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Morie KP, Zhai ZW, Crowley MJ, Potenza MN, Mayes LC. Relationships Between Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, Cannabis-Use Onset and Emotional and Related Characteristics in Young/Emerging Adults. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:388-397. [PMID: 37964628 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2275558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: Exposure to substances in utero may have significant early-life consequences. Less is known about the effects in emerging adulthood, particularly regarding patterns of substance use and related characteristics.Objectives: In this study, we recruited emerging adults, followed since birth, who had been prenatally exposed, or not, to cocaine. Individuals reported on their cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco use, and measures of impulsivity, anhedonia, emotional regulation, and mental health were obtained. Comparisons were made between emerging adults with prenatal cocaine exposure and those without. Correlations were performed between psychological measures and substance use, and regression analyses were conducted to determine potential pathways by which such measures may relate to prenatal exposure or substance use.Results: Individuals with prenatal cocaine exposure (vs. those without) used cannabis at younger ages, reported greater cannabis-use severity, and demonstrated higher impulsivity, state anxiety, and alexithymia. Earlier age of onset of cannabis use was associated with higher impulsivity, state anxiety, alexithymia, and social and physical anhedonia. Cannabis-use age-of-onset mediated the relationship between prenatal cocaine-exposure status and state anxiety and between prenatal cocaine-exposure status and cannabis-use severity in emerging adulthood but not relationships between prenatal cocaine-exposure status and impulsivity or alexithymia in emerging adulthood. Findings suggest that adults with prenatal cocaine exposure may use cannabis at younger ages, which may relate to increased anxiety and more severe use.Conclusions: These findings suggest both mechanisms and possible intervention targets to improve mental health in emerging adults with prenatal cocaine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Morie
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zu Wei Zhai
- Department of Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, USA
| | - Michael J Crowley
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Linda C Mayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Mostafa T, Alghobary M. Substance abuse and male sexual dysfunction: what lies beneath? Sex Med Rev 2023; 11:395-411. [PMID: 37085960 DOI: 10.1093/sxmrev/qead011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Substance abuse has become a worldwide health problem, leading to numerous consequences such as social problems among family members, abnormal behavior, adverse health effects, and psychological problems as well as economic consequences. OBJECTIVES We sought to assess the relationship between substance abuse and male sexual health. METHODS A search was carried out in the following databases: PubMed, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), Science Direct, Scopus, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, and the Egyptian Knowledge Bank. The following keywords were used to assess the outcomes for relevant associations: illicit drugs, addiction, substance abuse, sexual health, erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory disorders, impotence, orgasm disorders, and sexual performance. RESULTS The initial literature search identified a total of 148 articles in all searched databases. After removal of duplicate studies and application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, 75 reported studies were retained for review, including 38 case-control studies and 37 cross-sectional studies. These articles were classified into the following categories according to the type of abused substance addressed: cannabis/marihuana, 16 articles; opioids, 13 articles; heroin, 11 articles; cocaine, 5 articles; tramadol, 6 articles; ketamine, 2 articles; ecstasy, 4 articles; amphetamine, 2 articles; khat, 7 articles; androgen anabolic steroids, 2 articles; and polydrugs, 7 articles. Most of these recruited articles demonstrated a negative impact of the addressed substance on male sexual health, with variable levels. CONCLUSION Substance abuse has negative impacts on male sexual health that should be addressed. More studies conducted with proper methodological and statistical approaches, including logistic regression analysis, are needed to predict the effects of specific substances, considering the rapidly growing effects of non-substance-use disorders on male sexual health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taymour Mostafa
- Department of Andrology, Sexology, & STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Moheiddin Alghobary
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology & STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Science, Fakeeh College of Medical Sciences, Jeddah, KSA
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Min MO, Minnes S, Kim SK, Kim JY, Singer LT. Prenatal cocaine exposure and substance use disorder in emerging adulthood at age 21. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 242:109736. [PMID: 36516550 PMCID: PMC9772296 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has been associated with child and adolescent externalizing behaviors and early substance use, yet few studies investigated its association with substance use disorder (SUD) in emerging adults. The present study examined the association of PCE with SUD in emerging adulthood, and whether childhood externalizing behaviors and adolescent substance use mediated the relationship. METHODS Participants were 367 (187 PCE; 53% female) adults at age 21, primarily urban African American who were recruited at birth. PCE and exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana were determined using biologic assays for drug metabolites and/or maternal self-report at birth. Offspring externalizing problems were assessed using the Youth Self-Report at age 12, substance use and substance use-related problems via biologic assays and/or self-report at age 15, and SUD determined using DSM-5 diagnostic criteria at age 21. RESULTS About 32.3% of the emerging adults were determined to have marijuana use disorder, 30.3% tobacco use disorder, and 15.5% alcohol use disorder. PCE was related to greater externalizing behaviors at age 12 (β = 0.12, p = .042), which in turn was related to SUD (β = 0.22, p = .008). PCE was also related to substance use, mainly marijuana, at age 15 (β = 0.22, p = .011), which was related to SUD (β = 0.51, p < .001). Total indirect effects including these two pathways were significant (β = 0.19, p = .002). CONCLUSIONS PCE may increase risk for SUD in emerging adulthood through childhood externalizing behaviors and adolescent substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - Sun-Kyung Kim
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - June-Yung Kim
- Department of Social Work, College of Nursing and Professional Disciplines, University of North Dakota, USA
| | - Lynn T Singer
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, USA
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Min MO, Kim JY, Minnes S, Kim SK, Musson Rose D, Singer LT. Substance use and individual assets in urban adolescents: Subgroups and correlates in emerging adulthood. J Adolesc 2022; 94:684-697. [PMID: 35615786 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To investigate patterns of divergence in adolescent adjustment, this study examined the co-occurring patterns of adolescents' individual assets (e.g., school engagement, values) and substance use, and whether the co-occurring patterns were associated with later functioning in emerging adulthood. METHODS Participants were 358 (54% females), predominantly African American, urban adolescents, recruited at birth for a prospective study on the effects of prenatal substance exposure in the Midwest United States. Individual assets, using the Developmental Assets Profile, substance use (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana), via biologic assays and self-report, and substance use-related problems were assessed at age 15 years. High-school completion, substance use disorder, mental health symptoms, and legal problems were assessed at age 21 years. RESULTS Latent class analysis identified five classes as follows: high assets with low substance use (C1, 10.2%); moderate assets with low substance use (C2, 28.7%); low assets with low substance use (C3, 32%); moderate assets with high substance use (C4, 9.4%); and low assets with high substance use (C5, 19.2%). Despite similar levels of assets, adolescents in C5 reported more life adversities (suboptimal caregiving environment, daily hassles, non-birth parents' care) than those in C3. C4 and C5 reported more substance use disorder at age 21 years than the three low substance use classes; adolescents in C5 were less likely to complete high school than those in C2. More females in C5 reported greater mental health symptoms than those in C1 and C3, and criminal justice involvement than those in C1. CONCLUSIONS The current findings underscore the significance of substance use in adolescence in disrupting healthy transition to adulthood, especially among females in the context of low individual assets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeyoung O Min
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - June-Yung Kim
- Department of Social Work, College of Nursing and Professional Disciplines, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sun-Kyung Kim
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Devon Musson Rose
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Lynn T Singer
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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De Genna NM, Goldschmidt L, Richardson GA. Prenatal cocaine exposure, early cannabis use, and risky sexual behavior at age 25. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2022; 89:107060. [PMID: 34952173 PMCID: PMC8804968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.107060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior research on prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) indicates that exposed children experience behavioral dysregulation resulting in risky adolescent behavior including earlier initiation of cannabis use and sexual intercourse. The goal of this study was to examine the long-term effects of PCE on adult sexual behavior. METHODS This is a prospective cohort study of the association between PCE and risky adult sexual behavior and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in 202 young adults (mean age = 27, SD = 0.98 years). The sample was 55% female, 46% White, and 54% Black. Data from the prenatal, childhood, and adolescent phases of the study were used to delineate pathways from PCE to adult sexual behavior. RESULTS The most common risky sexual behavior was having sex while drunk or high (63%). One-third of the sample reported that they "almost always" had sex while drunk or high. We found evidence for an indirect pathway from PCE to adult sex while drunk or high via early cannabis initiation. There were no other effects of PCE on adult risky sexual behavior or on risk for STIs, after controlling for sex assigned at birth, race, age at sexual initiation, and family history of drug and alcohol problems. CONCLUSIONS Although PCE has been associated with earlier initiation of sex in prior studies, PCE was not directly associated with risky adult sex or history of STI. Exposed individuals were at greater risk of sex under the influence of alcohol or drugs via earlier initiation of cannabis use during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha M. De Genna
- Corresponding Author. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | | | - Gale A. Richardson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Sex Differences in the Pathways from Exposure to Parental Fighting to Risky Sexual Activities Among Adolescents in Urban Neighborhoods. Matern Child Health J 2021; 26:424-433. [PMID: 34655424 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adolescents' exposure to violence between parents acts as a precursor to risky behaviors; however, empirical studies that examined the potential pathways from exposure to violence between parents to risky behaviors are rare. Consequently, the prevention and intervention strategies for risky sexual activities are limited without the identification of malleable mediators. METHODS Mediators on the association between adolescent exposure to parental fighting and risky sexual activities are examined, which include internalizing behaviors, running away from home, and affiliation with risky peers. Relationships between these variables are examined for males and females separately. The sample consists of 673 adolescents in a neighborhood located in Chicago's Southside who completed a survey. RESULTS Exposure to parental fighting was not directly associated with risky sexual activities for either males or females. However, among females, exposure to parental fighting was significantly and positively related to internalizing behaviors and running away from home, and internalizing behaviors were also positively associated with running away from home. For males, however, only the association between internalizing behaviors and running away from home was found to be significant. Further, the relationship between exposure to parental fighting and risky sexual activities was mediated by running away from home. CONCLUSIONS Targeted strategies for prevention are critical for improving sexual health outcomes among adolescents in low-resourced urban neighborhoods.
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Morie KP, Wu J, Landi N, Potenza MN, Mayes LC, Crowley MJ. Oscillatory Dynamics of Feedback Processing in Adolescents with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure. Dev Neuropsychol 2019; 44:429-442. [PMID: 31353953 PMCID: PMC6690776 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2019.1645143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has ramifications for feedback processing. Measuring neural oscillatory dynamics (during electroencephalography) provides insight into the time signatures and neural processes of feedback processing in adolescents with PCE. We measured spectral power in alpha and theta frequency bands while 49 adolescents with PCE and 34 non-drug exposed (NDE) performed a task with win/no-win feedback. Compared to NDE individuals, those with PCE showed reduced alpha power and increased theta power in response to no-win feedback. These findings suggest altered reactivity in PCE adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P. Morie
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jia Wu
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Nicole Landi
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, 06109, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Linda C. Mayes
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Michael J. Crowley
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
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Min MO, Yoon D, Minnes S, Ridenour T, Singer LT. Profiles of individual assets and mental health symptoms in at-risk early adolescents. J Adolesc 2019; 75:1-11. [PMID: 31288121 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few studies investigated the combined patterns of individual assets (e.g., social competence, positive identity) and mental health symptoms (MHS) in adolescents. This study examined the patterns of early adolescents' individual assets and MHS and whether identified patterns were associated with later adolescents' outcomes. METHODS Participants were 352 (164 boys, 188 girls) adolescents who were primarily African-American and from low socioeconomic status families, participating in a prospective study of the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure from birth in the Midwest United States. Individual assets, using the Developmental Assets Profile, and MHS, using the Youth Self-Report, were assessed at age 12. Substance use, via self-report and biologic assays, early (before age 15) sexual behaviors, and behavioral adjustment were assessed at age 15. RESULTS Latent profile analysis indicated four distinctive profiles: low assets with elevated MHS (P1, n = 54, 15.3%); adequate assets with thought and social problems (P2, n = 84, 23.9%); low assets without MHS (P3, n = 101, 28.7%); and high assets without MHS (P4, n = 113, 32.1%). Children in the profile with high assets without MHS (P4) were more likely to have a higher IQ and to be in a more optimal environment (higher parental monitoring and less family conflict) than those in other profiles. Although profiles with MHS were associated with adolescent risk behaviors, this relationship was more pronounced for girls than for boys. CONCLUSIONS Girls in the low assets with elevated MHS (P1) should be a primary concern for preventive intervention. Our study demonstrates the heterogeneity of individual patterns of adaptation and maladaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalhee Yoon
- Binghamton University-State University of New York, Department of Social Work, USA
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, USA
| | - Ty Ridenour
- Research Triangle Institute International, USA
| | - Lynn T Singer
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Psychiatry & Pediatrics, USA
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Prenatal cocaine exposure: Direct and indirect associations with 21-year-old offspring substance use and behavior problems. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 195:121-131. [PMID: 30622013 PMCID: PMC6430204 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has been linked to child/adolescent behavior problems and substance use in several longitudinal cohort studies. It is unclear whether these effects extend into adulthood and influence young adult behavior problems and substance use and, if so, whether they are mediated by childhood and adolescent experiences. METHODS These data are from an ongoing longitudinal study of individuals born to women who were recruited early in pregnancy. Trimester-specific data on prenatal drug exposure were obtained. Caregivers and offspring were assessed at delivery and at 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, and 21 years postpartum. This report is from age 21, when 225 offspring (52% females; 54% African American, 46% Caucasian) reported on behavior problems, emotion regulation, and substance use. RESULTS There were significant direct associations between PCE and early initiation of marijuana, 21-year emotion regulation problems, arrest history, and Conduct Disorder. The relation between PCE and young adult internalizing behavior was mediated by adolescent mood symptoms. The association between PCE and 21-year marijuana use was mediated by early initiation of marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS PCE has both direct and indirect long-term associations with young adult development. Using statistical models that considered the complex interrelationships among PCE and adult outcomes, we demonstrated that the direct effects of PCE on young adult emotion regulation problems, arrest history, and Conduct Disorder are not completely explained by earlier adolescent behavior. Moreover, the analyses suggesting mediated pathways from PCE to young adult problems identify crucial variables to target interventions for exposed children and adolescents.
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Min MO, Minnes S, Park H, Ridenour T, Kim JY, Yoon M, Singer LT. Developmental trajectories of externalizing behavior from ages 4 to 12: Prenatal cocaine exposure and adolescent correlates. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 192:223-232. [PMID: 30273890 PMCID: PMC6310164 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has been linked with greater externalizing behavior, no studies have investigated heterogeneity of developmental trajectories in children with PCE to date. The present study aimed to: (1) identify developmental trajectories of externalizing problems in childhood by using a person-oriented analytic approach; (2) examine whether trajectories differ by PCE and other environmental and biological correlates; and (3) investigate how trajectories were associated with adolescent substance use and sexual behavior. METHODS Adolescents (N = 386; 197 PCE, 187 non-cocaine exposed (NCE)), primarily African-American and of low socioeconomic status, were prospectively enrolled in a longitudinal study at birth. Externalizing problems were assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at ages 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, and 12. Substance (tobacco, alcohol, marijuana) use, via self-report and biologic assays, and early (before age 15) sexual intercourse were assessed at age 15. RESULTS Latent class growth modeling indicated four distinctive developmental trajectories of externalizing behavior from ages 4 to 12: low-decreasing group (32%); moderate-decreasing group (32%); accelerated risk group (14%); and elevated-chronic group (22%). PCE and maternal psychological distress interactively differentiated developmental trajectories of externalizing behavior, which were related to subsequent adolescent substance use and early sexual behavior differently across gender. CONCLUSIONS The two high-risk trajectories (accelerated risk and elevated-chronic groups), comprising 36% of the sample, identified in the present study may reflect multi-causality of early substance use and perhaps greater risk for transition to substance use disorders later in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeyoung O Min
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, United States.
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, United States
| | - Hyunyong Park
- Sungshin University, Department of Social Welfare, South Korea
| | - Ty Ridenour
- Research Triangle Institute International, United States
| | - June-Yung Kim
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, United States
| | - Miyoung Yoon
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, United States
| | - Lynn T Singer
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Departments of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Psychiatry and Pediatrics, United States
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Willford JA, Singhabahu D, Herat A, Richardson GA. An examination of the association between prenatal cocaine exposure and brain activation measures of arousal and attention in young adults: An fMRI study using the Attention Network Task. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 69:1-10. [PMID: 29953942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal drug exposure, including cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco, is associated with deficits in behavioral regulation and attention. Using fMRI, the objective of this study was to characterize the association between prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) and the underlying neural substrates associated with behavioral outcomes of attention. Forty-seven young adults were recruited for this study from the ongoing Maternal Health Practices and Child Development (MHPCD) Project, a longitudinal study of the effects of PCE on growth, behavior, and cognitive function. Three groups were compared: 1) prenatal exposure to cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco (CAMT, n = 15), 2) prenatal exposure to alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco (AMT, n = 17), and 3) no prenatal exposure to drugs (Controls, n = 15). Subjects were frequency matched on gender, race, handedness, and 15-year IQ. This study used the theoretical model proposed by Posner and Peterson (1990), which posits three dissociable components of attention: alerting, orienting, and executive attention. Subjects completed a functional MRI (fMRI) scan while performing the Attention Network Task, a validated neuroimaging measure of the 3-network model of attention. Behavioral and fMRI data revealed no associations between PCE and task accuracy, speed of processing, or activation in key brain regions associated with each of the attention networks. The results of this study show that any subtle differences in brain function associated with PCE are not detectable using the ANT task and fMRI. These results should be interpreted in the context of other studies that have found associations between PCE and arousal with emotionally arousing stimuli, compared to this study that found no associations using emotionally neutral stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Willford
- Department of Psychology, Slippery Rock University, 1 Morrow Way, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States of America.
| | - Dil Singhabahu
- Department of Mathematics, Slippery Rock University, 1 Morrow Way, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States of America.
| | - Athula Herat
- Department of Physics, Slippery Rock University, 1 Morrow Way, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States of America.
| | - Gale A Richardson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
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Smith LM, Santos LS. Prenatal exposure: The effects of prenatal cocaine and methamphetamine exposure on the developing child. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 108:142-6. [PMID: 27345014 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal substance use remains a significant issue in the United States. Initial reports regarding prenatal cocaine and methamphetamine exposure suggested profound adverse effects on child development. However, subsequent prospective, longitudinal investigations have found more subtle effects. What follows is a brief review of the health, growth, behavioral, and intellectual outcomes for children exposed to prenatal cocaine and prenatal methamphetamine. Factors that may mitigate or intensify subtle adverse effects manifested in exposed children will also be discussed. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:142-146, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne M Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lucinda S Santos
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Min MO, Minnes S, Kim JY, Yoon M, Singer LT. Association of prenatal cocaine exposure, childhood maltreatment, and responses to stress in adolescence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 177:93-100. [PMID: 28582699 PMCID: PMC5541909 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) may alter responses to stress. Children with PCE tend to grow up in suboptimal caregiving environments, conducive to child maltreatment (CM). Guided by the diathesis-stress model, the present study examined differences in self-reported responses to stress and coping in adolescents with and without PCE and explored whether childhood maltreatment (CM) moderated the effects of PCE. METHODS Adolescents (N=363; 184 PCE, 179 non-cocaine exposed (NCE)), primarily African-American and of low socioeconomic status, were prospectively enrolled in a longitudinal study at birth. The Responses to Stress Questionnaire was used to assess volitional coping (primary control, secondary control, disengagement) and involuntary responses (involuntary engagement, involuntary disengagement) to stress at the 15- and 17-year follow-up visits. CM was assessed retrospectively at age 17 using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. RESULTS Findings from longitudinal mixed model analyses indicated that PCE was associated with poorer coping strategies only among adolescents with a history of CM. Adolescents with PCE who experienced CM reported less dominant use of primary (e.g., problem solving, emotional regulation) and secondary control (e.g., cognitive restructuring) and more dominant use of disengagement (e.g., denial, avoidance) and involuntary disengagement (e.g., inaction) than adolescents with PCE who did not experience CM or NCE adolescents regardless of CM. CM was associated with more dominant use of involuntary engagement (e.g., intrusive thoughts). CONCLUSIONS PCE may increase sensitivity to CM, predisposing increased vulnerability to environmental risk. Continued studies into adulthood will elucidate how coping and involuntary stress responses affect social, vocational, and behavioral adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeyoung O Min
- The Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - Sonia Minnes
- The Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - June-Yung Kim
- The Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Miyoung Yoon
- The Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lynn T Singer
- School of Medicine, Departments of Environmental Health Sciences, Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Minnes S, Min MO, Kim JY, Francis MW, Lang A, Wu M, Singer LT. The association of prenatal cocaine exposure, externalizing behavior and adolescent substance use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 176:33-43. [PMID: 28514694 PMCID: PMC5637277 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) may increase adolescent substance use through alterations of neurotransmitter systems affecting fetal brain development. The relationship between PCE and substance use at 15 and 17 years was examined. Subjects (365: 186 PCE; 179 non-cocaine exposed (NCE)) supplied biologic and self-report data using the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) and Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (C-DISC 4) at ages 15 and 17. The relationship between PCE and substance use was assessed using General Estimating Equation (GEE) analyses controlling for confounding factors including violence exposure and preschool lead level. Teens with PCE vs. NCE teens were 2 times more likely to use tobacco (OR=2.1; 95% CI 1.21-3.63; p<.001) and marijuana (OR=1.85; CI 1.18-2.91; p<.001) and have a substance use disorder at age 17 (OR=2.51; CI 1.00-6.28; p<.05). Evaluation of PCE status by gender revealed an association between PCE and marijuana use that was more pronounced for boys than girls at 17 years. Violence exposure was also a significant predictor of alcohol (p<.001), tobacco (p<.05), and marijuana (p<.0006) use and substance abuse/dependence (p<.01). Externalizing behavior at age 12 fully mediated the effects of PCE on substance use disorder at age 17 and partially mediated effects of PCE on tobacco use, but did not mediate effects on marijuana use. The percentage of substance use reported increased between 15 and 17 years, with no differences between the PCE and NCE groups. Data suggest specialized drug use prevention measures for children with PCE may benefit this high risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Minnes
- The Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - Meeyoung O Min
- The Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - June-Yung Kim
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Meredith W Francis
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Adelaide Lang
- The Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Miaoping Wu
- The Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lynn T Singer
- School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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