1
|
Ebner JN. Trends in the Application of "Omics" to Ecotoxicology and Stress Ecology. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1481. [PMID: 34680873 PMCID: PMC8535992 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Our ability to predict and assess how environmental changes such as pollution and climate change affect components of the Earth's biome is of paramount importance. This need positioned the fields of ecotoxicology and stress ecology at the center of environmental monitoring efforts. Advances in these interdisciplinary fields depend not only on conceptual leaps but also on technological advances and data integration. High-throughput "omics" technologies enabled the measurement of molecular changes at virtually all levels of an organism's biological organization and thus continue to influence how the impacts of stressors are understood. This bibliometric review describes literature trends (2000-2020) that indicate that more different stressors than species are studied each year but that only a few stressors have been studied in more than two phyla. At the same time, the molecular responses of a diverse set of non-model species have been investigated, but cross-species comparisons are still rare. While transcriptomics studies dominated until 2016, a shift towards proteomics and multiomics studies is apparent. There is now a wealth of data at functional omics levels from many phylogenetically diverse species. This review, therefore, addresses the question of how to integrate omics information across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Niklas Ebner
- Spring Ecology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Titz B, Sewer A, Luettich K, Wong ET, Guedj E, Nury C, Schneider T, Xiang Y, Trivedi K, Vuillaume G, Leroy P, Büttner A, Martin F, Ivanov NV, Vanscheeuwijck P, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Respiratory Effects of Exposure to Aerosol From the Candidate Modified-Risk Tobacco Product THS 2.2 in an 18-Month Systems Toxicology Study With A/J Mice. Toxicol Sci 2021; 178:138-158. [PMID: 32780831 PMCID: PMC7657339 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking cessation is the most effective measure for reducing the risk of smoking-related diseases. However, switching to less harmful products (modified-risk tobacco products [MRTP]) can be an alternative to help reduce the risk for adult smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke. In an 18-month chronic carcinogenicity/toxicity study in A/J mice (OECD Test Guideline 453), we assessed the aerosol of Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS 2.2), a candidate MRTP based on the heat-not-burn principle, compared with 3R4F cigarette smoke (CS). To capture toxicity- and disease-relevant mechanisms, we complemented standard toxicology endpoints with in-depth systems toxicology analyses. In this part of our publication series, we report on integrative assessment of the apical and molecular exposure effects on the respiratory tract (nose, larynx, and lungs). Across the respiratory tract, we found changes in inflammatory response following 3R4F CS exposure (eg, antimicrobial peptide response in the nose), with both shared and distinct oxidative and xenobiotic responses. Compared with 3R4F CS, THS 2.2 aerosol exerted far fewer effects on respiratory tract histology, including adaptive tissue changes in nasal and laryngeal epithelium and inflammation and emphysematous changes in the lungs. Integrative analysis of molecular changes confirmed the substantially lower impact of THS 2.2 aerosol than 3R4F CS on toxicologically and disease-relevant molecular processes such as inflammation, oxidative stress responses, and xenobiotic metabolism. In summary, this work exemplifies how apical and molecular endpoints can be combined effectively for toxicology assessment and further supports findings on the reduced respiratory health risks of THS 2.2 aerosol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Titz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Karsta Luettich
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ee Tsin Wong
- Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Singapore 117406
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Nury
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Yang Xiang
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu H, Wang X, Wang X, Pan G, Zhu Y, Feng Y. The toxicity and safety of Chinese medicine from the bench to the bedside. J Herb Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
4
|
Langston T, Randazzo J, Kogel U, Hoeng J, Martin F, Titz B, Guedj E, Schneider T, Prabhakar B, Zhang J, Oldham M, Lee KM. Thirteen-week nose-only inhalation exposures of propylene glycol aerosols in Sprague Dawley rats with a lung systems toxicology analysis. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/23978473211021072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to increase PG exposure above concentrations tested by Suber et al. and use systems toxicology analysis of lung tissue to understand molecular events. Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to filtered air (sham), propylene glycol/water (PG/W; 90:10) or a propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin/water (PG/VG/W; 50:40:10) reference. The reference group was added at the high dose to observe any changes that might be associated with a carrier more in line with e-vapor products. Macroscopic examinations and terminal organ weights revealed no observations associated with exposure to PG/W or reference. Food consumption and body weights were unaffected by PG/W or reference when compared to sham. No exposure related alterations were observed in serum chemistry, hematology, coagulation, urinalysis or BALF cytology and clinical chemistry. Although clinical observations of dried red material around the nose in the high dose PG/W group were reported, histopathology showed no nasal hemorrhaging which was previously reported by Suber et al. Non-adverse PG/W and reference related findings of minimal mucous cell hyperplasia were noted in nasal cavity section II. No other exposure-related findings were noted in the primary or recovery necropsies. A systems toxicology analysis on lung tissue showed no statistically significant differentially expressed transcripts or proteins compared to the sham group. The endpoints measured from the PG/W high dose group did not differ significantly from those in the more common carrier PG/VG/W. As anticipated, exposure to PG aerosols was slightly irritating but well tolerated. Accordingly, the highest PG exposure (5 mg/L, 6 hrs/day) was regarded as the NOAEC, corresponding to a PG delivered dose of 1,152 mg/kg/day in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Langston
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - J Randazzo
- Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, OH, USA
| | - U Kogel
- Phillip Morris International, Neuchatel CH, Switzerland
| | - J Hoeng
- Phillip Morris International, Neuchatel CH, Switzerland
| | - F Martin
- Phillip Morris International, Neuchatel CH, Switzerland
| | - B Titz
- Phillip Morris International, Neuchatel CH, Switzerland
| | - E Guedj
- Phillip Morris International, Neuchatel CH, Switzerland
| | - T Schneider
- Phillip Morris International, Neuchatel CH, Switzerland
| | - B Prabhakar
- Lancaster Laboratories, Inc., Lancaster, PA, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - M Oldham
- Oldham Associates LLC, Manakin Sabot, VA, USA
| | - KM Lee
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li RA, Talikka M, Gubian S, Vom Berg C, Martin F, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J, Zupanic A. Systems Toxicology Approach for Assessing Developmental Neurotoxicity in Larval Zebrafish. Front Genet 2021; 12:652632. [PMID: 34211495 PMCID: PMC8239408 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.652632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse outcomes that result from chemical toxicity are rarely caused by dysregulation of individual proteins; rather, they are often caused by system-level perturbations in networks of molecular events. To fully understand the mechanisms of toxicity, it is necessary to recognize the interactions of molecules, pathways, and biological processes within these networks. The developing brain is a prime example of an extremely complex network, which makes developmental neurotoxicity one of the most challenging areas in toxicology. We have developed a systems toxicology method that uses a computable biological network to represent molecular interactions in the developing brain of zebrafish larvae. The network is curated from scientific literature and describes interactions between biological processes, signaling pathways, and adverse outcomes associated with neurotoxicity. This allows us to identify important signaling hubs, pathway interactions, and emergent adverse outcomes, providing a more complete understanding of neurotoxicity. Here, we describe the construction of a zebrafish developmental neurotoxicity network and its validation by integration with publicly available neurotoxicity-related transcriptomic datasets. Our network analysis identified consistent regulation of tumor suppressors p53 and retinoblastoma 1 (Rb1) as well as the oncogene Krüppel-like factor (Klf8) in response to chemically induced developmental neurotoxicity. The developed network can be used to interpret transcriptomic data in a neurotoxicological context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Li
- Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Gubian
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anze Zupanic
- Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ruiz Castro PA, Yepiskoposyan H, Gubian S, Calvino-Martin F, Kogel U, Renggli K, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J, Talikka M. Systems biology approach highlights mechanistic differences between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11519. [PMID: 34075172 PMCID: PMC8169754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of IBD have been the subject of intensive exploration. We, therefore, assembled the available information into a suite of causal biological network models, which offer comprehensive visualization of the processes underlying IBD. Scientific text was curated by using Biological Expression Language (BEL) and compiled with OpenBEL 3.0.0. Network properties were analysed by Cytoscape. Network perturbation amplitudes were computed to score the network models with transcriptomic data from public data repositories. The IBD network model suite consists of three independent models that represent signalling pathways that contribute to IBD. In the “intestinal permeability” model, programmed cell death factors were downregulated in CD and upregulated in UC. In the “inflammation” model, PPARG, IL6, and IFN-associated pathways were prominent regulatory factors in both diseases. In the “wound healing” model, factors promoting wound healing were upregulated in CD and downregulated in UC. Scoring of publicly available transcriptomic datasets onto these network models demonstrated that the IBD models capture the perturbation in each dataset accurately. The IBD network model suite can provide better mechanistic insights of the transcriptional changes in IBD and constitutes a valuable tool in personalized medicine to further understand individual drug responses in IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Ruiz Castro
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Hasmik Yepiskoposyan
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvain Gubian
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Calvino-Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Kogel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Kasper Renggli
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Titz B, Szostak J, Sewer A, Phillips B, Nury C, Schneider T, Dijon S, Lavrynenko O, Elamin A, Guedj E, Tsin Wong E, Lebrun S, Vuillaume G, Kondylis A, Gubian S, Cano S, Leroy P, Keppler B, Ivanov NV, Vanscheeuwijck P, Martin F, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Multi-omics systems toxicology study of mouse lung assessing the effects of aerosols from two heat-not-burn tobacco products and cigarette smoke. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:1056-1073. [PMID: 32419906 PMCID: PMC7218232 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-omics systems toxicology study, comprising five omics data modalities. Multi-Omics Factor Analysis and multi-modality functional network interpretation. Cigarettes smoke (CS) induced complex immunoregulatory interactions across molecular layers. Aerosols from two heat-not-burn tobacco products had less impact on lungs than CS.
Cigarette smoke (CS) causes adverse health effects and, for smoker who do not quit, modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) can be an alternative to reduce the risk of developing smoking-related diseases. Standard toxicological endpoints can lack sensitivity, with systems toxicology approaches yielding broader insights into toxicological mechanisms. In a 6-month systems toxicology study on ApoE−/− mice, we conducted an integrative multi-omics analysis to assess the effects of aerosols from the Carbon Heated Tobacco Product (CHTP) 1.2 and Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2—a potential and a candidate MRTP based on the heat-not-burn (HnB) principle—compared with CS at matched nicotine concentrations. Molecular exposure effects in the lungs were measured by mRNA/microRNA transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics. Integrative data analysis included Multi-Omics Factor Analysis and multi-modality functional network interpretation. Across all five data modalities, CS exposure was associated with an increased inflammatory and oxidative stress response, and lipid/surfactant alterations. Upon HnB aerosol exposure these effects were much more limited or absent, with reversal of CS-induced effects upon cessation and switching to CHTP 1.2. Functional network analysis revealed CS-induced complex immunoregulatory interactions across the investigated molecular layers (e.g., itaconate, quinolinate, and miR-146) and highlighted the engagement of the heme–Hmox–bilirubin oxidative stress axis by CS. This work exemplifies how multi-omics approaches can be leveraged within systems toxicology studies and the generated multi-omics data set can facilitate the development of analysis methods and can yield further insights into the effects of toxicological exposures on the lung of mice.
Collapse
Key Words
- CHTP, Carbon Heated Tobacco Product
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CS, cigarette smoke
- Cigarette smoking
- Inhalation toxicology
- LC, liquid chromatography
- MOFA, Multi-Omics Factor Analysis
- MS, mass spectrometry
- Modified risk tobacco product (MRTP)
- Multi-omics
- PCSF, prize-collecting Steiner forest
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Systems toxicology
- THS, Tobacco Heating System
- cMRTP, candidate modified risk tobacco product
- sGCCA, sparse generalized canonical correlation analysis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Titz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Justyna Szostak
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Catherine Nury
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schneider
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Dijon
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Oksana Lavrynenko
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ee Tsin Wong
- Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Stefan Lebrun
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Vuillaume
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Athanasios Kondylis
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Gubian
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Cano
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marescotti D, Mathis C, Belcastro V, Leroy P, Acali S, Martin F, Dulize R, Bornand D, Peric D, Guedj E, Ortega Torres L, Biasioli M, Fuhrimann M, Fernandes E, Frauendorfer F, Gonzalez Suarez I, Sciuscio D, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Systems toxicology assessment of a representative e-liquid formulation using human primary bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol Rep 2019; 7:67-80. [PMID: 31886136 PMCID: PMC6921209 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of reduced-risk products aims to provide alternatives to cigarettes that present less risk of harm for adult smokers. Responsible use of flavoring substances in these products may fulfill an important role in product acceptance. While most flavoring substances used in such products are also used by the food industry and are considered safe when ingested, their impact when inhaled may require further assessment. To aid in such an assessment, a three-step approach combining real-time cellular analysis, phenotypic high-content screening assays, and gene expression analysis was developed and tested in normal human bronchial epithelial cells with 28 flavoring substances commonly used in e-liquid formulations, dissolved individually or as a mixture in a base solution composed of propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, and 0.6% nicotine. By employing this approach, we identified individual flavoring substances that potentially contribute greatly to the overall mixture effect (citronellol and alpha-pinene). By assessing modified mixtures, we showed that, although cytotoxic effects were found when assessed individually, alpha-pinene did not contribute to the overall mixture cytotoxicity. Most of the cytotoxic effect appeared to be attributable to citronellol, with the remaining substances contributing due to synergistic effects. We developed and used different scoring methods (Tox-Score, Phenotypic Score, and Biological Impact Factor/Network Perturbation Amplitude), ultimately enabling a ranking based on cytotoxicity, phenotypic outcome, and molecular network perturbations. This case study highlights the benefits of testing both individual flavoring substances and mixtures for e-liquid flavor assessment and emphasized the importance of data sharing for the benefit of consumer safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Marescotti
- Corresponding author at: PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Iskandar AR, Zanetti F, Marescotti D, Titz B, Sewer A, Kondylis A, Leroy P, Belcastro V, Torres LO, Acali S, Majeed S, Steiner S, Trivedi K, Guedj E, Merg C, Schneider T, Frentzel S, Martin F, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Application of a multi-layer systems toxicology framework for in vitro assessment of the biological effects of Classic Tobacco e-liquid and its corresponding aerosol using an e-cigarette device with MESH™ technology. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3229-3247. [PMID: 31494692 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously proposed a systems toxicology framework for in vitro assessment of e-liquids. The framework starts with the first layer aimed at screening the potential toxicity of e-liquids, followed by the second layer aimed at investigating the toxicity-related mechanism of e-liquids, and finally, the third layer aimed at evaluating the toxicity-related mechanism of the corresponding aerosols. In this work, we applied this framework to assess the impact of the e-liquid MESH Classic Tobacco and its aerosol compared with that of cigarette smoke (CS) from the 3R4F reference cigarette. In the first layer, we evaluated the cytotoxicity profile of the MESH Classic Tobacco e-liquid (containing humectants, nicotine, and flavors) and its Base e-liquid (containing humectant and nicotine only) in comparison with total particulate matter (TPM) of 3R4F CS using primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures. In the second layer, the same culture model was used to explore changes in specific markers using high-content screening assays to identify potential toxicity-related mechanisms induced by the MESH Classic Tobacco and Base e-liquids beyond cell viability in comparison with the 3R4F CS TPM-induced effects. Finally, in the third layer, we compared the impact of exposure to the MESH Classic Tobacco or Base aerosols with 3R4F CS using human organotypic air-liquid interface buccal and small airway epithelial cultures. The results showed that the cytotoxicity of the MESH Classic Tobacco liquid was similar to the Base liquid but lower than 3R4F CS TPM at comparable nicotine concentrations. Relative to 3R4F CS exposure, MESH Classic Tobacco aerosol exposure did not cause tissue damage and elicited lower changes in the mRNA, microRNA, and protein markers. In the context of tobacco harm reduction strategy, the framework is suitable to assess the potential-reduced impact of electronic cigarette aerosol relative to CS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita R Iskandar
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Filippo Zanetti
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Marescotti
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bjorn Titz
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Athanasios Kondylis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Belcastro
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Ortega Torres
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Acali
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Steiner
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Merg
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Martin F, Gubian S, Talikka M, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. NPA: an R package for computing network perturbation amplitudes using gene expression data and two-layer networks. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:451. [PMID: 31481014 PMCID: PMC6724309 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High-throughput gene expression technologies provide complex datasets reflecting mechanisms perturbed in an experiment, typically in a treatment versus control design. Analysis of these information-rich data can be guided based on a priori knowledge, such as networks of related proteins or genes. Assessing the response of a specific mechanism and investigating its biological basis is extremely important in systems toxicology; as compounds or treatment need to be assessed with respect to a predefined set of key mechanisms that could lead to toxicity. Two-layer networks are suitable for this task, and a robust computational methodology specifically addressing those needs was previously published. The NPA package (https://github.com/philipmorrisintl/NPA) implements the algorithm, and a data package of eight two-layer networks representing key mechanisms, such as xenobiotic metabolism, apoptosis, or epithelial immune innate activation, is provided. Results Gene expression data from an animal study are analyzed using the package and its network models. The functionalities are implemented using R6 classes, making the use of the package seamless and intuitive. The various network responses are analyzed using the leading node analysis, and an overall perturbation, called the Biological Impact Factor, is computed. Conclusions The NPA package implements the published network perturbation amplitude methodology and provides a set of two-layer networks encoded in the Biological Expression Language.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvain Gubian
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Talikka M, Belcastro V, Gubian S, Martin F, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Systems toxicology meta-analysis—From aerosol exposure to nanotoxicology. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
12
|
Mechanistic integration of exposure and effects: advances to apply systems toxicology in support of regulatory decision-making. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
13
|
The importance of mathematical modelling in chemical risk assessment and the associated quantification of uncertainty. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
14
|
Lee KM, Hoeng J, Harbo S, Kogel U, Gardner W, Oldham M, Benson E, Talikka M, Kondylis A, Martin F, Titz B, Ansari S, Trivedi K, Guedj E, Elamin A, Ivanov NV, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC, McKinney WJ. Biological changes in C57BL/6 mice following 3 weeks of inhalation exposure to cigarette smoke or e-vapor aerosols. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 30:553-567. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2019.1576807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ulrike Kogel
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Marja Talikka
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bjoern Titz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sam Ansari
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Assessment of a 72-hour repeated exposure to Swedish snus extract and total particulate matter from 3R4F cigarette smoke on gingival organotypic cultures. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 125:252-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
16
|
Poussin C, Laurent A, Kondylis A, Marescotti D, van der Toorn M, Guedj E, Goedertier D, Acali S, Pak C, Dulize R, Baumer K, Peric D, Maluenda E, Bornand D, Suarez IG, Schlage WK, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. In vitro systems toxicology-based assessment of the potential modified risk tobacco product CHTP 1.2 for vascular inflammation- and cytotoxicity-associated mechanisms promoting adhesion of monocytic cells to human coronary arterial endothelial cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:390-406. [PMID: 30026091 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking causes cardiovascular diseases. Heating tobacco instead of burning it reduces the amount of toxic compounds in the aerosol and may exert a reduced impact on health compared with cigarette smoke. Aqueous extract from the aerosol of a potential modified risk tobacco product, the Carbon Heated Tobacco Product (CHTP) 1.2, was compared in vitro with aqueous extract from the smoke of a 3R4F reference cigarette for its impact on the adhesion of monocytic cells to artery endothelial cells. Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) were treated for 4 h with conditioned media from human monocytic Mono Mac 6 (MM6) cells exposed to CHTP1.2 or 3R4F extracts for 2 h or directly with those extracts freshly generated. In vitro monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion was measured concomitantly with inflammatory, oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and death markers. Furthermore, transcriptomics analyses enabled to quantify the level of perturbation in HCAECs, and provide biological interpretation for the underlying molecular changes following exposure to 3R4F or CHTP1.2 extract. Our systems toxicology study demonstrated that approximately 10-15-fold higher concentrations of the CHTP 1.2 aerosol extract were needed to elicit similar effects as the 3R4F smoke extract on cardiovascular disease-relevant inflammation and cytotoxicity-related mechanisms and markers investigated in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Poussin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandra Laurent
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Athanasios Kondylis
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Marescotti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marco van der Toorn
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Goedertier
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Acali
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Claudius Pak
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rémi Dulize
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Karine Baumer
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dariusz Peric
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Maluenda
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - David Bornand
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ignacio Gonzalez Suarez
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zanetti F, Sewer A, Scotti E, Titz B, Schlage WK, Leroy P, Kondylis A, Vuillaume G, Iskandar AR, Guedj E, Trivedi K, Schneider T, Elamin A, Martin F, Frentzel S, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Assessment of the impact of aerosol from a potential modified risk tobacco product compared with cigarette smoke on human organotypic oral epithelial cultures under different exposure regimens. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115:148-169. [PMID: 29505817 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is affecting considerably the oral mucosa. Heating, instead of burning, tobacco reduces consistently the amount of toxic compounds and may exert a lower impact on oral health than combusted cigarettes. The carbon-heated tobacco product 1.2 (CHTP1.2) is a potential modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) based on heat-not-burn technology. Using a systems toxicology assessment framework, we compared the effects of exposure to CHTP1.2 aerosol with those of CS from a reference cigarette (3R4F). Human organotypic cultures derived from buccal and gingival epithelia were exposed acutely (28-min) or repeatedly (28 min/day for 3 days), respectively, to two matching concentrations of CHTP1.2 aerosol or 3R4F CS, and a non-diluted (100%) CHTP1.2 aerosol. The results showed an absence of cytotoxicity, reduction in pathophysiological alterations, toxicological marker proteins, and inflammatory mediators following exposure to CHTP1.2 aerosol compared with 3R4F CS. Changes in mRNA and miRNA expression were linked by an integrative analysis approach, suggesting a regulatory role of miRNAs in several smoke/disease-relevant biological processes induced by 3R4F CS. The identification of mechanisms by which potential MRTPs can reduce the impact of tobacco use on biological systems is of great importance in understanding the molecular basis of the smoking harm reduction paradigm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Zanetti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Alain Sewer
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Scotti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bjoern Titz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Athanasios Kondylis
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Vuillaume
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita R Iskandar
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schneider
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Titz B, Kogel U, Martin F, Schlage WK, Xiang Y, Nury C, Dijon S, Baumer K, Peric D, Bornand D, Dulize R, Phillips B, Leroy P, Vuillaume G, Lebrun S, Elamin A, Guedj E, Trivedi K, Ivanov NV, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. A 90-day OECD TG 413 rat inhalation study with systems toxicology endpoints demonstrates reduced exposure effects of the aerosol from the carbon heated tobacco product version 1.2 (CHTP1.2) compared with cigarette smoke. II. Systems toxicology assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115:284-301. [PMID: 29545142 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) have the potential to reduce smoking-related health risks. The Carbon Heated Tobacco Product 1.2 (CHTP1.2) is a potential MRTP that uses a pressed carbon heat source to generate an aerosol by heating tobacco. Here, we report the results from the systems toxicology arm of a 90-day rat inhalation study (OECD test guideline 413) to assess the effects of CHTP1.2 aerosol compared with cigarette smoke (CS). Transcriptomics, proteomics, and lipidomics analyses complemented the standard endpoints. In the respiratory nasal epithelium, CS induced an adaptive tissue and inflammatory response, which was much weaker after CHTP1.2 aerosol exposure, mostly limited to the highest CHTP1.2 concentration (at twice the 3R4F CS concentration: 50 vs. 23 μg nicotine/L), in female rats. In the lungs, the effects of CS exposure included inflammatory and cellular stress responses, which were absent or much lower after CHTP1.2 aerosol exposure. Outside of the respiratory tract, CS and CHTP1.2 aerosol induced effects that were previously associated with exposure to any nicotine-containing aerosol, e.g., lower lipid concentrations in serum. Overall, this systems toxicology analysis complements and confirms the results from classical toxicological endpoints and further suggests potentially reduced respiratory health risks of CHTP1.2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Titz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Ulrike Kogel
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Yang Xiang
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Catherine Nury
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Sophie Dijon
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Karine Baumer
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Dariusz Peric
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - David Bornand
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Remi Dulize
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Blaine Phillips
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore(2)
| | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Gregory Vuillaume
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Stefan Lebrun
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2).
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Iskandar AR, Martinez Y, Martin F, Schlage WK, Leroy P, Sewer A, Torres LO, Majeed S, Merg C, Trivedi K, Guedj E, Frentzel S, Mathis C, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Comparative effects of a candidate modified-risk tobacco product Aerosol and cigarette smoke on human organotypic small airway cultures: a systems toxicology approach. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:930-946. [PMID: 30090554 PMCID: PMC6062162 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00152e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Using an in vitro human small airway epithelium model, we assessed the biological impact of an aerosol from a candidate modified-risk tobacco product, the tobacco heating system (THS) 2.2, to investigate the potential reduced risk of THS2.2 aerosol exposure compared with cigarette smoke. Following the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine and the Tobacco Product Assessment Consortium, in which modified-risk tobacco products assessment should be performed in comparison with standard conventional products, the effects of the THS2.2 aerosol exposure on the small airway cultures were compared with those of 3R4F cigarette smoke. We used a systems toxicology approach whereby elucidation of toxic effects is derived not only from functional assay readouts but also from omics technologies. Cytotoxicity, ciliary beating function, secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators and histological assessment represented functional assays. The omics data included transcriptomic and miRNA profiles. Exposure-induced perturbations of causal biological networks were computed from the transcriptomic data. The results showed that THS2.2 aerosol exposure at the tested doses elicited lower cytotoxicity levels and lower changes in the secreted pro-inflammatory mediators than 3R4F smoke. Although THS2.2 exposure elicited alterations in the gene expression, a higher transcriptome-induced biological impact was observed following 3R4F smoke: The effects of THS2.2 aerosol exposure, if observed, were mostly transient and diminished more rapidly after exposure than those of 3R4F smoke. The study demonstrated that the systems toxicology approach can reveal changes at the cellular level that would be otherwise not detected from functional assays, thus increasing the sensitivity to detect potential toxicity of a treatment/exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita R Iskandar
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Yannick Martinez
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology consultant , Max-Baermann-Str. 21 , 51429 Bergisch Gladbach , Germany
| | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Alain Sewer
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Laura Ortega Torres
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Celine Merg
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Carole Mathis
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Geerts H, Hofmann-Apitius M, Anastasio TJ. Knowledge-driven computational modeling in Alzheimer's disease research: Current state and future trends. Alzheimers Dement 2017; 13:1292-1302. [PMID: 28917669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) follow a slowly progressing dysfunctional trajectory, with a large presymptomatic component and many comorbidities. Using preclinical models and large-scale omics studies ranging from genetics to imaging, a large number of processes that might be involved in AD pathology at different stages and levels have been identified. The sheer number of putative hypotheses makes it almost impossible to estimate their contribution to the clinical outcome and to develop a comprehensive view on the pathological processes driving the clinical phenotype. Traditionally, bioinformatics approaches have provided correlations and associations between processes and phenotypes. Focusing on causality, a new breed of advanced and more quantitative modeling approaches that use formalized domain expertise offer new opportunities to integrate these different modalities and outline possible paths toward new therapeutic interventions. This article reviews three different computational approaches and their possible complementarities. Process algebras, implemented using declarative programming languages such as Maude, facilitate simulation and analysis of complicated biological processes on a comprehensive but coarse-grained level. A model-driven Integration of Data and Knowledge, based on the OpenBEL platform and using reverse causative reasoning and network jump analysis, can generate mechanistic knowledge and a new, mechanism-based taxonomy of disease. Finally, Quantitative Systems Pharmacology is based on formalized implementation of domain expertise in a more fine-grained, mechanism-driven, quantitative, and predictive humanized computer model. We propose a strategy to combine the strengths of these individual approaches for developing powerful modeling methodologies that can provide actionable knowledge for rational development of preventive and therapeutic interventions. Development of these computational approaches is likely to be required for further progress in understanding and treating AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Geerts
- In Silico Biosciences, Berwyn, PA, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, Univ. of Pennsylvania.
| | - Martin Hofmann-Apitius
- Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Thomas J Anastasio
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Iskandar AR, Titz B, Sewer A, Leroy P, Schneider T, Zanetti F, Mathis C, Elamin A, Frentzel S, Schlage WK, Martin F, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Systems toxicology meta-analysis of in vitro assessment studies: biological impact of a candidate modified-risk tobacco product aerosol compared with cigarette smoke on human organotypic cultures of the aerodigestive tract. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:631-653. [PMID: 30090531 PMCID: PMC6062142 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00047b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems biology combines comprehensive molecular analyses with quantitative modeling to understand the characteristics of a biological system as a whole. Leveraging a similar approach, systems toxicology aims to decipher complex biological responses following exposures. This work reports a systems toxicology meta-analysis in the context of in vitro assessment of a candidate modified-risk tobacco product (MRTP) using three human organotypic cultures of the aerodigestive tract (buccal, bronchial, and nasal epithelia). Complementing a series of functional measures, a causal network enrichment analysis of transcriptomic data was used to compare quantitatively the biological impact of aerosol from the Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2, a candidate MRTP, with 3R4F cigarette smoke (CS) at similar nicotine concentrations. Lower toxicity was observed in all cultures following exposure to THS2.2 aerosol compared with 3R4F CS. Because of their morphological differences, a smaller exposure impact was observed in the buccal (stratified epithelium) compared with the bronchial and nasal (pseudostratified epithelium). However, the causal network enrichment approach supported a similar mechanistic impact of CS across the three cultures, including the impact on xenobiotic, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. At comparable nicotine concentrations, THS2.2 aerosol elicited reduced and more transient effects on these processes. To demonstrate the benefits of additional data modalities, we employed a newly established targeted mass-spectrometry marker panel to further confirm the reduced cellular stress responses elicited by THS2.2 aerosol compared with 3R4F CS in the nasal culture. Overall, this work demonstrates the applicability and robustness of the systems toxicology approach for in vitro inhalation toxicity assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Iskandar
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (part of the Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - B Titz
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (part of the Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - A Sewer
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (part of the Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - P Leroy
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (part of the Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - T Schneider
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (part of the Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - F Zanetti
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (part of the Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - C Mathis
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (part of the Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - A Elamin
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (part of the Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - S Frentzel
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (part of the Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - W K Schlage
- Biology consultant , Max-Baermann-Str. 21 , 51429 Bergisch Gladbach , Germany
| | - F Martin
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (part of the Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - N V Ivanov
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (part of the Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - M C Peitsch
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (part of the Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - J Hoeng
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (part of the Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Talikka M, Martin F, Sewer A, Vuillaume G, Leroy P, Luettich K, Chaudhary N, Peck MJ, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Mechanistic Evaluation of the Impact of Smoking and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease on the Nasal Epithelium. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CIRCULATORY RESPIRATORY AND PULMONARY MEDICINE 2017; 11:1179548417710928. [PMID: 28620266 PMCID: PMC5466113 DOI: 10.1177/1179548417710928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the major causes of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide. The development of markers of COPD onset is hampered by the lack of accessibility to the primary target tissue, and there is a need to consider other sample sources as surrogates for biomarker research. Airborne toxicants pass through the nasal epithelium before reaching the lower airways, and the similarity with bronchial histology makes it an attractive surrogate for lower airways. In this work, we describe the transcriptomics findings from the nasal epithelia of subjects enrolled in a clinical study focusing on the identification of COPD biomarkers. Transcriptomic data were analyzed using the biological network approach that enabled us to pinpoint the biological processes affected in the upper respiratory tract in response to smoking and mild-to-moderate COPD. Our results indicated that nasal and lower airway immune responses were considerably different in COPD subjects and caution should be exercised when using upper airway samples as a surrogate for the lower airway. Nevertheless, the network approach described here could present a sensitive means of identifying smokers at risk of developing COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris Products SA and Research & Development (R&D), Philip Morris International, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris Products SA and Research & Development (R&D), Philip Morris International, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris Products SA and Research & Development (R&D), Philip Morris International, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Vuillaume
- Philip Morris Products SA and Research & Development (R&D), Philip Morris International, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris Products SA and Research & Development (R&D), Philip Morris International, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Karsta Luettich
- Philip Morris Products SA and Research & Development (R&D), Philip Morris International, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nveed Chaudhary
- Philip Morris Products SA and Research & Development (R&D), Philip Morris International, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Peck
- Philip Morris Products SA and Research & Development (R&D), Philip Morris International, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris Products SA and Research & Development (R&D), Philip Morris International, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris Products SA and Research & Development (R&D), Philip Morris International, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Poussin C, Belcastro V, Martin F, Boué S, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Crowd-Sourced Verification of Computational Methods and Data in Systems Toxicology: A Case Study with a Heat-Not-Burn Candidate Modified Risk Tobacco Product. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:934-945. [PMID: 28085253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Systems toxicology intends to quantify the effect of toxic molecules in biological systems and unravel their mechanisms of toxicity. The development of advanced computational methods is required for analyzing and integrating high throughput data generated for this purpose as well as for extrapolating predictive toxicological outcomes and risk estimates. To ensure the performance and reliability of the methods and verify conclusions from systems toxicology data analysis, it is important to conduct unbiased evaluations by independent third parties. As a case study, we report here the results of an independent verification of methods and data in systems toxicology by crowdsourcing. The sbv IMPROVER systems toxicology computational challenge aimed to evaluate computational methods for the development of blood-based gene expression signature classification models with the ability to predict smoking exposure status. Participants created/trained models on blood gene expression data sets including smokers/mice exposed to 3R4F (a reference cigarette) or noncurrent smokers/Sham (mice exposed to air). Participants applied their models on unseen data to predict whether subjects classify closer to smoke-exposed or nonsmoke exposed groups. The data sets also included data from subjects that had been exposed to potential modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) or that had switched to a MRTP after exposure to conventional cigarette smoke. The scoring of anonymized participants' predictions was done using predefined metrics. The top 3 performers' methods predicted class labels with area under the precision recall scores above 0.9. Furthermore, although various computational approaches were used, the crowd's results confirmed our own data analysis outcomes with regards to the classification of MRTP-related samples. Mice exposed directly to a MRTP were classified closer to the Sham group. After switching to a MRTP, the confidence that subjects belonged to the smoke-exposed group decreased significantly. Smoking exposure gene signatures that contributed to the group separation included a core set of genes highly consistent across teams such as AHRR, LRRN3, SASH1, and P2RY6. In conclusion, crowdsourcing constitutes a pertinent approach, in complement to the classical peer review process, to independently and unbiasedly verify computational methods and data for risk assessment using systems toxicology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Poussin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Vincenzo Belcastro
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Stéphanie Boué
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Iskandar AR, Mathis C, Schlage WK, Frentzel S, Leroy P, Xiang Y, Sewer A, Majeed S, Ortega-Torres L, Johne S, Guedj E, Trivedi K, Kratzer G, Merg C, Elamin A, Martin F, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. A systems toxicology approach for comparative assessment: Biological impact of an aerosol from a candidate modified-risk tobacco product and cigarette smoke on human organotypic bronchial epithelial cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 39:29-51. [PMID: 27865774 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a comparative assessment of the biological impact of a heated tobacco aerosol from the tobacco heating system (THS) 2.2 and smoke from a combustible 3R4F cigarette. Human organotypic bronchial epithelial cultures were exposed to an aerosol from THS2.2 (a candidate modified-risk tobacco product) or 3R4F smoke at similar nicotine concentrations. A systems toxicology approach was applied to enable a comprehensive exposure impact assessment. Culture histology, cytotoxicity, secreted pro-inflammatory mediators, ciliary beating, and genome-wide mRNA/miRNA profiles were assessed at various time points post-exposure. Series of experimental repetitions were conducted to increase the robustness of the assessment. At similar nicotine concentrations, THS2.2 aerosol elicited lower cytotoxicity compared with 3R4F smoke. No morphological change was observed following exposure to THS2.2 aerosol, even at nicotine concentration three times that of 3R4F smoke. Lower levels of secreted mediators and fewer miRNA alterations were observed following exposure to THS2.2 aerosol than following 3R4F smoke. Based on the computational analysis of the gene expression changes, 3R4F (0.13 mg nicotine/L) elicited the highest biological impact (100%) in the context of Cell Fate, Cell Proliferation, Cell Stress, and Inflammatory Network Models at 4 h post-exposure. Whereas, the corresponding impact of THS2.2 (0.14 mg nicotine/L) was 7.6%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita R Iskandar
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany.
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Ortega-Torres
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Stephanie Johne
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Gilles Kratzer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Celine Merg
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gonzalez-Suarez I, Marescotti D, Martin F, Scotti E, Guedj E, Acali S, Dulize R, Baumer K, Peric D, Frentzel S, Ivanov NV, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. In Vitro Systems Toxicology Assessment of Nonflavored e-Cigarette Liquids in Primary Lung Epithelial Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Gonzalez-Suarez
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Diego Marescotti
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Elena Scotti
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Stefano Acali
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Remi Dulize
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Karine Baumer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Dariusz Peric
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Nikolai V. Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Boué S, Exner T, Ghosh S, Belcastro V, Dokler J, Page D, Boda A, Bonjour F, Hardy B, Vanscheeuwijck P, Hoeng J, Peitsch M. Supporting evidence-based analysis for modified risk tobacco products through a toxicology data-sharing infrastructure. F1000Res 2017; 6:12. [PMID: 29123642 PMCID: PMC5657032 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10493.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The US FDA defines modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) as products that aim to reduce harm or the risk of tobacco-related disease associated with commercially marketed tobacco products. Establishing a product’s potential as an MRTP requires scientific substantiation including toxicity studies and measures of disease risk relative to those of cigarette smoking. Best practices encourage verification of the data from such studies through sharing and open standards. Building on the experience gained from the OpenTox project, a proof-of-concept database and website (
INTERVALS) has been developed to share results from both
in vivo inhalation studies and
in vitro studies conducted by Philip Morris International R&D to assess candidate MRTPs. As datasets are often generated by diverse methods and standards, they need to be traceable, curated, and the methods used well described so that knowledge can be gained using data science principles and tools. The data-management framework described here accounts for the latest standards of data sharing and research reproducibility. Curated data and methods descriptions have been prepared in ISA-Tab format and stored in a database accessible via a search portal on the INTERVALS website. The portal allows users to browse the data by study or mechanism (e.g., inflammation, oxidative stress) and obtain information relevant to study design, methods, and the most important results. Given the successful development of the initial infrastructure, the goal is to grow this initiative and establish a public repository for 21
st-century preclinical systems toxicology MRTP assessment data and results that supports open data principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Boué
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Joh Dokler
- Douglas Connect GmbH, Zeiningen, Switzerland
| | - David Page
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Akash Boda
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Filipe Bonjour
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Barry Hardy
- Douglas Connect GmbH, Zeiningen, Switzerland
| | | | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Boué S, Exner T, Ghosh S, Belcastro V, Dokler J, Page D, Boda A, Bonjour F, Hardy B, Vanscheeuwijck P, Hoeng J, Peitsch M. Supporting evidence-based analysis for modified risk tobacco products through a toxicology data-sharing infrastructure. F1000Res 2017; 6:12. [PMID: 29123642 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10493.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The US FDA defines modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) as products that aim to reduce harm or the risk of tobacco-related disease associated with commercially marketed tobacco products. Establishing a product's potential as an MRTP requires scientific substantiation including toxicity studies and measures of disease risk relative to those of cigarette smoking. Best practices encourage verification of the data from such studies through sharing and open standards. Building on the experience gained from the OpenTox project, a proof-of-concept database and website ( INTERVALS) has been developed to share results from both in vivo inhalation studies and in vitro studies conducted by Philip Morris International R&D to assess candidate MRTPs. As datasets are often generated by diverse methods and standards, they need to be traceable, curated, and the methods used well described so that knowledge can be gained using data science principles and tools. The data-management framework described here accounts for the latest standards of data sharing and research reproducibility. Curated data and methods descriptions have been prepared in ISA-Tab format and stored in a database accessible via a search portal on the INTERVALS website. The portal allows users to browse the data by study or mechanism (e.g., inflammation, oxidative stress) and obtain information relevant to study design, methods, and the most important results. Given the successful development of the initial infrastructure, the goal is to grow this initiative and establish a public repository for 21 st-century preclinical systems toxicology MRTP assessment data and results that supports open data principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Boué
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Joh Dokler
- Douglas Connect GmbH, Zeiningen, Switzerland
| | - David Page
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Akash Boda
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Filipe Bonjour
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Barry Hardy
- Douglas Connect GmbH, Zeiningen, Switzerland
| | | | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zanetti F, Sewer A, Mathis C, Iskandar AR, Kostadinova R, Schlage WK, Leroy P, Majeed S, Guedj E, Trivedi K, Martin F, Elamin A, Merg C, Ivanov NV, Frentzel S, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Systems Toxicology Assessment of the Biological Impact of a Candidate Modified Risk Tobacco Product on Human Organotypic Oral Epithelial Cultures. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1252-69. [PMID: 27404394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) has been reported to increase predisposition to oral cancer and is also recognized as a risk factor for many conditions including periodontal diseases, gingivitis, and other benign mucosal disorders. Smoking cessation remains the most effective approach for minimizing the risk of smoking-related diseases. However, reduction of harmful constituents by heating rather than combusting tobacco, without modifying the amount of nicotine, is a promising new paradigm in harm reduction. In this study, we compared effects of exposure to aerosol derived from a candidate modified risk tobacco product, the tobacco heating system (THS) 2.2, with those of CS generated from the 3R4F reference cigarette. Human organotypic oral epithelial tissue cultures (EpiOral, MatTek Corporation) were exposed for 28 min to 3R4F CS or THS2.2 aerosol, both diluted with air to comparable nicotine concentrations (0.32 or 0.51 mg nicotine/L aerosol/CS for 3R4F and 0.31 or 0.46 mg/L for THS2.2). We also tested one higher concentration (1.09 mg/L) of THS2.2. A systems toxicology approach was employed combining cellular assays (i.e., cytotoxicity and cytochrome P450 activity assays), comprehensive molecular investigations of the buccal epithelial transcriptome (mRNA and miRNA) by means of computational network biology, measurements of secreted proinflammatory markers, and histopathological analysis. We observed that the impact of 3R4F CS was greater than THS2.2 aerosol in terms of cytotoxicity, morphological tissue alterations, and secretion of inflammatory mediators. Analysis of the transcriptomic changes in the exposed oral cultures revealed significant perturbations in various network models such as apoptosis, necroptosis, senescence, xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative stress, and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NFE2L2) signaling. The stress responses following THS2.2 aerosol exposure were markedly decreased, and the exposed cultures recovered more completely compared with those exposed to 3R4F CS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Zanetti
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita R Iskandar
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Radina Kostadinova
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant , Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Céline Merg
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li X. In vitro toxicity testing of cigarette smoke based on the air-liquid interface exposure: A review. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 36:105-113. [PMID: 27470133 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a complex aerosol comprising particulate phase and gaseous vapour phase. The air-liquid interface exposure provides a possible technical means to implement whole smoke exposure for the assessment of tobacco products. In this review, the research progress in the in vitro toxicity testing of cigarette smoke based on the air-liquid interface exposure is summarized. The contents presented involve mainly cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, systems toxicology, 3D culture and cigarette smoke dosimetry related to cigarette smoke, as well as the assessment of electronic cigarette aerosol. Prospect of the application of the air-liquid interface exposure method in assessing the biological effects of tobacco smoke is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Iskandar AR, Gonzalez-Suarez I, Majeed S, Marescotti D, Sewer A, Xiang Y, Leroy P, Guedj E, Mathis C, Schaller JP, Vanscheeuwijck P, Frentzel S, Martin F, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. A framework for in vitro systems toxicology assessment of e-liquids. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:389-413. [PMID: 27117495 PMCID: PMC5309872 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2016.1170251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Various electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), of which electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are the most recognized prototype, have been quickly gaining ground on conventional cigarettes because they are perceived as less harmful. Research assessing the potential effects of ENDS exposure in humans is currently limited and inconclusive. New products are emerging with numerous variations in designs and performance parameters within and across brands. Acknowledging these challenges, we present here a proposed framework for an in vitro systems toxicology assessment of e-liquids and their aerosols, intended to complement the battery of assays for standard toxicity assessments. The proposed framework utilizes high-throughput toxicity assessments of e-liquids and their aerosols, in which the device-to-device variability is minimized, and a systems-level investigation of the cellular mechanisms of toxicity is an integral part. An analytical chemistry investigation is also included as a part of the framework to provide accurate and reliable chemistry data solidifying the toxicological assessment. In its simplest form, the framework comprises of three main layers: (1) high-throughput toxicity screening of e-liquids using primary human cell culture systems; (2) toxicity-related mechanistic assessment of selected e-liquids, and (3) toxicity-related mechanistic assessment of their aerosols using organotypic air-liquid interface airway culture systems. A systems toxicology assessment approach is leveraged to enable in-depth analyses of the toxicity-related cellular mechanisms of e-liquids and their aerosols. We present example use cases to demonstrate the suitability of the framework for a robust in vitro assessment of e-liquids and their aerosols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International R&D,
Neuchâtel,
Switzerland
| | | | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D,
Neuchâtel,
Switzerland
| | - Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International R&D,
Neuchâtel,
Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International R&D,
Neuchâtel,
Switzerland
| | | | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D,
Neuchâtel,
Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D,
Neuchâtel,
Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Elamin A, Titz B, Dijon S, Merg C, Geertz M, Schneider T, Martin F, Schlage WK, Frentzel S, Talamo F, Phillips B, Veljkovic E, Ivanov NV, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Quantitative proteomics analysis using 2D-PAGE to investigate the effects of cigarette smoke and aerosol of a prototypic modified risk tobacco product on the lung proteome in C57BL/6 mice. J Proteomics 2016; 145:237-245. [PMID: 27268958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Smoking is associated with several serious diseases, such as lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Within our systems toxicology framework, we are assessing whether potential modified risk tobacco products (MRTP) can reduce smoking-related health risks compared to conventional cigarettes. In this article, we evaluated to what extent 2D-PAGE/MALDI MS/MS (2D-PAGE) can complement the iTRAQ LC-MS/MS results from a previously reported mouse inhalation study, in which we assessed a prototypic MRTP (pMRTP). Selected differentially expressed proteins identified by both LC-MS/MS and 2D-PAGE approaches were further verified using reverse-phase protein microarrays. LC-MS/MS captured the effects of cigarette smoke (CS) on the lung proteome more comprehensively than 2D-PAGE. However, an integrated analysis of both proteomics data sets showed that 2D-PAGE data complement the LC-MS/MS results by supporting the overall trend of lower effects of pMRTP aerosol than CS on the lung proteome. Biological effects of CS exposure supported by both methods included increases in immune-related, surfactant metabolism, proteasome, and actin cytoskeleton protein clusters. Overall, while 2D-PAGE has its value, especially as a complementary method for the analysis of effects on intact proteins, LC-MS/MS approaches will likely be the method of choice for proteome analysis in systems toxicology investigations. SIGNIFICANCE Quantitative proteomics is anticipated to play a growing role within systems toxicology assessment frameworks in the future. To further understand how different proteomics technologies can contribute to toxicity assessment, we conducted a quantitative proteomics analysis using 2D-PAGE and isobaric tag-based LC-MS/MS approaches and compared the results produced from the 2 approaches. Using a prototypic modified risk tobacco product (pMRTP) as our test item, we show compared with cigarette smoke, how 2D-PAGE results can complement and support LC-MS/MS data, demonstrating the much lower effects of pMRTP aerosol than cigarette smoke on the mouse lung proteome. The combined analysis of 2D-PAGE and LC-MS/MS data identified an effect of cigarette smoke on the proteasome and actin cytoskeleton in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Elamin
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bjoern Titz
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Dijon
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Merg
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Geertz
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Bayer Technology Services GmbH, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Talamo
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- Philip Morris International Research Laboratories (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), 50 Science Park Road, 117406, Singapore
| | - Emilija Veljkovic
- Philip Morris International Research Laboratories (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), 50 Science Park Road, 117406, Singapore
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Phillips B, Veljkovic E, Boué S, Schlage WK, Vuillaume G, Martin F, Titz B, Leroy P, Buettner A, Elamin A, Oviedo A, Cabanski M, De León H, Guedj E, Schneider T, Talikka M, Ivanov NV, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. An 8-Month Systems Toxicology Inhalation/Cessation Study in Apoe-/- Mice to Investigate Cardiovascular and Respiratory Exposure Effects of a Candidate Modified Risk Tobacco Product, THS 2.2, Compared With Conventional Cigarettes. Toxicol Sci 2016; 149:411-32. [PMID: 26609137 PMCID: PMC4725610 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking cigarettes is a major risk factor in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) are being developed to reduce smoking-related health risks. The goal of this study was to investigate hallmarks of COPD and CVD over an 8-month period in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice exposed to conventional cigarette smoke (CS) or to the aerosol of a candidate MRTP, tobacco heating system (THS) 2.2. In addition to chronic exposure, cessation or switching to THS2.2 after 2 months of CS exposure was assessed. Engaging a systems toxicology approach, exposure effects were investigated using physiology and histology combined with transcriptomics, lipidomics, and proteomics. CS induced nasal epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia, lung inflammation, and emphysematous changes (impaired pulmonary function and alveolar damage). Atherogenic effects of CS exposure included altered lipid profiles and aortic plaque formation. Exposure to THS2.2 aerosol (nicotine concentration matched to CS, 29.9 mg/m(3)) neither induced lung inflammation or emphysema nor did it consistently change the lipid profile or enhance the plaque area. Cessation or switching to THS2.2 reversed the inflammatory responses and halted progression of initial emphysematous changes and the aortic plaque area. Biological processes, including senescence, inflammation, and proliferation, were significantly impacted by CS but not by THS2.2 aerosol. Both, cessation and switching to THS2.2 reduced these perturbations to almost sham exposure levels. In conclusion, in this mouse model cessation or switching to THS2.2 retarded the progression of CS-induced atherosclerotic and emphysematous changes, while THS2.2 aerosol alone had minimal adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blaine Phillips
- *Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte Ltd, The Kendall #02-07, Science Park II, Singapore 117406
| | - Emilija Veljkovic
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Boué
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- WK Schlage Biology Consulting, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; and
| | - Gregory Vuillaume
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bjoern Titz
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ashraf Elamin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Oviedo
- *Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte Ltd, The Kendall #02-07, Science Park II, Singapore 117406
| | - Maciej Cabanski
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Héctor De León
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland;
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Poussin C, Laurent A, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J, De Leon H. Systems toxicology-based assessment of the candidate modified risk tobacco product THS2.2 for the adhesion of monocytic cells to human coronary arterial endothelial cells. Toxicology 2016; 339:73-86. [PMID: 26655683 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of endothelial adhesive properties by cigarette smoke (CS) can progressively favor the development of atherosclerosis which may cause cardiovascular disorders. Modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) are tobacco products developed to reduce smoking-related risks. A systems biology/toxicology approach combined with a functional in vitro adhesion assay was used to assess the impact of a candidate heat-not-burn technology-based MRTP, Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2, on the adhesion of monocytic cells to human coronary arterial endothelial cells (HCAECs) compared with a reference cigarette (3R4F). HCAECs were treated for 4h with conditioned media of human monocytic Mono Mac 6 (MM6) cells preincubated with low or high concentrations of aqueous extracts from THS2.2 aerosol or 3R4F smoke for 2h (indirect treatment), unconditioned media (direct treatment), or fresh aqueous aerosol/smoke extracts (fresh direct treatment). Functional and molecular investigations revealed that aqueous 3R4F smoke extract promoted the adhesion of MM6 cells to HCAECs via distinct direct and indirect concentration-dependent mechanisms. Using the same approach, we identified significantly reduced effects of aqueous THS2.2 aerosol extract on MM6 cell-HCAEC adhesion, and reduced molecular changes in endothelial and monocytic cells. Ten- and 20-fold increased concentrations of aqueous THS2.2 aerosol extract were necessary to elicit similar effects to those measured with 3R4F in both fresh direct and indirect exposure modalities, respectively. Our systems toxicology study demonstrated reduced effects of an aqueous aerosol extract from the candidate MRTP, THS2.2, using the adhesion of monocytic cells to human coronary endothelial cells as a surrogate pathophysiologically relevant event in atherogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Poussin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandra Laurent
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Hector De Leon
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gonzalez-Suarez I, Martin F, Marescotti D, Guedj E, Acali S, Johne S, Dulize R, Baumer K, Peric D, Goedertier D, Frentzel S, Ivanov NV, Mathis C, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. In Vitro Systems Toxicology Assessment of a Candidate Modified Risk Tobacco Product Shows Reduced Toxicity Compared to That of a Conventional Cigarette. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 29:3-18. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Gonzalez-Suarez
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Marescotti
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Acali
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Johne
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Remi Dulize
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Karine Baumer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dariusz Peric
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Goedertier
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V. Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang C, Hong H, Mendrick DL, Tang Y, Cheng F. Biomarker-based drug safety assessment in the age of systems pharmacology: from foundational to regulatory science. Biomark Med 2015; 9:1241-52. [PMID: 26506997 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.15.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Improved biomarker-based assessment of drug safety is needed in drug discovery and development as well as regulatory evaluation. However, identifying drug safety-related biomarkers such as genes, proteins, miRNA and single-nucleotide polymorphisms remains a big challenge. The advances of 'omics' and computational technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, systems biology, network biology and systems pharmacology enable us to explore drug actions at the organ and organismal levels. Computational and experimental systems pharmacology approaches could be utilized to facilitate biomarker-based drug safety assessment for drug discovery and development and to inform better regulatory decisions. In this article, we review the current status and advances of systems pharmacology approaches for the development of predictive models to identify biomarkers for drug safety assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Huixiao Hong
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food & Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Donna L Mendrick
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food & Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Phillips B, Esposito M, Verbeeck J, Boué S, Iskandar A, Vuillaume G, Leroy P, Krishnan S, Kogel U, Utan A, Schlage WK, Bera M, Veljkovic E, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC, Vanscheeuwijck P. Toxicity of aerosols of nicotine and pyruvic acid (separate and combined) in Sprague-Dawley rats in a 28-day OECD 412 inhalation study and assessment of systems toxicology. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:405-31. [PMID: 26295358 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1046000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity of nebulized nicotine (Nic) and nicotine/pyruvic acid mixtures (Nic/Pyr) was characterized in a 28-day Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 412 inhalation study with additional transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses. Sprague-Dawley rats were nose-only exposed, 6 h/day, 5 days/week to filtered air, saline, nicotine (50 µg/l), sodium pyruvate (NaPyr, 33.9 µg/l) or equimolar Nic/Pyr mixtures (18, 25 and 50 µg nicotine/l). Saline and NaPyr caused no health effects, but rats exposed to nicotine-containing aerosols had decreased body weight gains and concentration-dependent increases in liver weight. Blood neutrophil counts were increased and lymphocyte counts decreased in rats exposed to nicotine; activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase were increased, and levels of cholesterol and glucose decreased. The only histopathologic finding in non-respiratory tract organs was increased liver vacuolation and glycogen content. Respiratory tract findings upon nicotine exposure (but also some phosphate-buffered saline aerosol effects) were observed only in the larynx and were limited to adaptive changes. Gene expression changes in the lung and liver were very weak. Nic and Nic/Pyr caused few significant changes (including Cyp1a1 gene upregulation). Changes were predominantly related to energy metabolism and fatty acid metabolism but did not indicate an obvious toxicity-related response. Nicotine exposure lowered plasma lipids, including cholesteryl ester (CE) and free cholesterol and, in the liver, phospholipids and sphingolipids. Nic, NaPyr and Nic/Pyr decreased hepatic triacylglycerol and CE. In the lung, Nic and Nic/Pyr increased CE levels. These data suggest that only minor biologic effects related to inhalation of Nic or Nic/Pyr aerosols were observed in this 28-day study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blaine Phillips
- a Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte Ltd , Science Park II , Singapore and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Poussin C, Laurent A, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J, De Leon H. Systems Biology Reveals Cigarette Smoke-Induced Concentration-Dependent Direct and Indirect Mechanisms That Promote Monocyte–Endothelial Cell Adhesion. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:370-85. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
39
|
Cabanski M, Fields B, Boue S, Boukharov N, DeLeon H, Dror N, Geertz M, Guedj E, Iskandar A, Kogel U, Merg C, Peck MJ, Poussin C, Schlage WK, Talikka M, Ivanov NV, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Transcriptional profiling and targeted proteomics reveals common molecular changes associated with cigarette smoke-induced lung emphysema development in five susceptible mouse strains. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:471-86. [PMID: 25962837 PMCID: PMC4464601 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0820-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouse models are useful for studying cigarette smoke (CS)-induced chronic pulmonary pathologies such as lung emphysema. To enhance translation of large-scale omics data from mechanistic studies into pathophysiological changes, we have developed computational tools based on reverse causal reasoning (RCR). OBJECTIVE In the present study we applied a systems biology approach leveraging RCR to identify molecular mechanistic explanations of pathophysiological changes associated with CS-induced lung emphysema in susceptible mice. METHODS The lung transcriptomes of five mouse models (C57BL/6, ApoE (-/-) , A/J, CD1, and Nrf2 (-/-) ) were analyzed following 5-7 months of CS exposure. RESULTS We predicted 39 molecular changes mostly related to inflammatory processes including known key emphysema drivers such as NF-κB and TLR4 signaling, and increased levels of TNF-α, CSF2, and several interleukins. More importantly, RCR predicted potential molecular mechanisms that are less well-established, including increased transcriptional activity of PU.1, STAT1, C/EBP, FOXM1, YY1, and N-COR, and reduced protein abundance of ITGB6 and CFTR. We corroborated several predictions using targeted proteomic approaches, demonstrating increased abundance of CSF2, C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, PU.1, BRCA1, and STAT1. CONCLUSION These systems biology-derived candidate mechanisms common to susceptible mouse models may enhance understanding of CS-induced molecular processes underlying emphysema development in mice and their relevancy for human chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Cabanski
- />Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- />Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brett Fields
- />Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA
| | - Stephanie Boue
- />Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Hector DeLeon
- />Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Dror
- />Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA
| | - Marcel Geertz
- />Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- />Bayer Technology Services GmbH, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- />Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita Iskandar
- />Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Kogel
- />Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Merg
- />Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Michael J. Peck
- />Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carine Poussin
- />Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K. Schlage
- />Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- />Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V. Ivanov
- />Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- />Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- />Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
A 7-month cigarette smoke inhalation study in C57BL/6 mice demonstrates reduced lung inflammation and emphysema following smoking cessation or aerosol exposure from a prototypic modified risk tobacco product. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 80:328-345. [PMID: 25843363 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Modified risk tobacco products (MRTP) are designed to reduce smoking-related health risks. A murine model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was applied to investigate classical toxicology end points plus systems toxicology (transcriptomics and proteomics). C57BL/6 mice were exposed to conventional cigarette smoke (3R4F), fresh air (sham), or a prototypic MRTP (pMRTP) aerosol for up to 7 months, including a cessation group and a switching-to-pMRTP group (2 months of 3R4F exposure followed by fresh air or pMRTP for up to 5 months respectively). 3R4F smoke induced the typical adaptive changes in the airways, as well as inflammation in the lung, associated with emphysematous changes (impaired pulmonary function and alveolar damage). At nicotine-matched exposure concentrations of pMRTP aerosol, no signs of lung inflammation and emphysema were observed. Both the cessation and switching groups showed a similar reversal of inflammatory responses and no progression of initial emphysematous changes. A significant impact on biological processes, including COPD-related inflammation, apoptosis, and proliferation, was identified in 3R4F-exposed, but not in pMRTP-exposed lungs. Smoking cessation or switching reduced these perturbations to near sham-exposed levels. In conclusion, the mouse model indicated retarded disease progression upon cessation or switching to pMRTP which alone had no adverse effects.
Collapse
|
41
|
Sauer JM, Hartung T, Leist M, Knudsen TB, Hoeng J, Hayes AW. Systems Toxicology: The Future of Risk Assessment. Int J Toxicol 2015; 34:346-8. [PMID: 25804424 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815576551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Risk assessment, in the context of public health, is the process of quantifying the probability of a harmful effect to individuals or populations from human activities. With increasing public health concern regarding the potential risks associated with chemical exposure, there is a need for more predictive and accurate approaches to risk assessment. Developing such an approach requires a mechanistic understanding of the process by which xenobiotic substances perturb biological systems and lead to toxicity. Supplementing the shortfalls of traditional risk assessment with mechanistic biological data has been widely discussed but not routinely implemented in the evaluation of chemical exposure. These mechanistic approaches to risk assessment have been generally referred to as systems toxicology. This Symposium Overview article summarizes 4 talks presented at the 35th Annual Meeting of the American College of Toxicology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Michael Sauer
- Predictive Safety Testing Consortium (PSTC), Critical Path Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Thomas B Knudsen
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA University of Massachusetts School of Public Health, Amherst, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mathis C, Gebel S, Poussin C, Belcastro V, Sewer A, Weisensee D, Hengstermann A, Ansari S, Wagner S, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. A systems biology approach reveals the dose- and time-dependent effect of primary human airway epithelium tissue culture after exposure to cigarette smoke in vitro. Bioinform Biol Insights 2015; 9:19-35. [PMID: 25788831 PMCID: PMC4357630 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s19908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To establish a relevant in vitro model for systems toxicology-based mechanistic assessment of environmental stressors such as cigarette smoke (CS), we exposed human organotypic bronchial epithelial tissue cultures at the air liquid interface (ALI) to various CS doses. Previously, we compared in vitro gene expression changes with published human airway epithelia in vivo data to assess their similarities. Here, we present a follow-up evaluation of these in vitro transcriptomics data, using complementary computational approaches and an integrated mRNA-microRNA (miRNA) analysis. The main cellular pathways perturbed by CS exposure were related to stress responses (oxidative stress and xenobiotic metabolism), inflammation (inhibition of nuclear factor-κB and the interferon gamma-dependent pathway), and proliferation/differentiation. Within post-exposure periods up to 48 hours, a transient kinetic response was observed at lower CS doses, whereas higher doses resulted in more sustained responses. In conclusion, this systems toxicology approach has potential for product testing according to "21st Century Toxicology".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Gebel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carine Poussin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Belcastro
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Weisensee
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arnd Hengstermann
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sam Ansari
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Wagner
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Talikka M, Boue S, Schlage WK. Causal Biological Network Database: A Comprehensive Platform of Causal Biological Network Models Focused on the Pulmonary and Vascular Systems. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2778-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
44
|
Talikka M, Kostadinova R, Xiang Y, Mathis C, Sewer A, Majeed S, Kuehn D, Frentzel S, Merg C, Geertz M, Martin F, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. The response of human nasal and bronchial organotypic tissue cultures to repeated whole cigarette smoke exposure. Int J Toxicol 2014; 33:506-17. [PMID: 25297719 DOI: 10.1177/1091581814551647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is linked to the development of respiratory diseases, and there is a need to understand the mechanisms whereby CS causes damage. Although animal models have provided valuable insights into smoking-related respiratory tract damage, modern toxicity testing calls for reliable in vitro models as alternatives for animal experimentation. We report on a repeated whole mainstream CS exposure of nasal and bronchial organotypic tissue cultures that mimic the morphological, physiological, and molecular attributes of the human respiratory tract. Despite the similar cellular staining and cytokine secretion in both tissue types, the transcriptomic analyses in the context of biological network models identified similar and diverse biological processes that were impacted by CS-exposed nasal and bronchial cultures. Our results demonstrate that nasal and bronchial tissue cultures are appropriate in vitro models for the assessment of CS-induced adverse effects in the respiratory system and promising alternative to animal experimentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Radina Kostadinova
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Diana Kuehn
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Merg
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Geertz
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Visser SAG, de Alwis DP, Kerbusch T, Stone JA, Allerheiligen SRB. Implementation of quantitative and systems pharmacology in large pharma. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 3:e142. [PMID: 25338195 PMCID: PMC4474169 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2014.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative and systems pharmacology concepts and tools are the foundation of the model-informed drug development paradigm at Merck for integrating knowledge, enabling decisions, and enhancing submissions. Rigorous prioritization of modeling and simulation activities has enabled key drug development decisions and led to a high return on investment through significant cost avoidance. Critical factors for the successful implementation, examples on impact on decision making with associated return of investment, and drivers for continued success are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A G Visser
- Quantitative Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Merck Research Labs, Merck & Co, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - D P de Alwis
- Quantitative Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Merck Research Labs, Merck & Co, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - T Kerbusch
- Quantitive Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, MSD, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - J A Stone
- Quantitative Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Merck Research Labs, Merck & Co, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - S R B Allerheiligen
- Quantitative Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Merck Research Labs, Merck & Co, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Schlage WK, Iskandar AR, Kostadinova R, Xiang Y, Sewer A, Majeed S, Kuehn D, Frentzel S, Talikka M, Geertz M, Mathis C, Ivanov N, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. In vitro systems toxicology approach to investigate the effects of repeated cigarette smoke exposure on human buccal and gingival organotypic epithelial tissue cultures. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24:470-87. [PMID: 25046638 PMCID: PMC4219813 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.943441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Smoking has been associated with diseases of the lung, pulmonary airways and oral cavity. Cytologic, genomic and transcriptomic changes in oral mucosa correlate with oral pre-neoplasia, cancer and inflammation (e.g. periodontitis). Alteration of smoking-related gene expression changes in oral epithelial cells is similar to that in bronchial and nasal epithelial cells. Using a systems toxicology approach, we have previously assessed the impact of cigarette smoke (CS) seen as perturbations of biological processes in human nasal and bronchial organotypic epithelial culture models. Here, we report our further assessment using in vitro human oral organotypic epithelium models. We exposed the buccal and gingival organotypic epithelial tissue cultures to CS at the air-liquid interface. CS exposure was associated with increased secretion of inflammatory mediators, induction of cytochrome P450s activity and overall weak toxicity in both tissues. Using microarray technology, gene-set analysis and a novel computational modeling approach leveraging causal biological network models, we identified CS impact on xenobiotic metabolism-related pathways accompanied by a more subtle alteration in inflammatory processes. Gene-set analysis further indicated that the CS-induced pathways in the in vitro buccal tissue models resembled those in the in vivo buccal biopsies of smokers from a published dataset. These findings support the translatability of systems responses from in vitro to in vivo and demonstrate the applicability of oral organotypical tissue models for an impact assessment of CS on various tissues exposed during smoking, as well as for impact assessment of reduced-risk products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter K. Schlage
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Anita R. Iskandar
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Radina Kostadinova
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Diana Kuehn
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Marcel Geertz
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Nikolai Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Titz B, Elamin A, Martin F, Schneider T, Dijon S, Ivanov NV, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Proteomics for systems toxicology. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2014; 11:73-90. [PMID: 25379146 PMCID: PMC4212285 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current toxicology studies frequently lack measurements at molecular resolution to enable a more mechanism-based and predictive toxicological assessment. Recently, a systems toxicology assessment framework has been proposed, which combines conventional toxicological assessment strategies with system-wide measurement methods and computational analysis approaches from the field of systems biology. Proteomic measurements are an integral component of this integrative strategy because protein alterations closely mirror biological effects, such as biological stress responses or global tissue alterations. Here, we provide an overview of the technical foundations and highlight select applications of proteomics for systems toxicology studies. With a focus on mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we summarize the experimental methods for quantitative proteomics and describe the computational approaches used to derive biological/mechanistic insights from these datasets. To illustrate how proteomics has been successfully employed to address mechanistic questions in toxicology, we summarized several case studies. Overall, we provide the technical and conceptual foundation for the integration of proteomic measurements in a more comprehensive systems toxicology assessment framework. We conclude that, owing to the critical importance of protein-level measurements and recent technological advances, proteomics will be an integral part of integrative systems toxicology approaches in the future.
Collapse
|
48
|
Gonzalez-Suarez I, Sewer A, Walker P, Mathis C, Ellis S, Woodhouse H, Guedj E, Dulize R, Marescotti D, Acali S, Martin F, Ivanov NV, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Systems biology approach for evaluating the biological impact of environmental toxicants in vitro. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:367-76. [PMID: 24428674 DOI: 10.1021/tx400405s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke is a leading cause of lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer. Cigarette smoke is a complex aerosol containing over 6000 chemicals and thus it is difficult to determine individual contributions to overall toxicity as well as the molecular mechanisms by which smoke constituents exert their effects. We selected three well-known harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in tobacco smoke, acrolein, formaldehyde and catechol, and established a high-content screening method using normal human bronchial epithelial cells, which are the first bronchial cells in contact with cigarette smoke. The impact of each HPHC was investigated using 13 indicators of cellular toxicity complemented with a microarray-based whole-transcriptome analysis followed by a computational approach leveraging mechanistic network models to identify and quantify perturbed molecular pathways. HPHCs were evaluated over a wide range of concentrations and at different exposure time points (4, 8, and 24 h). By high-content screening, the toxic effects of the three HPHCs could be observed only at the highest doses. Whole-genome transcriptomics unraveled toxicity mechanisms at lower doses and earlier time points. The most prevalent toxicity mechanisms observed were DNA damage/growth arrest, oxidative stress, mitochondrial stress, and apoptosis/necrosis. A combination of multiple toxicological end points with a systems-based impact assessment allows for a more robust scientific basis for the toxicological assessment of HPHCs, allowing insight into time- and dose-dependent molecular perturbations of specific biological pathways. This approach allowed us to establish an in vitro systems toxicology platform that can be applied to a broader selection of HPHCs and their mixtures and can serve more generally as the basis for testing the impact of other environmental toxicants on normal bronchial epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Gonzalez-Suarez
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sturla SJ, Boobis AR, FitzGerald RE, Hoeng J, Kavlock RJ, Schirmer K, Whelan M, Wilks MF, Peitsch MC. Systems toxicology: from basic research to risk assessment. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:314-29. [PMID: 24446777 PMCID: PMC3964730 DOI: 10.1021/tx400410s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Systems Toxicology is the integration of classical toxicology with quantitative analysis of large networks of molecular and functional changes occurring across multiple levels of biological organization. Society demands increasingly close scrutiny of the potential health risks associated with exposure to chemicals present in our everyday life, leading to an increasing need for more predictive and accurate risk-assessment approaches. Developing such approaches requires a detailed mechanistic understanding of the ways in which xenobiotic substances perturb biological systems and lead to adverse outcomes. Thus, Systems Toxicology approaches offer modern strategies for gaining such mechanistic knowledge by combining advanced analytical and computational tools. Furthermore, Systems Toxicology is a means for the identification and application of biomarkers for improved safety assessments. In Systems Toxicology, quantitative systems-wide molecular changes in the context of an exposure are measured, and a causal chain of molecular events linking exposures with adverse outcomes (i.e., functional and apical end points) is deciphered. Mathematical models are then built to describe these processes in a quantitative manner. The integrated data analysis leads to the identification of how biological networks are perturbed by the exposure and enables the development of predictive mathematical models of toxicological processes. This perspective integrates current knowledge regarding bioanalytical approaches, computational analysis, and the potential for improved risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shana J Sturla
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich , Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Systems approaches evaluating the perturbation of xenobiotic metabolism in response to cigarette smoke exposure in nasal and bronchial tissues. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:512086. [PMID: 24224167 PMCID: PMC3808713 DOI: 10.1155/2013/512086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Capturing the effects of exposure in a specific target organ is a major challenge in risk assessment. Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) implicates the field of tissue injury in the lung as well as nasal and airway epithelia. Xenobiotic metabolism in particular becomes an attractive tool for chemical risk assessment because of its responsiveness against toxic compounds, including those present in CS. This study describes an efficient integration from transcriptomic data to quantitative measures, which reflect the responses against xenobiotics that are captured in a biological network model. We show here that our novel systems approach can quantify the perturbation in the network model of xenobiotic metabolism. We further show that this approach efficiently compares the perturbation upon CS exposure in bronchial and nasal epithelial cells in vivo samples obtained from smokers. Our observation suggests the xenobiotic responses in the bronchial and nasal epithelial cells of smokers were similar to those observed in their respective organotypic models exposed to CS. Furthermore, the results suggest that nasal tissue is a reliable surrogate to measure xenobiotic responses in bronchial tissue.
Collapse
|