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Grodin EN, Baskerville WA, Meredith LR, Nieto S, Ray LA. Reward, relief, and habit drinking profiles in treatment seeking individuals with an AUD. Alcohol Alcohol 2024; 59:agae032. [PMID: 38725398 PMCID: PMC11082523 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to compare reward, relief, and habit treatment-seeking individuals on recent drinking, alcohol use disorder (AUD) phenomenology, and mood. The second aim of the study was to evaluate the predictive validity of reward, relief, and habit profiles. METHOD Treatment-seeking individuals with an AUD (n = 169) were recruited to participate in a medication trial for AUD (NCT03594435). Reward, relief, and habit drinking groups were assessed using the UCLA Reward Relief Habit Drinking Scale. Group differences at baseline were evaluated using univariate analyses of variance. A subset of participants were enrolled in a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled medication trial (n = 102), and provided longitudinal drinking and phenomenology data. The predictive validity of group membership was assessed using linear regression analyses. RESULTS At baseline, individuals who drink primarily for relief had higher craving and negative mood than those who drink for reward and habit. Prospectively, membership in the relief drinking group predicted greater alcohol use, greater heavy drinking, and fewer days abstinent compared to those in the reward drinking group. Membership in the relief drinking group also predicted greater alcohol craving, more alcohol-related consequences, and more anxiety symptoms over 12 weeks compared to those in the reward drinking group. CONCLUSIONS This study provides support for reward and relief drinking motive profiles in treatment-seeking individuals with an AUD. Membership in the relief drinking motive group was predictive of poorer drinking outcomes and more negative symptomology over 12 weeks, indicating that individuals who drink for relief may be a particularly vulnerable sub-population of individuals with AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica N Grodin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wave-Ananda Baskerville
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Lindsay R Meredith
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Steven Nieto
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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2
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Kirsch DE, Ray LA, Wassum KM, Grodin EN. Anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex alcohol cue reactivity varies as a function of drink preference in alcohol use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 256:111123. [PMID: 38367535 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional MRI visual cue reactivity studies have not considered that brain responses to various alcohol-containing beverage types may vary as a function of an individual's drinking patterns and preferences. This study tested whether the brain's reward system responds differently to visual cues associated with an individuals' most commonly consumed ("preferred") alcohol beverage compared with less commonly consumed ("non-preferred") alcohol beverages in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHODS Participants (N=70) with current AUD completed a standard visual alcohol cue reactivity procedure during fMRI and reported recent alcohol use through the Timeline Followback interview. Alcohol use patterns were used to infer drink preference. Repeated measure ANCOVAs were used to evaluate differences in subjective craving (alcohol urge) and neural reactivity to cues of individual's "preferred" versus "non-preferred" alcohol beverages. RESULTS Fifty-four (77%) participants were determined to have a "preferred" alcohol beverage, as defined by their pattern of alcohol use. These participants reported greater subjective alcohol urge (p=0.02) and activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (p=0.005) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) (p=0.001)) in response to visual cues associated with their "preferred" versus "non-preferred" alcohol beverage. Individuals with an alcohol preference did not differ from those with no alcohol preference on subjective or neural responses to their "preferred" and "non-preferred" alcohol cues. DISCUSSION Results suggest alcohol cue-elicited subjective and neural responses vary as a function of alcohol beverage preference in individuals with AUD and a behaviorally defined alcohol preference. Stronger ACC and mPFC activation may reflect greater subjective value of an individual's "preferred" alcohol beverage cue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan E Kirsch
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
| | - Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Kate M Wassum
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
| | - Erica N Grodin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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3
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Lee J, Chung C, Jung SS, Park HK, Lee SS, Lee KM, Min J. Do patients attempt and succeed in quitting smoking during tuberculosis treatment? A prospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:456. [PMID: 37990227 PMCID: PMC10664422 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a well-known relation between smoking tobacco and the tuberculosis epidemic, the factors associated with smoking cessation in tuberculosis patients are unclear. This study aims to examine the cascade of smoking cessation and the factors associated with persistent smoking among tuberculosis patients. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study enrolling adult patients with pulmonary tuberculosis between 2016 and 2019 in the Republic of Korea. We examined the smoking status at baseline, followed the current smokers, re-examined their smoking status after 6 months of anti-tuberculosis treatment, and identified the factors associated with persistent smoking. RESULTS Of the 419 enrolled patients, 109 (26.0%) were current smokers at baseline. Of the 79 current smokers who completed the 6-month survey, 24 (30.4%) succeeded in quitting smoking after 6 months of treatment. The adjusted odds ratio for persistent smoking was 6.57 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.76-27.83) for drinking and 0.15 (95% CI, 0.03-0.68) for diabetes comorbidity. CONCLUSION Drinking alcohol and diabetes comorbidity were important factors in smoking cessation. Only one third of the tuberculosis patients in our study cohort succeeded in quitting smoking during the 6-month treatment period. More aggressive interventions for smoking cessation should be adopted within the national anti-tuberculosis program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Lee
- College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeuk Chung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Jung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Kyeong Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soon Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Man Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinsoo Min
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Hashim MAB, Ismail IHB, Md Sabri BAB. "We're tough, but so is quitting." Barriers to Smoking Cessation: The Royal Malaysian Navy Perspective. Mil Med 2023; 188:e3386-e3392. [PMID: 37525946 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usad268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco kills half of its users. Despite this, there are over 1.1 billion smokers worldwide. Its harmful effects impair performance and readiness. Unfortunately, smoking has deeply ingrained in the military culture, as evidenced by the high prevalence. Hence, this study aims to identify the barriers to smoking cessation among this population. METHODS A study involving two groups of current smokers (commissioned officers and non-commissioned officers) was conducted using the modified nominal group technique (mNGT), a qualitative research method of judgmental decision-making involving four phases: Generating ideas, recording, evaluation, and prioritization. The mNGT was used to solicit respondents' barriers to smoking cessation. RESULTS The mNGT yielded seven main barriers to smoking cessation: (1) Addiction, (2) difficulty in staying focused without the usage of cigarettes, (3) smoking has been incorporated into an individual's lifestyle, (4) environmental influence, (5) coping mechanism, (6) the long-interval period between orders and duties exacerbates the desire to smoke, and (7) smoking has evolved into a permanent habit. Although nicotine addiction and habit were ranked as the most important barriers, the military working environment and nature of the job exposed them physically and mentally to unfavorable situations, complicating the quitting attempt. Furthermore, the acceptance of smoking in military culture leads to a positive smoker identity, further hindering cessation. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that in addition to barriers affecting the general population, military-specific barriers related to the nature of the job exist, complicating cessation. Hence, any intervention program should address these barriers to achieve positive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Arham Bin Hashim
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47000, Malaysia
- The Malaysian Armed Forces, Malaysia
| | - Ikmal Hisham Bin Ismail
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47000, Malaysia
| | - Budi Aslinie Binti Md Sabri
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47000, Malaysia
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Giovanniello JR, Paredes N, Wiener A, Ramírez-Armenta K, Oragwam C, Uwadia HO, Lim K, Nnamdi G, Wang A, Sehgal M, Reis FM, Sias AC, Silva AJ, Adhikari A, Malvaez M, Wassum KM. A dual-pathway architecture enables chronic stress to promote habit formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.03.560731. [PMID: 37873076 PMCID: PMC10592885 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.560731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress can change how we learn and, thus, how we make decisions by promoting the formation of inflexible, potentially maladaptive, habits. Here we investigated the neuronal circuit mechanisms that enable this. Using a multifaceted approach in male and female mice, we reveal a dual pathway, amygdala-striatal, neuronal circuit architecture by which a recent history of chronic stress shapes learning to disrupt flexible goal-directed behavior in favor of inflexible habits. Chronic stress inhibits activity of basolateral amygdala projections to the dorsomedial striatum to impede the action-outcome learning that supports flexible, goal-directed decisions. Stress also increases activity in direct central amygdala projections to the dorsomedial striatum to promote the formation of rigid, inflexible habits. Thus, stress exerts opposing effects on two amygdala-striatal pathways to promote premature habit formation. These data provide neuronal circuit insights into how chronic stress shapes learning and decision making, and help understand how stress can lead to the disrupted decision making and pathological habits that characterize substance use disorders and other psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Wiener
- Dept. of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | | | | | | | - Kayla Lim
- Dept. of Biological Chemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Gift Nnamdi
- Dept. of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Alicia Wang
- Dept. of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Megha Sehgal
- Dept. of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | | | - Ana C Sias
- Dept. of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Alcino J Silva
- Dept. of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Avishek Adhikari
- Dept. of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Kate M Wassum
- Dept. of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Zhao B, Li J, Zhang L, Liu J, Feng D, Hao X, Li Y, Li X, Ding J, Li L, Li L, Yin X, Cui W. Prevalence of smoking among nurses and its association with blood pressure: A cross-sectional study in 11 cities of China. Int J Nurs Pract 2023; 29:e13118. [PMID: 36461159 DOI: 10.1111/ijn.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM Smoking is harmful to human health. However, the relationship between smoking and blood pressure (BP) has not been consistent. This study aimed to analyse nurses' smoking behaviours and their relationship with BP. METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited 128 009 nurses in 11 cities in China. They were surveyed with questionnaires including BP measurements. The main contents of the questionnaire included smoking status and other factors that might be associated with hypertension. Multiple linear regression analyses and binary logistic regression analyses were used to analyse the data. RESULTS The results showed there was a significant difference in the smoking rate among nurses with different characteristics (P < 0.05). For both male and female nurses, smoking was associated with increased diastolic BP and mean arterial pressure, but only with increased systolic BP of male nurses. The prevalence of hypertension among male and female nurses was not related to smoking. CONCLUSION Despite a relatively low overall smoking rate, rates among some groups are high. Different cities, hospitals, and departments can combine local data and conditions to formulate targeted tobacco control measures to improve nurses' physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- Office of Academic Research, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing Li
- Nursing Department, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Luqi Zhang
- Office of Academic Research, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Nursing Department, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Di Feng
- Nursing Department, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoran Hao
- Nursing Department, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yun Li
- Nursing Department, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xian Li
- Nursing Department, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Junqin Ding
- Nursing Department, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Laiyou Li
- Nursing Department, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lanfeng Li
- Nursing Department, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaohua Yin
- Nursing Department, Hebei Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Zhang C, Zhang L, Zhang W, Guan B, Li S. An adjusted Asia-Pacific colorectal screening score system to predict advanced colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic Chinese patients. BMC Gastroenterol 2023; 23:223. [PMID: 37386357 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02860-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Asia-Pacific Colorectal Screening (APCS) score and its derivatives have been used to predict advanced colorectal neoplasia (ACN). However, it remains unknown whether they apply to the current Chinese population in general clinical practice. Therefore, we aimed to update the APCS score system by applying data from two independent asymptomatic populations to predict the risk of ACN in China. METHODS We developed an adjusted APCS (A-APCS) score by using the data of asymptomatic Chinese patients undergoing colonoscopies from January 2014 to December 2018. Furthermore, we validated this system in another cohort of 812 patients who underwent screening colonoscopy between January and December 2021. The discriminative calibration ability of the A-APCS and APCS scores was comparatively evaluated. RESULTS Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were applied to assess the risk factors for ACN, and an adjusted scoring system of 0 to 6.5 points was schemed according to the results. Utilizing the developed score, 20.2%, 41.2%, and 38.6% of patients in the validation cohort were classified as average, moderate, and high risk, respectively. The corresponding ACN incidence rates were 1.2%, 6.0%, and 11.1%, respectively. In addition, the A-APCS score (c-statistics: 0.68 for the derivation and 0.80 for the validation cohort) showed better discriminative power than using predictors of APCS alone. CONCLUSIONS The A-APCS score may be simple and useful in clinical applications for predicting ACN risk in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Beiyuan Street & 247, Jinan, 0531, Shandong, China
| | - Liting Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Center, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weihao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Beiyuan Street & 247, Jinan, 0531, Shandong, China
| | - Bingxin Guan
- Department of Pathology, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Beiyuan Street & 247, Jinan, 0531, Shandong, China.
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Sipowicz K, Pietras T. THE FEELING OF LONELINESS IN SOMATIC DISEASES AND MENTAL DISORDERS AS A NEW CHALLENGE OF MODERN MEDICINE. POLSKI MERKURIUSZ LEKARSKI : ORGAN POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA LEKARSKIEGO 2023; 51:276-279. [PMID: 37589116 DOI: 10.36740/merkur202303116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the paper to reflect on the meaning of the sense of loneliness caused by illness. The work is a selective narrative review with particular emphasis on attempts to define the feeling of loneliness, as well as the results of own research. The problem of loneliness affects not only patients, but also their families and caregivers. As it follows from the literature review, the issue of loneliness has been much better studied in mental disorders than in somatic diseases. In addition, the analysed research shows that the presence of the disease is the main variable determining the feeling of loneliness in the population of people in late adulthood. The feeling of loneliness turns out to be a key element of the psychosocial aspect of any disease. Therefore, it would be necessary to consider in the future how this adverse psychosocial phenomenon could be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Sipowicz
- DEPARTMENT OF INTERDISCIPLINARY DISABILITY STUDIES, MARIA GRZEGORZEWSKA UNIVERSITY IN WARSAW, WARSAW, POLAND
| | - Tadeusz Pietras
- SECOND DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY, INSTITUTE OF PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY IN WARSAW, WARSAW, POLAND
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Yokoi Y, Komatsuzaki A. How Sleep Quality Relates to Bodily and Oral Symptoms: An Analysis from Japanese National Statistics. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10112298. [PMID: 36421622 PMCID: PMC9690173 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10112298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sleep is one of the most important health-related factors. This cross-sectional study focused on sleep quality relates to systemic symptoms, including dental symptoms. Methods: Resource data were compiled from 7995 men and women aged 30 to 69 years, which is the core of the Japanese working population. The subjects were divided into four groups based on their answers to two questions, one on sleep time and one on sleep sufficiency, and groups were compared with other items in the questionnaire by means of a contingency table analysis (χ2 test). Results: Relationships were found between the sleep groups and basic attributes, the presence of subjective symptoms, and the presence of hospital visits. The items with significant relationships included 14 symptoms, such as lower back pain (p < 0.01) and four diseases, including high blood pressure (p < 0.01). A multinomial logistic regression was conducted with the sleep groups as objective variables. In the poor sleep group, significant odds ratios were found for four items, including hours of work (odds ratio: 2.53) and feeling listless (2.01). Conclusions: The results allowed multiple symptoms and diseases related to sleep quality to be identified, and different trends in the response rates of the groups were found. These results suggest that the useful classification of sleep quality groups according to health problems contributes to understanding the effects of different symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuno Yokoi
- Oral Environment and Community Dental Health, The Nippon Dental University Graduate School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata 951-8151, Japan
| | - Akira Komatsuzaki
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, The Nippon Dental University, Niigata 951-8151, Japan
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College at Niigata, The Nippon Dental University, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-0252-671-500
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10
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DeMartini KS, Gueorguieva R, Taylor JR, Krishnan-Sarin S, Pearlson G, Krystal JH, O'Malley SS. Dynamic structural equation modeling of the relationship between alcohol habit and drinking variability. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 233:109202. [PMID: 35151022 PMCID: PMC10046111 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A hyper-engaged habit system may be common in alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Regarding drinking patterns, habit may be expressed as higher levels of drinking autoregression, where previous day drinking is correlated with next day drinking. This study utilized dynamic structural equation models (DSEM) with intensive longitudinal data to understand whether alcohol habit relates to drinking autoregression and variable levels of alcohol consumption. METHODS Participants were adult drinkers (N = 313) who completed baseline self-report assessments of past 30-day alcohol consumption and alcohol habit. Alcohol habit was measured by the Self Report Habit Index (SRHI). Thirty-day coding of the Timeline Followback assessed total daily drinking and any daily heavy drinking. RESULTS The DSEM model for daily drinking found a weak but significant autoregressive data structure. Alcohol habit was related to increased mean drinking but did not strengthen the autoregressive effect of drinks per day. Higher alcohol habit was associated with higher levels of drinks per day person-specific variability. This pattern was replicated with the DSEM model for heavy drinking. Alcohol habit did not impact the autoregressive effect of heavy drinking but was associated with higher levels of heavy drinking. CONCLUSIONS While both drinks per day and heavy drinking showed a significant autoregressive structure, evidence of alcohol habit did not strengthen this effect. Alcohol habit did impact drinking variability; higher alcohol habit is associated with greater levels of drinking variability and higher mean drinking. Strategies to regulate drinking variability, including heavier drinking occasions, could target AUD habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S DeMartini
- Yale Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Ralitza Gueorguieva
- Yale Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, United States; Yale School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jane R Taylor
- Yale Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Godfrey Pearlson
- Yale Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, United States; Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - John H Krystal
- Yale Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, United States
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Ramakrishnan S, Robbins TW, Zmigrod L. The Habitual Tendencies Questionnaire: A tool for psychometric individual differences research. Personal Ment Health 2022; 16:30-46. [PMID: 34196130 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Habits are automatic responses to learned stimuli or contextual cues that are insensitive to goals. Although habits may allow for automated behaviours that increase efficiency in our daily lives, an over-reliance on habits has been suggested to contribute to disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are currently few established measures of individual differences in habitual tendencies. To fill this gap, the present study generated and validated a novel 11-item scale, the Habitual Tendencies Questionnaire (HTQ), to measure individual differences in habitual tendencies in the general population. In Study 1, factor analysis revealed three underlying subcomponents of the HTQ: Compulsivity, Preference for Regularity, and Aversion to Novelty, with Compulsivity showing the strongest association with subclinical OCD symptomatology. Study 2 validated the HTQ and replicated the findings of Study 1 in a larger sample, and explored relationships with other personality traits. The results emphasise the importance of measuring individual variation in habitual thinking styles, illustrating that different facets of habitual tendencies may contribute to diverse behavioural and clinical outcomes. The present investigation provides a new, reliable way of measuring habitual tendencies and has important implications for future explorations into the nature of individual differences from a dimensional perspective to psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leor Zmigrod
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Giuliano C, Puaud M, Cardinal RN, Belin D, Everitt BJ. Individual differences in the engagement of habitual control over alcohol seeking predict the development of compulsive alcohol seeking and drinking. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e13041. [PMID: 33955649 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excessive drinking is an important behavioural characteristic of alcohol addiction, but not the only one. Individuals addicted to alcohol crave alcoholic beverages, spend time seeking alcohol despite negative consequences and eventually drink to intoxication. With prolonged use, control over alcohol seeking devolves to anterior dorsolateral striatum, dopamine-dependent mechanisms implicated in habit learning and individuals in whom alcohol seeking relies more on these mechanisms are more likely to persist in seeking alcohol despite the risk of punishment. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the development of habitual alcohol seeking predicts the development of compulsive seeking and that, once developed, it is associated with compulsive alcohol drinking. Male alcohol-preferring rats were pre-exposed intermittently to a two-bottle choice procedure and trained on a seeking-taking chained schedule of alcohol reinforcement until some individuals developed punishment-resistant seeking behaviour. The associative basis of their seeking responses was probed with an outcome-devaluation procedure, early or late in training. After seeking behaviour was well established, subjects that had developed greater resistance to outcome devaluation (were more habitual) were more likely to show punishment-resistant (compulsive) alcohol seeking. These individuals also drank more alcohol, despite quinine adulteration, even though having similar alcohol preference and intake before and during instrumental training. They were also less sensitive to changes in the contingency between seeking responses and alcohol outcome, providing further evidence of recruitment of the habit system. We therefore provide direct behavioural evidence that compulsive alcohol seeking emerges alongside compulsive drinking in individuals who have preferentially engaged the habit system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giuliano
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Mickaël Puaud
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Rudolf N. Cardinal
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychiatry University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Liaison Psychiatry Service Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
| | - David Belin
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Barry J. Everitt
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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Bucklin M. A 5-Factor Framework for Assessing Tobacco Use Disorder. Tob Use Insights 2021; 14:1179173X21998355. [PMID: 33716514 PMCID: PMC7922618 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x21998355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette use is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Despite the well documented dangers of smoking, nearly 20% of adults report regular use of tobacco. A majority desire to discontinue but the long-term cessation success rate remains near 4%. One challenge to reducing the prevalence of tobacco use is an incomplete understanding of the individual correlates that reinforce continued use. Evidence from research on nicotine and tobacco suggests that Tobacco Use Disorder is a complex, and multifactorial condition. Personality traits, comorbidities, habits and lifestyle, genetics, socioeconomic status, and mental and physical health all contribute to the risk for dependence and to the likelihood of quitting. This perspective review provides an overview of some common factors that contribute to liability risk for Tobacco Use Disorder and a framework for assessing individual tobacco users. The framework includes 5 areas that research suggests contribute to continued tobacco use: nicotine addiction, psychological influences, behavioral dependencies, neurobiological factors, and social reinforcement. Nicotine addiction includes drug-seeking behavior and the role of withdrawal avoidance. Psychological and emotional states contribute to a perceived reliance on tobacco. Behavioral dependence is reinforced by associative and non-associative learning mechanisms. Neurobiological factors include genetic variables, variations in neurotransmitters and receptors, pharmacogenetics, and interaction between psychiatric illnesses and nicotine use and dependence. Finally, social reinforcement of smoking behavior is explained by a network phenomenon and consistent visual cues to smoke. A comprehensive assessment of individual tobacco users will help better determine appropriate treatment options to achieve improved efficacy and outcomes.
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Ray LA, Grodin EN. Clinical Neuroscience of Addiction: What Clinical Psychologists Need to Know and Why. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2021; 17:465-493. [PMID: 33472009 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-114309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The last three decades in psychological research have been marked by interdisciplinary science. Addiction represents a prime example of a disorder marked by a complex interaction among psychosocial and biological factors. This review highlights critical findings in the basic neuroscience of addiction and translates them into clinical language that can inform clinical psychologists in their research, teaching, and practice. From mechanisms of reward processing, learning and memory, allostasis, incentive-sensitization, withdrawal, tolerance, goal-directed decision making, habit learning, genetics, inflammation, and the microbiome, the common theme of this review is to illustrate the clinical utility of basic neuroscience research and to identify opportunities for clinical science. The thoughtful integration of basic and clinical science provides a powerful tool to fulfill the scientific mission of improving health care. Clinical psychologists have a crucial role to play in the translational science of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; .,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Erica N Grodin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA;
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Davis L, Walsh BT, Schebendach J, Glasofer DR, Steinglass JE. Habits are stronger with longer duration of illness and greater severity in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53:413-419. [PMID: 32227516 PMCID: PMC7217727 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between habit strength and clinical features of anorexia nervosa (AN). Habit strength, separate from intention, relates to the persistence of behavior, and is measured by the Self-Report Habit Index (SRHI). We hypothesized that habit strength would be greater among individuals with AN than healthy controls (HC) and that habit strength would be associated with duration and severity of illness. METHOD Participants were 116 women with AN (n = 69) and HC (n = 47) who completed the SRHI, the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q), and a multi-item laboratory meal. The SRHI assessed four domains and these subscales were averaged for the total score. RESULTS Individuals with AN demonstrated significantly greater habit strength than HC in the total score (t114 = 7.00, p < .01), and within each domain (restrictive eating, compensatory behavior, delay of eating, and rituals). Total SRHI score was significantly associated with EDE-Q scores for both AN and HC groups (rAN = .59, pAN = <.001; rHC = .32, pHC = .030). Among patients, there was a significant association between SRHI and duration of illness (r = .38, p = .001). There was no significant association between SRHI and caloric intake (rAN = -.20, pAN = .10; rHC = -.25, pHC = .09). DISCUSSION Habit strength was related to chronicity and severity of AN, suggesting that habit formation may play an important role in illness. These data suggest avenues for mechanism research and treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Davis
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical Center & New York State Psychiatric Institute New York New York USA
| | - B. Timothy Walsh
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical Center & New York State Psychiatric Institute New York New York USA
| | - Janet Schebendach
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical Center & New York State Psychiatric Institute New York New York USA
| | - Deborah R. Glasofer
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical Center & New York State Psychiatric Institute New York New York USA
| | - Joanna E. Steinglass
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Irving Medical Center & New York State Psychiatric Institute New York New York USA
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