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McCurdy AL, Russell ST. Perceived parental social support and psychological control predict depressive symptoms for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning youth in the United States. Child Dev 2023; 94:691-705. [PMID: 36852522 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Salient practices in the parenting literature-support and control-have seldom been applied to understanding lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning (LGBTQ) youth mental health. We examine associations among perceived parental social support, psychological control, and depressive symptoms for LGBTQ youth in the United States (n = 536; Mage = 18.98; 48.1% women; 25.2% Black or African American; 37.1% Hispanic or Latino/a/x). Data were collected in 2011-2012. Results indicated joint effects of social support and psychological control predicting youth depressive symptoms. Multiple group analysis yielded a significant interaction of parenting practices for youth whose parent(s) did not know their LGBTQ identity. Findings support further consideration of parental support and control in relation to LGBTQ youth well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L McCurdy
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen T Russell
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Parnes JE, Mereish EH, Meisel SN, Treloar Padovano H, Miranda R. In the Presence of Parents: Parental Heterosexism and Momentary Negative Affect and Substance Craving Among Sexual Minority Youth. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:230-236. [PMID: 36473778 PMCID: PMC10262696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the influence of parental heterosexism on in vivo negative affect and substance craving among sexual minority youth (SMY) who use nicotine and other substances, and if that relation was strengthened when in the presence of their parent(s). METHODS SMY (n = 42, ages 15-19) completed baseline assessments, including experiences of parental heterosexism (PH), and a 30-day ecological momentary assessment. Ecological momentary assessment reports included affective states (i.e., anger, anxiety, depression), substance craving (i.e., nicotine, cannabis, alcohol), and other contextual factors (e.g., presence of parents). Multilevel logistic regression models evaluated the study hypotheses. RESULTS PH was associated with greater odds of reporting in-the-moment anger, depression, cannabis craving, and alcohol craving. Parental presence was associated with lower odds of reporting anxiety or depression, and greater odds of reporting nicotine craving. There was a significant interaction when predicting the odds of reporting anxiety. For SMY low in PH, parental presence was related to lower odds of reporting anxiety. As PH increased, parental presence had diminishing associations with the odds of reporting anxiety. DISCUSSION Parenting behaviors can serve as protective and risk factors for negative affect and substance craving among SMY. Improving family-based interventions for SMY may be integral for enhancing healthy development and reducing health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E Parnes
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; E. P. Bradley Hospital, Riverside, Rhode Island
| | - Ethan H Mereish
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; Department of Health Studies, American University, Washington, District of Columbia.
| | - Samuel N Meisel
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; E. P. Bradley Hospital, Riverside, Rhode Island
| | - Hayley Treloar Padovano
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Robert Miranda
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; E. P. Bradley Hospital, Riverside, Rhode Island
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Tucker X, Berona J, Hipwell AE, Keenan K. A Longitudinal Study of Differences in Perceived Parenting Practices Between Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Girls. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2022; 32:696-703. [PMID: 34553447 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parental warmth and control are consistent and persistent correlates of adolescent health and may be particularly important for sexual minority girls, who experience higher rates of adverse health outcomes than their heterosexual peers. Differences in perceptions of parental trust, positivity, supervision, and discipline from ages 11-17 years were examined between sexual minority and heterosexual girls using data from the Pittsburgh Girls Study, a longitudinal, community-based study. Results indicated that sexual minority girls reported lower levels of parental trust and positivity compared to heterosexual girls beginning in mid-adolescence; differences in supervision were present at age 11 years and persisted over time. Further investigation of this perceived difference is warranted given the importance of familial support for health promotion.
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Helminen EC, Scheer JR, Jackson SD, Brisbin CD, Batchelder AW, Cascalheira CJ, Sullivan TP. PTSD Symptoms and Hazardous Drinking Indicators among Trauma-Exposed Sexual Minority Women during Heightened Societal Stress. Behav Med 2021; 49:183-194. [PMID: 34870567 PMCID: PMC9167896 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2021.2006132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Trauma-exposed sexual minority women (SMW) are at elevated risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and hazardous drinking compared to trauma-exposed heterosexual women. To understand whether these problems might be exacerbated during times of elevated societal stress, we collected data from a New York-based sample of trauma-exposed SMW between April 2020 and August 2020, a period of notable, compounding societal stressors, including: (a) living in or near one of the first epicenters of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in the United States and (b) living through multiple high-profile occurrences of racism-related police violence and subsequent racial unrest. SMW (n = 68) completed online self-report questionnaires related to trauma, PTSD symptoms, and alcohol use, and a subset (n = 29) completed semi-structured qualitative interviews. PsycINFO was searched with terms related to SMW, PTSD, and alcohol use to identify studies with samples of SMW from articles published within the last 10 years to which we could compare our sample; this produced nine studies. Welch's t-tests and Chi-square analyses revealed that SMW within our sample reported significantly higher PTSD symptom severity, probable PTSD, and hazardous drinking indicators (i.e., alcohol use disorder and heavy episodic drinking) between April 2020 and August 2020 compared to similar samples (i.e., trauma-exposed SMW and general samples of SMW) assessed previously. Qualitative reports also indicated that the societal stressors of 2020 contributed to mental and behavioral health concerns. These results underscore the need for integrated PTSD and alcohol use prevention and intervention efforts for trauma-exposed SMW during times of heightened societal stress.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2021.2006132 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Skyler D. Jackson
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health
| | - Cal D. Brisbin
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University,Luskin School of Public Affairs, The University of California
| | - Abigail W. Batchelder
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University,Behavioral Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital,Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute
| | - Cory J. Cascalheira
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University,Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, New Mexico State University
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Meanley S, Flores DD, Listerud L, Chang CJ, Feinstein BA, Watson RJ. The interplay of familial warmth and LGBTQ+ specific family rejection on LGBTQ+ adolescents' self-esteem. J Adolesc 2021; 93:40-52. [PMID: 34655855 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our study sought to assess the interplay of family dynamics, namely familial warmth and LGBTQ+ specific rejection, and its association to self-esteem in a non-probabilistic sample of LGBTQ+ adolescents in the United States. METHODS Stratified by (1) cisgender and (2) transgender and non-binary LGBTQ+ adolescents (N = 8774), we tested multivariable regression analyses to assess the association between familial warmth and LGBTQ+ specific family rejection, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. We then conducted a sub-analysis with LGBTQ+ adolescents who reported being out to any family member about their LGBTQ+ identity; specifically, we tested a series of multivariable regression models to assess whether levels of LGBTQ+ specific family rejection attenuated the association between familial warmth and self-esteem. RESULTS Full sample models indicated a positive association between familial warmth and self-esteem. Findings from our sub-analysis indicated that familial warmth remained positively linked to self-esteem and family rejection was negatively associated with self-esteem. Family rejection was a statistically significant moderator, attenuating the association between familial warmth and self-esteem. With respect to being out about one's sexual orientation, these findings were robust across gender stratification groups. CONCLUSIONS Families of origin serve as sources of stress and resilience for LGBTQ+ adolescents. Our findings contribute support to arguments that familial warmth and LGBTQ+ specific rejection are not mutually-exclusive experiences among LGBTQ+ adolescents. We provide recommendations for multilevel interventions to leverage activities that support positive family dynamics and self-esteem among LGBTQ+ adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Meanley
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
| | - Dalmacio D Flores
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Louis Listerud
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Family and Community Health, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Cindy J Chang
- Rutgers University Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States
| | - Brian A Feinstein
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Department of Psychology, North Chicago, IL, 60064, United States
| | - Ryan J Watson
- University of Connecticut, Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Storrs, CT, 06269, United States
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Haardörfer R, Windle M, Fairman RT, Berg CJ. Longitudinal changes in alcohol use and binge-drinking among young-adult college students: Analyses of predictors across system levels. Addict Behav 2021; 112:106619. [PMID: 32889440 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal research regarding young-adult college student alcohol use behaviors is needed to identify risk factors and inform interventions, particularly with regard to binge-drinking. METHODS Data from 3,418 US college students (aged 18-25) in a two-year, six-wave panel study (64.6% female, 63.4% White) were used to examine alcohol use and binge-drinking trajectories, as well as predictors of differing trajectories across individual (sociodemographics, depressive symptoms, ADHD symptoms, early-onset substance use), interpersonal (adverse childhood events, social support, parental substance use), and community factors (college type, rural/urban). RESULTS Baseline alcohol use was associated with being White, higher parental education, early-onset use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana, greater social support, parental alcohol use, attending private institutions, and rurality (p's < 0.01). Greater alcohol use over time was predicted by being White and attending private institutions (p's < 0.01). Multivariable regression indicated that predictors of binge-drinking at any assessment included older age, sexual minority, greater ADHD symptoms, early-onset substance use, parental alcohol use, attending private institutions, and rurality (p's < 0.01). GMM indicated 4 binge-drinking trajectory classes: Dabblers (89.94% of the sample), Slow decelerators (7.35%), Accelerators (1.86%), and Fast decelerators (0.84%). Fast and Slow decelerators were older; Dabblers and Fast decelerators were more likely female; Accelerators reported more depressive symptoms; Dabblers were less likely early-onset substance users; and those from rural settings were more likely Slow decelerators vs. Dabblers (p's < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Intervention efforts should be informed by data regarding those most likely to drink, binge-drink, and escalate use (e.g., Whites, men, early-onset users, parental use, private college students, rural).
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Haardörfer
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Michael Windle
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Robert T Fairman
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, 140 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Carla J Berg
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, #7000C, Washington, DC 20052, United States.
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Fish JN. Future Directions in Understanding and Addressing Mental Health among LGBTQ Youth. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2020; 49:943-956. [PMID: 33074740 PMCID: PMC7736182 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2020.1815207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Today's LGBTQ youth come of age at a time of dynamic social and political change with regard to LGBTQ rights and visibility, yet remain vulnerable to compromised mental health. Despite advances in individual-level treatment strategies, school-based programs, and state-level policies that address LGBTQ mental health, there remains a critical gap in large-scale evidence-based prevention and intervention programs designed to support the positive development and mental health of LGBTQ youth. To spur advances in research and translation, I pose six considerations for future scholarship and practice. I begin by framing LGBTQ (mental) health disparities in a life course perspective and discuss how research focused on the timing of events could offer insight into the optimum targets and timing of prevention and intervention strategies. Next, I argue the importance of expanding notions of "mental health" to include perspectives of wellbeing, positive youth development, and resilience. I then consider how research might attend to the complexity of LGBTQ youths' lived experience within and across the various contexts they traverse in their day-to-day lives. Similarly, I discuss the importance of exploring heterogeneity in LGBTQ youth experiences and mental health. I also offer suggestions for how community partnerships may be a key resource for developing and evaluating evidence-informed programs and tools designed to foster the positive development and mental health of LGBTQ youth. Finally, I acknowledge the potentials of team science for advancing research and practice for LGBTQ youth health and wellbeing. Throughout, these future directions center the urgent needs of LGBTQ youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N. Fish
- Department of Family Science, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, 4200 Valley Drive, Suite 1142, College Park, MD, 20742
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Fish JN, Russell BS, Watson RJ, Russell ST. Parent-child Relationships and Sexual Minority Youth: Implications for Adult Alcohol Abuse. J Youth Adolesc 2020; 49:2034-2046. [PMID: 32772330 PMCID: PMC7487049 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sexual minority (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and same-sex attracted) youth and adults report elevated rates of alcohol use and abuse relative to their heterosexual peers; these differences are strongest for sexual minority girls and women. Although preliminary evidence suggests that unsupportive parenting and maladaptive parent-child relationship qualities are associated with concurrent substance use among sexual minority youth, questions remain about the long-term implications of these early familial experiences on drinking behaviors among sexual minority youth and adults. Nationally-representative prospective data (n = 14,800; 53.1% female; Wave 1 Mean age = 15.61; Wave 4 Mean age = 28.51) were used to test the longitudinal association between parent-child relationships and parental autonomy granting between the ages of 13-18, and sexual-orientation-related disparities in alcohol abuse during adulthood. The findings showed that adolescent same-sex attraction was associated with alcohol abuse during adulthood for sexual minority women and that deficits in parent-child relationship quality statistically mediated this association. No sexual orientation differences in alcohol abuse were found among men. The findings suggest that the quality of relationships with parents in early adolescence has long-lasting impact on sexual minority women's vulnerability for alcohol abuse. Early interventions that bolster supportive parent-child relationship qualities may have enduring consequences for sexual minority women's alcohol use across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Fish
- University of Maryland, Family Science, School of Public Health, 4200 Valley Drive, Suite 1142, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Beth S Russell
- University of Connecticut, Human Development & Family Sciences, 348 Mansfield Rd., U-1058, Storrs, CT, 06269-1058, USA
| | - Ryan J Watson
- University of Connecticut, Human Development & Family Sciences, 348 Mansfield Rd., U-1058, Storrs, CT, 06269-1058, USA
| | - Stephen T Russell
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton St., Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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