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Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Rezaei S, Santos RD, Jamialahmadi T, Almahmeed W, Sahebkar A. Targeting PCSK9 as a key player in lipid metabolism: exploiting the therapeutic and biosensing potential of aptamers. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:156. [PMID: 38796450 PMCID: PMC11128129 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is induced by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), resulting in elevated plasma concentrations of LDL cholesterol. Therefore, inhibiting the interactions between PCSK9 and LDLR is a desirable therapeutic goal for managing hypercholesterolemia. Aptamers, which are RNA or single-stranded DNA sequences, can recognize their targets based on their secondary structure. Aptamers exhibit high selectivity and affinity for binding to target molecules. The systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), a combination of biological approaches, is used to screen most aptamers in vitro. Due to their unique advantages, aptamers have garnered significant interest since their discovery and have found extensive applications in various fields. Aptamers have been increasingly utilized in the development of biosensors for sensitive detection of pathogens, analytes, toxins, drug residues, and malignant cells. Furthermore, similar to monoclonal antibodies, aptamers can serve as therapeutic tools. Unlike certain protein therapeutics, aptamers do not elicit antibody responses, and their modified sugars at the 2'-positions generally prevent toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune responses. The focus of this review is on aptamer-based targeting of PCSK9 and the application of aptamers both as biosensors and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samaneh Rezaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Raul D Santos
- Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo, Medical School Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Wael Almahmeed
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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2
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Shen L, Sun X, Chen Z, Guo Y, Shen Z, Song Y, Xin W, Ding H, Ma X, Xu W, Zhou W, Che J, Tan L, Chen L, Chen S, Dong X, Fang L, Zhu F. ADCdb: the database of antibody-drug conjugates. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:D1097-D1109. [PMID: 37831118 PMCID: PMC10768060 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a class of innovative biopharmaceutical drugs, which, via their antibody (mAb) component, deliver and release their potent warhead (a.k.a. payload) at the disease site, thereby simultaneously improving the efficacy of delivered therapy and reducing its off-target toxicity. To design ADCs of promising efficacy, it is crucial to have the critical data of pharma-information and biological activities for each ADC. However, no such database has been constructed yet. In this study, a database named ADCdb focusing on providing ADC information (especially its pharma-information and biological activities) from multiple perspectives was thus developed. Particularly, a total of 6572 ADCs (359 approved by FDA or in clinical trial pipeline, 501 in preclinical test, 819 with in-vivo testing data, 1868 with cell line/target testing data, 3025 without in-vivo/cell line/target testing data) together with their explicit pharma-information was collected and provided. Moreover, a total of 9171 literature-reported activities were discovered, which were identified from diverse clinical trial pipelines, model organisms, patient/cell-derived xenograft models, etc. Due to the significance of ADCs and their relevant data, this new database was expected to attract broad interests from diverse research fields of current biopharmaceutical drug discovery. The ADCdb is now publicly accessible at: https://idrblab.org/adcdb/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liteng Shen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310005, China
- Postgraduate Training Base Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou 310022, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiuna Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou 330110, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zheyuan Shen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Song
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenxiu Xin
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Haiying Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Xinyue Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310005, China
- Postgraduate Training Base Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Weiben Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310005, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Wanying Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310005, China
- Postgraduate Training Base Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Jinxin Che
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lili Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310005, China
- Postgraduate Training Base Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Liangsheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310005, China
- Postgraduate Training Base Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Siqi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Luo Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310005, China
- Postgraduate Training Base Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou 310022, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou 330110, China
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Chen JP, Gong JS, Su C, Li H, Xu ZH, Shi JS. Improving the soluble expression of difficult-to-express proteins in prokaryotic expression system via protein engineering and synthetic biology strategies. Metab Eng 2023; 78:99-114. [PMID: 37244368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Solubility and folding stability are key concerns for difficult-to-express proteins (DEPs) restricted by amino acid sequences and superarchitecture, resolved by the precise distribution of amino acids and molecular interactions as well as the assistance of the expression system. Therefore, an increasing number of tools are available to achieve efficient expression of DEPs, including directed evolution, solubilization partners, chaperones, and affluent expression hosts, among others. Furthermore, genome editing tools, such as transposons and CRISPR Cas9/dCas9, have been developed and expanded to construct engineered expression hosts capable of efficient expression ability of soluble proteins. Accounting for the accumulated knowledge of the pivotal factors in the solubility and folding stability of proteins, this review focuses on advanced technologies and tools of protein engineering, protein quality control systems, and the redesign of expression platforms in prokaryotic expression systems, as well as advances of the cell-free expression technologies for membrane proteins production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, PR China.
| | - Chang Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, PR China
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4
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Pal LB, Bule P, Khan W, Chella N. An Overview of the Development and Preclinical Evaluation of Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Non-Oncological Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1807. [PMID: 37513995 PMCID: PMC10385119 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Typically, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are made up of a humanized antibody and a small-molecule medication connected by a chemical linker. ADCs' ability to deliver cytotoxic agents to the specific site with reduced side effects showed promising results in oncology. To date, fourteen ADCs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, and approximately 297 ADCs are in pre-clinical/clinical stages in the oncology area. Inspired by these outcomes, a few scientists explored the potential of antibody-drug conjugates in non-oncological conditions such as arthritis, myasthenia gravis, immunological disorders, and kidney failure. However, there are limited data available on the non-oncological applications of antibody-drug conjugates. This current review focuses on the non-oncological applications of antibody-drug conjugates, their developmental studies, testing procedures, in vitro evaluations, and pre-clinical testing. Additionally, a summary of the restrictions, difficulties, and prospects for ADCs in non-oncological applications is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lal Bahadur Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, Assam, India
| | - Prajakta Bule
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, Assam, India
| | - Wahid Khan
- Natco Research Centre, Natco Pharma Ltd., Hyderabad 500018, Telangana, India
| | - Naveen Chella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, Assam, India
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5
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Kiss B, Borbély J. Business Risk Mitigation in the Development Process of New Monoclonal Antibody Drug Conjugates for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1761. [PMID: 37376209 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments aim to extend the cytotoxic effect and therapeutic window of mAbs by constructing antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), in which the targeting moiety is the mAb that is linked to a highly toxic drug. According to a report from mid of last year, the global ADCs market accounted for USD 1387 million in 2016 and was worth USD 7.82 billion in 2022. It is estimated to increase in value to USD 13.15 billion by 2030. One of the critical points is the linkage of any substituent to the functional group of the mAb. Increasing the efficacy against cancer cells' highly cytotoxic molecules (warheads) are connected biologically. The connections are completed by different types of linkers, or there are efforts to add biopolymer-based nanoparticles, including chemotherapeutic agents. Recently, a combination of ADC technology and nanomedicine opened a new pathway. To fulfill the scientific knowledge for this complex development, our aim is to write an overview article that provides a basic introduction to ADC which describes the current and future opportunities in therapeutic areas and markets. Through this approach, we show which development directions are relevant both in terms of therapeutic area and market potential. Opportunities to reduce business risks are presented as new development principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Kiss
- Faculty of Economics, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- BBS Dominus LLC, 4225 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Borbély
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- BBS Biochemicals LLC, 4225 Debrecen, Hungary
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6
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Tarantino P, Ricciuti B, Pradhan SM, Tolaney SM. Optimizing the safety of antibody-drug conjugates for patients with solid tumours. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023:10.1038/s41571-023-00783-w. [PMID: 37296177 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00783-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 5 years, improvements in the design of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have enabled major advances that have reshaped the treatment of several advanced-stage solid tumours. Considering the intended rationale behind the design of ADCs, which is to achieve targeted delivery of cytotoxic molecules by linking them to antibodies targeting tumour-specific antigens, ADCs would be expected to be less toxic than conventional chemotherapy. However, most ADCs are still burdened by off-target toxicities that resemble those of the cytotoxic payload as well as on-target toxicities and other poorly understood and potentially life-threatening adverse effects. Given the rapid expansion in the clinical indications of ADCs, including use in curative settings and various combinations, extensive efforts are ongoing to improve their safety. Approaches currently being pursued include clinical trials optimizing the dose and treatment schedule, modifications of each ADC component, identification of predictive biomarkers for toxicities, and the development of innovative diagnostic tools. In this Review, we describe the determinants of the toxicities of ADCs in patients with solid tumours, highlighting key strategies that are expected to improve tolerability and enable improvements in the treatment outcomes of patients with advanced-stage and those with early stage cancers in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tarantino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Biagio Ricciuti
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shan M Pradhan
- Office of Oncologic Diseases, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sara M Tolaney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Qian L, Lin X, Gao X, Khan RU, Liao JY, Du S, Ge J, Zeng S, Yao SQ. The Dawn of a New Era: Targeting the "Undruggables" with Antibody-Based Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37186942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The high selectivity and affinity of antibodies toward their antigens have made them a highly valuable tool in disease therapy, diagnosis, and basic research. A plethora of chemical and genetic approaches have been devised to make antibodies accessible to more "undruggable" targets and equipped with new functions of illustrating or regulating biological processes more precisely. In this Review, in addition to introducing how naked antibodies and various antibody conjugates (such as antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates, antibody-enzyme conjugates, etc.) work in therapeutic applications, special attention has been paid to how chemistry tools have helped to optimize the therapeutic outcome (i.e., with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects) or facilitate the multifunctionalization of antibodies, with a focus on emerging fields such as targeted protein degradation, real-time live-cell imaging, catalytic labeling or decaging with spatiotemporal control as well as the engagement of antibodies inside cells. With advances in modern chemistry and biotechnology, well-designed antibodies and their derivatives via size miniaturization or multifunctionalization together with efficient delivery systems have emerged, which have gradually improved our understanding of important biological processes and paved the way to pursue novel targets for potential treatments of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Qian
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuefen Lin
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rizwan Ullah Khan
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia-Yu Liao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shubo Du
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544
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Li Q, Zhou L, Qin S, Huang Z, Li B, Liu R, Yang M, Nice EC, Zhu H, Huang C. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras in biotherapeutics: Current trends and future applications. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115447. [PMID: 37229829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The success of inhibitor-based therapeutics is largely constrained by the acquisition of therapeutic resistance, which is partially driven by the undruggable proteome. The emergence of proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology, designed for degrading proteins involved in specific biological processes, might provide a novel framework for solving the above constraint. A heterobifunctional PROTAC molecule could structurally connect an E3 ubiquitin ligase ligand with a protein of interest (POI)-binding ligand by chemical linkers. Such technology would result in the degradation of the targeted protein via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), opening up a novel way of selectively inhibiting undruggable proteins. Herein, we will highlight the advantages of PROTAC technology and summarize the current understanding of the potential mechanisms involved in biotherapeutics, with a particular focus on its application and development where therapeutic benefits over classical small-molecule inhibitors have been achieved. Finally, we discuss how this technology can contribute to developing biotherapeutic drugs, such as antivirals against infectious diseases, for use in clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Siyuan Qin
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Zhao Huang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Bowen Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Ruolan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Mei Yang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Huili Zhu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
| | - Canhua Huang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
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9
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de Freitas JVB, Reis AVF, Silva ADO, de Sousa ACC, Martins JRP, Nogueira KAB, da Silva Moreira T, Petrilli R, Eloy JO. Monoclonal Antibodies in Nanosystems as a Strategy for Cancer Treatment. Cancer Nanotechnol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-17831-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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10
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Pander G, Uhl P, Kühl N, Haberkorn U, Anderl J, Mier W. Antibody-drug conjugates: What drives their progress? Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103311. [PMID: 35787480 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are on the brink of widespread use for the targeted treatment of cancer. ADCs manage the toxicity of drugs with unacceptable narrow therapeutic windows by guiding highly toxic compounds to the target cells, thereby sparing healthy cells. In this review, we describe approved ADCs and discuss their modes of action, together with medicinal chemical aspects, to evaluate the potential for improvement and to combat tumor-acquired resistance. A recent research focus has centered on the stimulation of immune responses to induce immunogenic cell death and the influence on the tumor microenvironment to enhance bystander effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pander
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Uhl
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikos Kühl
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, INF 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Anderl
- Merck KGaA, Antibody Drug Conjugates & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Mishra AK, Ali A, Dutta S, Banday S, Malonia SK. Emerging Trends in Immunotherapy for Cancer. Diseases 2022; 10:60. [PMID: 36135216 PMCID: PMC9498256 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer immunology have enabled the discovery of promising immunotherapies for various malignancies that have shifted the cancer treatment paradigm. The innovative research and clinical advancements of immunotherapy approaches have prolonged the survival of patients with relapsed or refractory metastatic cancers. Since the U.S. FDA approved the first immune checkpoint inhibitor in 2011, the field of cancer immunotherapy has grown exponentially. Multiple therapeutic approaches or agents to manipulate different aspects of the immune system are currently in development. These include cancer vaccines, adoptive cell therapies (such as CAR-T or NK cell therapy), monoclonal antibodies, cytokine therapies, oncolytic viruses, and inhibitors targeting immune checkpoints that have demonstrated promising clinical efficacy. Multiple immunotherapeutic approaches have been approved for specific cancer treatments, while others are currently in preclinical and clinical trial stages. Given the success of immunotherapy, there has been a tremendous thrust to improve the clinical efficacy of various agents and strategies implemented so far. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the development and clinical implementation of various immunotherapy approaches currently being used to treat cancer. We also highlight the latest developments, emerging trends, limitations, and future promises of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok K. Mishra
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shubham Dutta
- MassBiologics, UMass Chan Medical School, Boston, MA 02126, USA
| | - Shahid Banday
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sunil K. Malonia
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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12
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Salerno A, Seghetti F, Caciolla J, Uliassi E, Testi E, Guardigni M, Roberti M, Milelli A, Bolognesi ML. Enriching Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras with a Second Modality: When Two Are Better Than One. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9507-9530. [PMID: 35816671 PMCID: PMC9340767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
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Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC)-mediated protein
degradation
has prompted a radical rethink and is at a crucial stage in driving
a drug discovery transition. To fully harness the potential of this
technology, a growing paradigm toward enriching PROTACs with other
therapeutic modalities has been proposed. Could researchers successfully
combine two modalities to yield multifunctional PROTACs
with an expanded profile? In this Perspective, we try to answer this
question. We discuss how this possibility encompasses different approaches,
leading to multitarget PROTACs, light-controllable PROTACs, PROTAC conjugates, and macrocycle- and oligonucleotide-based PROTACs. This possibility
promises to further enhance PROTAC efficacy and selectivity, minimize
side effects, and hit undruggable targets. While PROTACs have reached
the clinical investigation stage, additional steps must be taken toward
the translational development of multifunctional PROTACs.
A deeper and detailed understanding of the most critical challenges
is required to fully exploit these opportunities and decisively enrich
the PROTAC toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Salerno
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Seghetti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Caciolla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Uliassi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Eleonora Testi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Melissa Guardigni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Marinella Roberti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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13
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Sun SL, Wu SH, Kang JB, Ma YY, Chen L, Cao P, Chang L, Ding N, Xue X, Li NG, Shi ZH. Medicinal Chemistry Strategies for the Development of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors against Resistance. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7415-7437. [PMID: 35594541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant efficacy, one of the major limitations of small-molecule Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) agents is the presence of clinically acquired resistance, which remains a major clinical challenge. This Perspective focuses on medicinal chemistry strategies for the development of BTK small-molecule inhibitors against resistance, including the structure-based design of BTK inhibitors targeting point mutations, e.g., (i) developing noncovalent inhibitors from covalent inhibitors, (ii) avoiding steric hindrance from mutated residues, (iii) making interactions with the mutated residue, (iv) modifying the solvent-accessible region, and (v) developing new scaffolds. Additionally, a comparative analysis of multi-inhibitions of BTK is presented based on cross-comparisons between 2916 unique BTK ligands and 283 other kinases that cover 7108 dual/multiple inhibitions. Finally, targeting the BTK allosteric site and uding proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) as two potential strategies are addressed briefly, while also illustrating the possibilities and challenges to find novel ligands of BTK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Liang Sun
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shi-Han Wu
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ji-Bo Kang
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi-Yuan Ma
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lu Chen
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peng Cao
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Liang Chang
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ning Ding
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Xue
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Nian-Guang Li
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Shi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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