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Li Y, Zhou Y, Zhou D, Jiang Y, Butt M, Yang H, Que Y, Li Z, Chen G. Regioselective Homolytic C 2-H Borylation of Unprotected Adenosine and Adenine Derivatives via Minisci Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39051926 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
A Minisci-type borylation of unprotected adenosine, adenine nucleotide, and adenosine analogues was successfully achieved through photocatalysis or thermal activation. Despite the challenges posed by the presence of two potential reactive sites (C2 and C8) in the purine motif, the unique nucleophilic amine-ligated boryl radicals effortlessly achieved excellent C2 site selectivity and simultaneously avoided the formation of multifunctionalized products. This protocol proved effective for the late-stage borylation of some important biomolecules as well as a few antiviral and antitumor drug molecules, such as AMP, cAMP, Vidarabine, Cordycepin, Tenofovir, Adefovir, GS-441524, etc. Theoretical calculations shed light on the site selectivity, revealing that the free energy barriers for the C2-Minisci addition are further lowered through the chelation of additive Mg2+ to N3 and furyl oxygen. This phenomenon has been confirmed by an IGMH analysis. Preliminary antitumor evaluation, derivation of the C2-borylated adenosine to other analogues with high-value functionalities, along with the CuAAC click reactions, suggest the potential application of this methodology in drug molecular optimization studies and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yutong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Green and High-value Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai, P. R. China
| | - Dazhi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Madiha Butt
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, P. R. China
| | - Yingchuan Que
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Green and High-value Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai, P. R. China
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Chauveau F, Winkeler A, Chalon S, Boutin H, Becker G. PET imaging of neuroinflammation: any credible alternatives to TSPO yet? Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02656-9. [PMID: 38997465 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Over the last decades, the role of neuroinflammation in neuropsychiatric conditions has attracted an exponentially growing interest. A key driver for this trend was the ability to image brain inflammation in vivo using PET radioligands targeting the Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO), which is known to be expressed in activated microglia and astrocytes upon inflammatory events as well as constitutively in endothelial cells. TSPO is a mitochondrial protein that is expressed mostly by microglial cells upon activation but is also expressed by astrocytes in some conditions and constitutively by endothelial cells. Therefore, our current understanding of neuroinflammation dynamics is hampered by the lack of alternative targets available for PET imaging. We performed a systematic search and review on radiotracers developed for neuroinflammation PET imaging apart from TSPO. The following targets of interest were identified through literature screening (including previous narrative reviews): P2Y12R, P2X7R, CSF1R, COX (microglial targets), MAO-B, I2BS (astrocytic targets), CB2R & S1PRs (not specific of a single cell type). We determined the level of development and provided a scoping review for each target. Strikingly, astrocytic biomarker MAO-B has progressed in clinical investigations the furthest, while few radiotracers (notably targeting S1P1Rs, CSF1R) are being implemented in clinical investigations. Other targets such as CB2R and P2X7R have proven disappointing in clinical studies (e.g. poor signal, lack of changes in disease conditions, etc.). While astrocytic targets are promising, development of new biomarkers and tracers specific for microglial activation has proven challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Chauveau
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, BIORAN, Groupement Hospitalier Est - CERMEP, 59 boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron, Cedex, France
| | - Alexandra Winkeler
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 place du général Leclerc, 91401, Orsay, France
| | - Sylvie Chalon
- UMR 1253 iBrain, Université de Tours - INSERM, Bâtiment Planiol, UFR de Médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours, Cedex 01, France
| | - Hervé Boutin
- UMR 1253 iBrain, Université de Tours - INSERM, Bâtiment Planiol, UFR de Médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours, Cedex 01, France.
| | - Guillaume Becker
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, BIORAN, Groupement Hospitalier Est - CERMEP, 59 boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron, Cedex, France
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
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Guo Y, Mao T, Fang Y, Wang H, Yu J, Zhu Y, Shen S, Zhou M, Li H, Hu Q. Comprehensive insights into potential roles of purinergic P2 receptors on diseases: Signaling pathways involved and potential therapeutics. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00123-1. [PMID: 38565403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Purinergic P2 receptors, which can be divided into ionotropic P2X receptors and metabotropic P2Y receptors, mediate cellular signal transduction of purine or pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphate. Based on the wide expression of purinergic P2 receptors in tissues and organs, their significance in homeostatic maintenance, metabolism, nociceptive transmission, and other physiological processes is becoming increasingly evident, suggesting that targeting purinergic P2 receptors to regulate biological functions and signal transmission holds significant promise for disease treatment. AIM OF REVIEW This review highlights the detailed mechanisms by which purinergic P2 receptors engage in physiological and pathological progress, as well as providing prospective strategies for discovering clinical drug candidates. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The purinergic P2 receptors regulate complex signaling and molecular mechanisms in nervous system, digestive system, immune system and as a result, controlling physical health states and disease progression. There has been a significant rise in research and development focused on purinergic P2 receptors, contributing to an increased number of drug candidates in clinical trials. A few influential pioneers have laid the foundation for advancements in the evaluation, development, and of novel purinergic P2 receptors modulators, including agonists, antagonists, pharmaceutical compositions and combination strategies, despite the different scaffolds of these drug candidates. These advancements hold great potential for improving therapeutic outcomes by specifically targeting purinergic P2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuo Guo
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Tianqi Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yafei Fang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiayue Yu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Shige Shen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Mengze Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Huanqiu Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Qinghua Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Haffouz A, Elleuch H, Khemakhem B, Ben Amor I, Jerbi A, Gargouri J, Sahli E, Mhadhbi N, Ghalla H, Rezgui F, Gargouri A, HadjKacem B. Antiplatelet activity and toxicity profile of novel phosphonium salts derived from Michael reaction. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 194:106692. [PMID: 38181870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
In this work, five novel phosphonium salts derived from the Michael reaction were screened for their antiplatelet activity. Our findings revealed that compounds 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d significantly inhibit platelet aggregation triggered by ADP or collagen (P < 0.001). Notably, compound 2c inhibited the arachidonic acid pathway (P < 0.001). Moreover, the selected compounds reduce CD62-P expression and inhibit GPIIb/IIIa activation. The interactions of the active compounds with their targets, ADP and collagen receptors, P2Y12 and GPVI respectively were investigated in silico using molecular docking studies. The results revealed a strong affinity of the active compounds for P2Y12 and GPVI. Additionally, cytotoxicity assays on platelets, erythrocytes, and human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells showed that compounds 2a, 2c and 2d were non-toxic even at high concentrations. In summary, our study shows that phosphonium salts can have strong antiplatelet power and suggests that compounds 2a, 2c and 2d could be promising antiplatelet agents for the management of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Haffouz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology of Eucaryotes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, B.P 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haitham Elleuch
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Campus, 2092, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Bassem Khemakhem
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Sfax Faculty of Sciences, BP 1171, University of Sfax, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Ben Amor
- Laboratory of Hematology (LR19SP04), Medical Faculty of Sfax. University of Sfax, Magida Boulila Avenue, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Amira Jerbi
- Laboratory of Hematology (LR19SP04), Medical Faculty of Sfax. University of Sfax, Magida Boulila Avenue, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jalel Gargouri
- Laboratory of Hematology (LR19SP04), Medical Faculty of Sfax. University of Sfax, Magida Boulila Avenue, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Emna Sahli
- Analytical service provider unit, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Mhadhbi
- Laboratory Physico Chemistry of the Solid State, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia; University of Monastir, Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies of Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Houcine Ghalla
- Quantum Physics and Statistic Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| | - Farhat Rezgui
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Campus, 2092, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ali Gargouri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology of Eucaryotes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, B.P 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Basma HadjKacem
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology of Eucaryotes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, B.P 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia.
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K R, S VK, Saravanan P, Rajeshkannan R, Rajasimman M, Kamyab H, Vasseghian Y. Exploring the diverse applications of Carbohydrate macromolecules in food, pharmaceutical, and environmental technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 240:117521. [PMID: 37890825 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are a class of macromolecules that has significant potential across several domains, including the organisation of genetic material, provision of structural support, and facilitation of defence mechanisms against invasion. Their molecular diversity enables a vast array of essential functions, such as energy storage, immunological signalling, and the modification of food texture and consistency. Due to their rheological characteristics, solubility, sweetness, hygroscopicity, ability to prevent crystallization, flavour encapsulation, and coating capabilities, carbohydrates are useful in food products. Carbohydrates hold potential for the future of therapeutic development due to their important role in sustained drug release, drug targeting, immune antigens, and adjuvants. Bio-based packaging provides an emerging phase of materials that offer biodegradability and biocompatibility, serving as a substitute for traditional non-biodegradable polymers used as coatings on paper. Blending polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) with carbohydrate biopolymers, such as starch, cellulose, polylactic acid, etc., reduces the undesirable qualities of PHA, such as crystallinity and brittleness, and enhances the PHA's properties in addition to minimizing manufacturing costs. Carbohydrate-based biopolymeric nanoparticles are a viable and cost-effective way to boost agricultural yields, which is crucial for the increasing global population. The use of biopolymeric nanoparticles derived from carbohydrates is a potential and economically viable approach to enhance the quality and quantity of agricultural harvests, which is of utmost importance given the developing global population. The carbohydrate biopolymers may play in plant protection against pathogenic fungi by inhibiting spore germination and mycelial growth, may act as effective elicitors inducing the plant immune system to cope with pathogens. Furthermore, they can be utilised as carriers in controlled-release formulations of agrochemicals or other active ingredients, offering an alternative approach to conventional fungicides. It is expected that this review provides an extensive summary of the application of carbohydrates in the realms of food, pharmaceuticals, and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaprabha K
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Venkat Kumar S
- Department of Petrochemical Technology, University College of Engineering, BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Panchamoorthy Saravanan
- Department of Petrochemical Technology, University College of Engineering, BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Rajeshkannan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Rajasimman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hesam Kamyab
- Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, UTE University, Calle Rumipamba S/N and Bourgeois, Quito, Ecuador; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600 077, India; Process Systems Engineering Centre (PROSPECT), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; University Centre for Research & Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India.
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6
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Lofrumento F, Irrera N, Licordari R, Perfetti S, Nasso E, Liotta P, Isgrò G, Garcia-Ruiz V, Squadrito F, Carerj S, Di Bella G, Micari A, Costa F. Off-Target Effects of P2Y12 Receptor Inhibitors: Focus on Early Myocardial Fibrosis Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17546. [PMID: 38139379 PMCID: PMC10743395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that, beyond their antithrombotic effects, P2Y12 receptor inhibitors may provide additional off-target effects through different mechanisms. These effects range from the preservation of endothelial barrier function to the modulation of inflammation or stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, with an impact on different cell types, including endothelial and immune cells. Many P2Y12 inhibitors have been developed, from ticlopidine, the first thienopyridine, to the more potent non-thienopyridine derivatives such as ticagrelor which may promote cardioprotective effects following myocardial infarction (MI) by inhibiting adenosine reuptake through sodium-independent equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1). Adenosine may affect different molecular pathways involved in cardiac fibrosis, such as the Wnt (wingless-type)/beta (β)-catenin signaling. An early pro-fibrotic response of the epicardium and activation of cardiac fibroblasts with the involvement of Wnt1 (wingless-type family member 1)/β-catenin, are critically required for preserving cardiac function after acute ischemic cardiac injury. This review discusses molecular signaling pathways involved in cardiac fibrosis post MI, focusing on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and the off-target effect of P2Y12 receptor inhibition. A potential role of ticagrelor was speculated in the early modulation of cardiac fibrosis, thanks to its off-target effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lofrumento
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Roberto Licordari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Silvia Perfetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Enrica Nasso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Paolo Liotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Giovanni Isgrò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | | | - Francesco Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Scipione Carerj
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Gianluca Di Bella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.L.); (R.L.); (S.P.); (E.N.); (P.L.); (G.I.); (F.S.); (S.C.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Antonio Micari
- BIOMORF Department, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (A.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Costa
- BIOMORF Department, Policlinic “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (A.M.); (F.C.)
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Kubacka M, Mogilski S, Bednarski M, Pociecha K, Świerczek A, Nicosia N, Schabikowski J, Załuski M, Chłoń-Rzepa G, Hockemeyer J, Müller CE, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Kotańska M. Antiplatelet Effects of Selected Xanthine-Based Adenosine A 2A and A 2B Receptor Antagonists Determined in Rat Blood. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13378. [PMID: 37686188 PMCID: PMC10487961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The platelet aggregation inhibitory activity of selected xanthine-based adenosine A2A and A2B receptor antagonists was investigated, and attempts were made to explain the observed effects. The selective A2B receptor antagonist PSB-603 and the A2A receptor antagonist TB-42 inhibited platelet aggregation induced by collagen or ADP. In addition to adenosine receptor blockade, the compounds were found to act as moderately potent non-selective inhibitors of phosphodiesterases (PDEs). TB-42 showed the highest inhibitory activity against PDE3A along with moderate activity against PDE2A and PDE5A. The antiplatelet activity of PSB-603 and TB-42 may be due to inhibition of PDEs, which induces an increase in cAMP and/or cGMP concentrations in platelets. The xanthine-based adenosine receptor antagonists were found to be non-cytotoxic for platelets. Some of the compounds showed anti-oxidative properties reducing lipid peroxidation. These results may provide a basis for the future development of multi-target xanthine derivatives for the treatment of inflammation and atherosclerosis and the prevention of heart infarction and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kubacka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Szczepan Mogilski
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Marek Bednarski
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.B.); (N.N.)
| | - Krzysztof Pociecha
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.); (A.Ś.)
| | - Artur Świerczek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.); (A.Ś.)
| | - Noemi Nicosia
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.B.); (N.N.)
- Division of Neuroscience, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Jakub Schabikowski
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (M.Z.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Michał Załuski
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (M.Z.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Grażyna Chłoń-Rzepa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Jörg Hockemeyer
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; (J.H.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Christa E. Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; (J.H.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (M.Z.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Magdalena Kotańska
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.B.); (N.N.)
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Paul M, Paul JW, Hinwood M, Hood RJ, Martin K, Abdolhoseini M, Johnson SJ, Pollack M, Nilsson M, Walker FR. Clopidogrel Administration Impairs Post-Stroke Learning and Memory Recovery in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11706. [PMID: 37511466 PMCID: PMC10380815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Clopidogrel, which is one of the most prescribed antiplatelet medications in the world, is given to stroke survivors for the prevention of secondary cardiovascular events. Clopidogrel exerts its antiplatelet activity via antagonism of the P2Y12 receptor (P2RY12). Although not widely known or considered during the initial clinical trials for clopidogrel, P2RY12 is also expressed on microglia, which are the brain's immune cells, where the receptor facilitates chemotactic migration toward sites of cellular damage. If microglial P2RY12 is blocked, microglia lose the ability to migrate to damaged sites and carry out essential repair processes. We aimed to investigate whether administering clopidogrel to mice post-stroke was associated with (i) impaired motor skills and cognitive recovery; (ii) physiological changes, such as survival rate and body weight; (iii) changes in the neurovascular unit, including blood vessels, microglia, and neurons; and (iv) changes in immune cells. Photothrombotic stroke (or sham surgery) was induced in adult male mice. From 24 h post-stroke, mice were treated daily for 14 days with either clopidogrel or a control. Cognitive performance (memory and learning) was assessed using a mouse touchscreen platform (paired associated learning task), while motor impairment was assessed using the cylinder task for paw asymmetry. On day 15, the mice were euthanized and their brains were collected for immunohistochemistry analysis. Clopidogrel administration significantly impaired learning and memory recovery, reduced mouse survival rates, and reduced body weight post-stroke. Furthermore, clopidogrel significantly increased vascular leakage, significantly increased the number and appearance of microglia, and significantly reduced the number of T cells within the peri-infarct region post-stroke. These data suggest that clopidogrel hampers cognitive performance post-stroke. This effect is potentially mediated by an increase in vascular permeability post-stroke, providing a pathway for clopidogrel to access the central nervous system, and thus, interfere in repair and recovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Paul
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jonathan W Paul
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Madeleine Hinwood
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Hood
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Kristy Martin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Mahmoud Abdolhoseini
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Sarah J Johnson
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Michael Pollack
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Frederick R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Albertini G, D'Andrea I, Druart M, Béchade C, Nieves-Rivera N, Etienne F, Le Magueresse C, Rebsam A, Heck N, Maroteaux L, Roumier A. Serotonin sensing by microglia conditions the proper development of neuronal circuits and of social and adaptive skills. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2328-2342. [PMID: 37217677 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The proper maturation of emotional and sensory circuits requires fine-tuning of serotonin (5-HT) level during early postnatal development. Consistently, dysfunctions of the serotonergic system have been associated with neurodevelopmental psychiatric diseases, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, the mechanisms underlying the developmental effects of 5-HT remain partially unknown, one obstacle being the action of 5-HT on different cell types. Here, we focused on microglia, which play a role in brain wiring refinement, and we investigated whether the control of these cells by 5-HT is relevant for neurodevelopment and spontaneous behaviors in mice. Since the main 5-HT sensor in microglia is the 5-HT2B receptor subtype, we prevented 5-HT signaling specifically in microglia by conditional invalidation of the Htr2b gene in these cells. We observed that abrogating the serotonergic control of microglia during early postnatal development affects the phagolysosomal compartment of these cells and their proximity to dendritic spines and perturbs neuronal circuits maturation. Furthermore, this early ablation of microglial 5-HT2B receptors leads to adult hyperactivity in a novel environment and behavioral defects in sociability and flexibility. Importantly, we show that these behavioral alterations result from a developmental effect, since they are not observed when microglial Htr2b invalidation is induced later, at P30 onward. Thus, a primary alteration of 5-HT sensing in microglia, during a critical time window between birth and P30, is sufficient to impair social and flexibility skills. This link between 5-HT and microglia may explain the association between serotonergic dysfunctions and behavioral traits like impaired sociability and inadaptability to novelty, which are prominent in psychiatric disorders such as ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Albertini
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut du Fer à Moulin, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Ivana D'Andrea
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut du Fer à Moulin, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Druart
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut du Fer à Moulin, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Béchade
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut du Fer à Moulin, F-75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Fanny Etienne
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut du Fer à Moulin, F-75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Alexandra Rebsam
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut du Fer à Moulin, F-75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Heck
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Luc Maroteaux
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut du Fer à Moulin, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Anne Roumier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut du Fer à Moulin, F-75005, Paris, France.
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Cimmino G, Conte S, Palumbo D, Sperlongano S, Torella M, Della Corte A, Golino P. The Novel Role of Noncoding RNAs in Modulating Platelet Function: Implications in Activation and Aggregation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087650. [PMID: 37108819 PMCID: PMC10144470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is currently believed that plaque complication, with the consequent superimposed thrombosis, is a key factor in the clinical occurrence of acute coronary syndromes (ACSs). Platelets are major players in this process. Despite the considerable progress made by the new antithrombotic strategies (P2Y12 receptor inhibitors, new oral anticoagulants, thrombin direct inhibitors, etc.) in terms of a reduction in major cardiovascular events, a significant number of patients with previous ACSs treated with these drugs continue to experience events, indicating that the mechanisms of platelet remain largely unknown. In the last decade, our knowledge of platelet pathophysiology has improved. It has been reported that, in response to physiological and pathological stimuli, platelet activation is accompanied by de novo protein synthesis, through a rapid and particularly well-regulated translation of resident mRNAs of megakaryocytic derivation. Although the platelets are anucleate, they indeed contain an important fraction of mRNAs that can be quickly used for protein synthesis following their activation. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of platelet activation and the interaction with the main cellular components of the vascular wall will open up new perspectives in the treatment of the majority of thrombotic disorders, such as ACSs, stroke, and peripheral artery diseases before and after the acute event. In the present review, we will discuss the novel role of noncoding RNAs in modulating platelet function, highlighting the possible implications in activation and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, L. Bianchi Street, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Cardiology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Miraglia, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Conte
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Lung Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, L. Bianchi Street, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Palumbo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, L. Bianchi Street, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Sperlongano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, L. Bianchi Street, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Cardiology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Miraglia, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Torella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, L. Bianchi Street, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Della Corte
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, L. Bianchi Street, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Golino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, L. Bianchi Street, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Bi C, Schäkel L, Mirza S, Sylvester K, Pelletier J, Lee SY, Pillaiyar T, Sévigny J, Müller CE. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of ticlopidine derivatives and analogs as inhibitors of ectonucleotidase CD39. Bioorg Chem 2023; 135:106460. [PMID: 37023582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Ticlopidine is an antithrombotic prodrug of the thienotetrahydropyridine family. For platelet inhibition it has to undergo oxidative ring-opening by cytochrome P450 enzymes. The resulting thiol reacts with a cysteine residue of the purinergic P2Y12 receptor on thrombocytes resulting in covalent receptor blockade. Ticlopidine in its intact, not-metabolized form was previously shown to inhibit ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1, also known as cluster of differentiation (CD) 39). CD39 catalyzes the extracellular hydrolysis of ATP via ADP to AMP, which is further hydrolyzed by ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) to adenosine. CD39 inhibition has been proposed as a novel strategy to increase the extracellular concentration of antiproliferative ATP, while decreasing immunosuppressive and cancer-promoting adenosine levels. In the present study, we performed an extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of ticlopidine derivatives and analogs as CD39 inhibitors followed by an in-depth characterization of selected compounds. Altogether 74 compounds were synthesized, 41 of which are new, not previously described in literature. Benzotetrahydropyridines, in which the metabolically labile thiophene is replaced by a benzene ring, were discovered as a new class of allosteric CD39 inhibitors.
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12
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Cao X, Du X, Jiao H, An Q, Chen R, Fang P, Wang J, Yu B. Carbohydrate-based drugs launched during 2000 -2021. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3783-3821. [PMID: 36213536 PMCID: PMC9532563 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are fundamental molecules involved in nearly all aspects of lives, such as being involved in formating the genetic and energy materials, supporting the structure of organisms, constituting invasion and host defense systems, and forming antibiotics secondary metabolites. The naturally occurring carbohydrates and their derivatives have been extensively studied as therapeutic agents for the treatment of various diseases. During 2000 to 2021, totally 54 carbohydrate-based drugs which contain carbohydrate moities as the major structural units have been approved as drugs or diagnostic agents. Here we provide a comprehensive review on the chemical structures, activities, and clinical trial results of these carbohydrate-based drugs, which are categorized by their indications into antiviral drugs, antibacterial/antiparasitic drugs, anticancer drugs, antidiabetics drugs, cardiovascular drugs, nervous system drugs, and other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cao
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaojing Du
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Heng Jiao
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Quanlin An
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ruoxue Chen
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pengfei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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13
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Ma BB, Montgomery AP, Chen B, Kassiou M, Danon JJ. Strategies for targeting the P2Y 12 receptor in the central nervous system. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 71:128837. [PMID: 35640763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purinergic 2Y type 12 receptor (P2Y12R) is a well-known biological target for anti-thrombotic drugs due to its role in platelet aggregation and blood clotting. While the importance of the P2Y12R in the periphery has been known for decades, much less is known about its expression and roles in the central nervous system (CNS), where it is expressed exclusively on microglia - the first responders to brain insults and neurodegeneration. Several seminal studies have shown that P2Y12 is a robust, translatable biomarker for anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective microglial phenotypes in models of degenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. An enduring problem for studying this receptor in vivo, however, is the lack of selective, high-affinity small molecule ligands that can bypass the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in the CNS. In this Digest, we discuss previous attempts by researchers to target the P2Y12R in the CNS and opine on strategies that may be employed to design and assess the suitability of novel P2Y12 ligands for this purpose going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben B Ma
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Biling Chen
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Danon
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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14
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Guo S, Zhang S, Chen K, Chen X, Hu F. Effects of diagnostic ultrasound with cRGD-microbubbles on simultaneous detection and treatment of atherosclerotic plaque in ApoE−/− mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:946557. [PMID: 35935617 PMCID: PMC9354833 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.946557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque is the leading cause of acute fatal cardiovascular events. Thus, early rapid identification and appropriate treatment of atherosclerotic plaque maybe can prevent fatal cardiovascular events. However, few non–invasive molecular imaging techniques are currently available for the simultaneous detection and targeted treatment of atherosclerotic plaques. We hypothesized that diagnostic ultrasound (DU) combined with cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp-modified microbubbles (MBR) could provide targeted imaging and dissolution of activated platelets to identify advanced atherosclerotic plaques and improve plaque instability. Methods Three mouse models, apolipoprotein E-deficient mice on a hypercholesterolemic diet (HCD) or normal chow diet and wild-type mice on an HCD were used. The most appropriate ultrasonic mechanical index (MI) was determined based on the expression of GP IIb/IIIa in sham, DU alone and DUMBR-treated groups at MI values of 0.5, 1.5, and 1.9. The video intensity (VI) values, activated platelets and plaque instability were analyzed by ultrasound molecular imaging, scanning electron microscopy and histopathological methods. Results We found that the VI values of ultrasound molecular imaging of MBR were positively correlated with plaque GP IIb/IIIa expression, vulnerability index and necrotic center / fiber cap ratio. 24 h after treatment at different MIs, compared with those of the other groups, both the VI values and GP IIb/IIIa expression were significantly reduced in MI 1.5 and MI 1.9 DUMBR-treated groups. The plaque vulnerability index and necrotic center / fiber cap ratio were significantly decreased in MI 1.5-treated group, which may be due to targeted dissolution of activated platelets, with a reduction in von Willebrand factor expression. Conclusion DUMBR targeting GP IIb/IIIa receptors could rapidly detect advanced atherosclerotic plaques and simultaneously give targeted therapy by dissolving activated and aggregated platelets. This technology may represent a novel approach for the simultaneous identification and treatment of atherosclerotic plaques.
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15
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P2 Receptors: Novel Disease Markers and Metabolic Checkpoints in Immune Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070983. [PMID: 35883539 PMCID: PMC9313346 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) and P2 receptors are novel emerging regulators of T-lymphocyte responses. Cellular ATP is released via multiple pathways and accumulates at sites of tissue damage and inflammation. P2 receptor expression and function are affected by numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with diverse disease conditions. Stimulation by released nucleotides (purinergic signalling) modulates several T-lymphocyte functions, among which energy metabolism. Energy metabolism, whether oxidative or glycolytic, in turn deeply affects T-cell activation, differentiation and effector responses. Specific P2R subtypes, among which the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), are either up- or down-regulated during T-cell activation and differentiation; thus, they can be considered indexes of activation/quiescence, reporters of T-cell metabolic status and, in principle, markers of immune-mediated disease conditions.
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16
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Hinwood M, Nyberg J, Leigh L, Gustavsson S, Attia J, Oldmeadow C, Ilicic M, Linden T, Åberg ND, Levi C, Spratt N, Carey LM, Pollack M, Johnson SJ, Kuhn GH, Walker FR, Nilsson M. Do P2Y12 receptor inhibitors prescribed poststroke modify the risk of cognitive disorder or dementia? Protocol for a target trial using multiple national Swedish registries. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e058244. [PMID: 35534077 PMCID: PMC9086614 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The target of a class of antiplatelet medicines, P2Y12R inhibitors, exists both on platelets and on brain immune cells (microglia). This protocol aims to describe a causal (based on a counterfactual model) approach for analysing whether P2Y12R inhibitors prescribed for secondary prevention poststroke may increase the risk of cognitive disorder or dementia via their actions on microglia, using real-world evidence. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This will be a cohort study nested within the Swedish National Health and Medical Registers, including all people with incident stroke from 2006 to 2016. We developed directed acyclic graphs to operationalise the causal research question considering potential time-independent and time-dependent confounding, using input from several experts. We developed a study protocol following the components of the target trial approach described by Hernan et al and describe the data structure that would be required in order to make a causal inference. We also describe the statistical approach required to derive the causal estimand associated with this important clinical question; that is, a time-to-event analysis for the development of cognitive disorder or dementia at 1, 2 and 5-year follow-up, based on approaches for competing events to account for the risk of all-cause mortality. Causal effect estimates and the precision in these estimates will be quantified. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Gothenburg and Confidentiality Clearance at Statistics Sweden with Dnr 937-18, and an approved addendum with Dnr 2019-0157. The analysis and interpretation of the results will be heavily reliant on the structure, quality and potential for bias of the databases used. When we implement the protocol, we will consider and document any biases specific to the dataset and conduct appropriate sensitivity analyses. Findings will be disseminated to local stakeholders via conferences, and published in appropriate scientific journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Hinwood
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jenny Nyberg
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Lucy Leigh
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sara Gustavsson
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Forensic Toxicology National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
| | - John Attia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marina Ilicic
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas Linden
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
- Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - N David Åberg
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
- Department of Acute Medicine and Geriatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
| | - Chris Levi
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Neil Spratt
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Leeanne M Carey
- Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University - Melbourne Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Pollack
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah J Johnson
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Center for Human and Health Sciences, Centre for Rehab Innovations, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Georg Hans Kuhn
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
- Institute for Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederick R Walker
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Center for Human and Health Sciences, Centre for Rehab Innovations, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
- Center for Human and Health Sciences, Centre for Rehab Innovations, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Zarei M, Sahebi Vaighan N, Ziai SA. Purinergic receptor ligands: the cytokine storm attenuators, potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of COVID-19. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 43:633-643. [PMID: 34647511 PMCID: PMC8544669 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2021.1988102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), at first, was reported in Wuhan, China, and then rapidly became pandemic throughout the world. Cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) in COVID-19 patients is associated with high levels of cytokines and chemokines that cause multiple organ failure, systemic inflammation, and hemodynamic instabilities. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a common complication of COVID-19, is a consequence of cytokine storm. In this regard, several drugs have been being investigated to suppress this inflammatory condition. Purinergic signaling receptors comprising of P1 adenosine and P2 purinoceptors play a critical role in inflammation. Therefore, activation or inhibition of some subtypes of these kinds of receptors is most likely to be beneficial to attenuate cytokine storm. This article summarizes suggested therapeutic drugs with potential anti-inflammatory effects through purinergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Zarei
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navideh Sahebi Vaighan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Ziai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Schäkel L, Mirza S, Pietsch M, Lee SY, Keuler T, Sylvester K, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Pillaiyar T, Namasivayam V, Gütschow M, Müller CE. 2-Substituted thienotetrahydropyridine derivatives: Allosteric ectonucleotidase inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2100300. [PMID: 34697820 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The antithrombotic prodrugs ticlopidine and clopidogrel are thienotetrahydro-pyridine derivatives that are metabolized in the liver to produce thiols that irreversibly block adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-activated P2Y12 receptors on thrombocytes. In their native, nonmetabolized form, both drugs were reported to act as inhibitors of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1, CD39). CD39 catalyzes the extracellular hydrolysis of nucleoside tri- and diphosphates, mainly adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and ADP, yielding adenosine monophosphate, which is further hydrolyzed by ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) to produce adenosine. While ATP has proinflammatory effects, adenosine is a potent anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive agent. Inhibitors of CD39 and CD73 have potential as novel checkpoint inhibitors for the immunotherapy of cancer and infection. In the present study, we investigated 2-substituted thienotetrahydropyridine derivatives, structurally related to ticlopidine, as CD39 inhibitors. Due to their substituent on the 2-position, they will not be metabolically transformed into reactive thiols and can, therefore, be expected to be devoid of P2Y12 receptor-antagonistic activity in vivo. Several of the investigated 2-substituted thienotetrahydropyridine derivatives showed concentration-dependent inhibition of CD39. The most potent derivative, 32, showed similar CD39-inhibitory potency to ticlopidine, both acting as allosteric inhibitors. Compound 32 showed an improved selectivity profile: While ticlopidine blocked several NTPDase isoenzymes, 32 was characterized as a novel dual inhibitor of CD39 and CD73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schäkel
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Salahuddin Mirza
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute II of Pharmacology, Centre of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sang-Yong Lee
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim Keuler
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Sylvester
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Départment de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Müller CE, Namasivayam V. Recommended tool compounds and drugs for blocking P2X and P2Y receptors. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:633-648. [PMID: 34476721 PMCID: PMC8677864 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article presents a collection of tool compounds that selectively block and are recommended for studying P2Y and P2X receptor subtypes, investigating their roles in physiology and validating them as future drug targets. Moreover, drug candidates and approved drugs for P2 receptors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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Hirata TDC, Dagli-Hernandez C, Genvigir FDV, Lauschke VM, Zhou Y, Hirata MH, Hirata RDC. Cardiovascular Pharmacogenomics: An Update on Clinical Studies of Antithrombotic Drugs in Brazilian Patients. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 25:735-755. [PMID: 34357562 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-021-00549-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs effectively prevent thrombotic events in patients with cardiovascular diseases, ischemic stroke, peripheral vascular diseases, and other thromboembolic diseases. However, genetic and non-genetic factors affect the response to antithrombotic therapy and can increase the risk of adverse events. This narrative review discusses pharmacogenomic studies on antithrombotic drugs commonly prescribed in Brazil. Multiple Brazilian studies assessed the impact of pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) gene variants on warfarin response. The reduced function alleles CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3, and VKORC1 rs9923231 (c.-1639G>A) are associated with increased sensitivity to warfarin and a low dose requirement to prevent bleeding episodes, whereas CYP4F2 rs2108622 (p.Val433Met) carriers have higher dose requirements (warfarin resistance). These deleterious variants and non-genetic factors (age, gender, body weight, co-administered drugs, food interactions, and others) account for up to 63% of the warfarin dose variability. Few pharmacogenomics studies have explored antiplatelet drugs in Brazilian cohorts, finding associations between CYP2C19*2, PON1 rs662 and ABCC3 rs757421 genotypes and platelet responsiveness or clopidogrel PK in subjects with coronary artery disease (CAD) or acute coronary syndrome (ACS), whereas ITGB3 contributes to aspirin PK but not platelet responsiveness in diabetic patients. Brazilian guidelines on anticoagulants and antiplatelets recommend the use of a platelet aggregation test or genotyping only in selected cases of ACS subjects without ST-segment elevation taking clopidogrel, and also suggest CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotyping before starting warfarin therapy to assess the risk of bleeding episodes or warfarin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Dominguez Crespo Hirata
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Carolina Dagli-Hernandez
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Dalla Vecchia Genvigir
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Volker Martin Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Solna, Sweden.,Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, 70376, Germany
| | - Yitian Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mario Hiroyuki Hirata
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rosario Dominguez Crespo Hirata
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
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Jacobson KA, IJzerman AP, Müller CE. Medicinal chemistry of P2 and adenosine receptors: Common scaffolds adapted for multiple targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 187:114311. [PMID: 33130128 PMCID: PMC8081756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prof. Geoffrey Burnstock originated the concept of purinergic signaling. He demonstrated the interactions and biological roles of ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors. This review paper traces the historical origins of many currently used antagonists and agonists for P2 receptors, as well as adenosine receptors, in early attempts to identify ligands for these receptors - prior to the use of chemical libraries for screening. Rather than presenting a general review of current purinergic ligands, we focus on common chemical scaffolds (privileged scaffolds) that can be adapted for multiple receptor targets. By carefully analyzing the structure activity relationships, one can direct the selectivity of these scaffolds toward different receptor subtypes. For example, the weak and non-selective P2 antagonist reactive blue 2 (RB-2) was derivatized using combinatorial synthetic approaches, leading to the identification of selective P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y12 or P2X2 receptor antagonists. A P2X4 antagonist NC-2600 is in a clinical trial, and A3 adenosine agonists show promise, for chronic pain. P2X7 antagonists have been in clinical trials for depression (JNJ-54175446), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory pain and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). P2X3 antagonists are in clinical trials for chronic cough, and an antagonist named after Burnstock, gefapixant, is expected to be the first P2X3 antagonist filed for approval. We are seeing that the vision of Prof. Burnstock to use purinergic signaling modulators, most recently at P2XRs, for treating disease is coming to fruition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Huang Z, Xie N, Illes P, Di Virgilio F, Ulrich H, Semyanov A, Verkhratsky A, Sperlagh B, Yu SG, Huang C, Tang Y. From purines to purinergic signalling: molecular functions and human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:162. [PMID: 33907179 PMCID: PMC8079716 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purines and their derivatives, most notably adenosine and ATP, are the key molecules controlling intracellular energy homoeostasis and nucleotide synthesis. Besides, these purines support, as chemical messengers, purinergic transmission throughout tissues and species. Purines act as endogenous ligands that bind to and activate plasmalemmal purinoceptors, which mediate extracellular communication referred to as "purinergic signalling". Purinergic signalling is cross-linked with other transmitter networks to coordinate numerous aspects of cell behaviour such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis and other physiological processes critical for the proper function of organisms. Pathological deregulation of purinergic signalling contributes to various diseases including neurodegeneration, rheumatic immune diseases, inflammation, and cancer. Particularly, gout is one of the most prevalent purine-related disease caused by purine metabolism disorder and consequent hyperuricemia. Compelling evidence indicates that purinoceptors are potential therapeutic targets, with specific purinergic agonists and antagonists demonstrating prominent therapeutic potential. Furthermore, dietary and herbal interventions help to restore and balance purine metabolism, thus addressing the importance of a healthy lifestyle in the prevention and relief of human disorders. Profound understanding of molecular mechanisms of purinergic signalling provides new and exciting insights into the treatment of human diseases.
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Grants
- National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFC1709101,2020YFA0509400, 2020YFC2002705), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81821002, 81790251, 81373735, 81972665), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2019B030302012), the Project First-Class Disciplines Development of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (CZYHW1901), São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP 2018/07366-4), Russian Science Foundation grant 20-14-00241, NSFC-BFBR;and Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province, China (2019YFH0108)
- National Key R&D Program of China (2020YFA0509400, 2020YFC2002705), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81821002, 81790251).
- National Key R&D Program of China (2020YFA0509400, 2020YFC2002705), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81821002, 81790251), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2019B030302012).
- the Project First-Class Disciplines Development of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (CZYHW1901) and Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province, China (2019YFH0108).
- the Project First-Class Disciplines Development of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (CZYHW1901), and Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province, China (2019YFH0108).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Peter Illes
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitaet Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Henning Ulrich
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Beata Sperlagh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Shu-Guang Yu
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yong Tang
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
- Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
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Xu D, Xie L, Zhang Z, Wang D, Qiu J, Yu W, Xu C, He C, Xu X, Yin J. Preliminary Investigation about the Expression of G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Platelets from Patients with Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Acta Haematol 2021; 144:551-559. [PMID: 33849009 DOI: 10.1159/000514907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the expression of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in platelets from adult patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). METHODS Peripheral blood samples were collected from 40 patients with chronic ITP in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, and 40 peripheral blood samples from healthy volunteers were collected; expressions of the adenosine diphosphate receptors (P2Y1 and P2Y12), alpha-2A adrenergic receptor (α2A-AR), and thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) in platelets were detected by flow cytometry. Gα protein, protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), and protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) were analyzed by Western blot and analyzed statistically. RESULTS Flow cytometry measurements of mean fluorescence intensities showed platelets from patients with chronic ITP, compared to healthy individuals, had significantly higher levels of P2Y1 (31.4 ± 2.2 vs. 7.8 ± 0.8), P2Y12 (29.6 ± 2.1 vs. 7.2 ± 1.3), α2A-AR (25.8 ± 2.9 vs. 9.8 ± 0.9), and TP (39.8 ± 3.1 vs. 4.7 ± 0.6) (all p < 0.01). Similarly, integrated optical density analysis of Western blots showed that platelets from patients with chronic ITP had significantly higher levels of Gα (1046.3 ± 159.96 vs. 254.49 ± 39.51), PAR1 (832.98 ± 98.81 vs. 203.92 ± 27.47), and PAR4 (1518.80 ± 272.45 vs. 431.27 ± 41.86) (all p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Expression of GPCRs is increased in platelets from patients with chronic ITP, suggesting that platelets of chronic ITP may participate in the complicated biological process by means of GPCR-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daming Xu
- Division of Urological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Long Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zewen Zhang
- Division of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Duanxu Wang
- Office of Medical Affairs Administration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jinfeng Qiu
- Division of Respirology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wenjun Yu
- Division of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chengwei Xu
- Department of Hemodialysis, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chunling He
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xianru Xu
- Division of Inventional Ultrasonic Therapeutics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Division of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Abstract
Cross-coupling reactions furnishing carbon–carbon (C–C) and carbon–heteroatom (C–X) bond is one of the most challenging tasks in organic syntheses. The early developed reaction protocols by Ullmann, Ullman–Goldberg, Cadiot–Chodkiewicz, Castro–Stephens, and Corey–House, utilizing elemental copper or its salts as catalyst have, for decades, attracted and inspired scientists. However, these reactions were suffering from the range of functional groups tolerated as well as severely restricted by the harsh reaction conditions often required high temperatures (150–200 °C) for extended reaction time. Enormous efforts have been paid to develop and achieve more sustainable reaction conditions by applying the microwave irradiation. The use of controlled microwave heating dramatically reduces the time required and therefore resulting in increase in the yield as well as the efficiency of the reaction. This review is mainly focuses on the recent advances and applications of copper catalyzed cross-coupling generation of carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond under microwave technology.
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Lei Y, Zhang B, Liu D, Zhao J, Dai X, Gao J, Mao Q, Feng Y, Zhao J, Lin F, Duan Y, Zhang Y, Bao Z, Yang Y, Mou Y, Wang S. Switching a Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor to a Dual-Target Antagonist of P2Y1 and P2Y12 as an Oral Antiplatelet Agent with a Wider Therapeutic Window in Rats than Ticagrelor. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15752-15772. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Shenyang Hinewy Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., 41 Liutang Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiwen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fengwei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yulin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ziyang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yanhua Mou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
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Molecular pharmacology of P2Y receptor subtypes. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114361. [PMID: 33309519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Professor Geoffrey Burnstock proposed the concept of purinergic signaling via P1 and P2 receptors. P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular adenine and uracil nucleotides. Eight mammalian P2Y receptor subtypes have been identified. They are divided into two subgroups (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, and P2Y11) and (P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14). P2Y receptors are found in almost all cells and mediate responses in physiology and pathophysiology including pain and inflammation. The antagonism of platelet P2Y12 receptors by cangrelor, ticagrelor or active metabolites of the thienopyridine compounds ticlopidine, clopidogrel and prasugrel reduces the ADP-induced platelet aggregation in patients with thrombotic complications of vascular diseases. The nucleotide agonist diquafosol acting at P2Y2 receptors is used for the treatment of the dry eye syndrome. Structural information obtained by crystallography of the human P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptor proteins, site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling will facilitate the rational design of novel selective drugs.
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Lee CH, Franchi F, Angiolillo DJ. Clopidogrel drug interactions: a review of the evidence and clinical implications. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:1079-1096. [PMID: 32835535 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1814254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with cardiovascular disease are commonly affected by a number of comorbidities leading to a high prevalence of polypharmacy. Polypharmacy increases the probability of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Amongst these, DDIs involving clopidogrel, the most commonly utilized platelet P2Y12 inhibitor, is a topic of potential clinical concern. AREAS COVERED This article reviews DDIs between clopidogrel and drugs which are widely used in clinical practice. In particular, drugs shown to interfere with the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of clopidogrel and the clinical implications of these findings are reviewed. These drugs include inhibitors of gastric acid secretion, statins, calcium channel blockers, antidiabetic agents, and antimicrobial agents. For the references, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, or the Cochrane Library. EXPERT OPINION Clopidogrel-drug interactions are common. Most of these DDIs are limited to laboratory findings showing an impact on clopidogrel-induced antiplatelet effects. While variability in clopidogrel-induced antiplatelet effects is known to affect clinical outcomes, with high platelet reactivity being associated with thrombotic complications among patients undergoing coronary stenting, most studies assessing the clinical implications of clopidogrel-drug interactions have not shown to significantly affect outcomes. However, awareness of these DDIs remains important for optimizing the selection of concomitant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Lee
- Division of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville , Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center , Seoul, Korea
| | - Francesco Franchi
- Division of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville , Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Dominick J Angiolillo
- Division of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville , Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Screening for the antiplatelet aggregation quality markers of Salvia yunnanensis based on an integrated approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 188:113383. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Adenosine Receptor Agonists Increase the Inhibition of Platelet Function by P2Y 12 Antagonists in a cAMP- and Calcium-Dependent Manner. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13080177. [PMID: 32752089 PMCID: PMC7464091 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that platelet activity can be lowered through the simultaneous inhibition of P2Y12 receptor and activation of adenosine receptors (AR). This work explores this concept by testing the antiplatelet potential of nine AR agonists in combination with P2Y12 receptor antagonists—cangrelor and prasugrel metabolite. A panel of in vitro methods was used to assess platelet viability, P-selectin expression, GPIIb-IIIa activation, fibrinogen binding, calcium ion mobilization, VASP-P level, and cAMP formation, utilizing whole blood or isolated platelets from healthy volunteers. The AR agonists demonstrated anti-platelet effects, but stimulated signaling pathways to varying degrees. AR agonists and P2Y12 antagonists reduced expression of both P-selectin and the activated form of GPIIb-IIIa on platelets; however, the combined systems (AR agonist + P2Y12 antagonist) demonstrated stronger effects. The antiplatelet effects of AR when combined with P2Y12 were more pronounced with regard to exogenous fibrinogen binding and calcium mobilization. The cAMP levels in both resting and ADPactivated platelets were increased by AR agonist treatment, and more so when combined with P2Y12 inhibitor. In conclusion, as AR agonists are fast-acting compounds, the methods detecting early activation events are more suitable for assessing their antiplatelet action. The exogenous fibrinogen binding, calcium mobilisation and cAMP level turned out to be sensitive markers for detecting the inhibition caused by AR agonists alone or in combination with P2Y12 receptor antagonists.
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Wirsching E, Fauler M, Fois G, Frick M. P2 Purinergic Signaling in the Distal Lung in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4973. [PMID: 32674494 PMCID: PMC7404078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The distal lung provides an intricate structure for gas exchange in mammalian lungs. Efficient gas exchange depends on the functional integrity of lung alveoli. The cells in the alveolar tissue serve various functions to maintain alveolar structure, integrity and homeostasis. Alveolar epithelial cells secrete pulmonary surfactant, regulate the alveolar surface liquid (ASL) volume and, together with resident and infiltrating immune cells, provide a powerful host-defense system against a multitude of particles, microbes and toxicants. It is well established that all of these cells express purinergic P2 receptors and that purinergic signaling plays important roles in maintaining alveolar homeostasis. Therefore, it is not surprising that purinergic signaling also contributes to development and progression of severe pathological conditions like pulmonary inflammation, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) and pulmonary fibrosis. Within this review we focus on the role of P2 purinergic signaling in the distal lung in health and disease. We recapitulate the expression of P2 receptors within the cells in the alveoli, the possible sources of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) within alveoli and the contribution of purinergic signaling to regulation of surfactant secretion, ASL volume and composition, as well as immune homeostasis. Finally, we summarize current knowledge of the role for P2 signaling in infectious pneumonia, ALI/ARDS and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (E.W.); (M.F.); (G.F.)
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Tian M, Abdelrahman A, Baqi Y, Fuentes E, Azazna D, Spanier C, Densborn S, Hinz S, Schmid R, Müller CE. Discovery and Structure Relationships of Salicylanilide Derivatives as Potent, Non-acidic P2X1 Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6164-6178. [PMID: 32345019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists for the ATP-gated ion channel receptor P2X1 have potential as antithrombotics and for treating hyperactive bladder and inflammation. In this study, salicylanilide derivatives were synthesized based on a screening hit. P2X1 antagonistic potency was assessed in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells stably transfected with the human P2X1 receptor by measuring inhibition of the ATP-induced calcium influx. Structure-activity relationships were analyzed, and selectivity versus other P2X receptor subtypes was assessed. The most potent compounds, N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide (1, IC50 0.0192 μM) and N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide (14, IC50 0.0231 μM), displayed >500-fold selectivity versus P2X2 and P2X3, and 10-fold selectivity versus P2X4 and P2X7 receptors, and inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation. They behaved as negative allosteric modulators, and molecular modeling studies suggested an extracellular binding site. Besides selective P2X1 antagonists, compounds with ancillary P2X4 and/or P2X7 receptor inhibition were discovered. These compounds represent the first potent, non-acidic, allosteric P2X1 receptor antagonists reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoqun Tian
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Aliaa Abdelrahman
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Younis Baqi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, 123 Muscat, Oman
| | - Eduardo Fuentes
- Thrombosis Research Center, Medical Technology School, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohaematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Center on Aging, Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile
| | - Djamil Azazna
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia Spanier
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabrina Densborn
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sonja Hinz
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Schmid
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.,Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Jacobson KA, Delicado EG, Gachet C, Kennedy C, von Kügelgen I, Li B, Miras-Portugal MT, Novak I, Schöneberg T, Perez-Sen R, Thor D, Wu B, Yang Z, Müller CE. Update of P2Y receptor pharmacology: IUPHAR Review 27. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2413-2433. [PMID: 32037507 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eight G protein-coupled P2Y receptor subtypes respond to extracellular adenine and uracil mononucleotides and dinucleotides. P2Y receptors belong to the δ group of rhodopsin-like GPCRs and contain two structurally distinct subfamilies: P2Y1 , P2Y2 , P2Y4 , P2Y6 , and P2Y11 (principally Gq protein-coupled P2Y1 -like) and P2Y12-14 (principally Gi protein-coupled P2Y12 -like) receptors. Brain P2Y receptors occur in neurons, glial cells, and vasculature. Endothelial P2Y1 , P2Y2 , P2Y4 , and P2Y6 receptors induce vasodilation, while smooth muscle P2Y2 , P2Y4 , and P2Y6 receptor activation leads to vasoconstriction. Pancreatic P2Y1 and P2Y6 receptors stimulate while P2Y13 receptors inhibits insulin secretion. Antagonists of P2Y12 receptors, and potentially P2Y1 receptors, are anti-thrombotic agents, and a P2Y2 /P2Y4 receptor agonist treats dry eye syndrome in Asia. P2Y receptor agonists are generally pro-inflammatory, and antagonists may eventually treat inflammatory conditions. This article reviews recent developments in P2Y receptor pharmacology (using synthetic agonists and antagonists), structure and biophysical properties (using X-ray crystallography, mutagenesis and modelling), physiological and pathophysiological roles, and present and potentially future therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Massachusetts
| | - Esmerilda G Delicado
- Dpto. Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Gachet
- Université de Strasbourg INSERM, EFS Grand Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charles Kennedy
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ivar von Kügelgen
- Biomedical Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beibei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ivana Novak
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Raquel Perez-Sen
- Dpto. Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beili Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenlin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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P2Y 12 Inhibition beyond Thrombosis: Effects on Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041391. [PMID: 32092903 PMCID: PMC7073040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2Y12 receptor is a key player in platelet activation and a major target for antithrombotic drugs. The beneficial effects of P2Y12 receptor antagonists might, however, not be restricted to the primary and secondary prevention of arterial thrombosis. Indeed, it has been established that platelet activation also has an essential role in inflammation. Additionally, nonplatelet P2Y12 receptors present in immune cells and vascular smooth muscle cells might be effective players in the inflammatory response. This review will investigate the biological and clinical impact of P2Y12 receptor inhibition beyond its platelet-driven antithrombotic effects, focusing on its anti-inflammatory role. We will discuss the potential molecular and cellular mechanisms of P2Y12-mediated inflammation, including cytokine release, platelet–leukocyte interactions and neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Then we will summarize the current evidence on the beneficial effects of P2Y12 antagonists during various clinical inflammatory diseases, especially during sepsis, acute lung injury, asthma, atherosclerosis, and cancer.
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Abstract
Membrane receptors that are activated by the purine nucleoside adenosine (adenosine receptors) or by purine or pyrimidine nucleotides (P2Y and P2X receptors) transduce extracellular signals to the cytosol. They play important roles in physiology and disease. The G protein-coupled adenosine receptors comprise four subtypes: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. The G-protein-coupled P2Y receptors are subdivided into eight subtypes: P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14, while the P2X receptors represent ATP-gated homomeric or heteromeric ion channels consisting of three subunits; the most important subunits are P2X1, P2X2, P2X3, P2X4, and P2X7. This chapter provides guidance for selecting suitable tool compounds for studying these large and important purine receptor families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Younis Baqi
- Department of Chemistry, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Liu ZQ. Bridging free radical chemistry with drug discovery: A promising way for finding novel drugs efficiently. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 189:112020. [PMID: 32006794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.112020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many diseases have been regarded to correlate with the in vivo oxidative damages, which are caused by overproduced free radicals from metabolic process or reactive oxygen species (ROS). This background motivates chemists to explore free radical reactions and to design a number of antioxidants, but whether free radical chemistry can be applied to accelerate the efficacy of the drug discovery is still underrepresented. Herein, in light of recent findings as well as kinetics on free radical reaction, the discipline of free radical chemistry is introduced to be a novel tool for finding potential drugs from antioxidant libraries accumulated during the study on free radical chemistry. These antioxidants provide with such abundant types of structural skeleton that might be employed to inhibit oxidations in different biological microenvironments. Although the in vitro characterization on the antioxidative property exerts a potential role of an antioxidant as a prodrug, the in vivo investigation on the property for quenching free radicals will make a final decision for the antioxidant whether it is worthy to be further explored pharmacologically. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that bridging free radical chemistry with the pharmacological research will provide with a succinct way for finding novel drugs efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Qun Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, No.2519 Jiefang Road, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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36
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von Kügelgen I. Pharmacology of P2Y receptors. Brain Res Bull 2019; 151:12-24. [PMID: 30922852 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular nucleotides. There are eight mammalian P2Y receptor subtypes divided into two subgroups (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, and P2Y11) and (P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14). The P2Y receptors are expressed in various cell types and play important roles in physiology and pathophysiology including inflammatory responses and neuropathic pain. The antagonism of P2Y12 receptors is used in pharmacotherapy for the prevention and therapy of cardiovascular events. The nucleoside analogue ticagrelor and active metabolites of the thienopyridine compounds ticlopidine, clopidogrel and prasugrel inhibit platelet P2Y12 receptors and reduce thereby platelet aggregation. The P2Y2 receptor agonist diquafosol is used for the treatment of the dry eye syndrome. The P2Y receptor subtypes differ in their amino acid sequences, their pharmacological profiles and their signaling transduction pathways. Recently, selective receptor ligands have been developed for all subtypes. The published crystal structures of the human P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors as well as receptor models will facilitate the development of novel drugs for pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar von Kügelgen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharma Center, University of Bonn, D-53127, Bonn, Germany.
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