Bs - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. .,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.
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Meadows KL, Silver GM. The Effects of Various Weather Conditions as a Potential Ischemic Stroke Trigger in Dogs. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4040056. [PMID: 29144407 PMCID: PMC5753636 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States, and is the leading cause of serious, long-term disability worldwide. There are at least 795,000 new or recurrent strokes each year, and approximately 85% of all stroke occurrences are ischemic. Unfortunately, companion animals are also at risk for ischemic stroke. Although the exact incidence of ischemic stroke in companion animals is unknown, some studies, and the veterinary information network (VIN), report that approximately 3% of neurological case referrals are due to a stroke. There is a long list of predisposing factors associated with the risk of ischemic stroke in both humans and canines; however, these factors do not explain why a stroke happens at a particular time on a particular day. Our understanding of these potential stroke “triggers” is limited, and the effect of transient environmental exposures may be one such “trigger”. The present study investigated the extent to which the natural occurrence of canine ischemic stroke was related to the weather conditions in the time-period immediately preceding the onset of stroke. The results of the present study demonstrated that the change in weather conditions could be a potential stroke trigger, with the strokes evaluated occurring after periods of rapid, large fluctuations in weather conditions. There are currently no epidemiological data on the seasonal variability of ischemic stroke in dogs, and determining whether canine stroke parallels human stroke would further validate the use of companion dogs as an appropriate naturally occurring model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy L Meadows
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd., Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| | - Gena M Silver
- Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, 20 Cabot Rd., Woburn, MA 01801, USA.
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Freitas-Andrade M, She J, Bechberger J, Naus CC, Sin WC. Acute connexin43 temporal and spatial expression in response to ischemic stroke. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 12:193-204. [PMID: 29134540 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexin43 (Cx43) gap junctions expressed in astrocytes can significantly impact neuronal survival in stroke. However, little is known regarding Cx43 spatial and temporal expression during the initial stages of brain ischemia. Using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis, we examined Cx43 spatial and temporal expression as a function of neuronal injury within the first 24 h after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in Cx43 protein expression in the core ischemic area at 2 and 3 h after pMCAO. However, after 6 h of pMCAO Cx43 levels were significantly reduced. This reduction was due to cell death and concomitant Cx43 degradation in the expanding focal ischemic region, while the peri-infarct zone revealed intense Cx43 staining. The neuronal cell-death marker Fluoro-Jade C labeled injured neurons faintly at 1 h post-pMCAO with a time-dependent increase in both intensity and size of punctate staining. In addition, decreased microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) immunoreactivity and thionin staining similarly indicated cell damage beginning at 1 h after pMCAO. Taken together, Cx43 expression is sensitive to neuronal injury and can be detected as early as 2 h post-pMCAO. These findings underscore Cx43 gap junction as a potential early target for therapeutic intervention in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moises Freitas-Andrade
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jennifer She
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - John Bechberger
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christian C Naus
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Wun Chey Sin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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PD149163 induces hypothermia to protect against brain injury in acute cerebral ischemic rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2017; 135:105-113. [PMID: 29113791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia is a promising strategy for acute cerebral ischemia via physical or pharmacological methods. In this study, we pharmacologically induced hypothermia on Sprague Dawley rats by intraperitoneally injecting PD149163. We found that mild hypothermia was induced by PD149163 treatment without local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) alteration. To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of PD149163, TTC staining, HE staining and Nissl's staining were performed in our study. We found that PD149163 could prevent neuronal damage, and inhibit proliferation and activation of glial cells induced by ischemia. Simultaneously, we observed PD149163 ameliorated apoptosis characterized by down-regulated caspase-3 and Bax, but elevated Bcl-2. Moreover, PD149163 dramatically reduced JNK and AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway activation, and thereby inhibited autophagy by increased P62 expression, decreased the ratio of LC3-Ⅱ to LC3-Ⅰ and the expression of Beclin. Taken together, the present findings reveal the therapeutic effects of PD149163-induced hypothermia in brain ischemia, and provide a new strategy for stroke treatment.
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Ma X, Yang YX, Chen N, Xie Q, Wang T, He X, Wang J. Meta-Analysis for Clinical Evaluation of Xingnaojing Injection for the Treatment of Cerebral Infarction. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:485. [PMID: 28912713 PMCID: PMC5583602 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Xingnaojing injection (XNJ) is derived from An-Gong-Niu-Huang pill, a well-known traditional Chinese patent medicine, which is widely used for stroke. To evaluate the therapeutic effect of XNJ on cerebral infarction, an extensive meta-analysis was used. Methods: Six major electronic databases including the Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM), Wanfang, the VIP medicine information system (VMIS) and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were examined to retrieve randomized controlled trials designed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of XNJ in treating CI before November 26, 2016. Results: There were 53 randomized controlled trials with 4915 participants in this study. The results reflected that compared with the conventional therapy (CT) alone, XNJ could significantly improve the overall response rate (OR = 3.56, 95% CI [2.94, 4.32], P < 0.00001), and clinical symptom (including increasing activities of daily living (ADL, MD = 10.23, 95% CI [9.47, 10.99], P < 0.00001), and reduce infarction size (MD = -1.83, 95% CI [-2.49, -1.16], P < 0.00001)). However, there was no significant difference between the XNJ treatment and conventional therapy in Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS, P = 0.32). Neurological deficit score demonstrated that XNJ could significantly reduce the score in two different evaluation criterions as National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS, MD = -3.44, 95% CI [-4.52, -2.36], P < 0.00001), and the Chinese Stroke Scale (CSS, MD = -5.72, 95% CI [-6.94, -4.50], P < 0.00001). Additionally, serum MMPs, including MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly reduced by XNJ treatment compared with conventional therapy (MD = -11.24, 95% CI [-20.83, -1.65], P = 0.02; MD = -25.08, 95% CI [-35.49, -14.67], P < 0.00001, respectively). Moreover, XNJ was able to improve hemorrheology in reducing whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, and hematocrit (MD = -1.44, 95% CI [-2.18, 0.70], P = 0.001; MD = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.37, -0.07], P = 0.003; MD = -3.63, 95% CI [-6.23, -1.03], P = 0.006, respectively). The therapeutic efficacy of XNJ was found associated with improving hemodynamics (increasing peak-flow rate, and average velocity) (MD = 12.66, 95% CI [10.50, 14.81], P < 0.00001; MD = 9.90, 95% CI [8.63, 11.17], P < 0.00001). XNJ was also related to reducing cholesterol and triglyceride (MD = -1.06, 95% CI [-1.21, -0.92], P < 0.00001; MD = -1.05, 95% CI [-1.12, -0.97], P < 0.00001). Conclusion: Despite the sample size and the poor quality of the included studies of this review, the results of the research showed that XNJ might be a beneficial therapeutic method for the treatment of cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu, China
| | - Yu X Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu, China
| | - Nian Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu, China
| | - Qian Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu, China
| | - Xuan He
- Department of Pharmacy, Xindu District Shibantan Public HospitalChengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu, China
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Lühdorf P, Overvad K, Schmidt EB, Johnsen SP, Bach FW. Predictive value of stroke discharge diagnoses in the Danish National Patient Register. Scand J Public Health 2017; 45:630-636. [PMID: 28701076 DOI: 10.1177/1403494817716582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the positive predictive values for stroke discharge diagnoses, including subarachnoidal haemorrhage, intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral infarction in the Danish National Patient Register. METHODS Participants in the Danish cohort study Diet, Cancer and Health with a stroke discharge diagnosis in the National Patient Register between 1993 and 2009 were identified and their medical records were retrieved for validation of the diagnoses. RESULTS A total of 3326 records of possible cases of stroke were reviewed. The overall positive predictive value for stroke was 69.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 67.8-70.9%). The predictive values differed according to hospital characteristics, with the highest predictive value of 87.8% (95% CI 85.5-90.1%) found in departments of neurology and the lowest predictive value of 43.0% (95% CI 37.6-48.5%) found in outpatient clinics. CONCLUSIONS The overall stroke diagnosis in the Danish National Patient Register had a limited predictive value. We therefore recommend the critical use of non-validated register data for research on stroke. The possibility of optimising the predictive values based on more advanced algorithms should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim Overvad
- 2 Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
- 3 Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Erik B Schmidt
- 2 Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Søren P Johnsen
- 4 Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Flemming W Bach
- 1 Department of Neurology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
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Zhang H, Park JH, Maharjan S, Park JA, Choi KS, Park H, Jeong Y, Ahn JH, Kim IH, Lee JC, Cho JH, Lee IK, Lee CH, Hwang IK, Kim YM, Suh YG, Won MH, Kwon YG. Sac-1004, a vascular leakage blocker, reduces cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing blood-brain barrier disruption and inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2017. [PMID: 28645333 PMCID: PMC5481915 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and inflammation are critical events in ischemic stroke, contributing to aggravated brain damage. The BBB mainly consists of microvascular endothelial cells sealed by tight junctions to protect the brain from blood-borne substances. Thus, the maintenance of BBB integrity may be a potential target for neuroprotection. Sac-1004, a pseudo-sugar derivative of cholesterol, enhances the endothelial barrier by the stabilization of the cortical actin ring. Results Here, we report on the protective effects of Sac-1004 on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Treatment with Sac-1004 significantly blocked the interleukin-1β-induced monolayer hyperpermeability of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), loss of tight junctions, and formation of actin stress fiber. Sac-1004 suppressed the expression of adhesion molecules, adhesion of U937 cells, and activation of nuclear factor-κB in HBMECs. Using a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia, it was shown that Sac-1004 effectively ameliorated neurological deficits and ischemic damage. In addition, Sac-1004 decreased BBB leakage and rescued tight junction-related proteins. Moreover, the staining of CD11b and glial fibrillary acidic protein showed that Sac-1004 inhibited glial activation. Conclusions Taken together, these results demonstrate that Sac-1004 has neuroprotective activities through maintaining BBB integrity, suggesting that it is a great therapeutic candidate for stroke. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0897-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea
| | - Sony Maharjan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ae Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Sung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Hyojin Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Yoonjeong Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hwi Cho
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 700-721, South Korea
| | - Choong Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Vascular System Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ger Suh
- Colleges of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea.
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Improvement of mitochondrial function mediated the neuroprotective effect of 5-(4-hydroxy-3-dimethoxybenzylidene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injuries. Oncotarget 2017; 8:61193-61202. [PMID: 28977856 PMCID: PMC5617416 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in mitochondrial function is a critical inducement in the major pathways that drive neuronal cell death in ischemic process particularly. Drugs target to improve the mitochondrial function may be a feasible therapeutic choice in treatment with ischemic diseases. In the present study, we investigated whether 5-(4-hydroxy-3-dimethoxybenzylidene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone (RD-1), a compound derived from rhodanine, could protect against ischemic neuronal damage via improving mitochondrial function. We tested the neuroprotective effect of RD-1 both in rats modeled by middle cerebral artery occlusion reperfusion in vivo and in primary cortical neurons subjected to hypoxia/reperfusion injury in vitro. Results showed that treatment with RD-1 for 14 days remarkably reduced infarct size, decreased neurological deficit score and accelerated the recovery of somatosensory function in vivo. Meanwhile, RD-1 also increased the cellular viability after 48 h treatment in vitro. In addition, RD-1 protected the primary cortical neurons against mitochondrial damage as evidenced by stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane potential and reducing the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, hypoxia/reperfusion injury induced damaged mitochondrial axonal transport and consequently neurotransmitter release disorder, which were ameliorated by RD-1 treatment. Besides, RD-1 inhibited the downregulation of proteins related with mitochondrial transport and neurotransmitter release induced by ischemic injury both in vivo and in vitro. The obtained data demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of RD-1 and the involved mechanisms were partially attributed to the improvement in mitochondrial function and the synaptic activity. Our study indicated that RD-1 may be a potential therapeutic drug for the ischemic stroke therapy.
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Wang F, He Q, Wang J, Yuan Q, Guo H, Chai L, Wang S, Hu L, Zhang Y. Neuroprotective effect of salvianolate lyophilized injection against cerebral ischemia in type 1 diabetic rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:258. [PMID: 28486941 PMCID: PMC5424323 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1738-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salvianolate lyophilized injection (SLI) has been clinically used in China for the treatment of acutely cerebral infarction. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that Diabetes mellitus (DM) not only increases the risk of ischemic stroke recurrence but also leads to poor outcomes and increases fatality rates after stroke. Our previous study has proved that SLI can reduce the infarct volume after stroke in type 1 diabetic rats. The aim of the study is to explore the mechanism of SLI on stroke outcome in type 1 diabetic (T1DM) rats. METHODS Type 1 diabetes rats model (T1DM) was induced in male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) and T1DM rats were subjected to intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The T1DM + MCAO rats were randomly divided into six groups: sham-operated, model-vehicle, positive control group (Edaravone-treating, DE 6 mg/kg) and SLI-treating group (10.5 mg/kg, 21 mg/kg and 42 mg/kg). SLI and DE were administered by tail vein injection at 3 h after MCAO, then daily for 14 days. Micro-CT scans of the brain tissue revealed vessel characteristics and distribution in the ischemia zone. Glucose uptake was analyzed by PET/CT. RAGE, MMP9 and inflammatory factors (COX-2, TNF-α and ICAM-1), HQ-1, HQO-1 and Nrf-2 expression levels in the ischemic brain tissue were analyzed by Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot at 14 days after MCAO. RESULTS In this study, we have demonstrated that SLI treatment significantly increased the number of brain microvasculature in ipsilateral and glucose uptake in cortex, hippocampus and penumbra in the T1DM + MCAO rats. SLI also significantly decreased the expression of RAGE, MMP9 and inflammatory factors expression, and increased the expression of HQ-1, HQO-1 and Nrf-2 in T1DM + MCAO rats. CONCLUSION The study showed that SLI could protect against cerebral ischemia injury in T1DM + MCAO rats and the mechanism is related to decrease inflammatory factors and activate of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Cotrina ML, Lou N, Tome-Garcia J, Goldman J, Nedergaard M. Direct comparison of microglial dynamics and inflammatory profile in photothrombotic and arterial occlusion evoked stroke. Neuroscience 2017; 343:483-494. [PMID: 28003156 PMCID: PMC5523105 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many focal cerebral ischemia models utilize the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) evoked by coagulation to induce ischemic damage in the cortex and mimic the pathology observed in human patients. A second, increasingly popular model, the photothrombotic stroke, uses a laser beam to irradiate the MCA after administration of a photosensitizing dye. This widely used procedure is slowly replacing the MCAO model because of the easiness of the surgical protocol and the reproducibility of the damage. However, the photochemical reaction also results in wider microvascular injury. In this study, we have evaluated the impact of these two types of stroke in the cell survival and evolution of stroke, focusing on microglial cells, the first responders to cell injury. Two groups of heterozygote Cx3CR1-GFP reporter mice (to follow microglia) were subject to stroke injury either with coagulator-mediated occlusion or photothrombotic MCA damage. Microglial cells' dynamics of activation and phagocytosis together with astrocytic response and leukocyte infiltration were characterized at 1, 3 and 7days after damage. Photothrombotic stroke delayed microglial and astrocytic invasion of the ischemic core and accumulation of phagocytic microglia. It also elicited higher levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and increased infiltration from the periphery. In addition, only the neurons in the MCAO stroke showed phenotype plasticity by downregulating the transcription factor NeuN. These data provide a better understanding of the exact temporal and spatial dynamics of the inflammatory response in these two animal models of stroke and identify more relevant targets for human therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Cotrina
- Division of Glia Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY 14640
| | - Nanghong Lou
- Division of Glia Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY 14640
| | - Jessica Tome-Garcia
- Department of Pathology and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James Goldman
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Division of Glia Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY 14640
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Zhang M, Yan H, Li S, Yang J. Rosmarinic acid protects rat hippocampal neurons from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via the Akt/JNK3/caspase-3 signaling pathway. Brain Res 2017; 1657:9-15. [PMID: 27923634 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury can result in neuronal death, which further results in brain damage and can even lead to death. Although recent studies showed that rosmarinic acid (RA) exerts neuroprotective effects and attenuates ischemia-induced brain injury and neuronal cell death, little is known about the precise mechanisms that occur during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the underlying mechanism of the neuroprotective effects of RA against ischemic brain injury induced by cerebral I/R. Transient global brain ischemia was induced by 4-vessel occlusion in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. We randomly divided rats into five groups: sham, I/R, I/R+RA, I/R+Vehicle and I/R+RA+LY. Open-field, closed-field and Morris water maze tests were carried our separately to examine the anxiety and cognitive behavior of each group. Cresyl violet staining was used to examine the survival of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. The levels of p-Akt, p-JNK3 and cleaved caspase-3 in the hippocampus were also examined by Western blotting. Our results showed that administration of RA protected locomotive ability, relieved anxiety behavior and protected cognitive ability in cerebral I/R-injured rats. Additionally, RA significantly protected neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region against cerebral I/R-induced damage. Furthermore, RA increased the phosphorylation of Akt1, downregulated the phosphorylation of JNK3 and reduced the expression of cleaved caspase-3. Finally, the Akt inhibitor LY294002 reversed all the protective effects of RA, indicating that RA protects neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region from ischemic damage through the Akt/JNK3/caspase-3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, PR China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, PR China
| | - Sumei Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, PR China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, PR China.
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Picroside II Exerts a Neuroprotective Effect by Inhibiting the Mitochondria Cytochrome C Signal Pathway Following Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 61:267-278. [PMID: 28054226 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0870-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a common neurodegenerative disease in the wide world, and mitochondrial defects underlie the pathogenesis of ischemia, especially during reperfusion. Picroside II, the principal active component of Picrorhiza, is a traditional Chinese medicine. Our previous study demonstrated that the best therapeutic dose and time window were injection of picroside II at a dose of 10-20 mg/kg body weight following cerebral ischemia by 1.5-2.0 h. In this paper, the neuroprotective effect and the mechanism of picroside II were investigated, as well as its involvement in antioxidant and mitochondria cytochrome C (CytC) signal pathway following ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. After 24 h of cerebral I/R, the neurobehavioral function was measured by modified neurological severity score test; the content of reactive oxygen species in brain tissue was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; the cerebral infarction volume was detected by TTC staining; the morphology of brain tissue was observed by hematoxylin-eosin; the apoptotic cells were counted by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay; the ultrastructure of the cortical brain tissues was observation by transmission electron microscopy; the expressions of CytC and Caspase-3 were determined by immunohistochemical assay and Western blot. The results indicated that picroside II could scavenge ROS contents, decrease the cerebral infarction volume and apoptotic cells, protect the structure of mitochondria, down-regulate the expression of CytC and Caspase-3 in cerebral I/R rats. It can be concluded that picroside II exerts a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting the mitochondria CytC signal pathway following ischemia reperfusion injury in rats.
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Wang M, Zhang Y, Feng L, Zheng J, Fan S, Liu J, Yang N, Liu Y, Zuo P. Compound porcine cerebroside and ganglioside injection attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by targeting multiple cellular processes. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:927-935. [PMID: 28392696 PMCID: PMC5376122 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s129522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compound porcine cerebroside and ganglioside injection (CPCGI) is a neurotrophic drug used clinically to treat certain functional disorders of brain. Despite its extensive usage throughout China, the exact mechanistic targets of CPCGI are unknown. This study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of CPCGI against ischemic neuronal damage in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) reperfusion injury and to investigate the neuroprotective mechanisms of CPCGI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to MCAO surgery for 2 hours followed by reperfusion. The rats were administered CPCGI once a day for 14 days after reperfusion, and behavioral tests were performed 1, 3, 7, and 14 days post MCAO. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to measure infarct volume, and immunohistochemical analysis was performed to determine the number of NeuN-positive neurons in the ischemic cortex penumbra. Finally, the relative expression levels of proteins associated with apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bax, and GADD45α), synaptic function (Synaptophysin, SNAP25, Syntaxin, and Complexin-1/2), and mitochondrial function (KIFC2 and UCP3) were determined by Western blot. RESULTS CPCGI treatment reduced infarct size, decreased neurological deficit scores, and accelerated the recovery of somatosensory function 14 days after MCAO. In addition, CPCGI reduced the loss of NeuN-positive cells in the ischemic cortex penumbra. In the ischemic cortex, CPCGI treatment decreased GADD45α expression, increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, augmented Synaptophysin, SNAP25, and Complexin-1/2 expression, and increased the expression of KIFC2 and UCP3 compared with sham rats 14 days after MCAO reperfusion injury. CONCLUSION CPCGI displays neuroprotective properties in rats subjected to MCAO injury by inhibiting apoptosis and improving synaptic and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shujie Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junya Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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French BR, Boddepalli RS, Govindarajan R. Acute Ischemic Stroke: Current Status and Future Directions. MISSOURI MEDICINE 2016; 113:480-486. [PMID: 30228538 PMCID: PMC6139763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The evolving knowledge on stroke in conjunction with advances in the field of imaging, treatment approaches using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) or thrombectomy devices in recanalization, and efficient emergency stroke workflow processes have opened new frontiers in managing patients with an acute ischemic stroke. These frontiers have been reformed and overcome in overcoming the decades-long watch and wait approach towards patients with ischemic stroke. In this article, we focus on the current strategies for managing ischemic stroke and conclude by providing a brief overview of anticipating developments that can transform future stroke treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi R French
- Brandi R. French, MD, Assistant Professor of Clinical Vascular Neurology, Medical Director of Inpatient Neurosciences Unit in the Department of Neurology, University of Missouri - Columbia, Missouri
| | - Raja S Boddepalli
- Raja S. Boddepalli, MD, Research Assistant in the Department of Neurology, University of Missouri - Columbia, Missouri
| | - Raghav Govindarajan
- Raghav Govindarajan MD, FISQua, FACSc, FCCP, MSMA member since 2013 and 2017 Boone County Medical society President, Assistant Professor in the Department of Neurology, University of Missouri - Columbia, Missouri
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Arroja MMC, Reid E, McCabe C. Therapeutic potential of the renin angiotensin system in ischaemic stroke. EXPERIMENTAL & TRANSLATIONAL STROKE MEDICINE 2016; 8:8. [PMID: 27761230 PMCID: PMC5054604 DOI: 10.1186/s13231-016-0022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) consists of the systemic hormone system, critically involved in regulation and homeostasis of normal physiological functions [i.e. blood pressure (BP), blood volume regulation], and an independent brain RAS, which is involved in the regulation of many functions such as memory, central control of BP and metabolic functions. In general terms, the RAS consists of two opposing axes; the ‘classical axis’ mediated primarily by Angiotensin II (Ang II), and the ‘alternative axis’ mediated mainly by Angiotensin-(1–7) (Ang-(1–7)). An imbalance of these two opposing axes is thought to exist between genders and is thought to contribute to the pathology of cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, a stroke co-morbidity. Ischaemic stroke pathophysiology has been shown to be influenced by components of the RAS with specific RAS receptor antagonists and agonists improving outcome in experimental models of stroke. Manipulation of the two opposing axes following acute ischaemic stroke may provide an opportunity for protection of the neurovascular unit, particularly in the presence of pre-existing co-morbidities where the balance may be shifted. In the present review we will give an overview of the experimental stroke studies that have investigated pharmacological interventions of the RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Moreira Coutinho Arroja
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - Emma Reid
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - Christopher McCabe
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
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Singh JA, Yu S. Allopurinol and the risk of stroke in older adults receiving medicare. BMC Neurol 2016; 16:164. [PMID: 27604082 PMCID: PMC5015204 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-016-0692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies of allopurinol and stroke risk have provided contradictory findings, ranging from a protective effect to an increased risk. Our objective was to assess whether allopurinol use is associated with the risk of stroke in the elderly. METHODS We used the 5 % random sample of Medicare beneficiaries from 2006-2012 to study the association of new allopurinol initiation and incident stroke. We used multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models adjusted for age, gender, race, Charlson index, and cardio-protective medications (beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, statins) to calculate hazards ratio (HR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Sensitivity analyses adjusted for coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and smoking instead of Charlson index. RESULTS Among 28,488 eligible episodes of incident allopurinol, 2,177 ended in incident stroke (7.6 % episodes). In multivariable-adjusted analyses, allopurinol use was associated with 9 % lower hazard ratio for stoke, 0.91 (95 % CI, 0.83 to 0.99). Compared to no allopurinol use, allopurinol use durations of 181 days to 2 years, 0.88 (95 % CI, 0.78 to 0.99) and >2 years, 0.79 (95 % CI, 0.65 to 0.96) were significantly associated with lower multivariable-adjusted hazard of stroke. Sensitivity analyses adjusted for CAD risk factors confirmed these findings. In subgroup analyses, significant associations were noted between allopurinol use and the risk of ischemic stroke, 0.89 (95 % CI, 0.81 to 0.98); associations were not significant for hemorrhagic stroke, 1.01 (95 % CI, 0.79 to 1.29). CONCLUSIONS Allopurinol use is associated with lower risk of stroke overall, more specifically ischemic stroke. This association is evident after 6-months of allopurinol use, and the hazard reduction increases with longer duration of use. Future studies need to examine underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasvinder A. Singh
- Medicine Service, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL USA
- Department of Medicine at School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL USA
- Division of Epidemiology at School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN USA
- University of Alabama, Faculty Office Tower 805B, 510 20th Street S, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Shaohua Yu
- Department of Medicine at School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL USA
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Tian X, Li HM, Wei JY, Liu BJ, Zhang YH, Wang GJ, Chang JB, Qiao HL. Preclinical Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution, and Plasma Protein Binding of Sodium (±)-5-Bromo-2-(α-Hydroxypentyl) Benzoate (BZP), an Innovative Potent Anti-ischemic Stroke Agent. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:255. [PMID: 27588003 PMCID: PMC4990024 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium (±)-5-bromo-2-(α-hydroxypentyl) benzoate (BZP) is a potential cardiovascular drug and exerts potent neuroprotective effect against transient and long-term ischemic stroke in rats. BZP could convert into 3-butyl-6-bromo-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone (Br-NBP) in vitro and in vivo. However, the pharmacokinetic profiles of BZP and Br-NBP still have not been evaluated. For the purpose of investigating the pharmacokinetic profiles, tissue distribution, and plasma protein binding of BZP and Br-NBP, a rapid, sensitive, and specific method based on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been developed for determination of BZP and Br-NBP in biological samples. The results indicated that BZP and Br-NBP showed a short elimination half-life, and pharmacokinetic profile in rats (3, 6, and 12 mg/kg; i.v.) and beagle dogs (1, 2, and 4 mg/kg; i.v.gtt) were obtained after single dosing of BZP. After multiple dosing of BZP, there was no significant accumulation of BZP and Br-NBP in the plasma of rats and beagle dogs. Following i.v. single dose (6 mg/kg) of BZP to rats, BZP and Br-NBP were distributed rapidly into all tissues examined, with the highest concentrations of BZP and Br-NBP in lung and kidney, respectively. The brain distribution of Br-NBP in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats was more than in normal rats (P < 0.05). The plasma protein binding degree of BZP at three concentrations (8000, 20,000, and 80,000 ng/mL) from rat, beagle dog, and human plasma were 98.1–98.7, 88.9–92.7, and 74.8–83.7% respectively. In conclusion, both BZP and Br-NBP showed short half-life, good dose-linear pharmacokinetic profile, wide tissue distribution, and different degree protein binding to various species plasma. This was the first preclinical pharmacokinetic investigation of BZP and Br-NBP in both rats and beagle dogs, which provided vital guidance for further preclinical research and the subsequent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tian
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou UniversityHenan, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityHenan, China
| | - Hong-Meng Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University Henan, China
| | - Jing-Yao Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University Henan, China
| | - Bing-Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hai Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gao-Ju Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University Henan, China
| | - Jun-Biao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ling Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University Henan, China
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Hitzl W, Trinka E, Seyfang L, Mutzenbach S, Stadler K, Pikija S, Killer M, Broussalis E. Projected Numbers of Ischemic Strokes Recorded in the Austrian Stroke-Unit Registry from 2012 to 2075. J Clin Neurol 2016; 12:441-445. [PMID: 27486936 PMCID: PMC5063870 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2016.12.4.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose This study analyzed the number of patients with ischemic strokes recorded in the Austrian Stroke-Unit Registry with the aim of projecting this number from 2012 to 2075 and to highlight that the Austrian health system will face a dramatic increase in older patients within the next few decades. Methods Current demographic information was obtained from EUROSTAT, and information on age- and sex-stratified 1-year incidence rates of ischemic stroke were obtained from the Austrian Stroke-Unit Registry. Sensitivity analysis was performed by analyzing the projections based on predicted ageing, main, and growth population scenarios, and with stratification by age and gender. Results The total number of ischemic strokes recorded in the Austrian Stroke-Unit Registry was 8,690 in 2012 and is expected to increase to 15,826, 15,626, or 18,134 in 2075 according to the ageing, main, and growth scenarios, respectively. The corresponding numbers of patients are projected to increase or decrease within different age strata as follows (100%=number of registered ischemic strokes in 2012): 0–40 years, 100%/99% (males/females); 40–50 years, 83%/83%; 50–60 years, 98%/97%; 60–70 years, 126%/119%; 70–80 years, 159%/139%; 80–90 years, 307%/199%; and 90+ years, 894%/413%. Conclusions The ageing population in Austria will result in the number of patients increasing considerably from 2012 to 2075, to 182%, 180%, or 208% (relative to 100% in 2012) according to the ageing, main, and growth scenarios, respectively; the corresponding value among those aged 80+ years is 315%, 290%, or 347%. These figures demonstrated the importance of improving primary preventive measures. The results of this study should provide a basis for discussions among health-care professionals and economists to face the future large financial burden of ischemic stroke on the Austrian health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Hitzl
- Research Office, Biostatistics, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Research Institute for Neurointervention, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Public Health Technology Assessment, UMIT-University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall.i.T., Austria
| | - Leonard Seyfang
- Department for Clinical Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Danube University, Krems, Austria
| | - Sebastian Mutzenbach
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Katharina Stadler
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Slaven Pikija
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Monika Killer
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Research Institute for Neurointervention, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Erasmia Broussalis
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Research Institute for Neurointervention, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Neuroprotective Effect of Salvianolic Acids against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071190. [PMID: 27455249 PMCID: PMC4964559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the neuroprotective effect of salvianolic acids (SA) against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and explored whether the neuroprotection was dependent on mitochondrial connexin43 (mtCx43) via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway. In vitro, we measured astrocyte apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and also evaluated the morphology of astrocyte mitochondria with transmission electron microscopy. In vivo, we determined the cerebral infarction volume and measured superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Additionally, mtCx43, p-mtCx43, AKT, and p-AKT levels were determined. In vitro, we found that I/R injury induced apoptosis, decreased cell mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and damaged mitochondrial morphology in astrocytes. In vivo, we found that I/R injury resulted in a large cerebral infarction, decreased SOD activity, and increased MDA expression. Additionally, I/R injury reduced both the p-mtCx43/mtCx43 and p-AKT/AKT ratios. We reported that both in vivo and in vitro, SA ameliorated the detrimental outcomes of the I/R. Interestingly, co-administering an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT pathway blunted the effects of SA. SA represents a potential treatment option for cerebral infarction by up-regulating mtCx43 through the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Tian X, Liu B, Zhang Y, Li H, Wei J, Wang G, Chang J, Qiao H. LC-MS/MS Analysis and Pharmacokinetics of Sodium (±)-5-Bromo-2-(α-hydroxypentyl) Benzoate (BZP), an Innovative Potent Anti-Ischemic Stroke Agent in Rats. Molecules 2016; 21:501. [PMID: 27092484 PMCID: PMC6274500 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of sodium (±)-5-bromo-2-(α-hydroxypentyl) benzoate (BZP) and its active metabolite 3-butyl-6-bromo-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone (Br-NBP) in rat plasma using potassium 2-(1-hydroxypentyl)-benzoate (PHPB) and l-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) as internal standards (IS). Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Hypersil GOLD C18 column using a gradient elution of ammonium acetate and methanol at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Good linearity was achieved within the wide concentration range of 5–10,000 ng/mL. The intra-day and inter-day precision was less than 8.71% and the accuracy was within −8.53% and 6.38% in quality control and the lower limit of quantitation samples. BZP and Br-NBP were stable during the analysis and the storage period. The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of BZP in Sprague-Dawley rats for the first time. After a single intravenous administration of BZP at the dose of 0.75 mg/kg, the plasma concentration of BZP and Br-NBP declined rapidly and the AUC0-t of BZP was significantly greater in female rats compared to male rats (p < 0.05). The data presented in this study serve as a firm basis for further investigation of BZP in both preclinical and clinical phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tian
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Bingjie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Yuhai Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Hongmeng Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Jingyao Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Gaoju Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Junbiao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Hailing Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
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Nafamostat mesilate protects against acute cerebral ischemia via blood-brain barrier protection. Neuropharmacology 2016; 105:398-410. [PMID: 26861077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases, such as thrombin, are contributors to the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and exacerbate brain damage during ischemic stroke, for which the current clinical therapy remains unsatisfactory. However, the effect of nafamostat mesilate (NM), a synthetic serine protease inhibitor, on BBB disruption following cerebral ischemia is unknown. Here, we investigated the in vivo effect of NM on BBB integrity in rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and explored the possible mechanism in an in vitro BBB model comprising rat brain microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes after oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in the presence of thrombin. The results showed that NM treatment remarkably attenuated transient MCAO-induced brain infarcts, brain oedema and motor dysfunction in addition to BBB disruption, which might be related to changes in tight junction protein expression and localization. Meanwhile, NM preserved BBB integrity and alleviated the changes in tight junction protein expression and localization and cytoskeleton rearrangement in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells via thrombin inhibition. Our findings suggest that NM treatment can preserve BBB integrity through the inhibition of thrombin, which might be correlated with the regulation of PKCα/RhoA/MLC2 pathway components.
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Physical Exercise as a Diagnostic, Rehabilitation, and Preventive Tool: Influence on Neuroplasticity and Motor Recovery after Stroke. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:608581. [PMID: 26682073 PMCID: PMC4670869 DOI: 10.1155/2015/608581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of adult motor disabilities in the world and accounts for the greatest number of hospitalizations for neurological disease. Stroke treatments/therapies need to promote neuroplasticity to improve motor function. Physical exercise is considered as a major candidate for ultimately promoting neural plasticity and could be used for different purposes in human and animal experiments. First, acute exercise could be used as a diagnostic tool to understand new neural mechanisms underlying stroke physiopathology. Indeed, better knowledge of stroke mechanisms that affect movements is crucial for enhancing treatment/rehabilitation effectiveness. Secondly, it is well established that physical exercise training is advised as an effective rehabilitation tool. Indeed, it reduces inflammatory processes and apoptotic marker expression, promotes brain angiogenesis and expression of some growth factors, and improves the activation of affected muscles during exercise. Nevertheless, exercise training might also aggravate sensorimotor deficits and brain injury depending on the chosen exercise parameters. For the last few years, physical training has been combined with pharmacological treatments to accentuate and/or accelerate beneficial neural and motor effects. Finally, physical exercise might also be considered as a major nonpharmacological preventive strategy that provides neuroprotective effects reducing adverse effects of brain ischemia. Therefore, prestroke regular physical activity may also decrease the motor outcome severity of stroke.
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Lee YJ, Mou Y, Klimanis D, Bernstock JD, Hallenbeck JM. Global SUMOylation is a molecular mechanism underlying hypothermia-induced ischemic tolerance. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:416. [PMID: 25538566 PMCID: PMC4255597 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying hypothermic neuroprotection have yet to be fully elucidated. Herein we demonstrate that global SUMOylation, a form of post-translational modification with the Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifer, participates in the multimodal molecular induction of hypothermia-induced ischemic tolerance. Mild (32°C) to moderate (28°C) hypothermic treatment(s) during OGD (oxygen-glucose-deprivation) or ROG (restoration of oxygen/glucose) increased global SUMO-conjugation levels and protected cells (both SHSY5Y and E18 rat cortical neurons) from OGD and ROG-induced cell death. Hypothermic exposure either before or after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) surgery in wild type mice increased global SUMO-conjugation levels in the brain and in so doing protected these animals from pMCAO-induced ischemic damage. Of note, hypothermic exposure did not provide an additional increase in protection from pMCAO-induced ischemic brain damage in Ubc9 transgenic (Ubc9 Tg) mice, which overexpress the sole E2 SUMO conjugating enzyme and thereby display elevated basal levels of global SUMOylation under normothermic conditions. Such evidence suggests that increases in global SUMOylation are critical and may account for a substantial part of the observed increase in cellular tolerance to brain ischemia caused via hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Ja Lee
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yongshan Mou
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dace Klimanis
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua D Bernstock
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John M Hallenbeck
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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Nuñez-Figueredo Y, Ramírez-Sánchez J, Hansel G, Simões Pires EN, Merino N, Valdes O, Delgado-Hernández R, Parra AL, Ochoa-Rodríguez E, Verdecia-Reyes Y, Salbego C, Costa SL, Souza DO, Pardo-Andreu GL. A novel multi-target ligand (JM-20) protects mitochondrial integrity, inhibits brain excitatory amino acid release and reduces cerebral ischemia injury in vitro and in vivo. Neuropharmacology 2014; 85:517-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Systems pharmacology dissection of multi-scale mechanisms of action for herbal medicines in stroke treatment and prevention. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102506. [PMID: 25093322 PMCID: PMC4122378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Annually, tens of millions of first-ever strokes occur in the world; however, currently there is lack of effective and widely applicable pharmacological treatments for stroke patients. Herbal medicines, characterized as multi-constituent, multi-target and multi-effect, have been acknowledged with conspicuous effects in treating stroke, and attract extensive interest of researchers although the mechanism of action is yet unclear. In this work, we introduce an innovative systems-pharmacology method that combines pharmacokinetic prescreening, target fishing and network analysis to decipher the mechanisms of action of 10 herbal medicines like Salvia miltiorrhizae, Ginkgo biloba and Ephedrae herba which are efficient in stroke treatment and prevention. Our systematic analysis results display that, in these anti-stroke herbal medicines, 168 out of 1285 constituents with the favorable pharmacokinetic profiles might be implicated in stroke therapy, and the systematic use of these compounds probably acts through multiple mechanisms to synergistically benefit patients with stroke, which can roughly be classified as preventing ischemic inflammatory response, scavenging free radicals and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis against ischemic cerebral damage, as well as exhibiting lipid-lowering, anti-diabetic, anti-thrombotic and antiplatelet effects to decrease recurrent strokes. Relying on systems biology-based analysis, we speculate that herbal medicines, being characterized as the classical combination therapies, might be not only engaged in multiple mechanisms of action to synergistically improve the stroke outcomes, but also might be participated in reducing the risk factors for recurrent strokes.
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Relationships of LDLR genetic polymorphisms with cerebral infarction: a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4425-34. [PMID: 24595448 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This meta-analysis was undertaken to identify the relationships between genetic polymorphisms in the LDLR gene and the risk of cerebral infarction. The Web of Science (1945-2013), the Cochrane Library Database (Issue 12, 2013), PubMed (1966-2013), EMBASE (1980-2013), CINAHL (1982-2013) and the Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM) (1982-2013) were searched for relevant articles without language restrictions. Meta-analysis was conducted using the STATA 12.0 software. Crude odds ratios (OR) with their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Eight case-control studies with a total of 4,655 patients with cerebral infarction and 15,920 healthy control subjects were included in our meta-analysis. Five common polymorphisms in the LDLR gene were evaluated, including rs11669576 A > T, rs1433099 C > T, rs5925 C > T, rs688 C > T, rs1122608 T > G in the LDLR gene. The results of this meta-analysis revealed that cerebral infarction patients had a higher frequency of LDLR genetic polymorphisms than that of healthy controls (allele model: OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.05-1.30, P = 0.004; dominant model: OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.05-1.33, P = 0.007; homozygous model: OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.03-2.16, P = 0.032; respectively), especially for the rs11669576 A > T, rs1433099 C > T and rs5925 C > T polymorphisms. Among different ethnic subgroups, the results demonstrated positive correlations between LDLR genetic polymorphisms and an increased risk of cerebral infarction among both Asians and Caucasians under the allele and dominant models (all P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that LDLR genetic polymorphisms may be strongly involved in the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction, especially the rs11669576 A > T, rs1433099 C > T, rs5925 C > T polymorphisms.
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Chen M, Liu A, Ouyang Y, Huang Y, Chao X, Pi R. Fasudil and its analogs: a new powerful weapon in the long war against central nervous system disorders? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:537-50. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.778242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Bosshard M, Markkanen E, van Loon B. Base excision repair in physiology and pathology of the central nervous system. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203191 PMCID: PMC3546685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Relatively low levels of antioxidant enzymes and high oxygen metabolism result in formation of numerous oxidized DNA lesions in the tissues of the central nervous system. Accumulation of damage in the DNA, due to continuous genotoxic stress, has been linked to both aging and the development of various neurodegenerative disorders. Different DNA repair pathways have evolved to successfully act on damaged DNA and prevent genomic instability. The predominant and essential DNA repair pathway for the removal of small DNA base lesions is base excision repair (BER). In this review we will discuss the current knowledge on the involvement of BER proteins in the maintenance of genetic stability in different brain regions and how changes in the levels of these proteins contribute to aging and the onset of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bosshard
- Institute for Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zürich-Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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70th Birthday symposium of Prof. Dr. Riederer: autologous adult stem cells in ischemic and traumatic CNS disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 120:91-102. [PMID: 22842676 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic and traumatic insults of the central nervous system both result in definite chronic disability, only to some extent responsive to rehabilitation. Recently, the application of autologous stem cells (fresh bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells including mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells) was suggested to provide a strategy to further improve neurological recovery in these disorders. During the acute phase, stem cells act mainly by neuroprotection with prevention of apoptosis, whereas during the chronic situation they provide neurorestoration by transdifferentiation and/or the secretion of neurotrophic factors. To reach these goals, in the acute phase, stem cells (10 million mononuclear cells per kg body weight) might be best applied intravenously, as during the first 7 days after the lesion, the blood-brain barrier permits passage of cells from the blood into the brain or the spinal cord. In the more chronic situation, though, those cells might be applied best intrathecally by lumbar puncture. Based on the reported results so far, it seems justified to develop well-designed clinical double-blind trials in chronic spinal cord injury and ischemic stroke patients, as efficacy and safety concerns might not be answered by preclinical studies.
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