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Zvolensky MJ, Heggeness LF, Mayorga N, Garey L, Buckner JD, Businelle MS, Redmond BY. Financial Strain Among Black Smokers in Terms of Abstinence Expectancies. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01720-4. [PMID: 37488316 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01720-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
- HEALTH Institute, University of Houston, Houston, USA.
| | - Luke F Heggeness
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Nubia Mayorga
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Lorra Garey
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- HEALTH Institute, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Julia D Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
| | - Michael S Businelle
- HEALTH Institute, University of Houston, Houston, USA
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma, OK, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Brooke Y Redmond
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
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Theodoulou A, Lindson N, Fanshawe TR, Thomas J, Nollen N, Ahluwalia JS, Leavens E, Hartmann-Boyce J. The effect of individual-level smoking cessation interventions on socioeconomic inequalities in tobacco smoking. Hippokratia 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Theodoulou
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Nicola Lindson
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Thomas R Fanshawe
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - James Thomas
- EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education; University College London; London UK
| | - Nicole Nollen
- Department of Population Health; University of Kansas School of Medicine; Kansas City Kansas USA
| | - Jasjit S Ahluwalia
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences; Brown University School of Public Health and Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Eleanor Leavens
- Department of Population Health; University of Kansas School of Medicine; Kansas City Kansas USA
| | - Jamie Hartmann-Boyce
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
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Financial strain and electronic nicotine delivery systems use among U.S. young adults: A longitudinal panel analysis, 2013-2018. Addict Behav 2021; 114:106716. [PMID: 33109395 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Financial strain is associated with an increased likelihood of cigarette smoking, but less is known about its association with electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use. This study examined longitudinal associations of financial strain with ENDS use behaviors among young adults. METHODS We analyzed in 2020 four waves (2013-2018) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health, a nationally representative longitudinal study. A total of 5740 U.S. young adults (aged 18-24 years at baseline) had matched data for all four waves. We used generalized linear mixed modeling which accounts for correlations between repeated measures. Weighted logistic regressions assessed the association between financial strain and three different types of ENDS use behaviors (i.e., everyday, some-day, and experimental use), adjusting for major confounders including poverty, mental health symptoms, and other substance use behaviors. RESULTS Frequency and proportion of everyday ENDS use showed a linear increase over time whereas some-day and experimental uses showed quadratic trends, increasing with a peak at Wave 2 and then decreasing over time. Financial strain prospectively predicted some-day (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.03-1.69) and experimental (AOR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.02-1.52) ENDS use, but not everyday use. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the current study indicate the need for distinctly different approaches for non-daily ENDS users from daily users. Our findings further suggest that ENDS use prevention and cessation efforts should consider financial strain of young adults particularly for non-daily users to thwart them from progressing towards nicotine dependence and long-term use.
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Giovenco DP, Spillane TE, Baig SA, Dumas SE, Dongchung TY, Sanderson M, Sisti JS, Farley SM, Jasek JP, Seligson AL. Demographic and psychological moderators of the relationship between neighborhood cigarette advertising and current smoking in New York City. Health Place 2020; 66:102441. [PMID: 32947186 PMCID: PMC7686046 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco advertising in retailers influences smoking, but little research has examined how this relationship differs among population subgroups. This study merged data on neighborhood cigarette advertising with geocoded survey data to assess the association between advertising prevalence and current smoking among New York City (NYC) residents, and whether demographic and psychological characteristics moderate this relationship. METHODS Audit data from a stratified, random sample of 796 NYC tobacco retailers generated neighborhood prevalence estimates of cigarette advertising, which were linked with unweighted 2017 NYC Community Health Survey data (n = 7837 adult respondents with residential geocodes). Multilevel regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of current smoking by level of neighborhood cigarette advertising (quartiles). Interactions assessed differences in this relationship by demographic characteristics and current depression (analyses conducted in 2019). RESULTS There was no main effect of advertising on smoking status or significant interactions with demographic variables, but current depression was an effect modifier (p = 0.045). Cigarette advertising was associated with current smoking among those with current depression (p = 0.023), not those without (p = 0.920). Specifically, respondents with depression who resided in neighborhoods in the highest quartile for cigarette advertising prevalence had higher odds of current smoking, compared to those living in the lowest advertising quartile [aOR: 1.72 (1.04, 2.86)]. CONCLUSION Retail cigarette advertising may serve as an environmental cue to smoke among adults with depression. Efforts to restrict or counteract this practice, such as the development of community-level public health interventions and counter-marketing programs, may particularly benefit those with depression and, perhaps, other mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Giovenco
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Torra E Spillane
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sabeeh A Baig
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sarah E Dumas
- Bureau of Epidemiology Services, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, 11101, USA
| | - Tenzin Yangchen Dongchung
- Bureau of Epidemiology Services, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, 11101, USA
| | - Mike Sanderson
- Bureau of Epidemiology Services, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, 11101, USA
| | - Julia S Sisti
- Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention and Tobacco Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, 11101, USA
| | - Shannon M Farley
- Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention and Tobacco Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, 11101, USA
| | - John P Jasek
- Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention and Tobacco Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, 11101, USA
| | - Amber Levanon Seligson
- Bureau of Epidemiology Services, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, 11101, USA
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Steinberg ML, Rosen RL, Versella MV, Borges A, Leyro TM. A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial of Brief Interventions to Encourage Quit Attempts in Smokers From Socioeconomic Disadvantage. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:1500-1508. [PMID: 32161942 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking disproportionately affects communities of low socioeconomic status where greater smoking prevalence and poorer cessation rates have been observed. Utilizing brief evidence-based interventions to increase cessation attempts may be an effective and easily disseminable means by which to mitigate undue burden in this population. AIMS AND METHODS The current intervention randomized daily smokers (N = 57) recruited from a local community soup kitchen to receive either Brief (eg, 30 m) Motivational Interviewing, Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) sampling, or a Referral-Only intervention. Approximately half of participants (50.9%) reported not completing high school and many reported either just (41.4%) or not (40.4%) meeting basic expenses. Follow-up was completed approximately 1-month postintervention. RESULTS Nonsignificant group differences indicated that participants randomized to the NRT sampling condition were more likely to make a quit attempt (moderate effect size). Approximately 40% of the sample reported making a serious quit attempt at follow-up. Significant differences in cigarettes per day at follow-up, controlling for baseline, were observed, with participants in the Motivational Interviewing condition, only, reporting significant reductions. Participants randomized to the NRT condition were significantly more likely to report using NRT patch and lozenge at follow-up (large effect). There were no differences between groups with respect to seeking behavioral support. Finally, we found that subjective financial strain moderated the effect of condition on change in cigarette consumption where NRT sampling was more effective for participants reporting less financial strain. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide initial evidence for personalizing brief interventions to promote quit attempts in low-income smokers. IMPLICATIONS While most clinical research on tobacco use and dependence focuses on successful sustained abstinence, the current study is novel because it examined three brief interventions designed to increase the number of quit attempts made by a nontreatment-seeking group suffering from health disparities (ie, smokers from socioeconomic disadvantage). These data suggest that nontreatment-seeking smokers from socioeconomic disadvantage can be influenced by Brief MIs and these interventions should be used to motivate smokers from socioeconomic disadvantage to make a quit attempt. Future studies should examine combined MIs including pharmacological and behavioral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc L Steinberg
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Rachel L Rosen
- Rutgers University, Department of Psychology, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Mark V Versella
- Rutgers University, Department of Psychology, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Allison Borges
- Rutgers University, Department of Psychology, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Teresa M Leyro
- Rutgers University, Department of Psychology, Piscataway, NJ
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Alexander AC, Olurotimi O, Hébert ET, Ra CK, Businelle MS, Kendzor DE. Subjective social status is indirectly associated with short-term smoking cessation through nicotine withdrawal symptoms. J Health Psychol 2020; 26:2320-2329. [PMID: 32191140 DOI: 10.1177/1359105320911432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study used data collected from a smoking cessation program (N = 146) to evaluate whether subjective social status was indirectly associated with smoking cessation through nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Findings indicated that subjective social status was indirectly associated with smoking cessation through withdrawal symptoms, specifically through anger and anxiety symptoms. People with lower subjective social status reported more withdrawal symptoms, particularly symptoms related to anger and anxiety, shortly after a quit attempt, and as such, were less likely to achieve smoking abstinence. Findings from this study provide insight into why socioeconomically disadvantaged adults are less likely to remain abstinent after a quit attempt.
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Evans MC, Bazargan M, Cobb S, Assari S. Mental and Physical Health Correlates of Financial Difficulties Among African-American Older Adults in Low-Income Areas of Los Angeles. Front Public Health 2020; 8:21. [PMID: 32117856 PMCID: PMC7028705 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: While financial difficulties correlate with mental and physical health status, less is known about these associations among economically disadvantaged African-American (AA) older adults. Objective: This study explored mental and physical health correlates of financial difficulties among AA older adults in low-income areas of south Los Angeles. Methods: A cross-sectional study on 740 AA older adults (age ≥ 55 years) conducted in South Los Angeles between 2015 and 2018. Independent variable was financial difficulties. Outcomes were depressive symptoms, chronic pain, chronic medical conditions, self-reported health, and sick days. Age, gender, educational attainment, living alone, marital status, smoking, and drinking were also measured. Zero order (unadjusted) and partial (adjusted) correlates of financial difficulties were calculated for data analysis. Adjusted (partial) bivariate correlations controlled for age, gender, education, marital status, living alone, and health insurance. Results: In adjusted analyses, financial difficulties were positively associated with chronic pain, chronic medical conditions, self-rated health, sick days, and depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Financial difficulties seem to be linked to chronic pain, chronic medical conditions, self-rated health, sick days, and depressive symptoms. The results advocate for evaluation of social determinants of health in providing health care of AA older adults. Addressing financial difficulties may help with the health promotion of low-income AA older adults in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C. Evans
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mohsen Bazargan
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sharon Cobb
- School of Nursing, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Weinberger AH, Giovenco DP, Zhu J, Lee J, Kashan RS, Goodwin RD. Racial/ethnic differences in daily, nondaily, and menthol cigarette use and smoking quit ratios in the United States: 2002 to 2016. Prev Med 2019; 125:32-39. [PMID: 31004620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the United States (US), racial/ethnic groups differ in cigarette smoking behaviors. We examined changes in cigarette prevalence and quit ratios over 15 years by racial/ethnic group (Non-Hispanic (NH) White, NH Black, Hispanic, NH Other). Data were drawn from the 2002-2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) public use data files and analyzed in 2018. Linear time trends of the prevalence of daily, nondaily, and menthol cigarette use and quit ratios (i.e., proportion of former smokers among lifetime smokers) were assessed using logistic regression models. 19.35% of NH White persons were daily smokers in 2016; this prevalence was significantly higher than all other groups (NH Black 10.99%, Hispanic 6.81%, NH Other 9.10%). Menthol use was significantly more common among NH Black individuals than all other groups in every year from 2002 to 2016 (2016: NH Black 23.38%, NH White 14.52%, Hispanic 10.49%, NH Other 8.97%). From 2002 to 2016, daily and nondaily smoking decreased significantly among all groups. The rate of decline of nondaily smoking was more rapid among Hispanic than NH White individuals while the rate of menthol smoking decline was more rapid among NH White than among Hispanic individuals. The quit ratio did not change significantly from 2002 to 2016 among NH Black individuals (31% to 35%) in contrast to a significant increase among NH White (2002, 45%; 2016, 50%) and Hispanic (2002, 33%; 2016, 41%) individuals. Further progress in tobacco control for vulnerable groups may need to include innovative strategies to address these concerning trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Weinberger
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Daniel P Giovenco
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Joun Lee
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Rachel S Kashan
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Renee D Goodwin
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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DeHart WB, Mellis AM, Kaplan BA, Pope DA, Bickel WK. The Experimental Tobacco Marketplace: Narratives engage cognitive biases to increase electronic cigarette substitution. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 197:203-211. [PMID: 30849645 PMCID: PMC6447076 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM) is a digital storefront in which participants can purchase tobacco products using an account balance that reflects their typical tobacco product purchasing. The ETM is also an ideal resource to investigate the harm-reduction potential of alternative nicotine products such as e-cigarettes. In a series of experiments, we explored the effects of harm-reduction narratives that encouraged e-cigarette substitution of conventional cigarettes in the ETM. These narratives incorporated different cognitive biases in order to determine which strategy is most effective. METHODS In both experiments, participants, recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk, read a narrative about a friend that either falls ill or faces financial difficulties and then made purchases in the ETM. Some of these narratives specifically incorporated different cognitive biases including trusting authority. Across ETM trials, the price of conventional cigarettes increased while the price of the alternative products, including e-cigarettes, remained constant. RESULTS Across both experiments, a general pattern emerged supporting the effectiveness of narratives in increasing e-cigarette purchasing. Importantly, from a harm-reduction perspective, this increase in e-cigarette substitution frequently corresponded with a decrease in conventional cigarette purchasing. CONCLUSIONS Narratives can decrease conventional cigarette and increase e-cigarette purchasing in an ETM that mimics real-world marketplaces. Invoking different cognitive biases may bolster this effect. Narratives can be a valuable harm-reduction tool because they are cost-effective, can be widely disseminated, and can be personalized to individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Brady DeHart
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA.
| | - Alexandra M Mellis
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Brent A Kaplan
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA.
| | - Derek A Pope
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA.
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Faculty of Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Waters AF, Kendzor DE, Roys MR, Stewart SA, Copeland AL. Financial strain mediates the relationship between socioeconomic status and smoking. Tob Prev Cessat 2019; 5:3. [PMID: 32411869 PMCID: PMC7205157 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/102258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death accounting for about 0.48 million deaths in the US every year. Across the socioeconomic status (SES) gradient smoking prevalence differs greatly, with those of lower SES smoking at much higher rates than those of higher SES. Previous studies have shown relationships between socioeconomic status, financial strain, and smoking. However, little research has explored the possibility that financial strain might mediate the relationship between socioeconomic status and smoking. Thus, the goal of the current study was to determine whether financial strain was a mediating factor in the relationship between socioeconomic status and smoking. METHODS Participants (N=238) were primarily female (67.6%) and African-American adults (51.7%) from the Dallas metropolitan area. The majority of the sample reported that they did not currently smoke (n=164). Participants who reported currently smoking at baseline (n=74) smoked an average of 9.96 (SD=10.79) cigarettes per day. RESULTS Analyses revealed that financial strain partially mediates the relationship between socioeconomic status and smoking status. Additionally, financial strain was found to significantly partially mediate the relationship between socioeconomic status and cigarettes smoked prospectively over the next 7 days. CONCLUSIONS Overall, findings suggest that greater financial strain may be one factor that links SES with current smoking and smoking level among those who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F Waters
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Louisiana, United States
| | - Darla E Kendzor
- Health Sciences Center University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Melanie R Roys
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Louisiana, United States
| | - Shelby A Stewart
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Louisiana, United States
| | - Amy L Copeland
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Louisiana, United States
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