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Graczyk AM, Leone LA, Orom H, Ziegler AM, Crandall AK, Klasko-Foster LB, Temple JL. Alcohol mixed energy drink usage and risk-taking among college students in Western New York State. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:1651-1664. [PMID: 33048628 PMCID: PMC8041911 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1817036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol mixed energy drinks (AmED) may promote excessive alcohol intake and risk-taking among college students. Objective: To understand the relationship between AmED use and risky behavior as well as attitudes and motivations for AmED use. Participants: Undergraduate college students N = 422 (Study 1), N = 37 (Study 2). Methods: Using a mixed-methods approach, we first surveyed undergraduate students about their AmED and alcohol consumption and a series of risk behaviors, self-efficacy, and beliefs (Study 1). We then conducted focus groups within the same population to better understand attitudes, knowledge, and motivations for using AmED (Study 2). Results: Recent AmED use was significantly associated with an increased number of reported binge drinking occasions and self-reported driving while intoxicated events. Our qualitative data analyses revealed two major themes associated with AmED consumption: factors encouraging AmED use and decisions about driving while under the influence of alcohol. Conclusions: These findings add to the literature of beliefs and motivations for AmED use among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Graczyk
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo
| | - Lucia A Leone
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo
| | - Heather Orom
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo
| | - Amanda M Ziegler
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo
| | - Amanda K Crandall
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo
| | | | - Jennifer L Temple
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo
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Curtis A, Droste N, Coomber K, Guadagno B, Mayshak R, Hyder S, Hayley A, Miller P. Off the rails-Evaluating the nightlife impact of Melbourne, Australia's 24-h public transport trial. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2018; 63:39-46. [PMID: 30476877 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper evaluates the impact of the AU$83 million introduction of 24-h public transport (PT) in Melbourne, Australia on Friday and Saturday nights on a sample of nightlife venues and venue patrons. This sample was selected because a primary reason for the introduction of 24 h PT was to provide a safe means of travel home for nightlife attendees. METHODS Covert venue observations (pre-post) and a convenience sample of nightlife patron interviews (post-only) were conducted to measure the impact of 24-h PT on venues and venue patrons. Specifically, the impact of 24-h PT on the proportion of people observed within venues (as rated on a 0-100% scale of venue capacity), patrons in venues showing any sign of intoxication, those who were observed to be too intoxicated to remain in the venue, patron drinking or drug taking behavior, train use, and the time and money spent in the night time economy were assessed. RESULTS After 24-h PT was introduced there were no significant differences overall in the proportion of people observed within venues, or significant associations with the proportion of patrons showing any sign of intoxication or proportions who were observed to be too intoxicated to remain in the venue. However, when accounting for seasonality (matching-months), observed patron intoxication increased significantly after the introduction of 24-h PT. The majority of nightlife patrons did not report a change in their pre-drinking or drug taking behavior after 24-public transport, but 44% indicated spending more time in the night time economy, 27% reported spending more money, and 56% reported increasing their train use. CONCLUSION Patron reports suggest that 24-h public transport has increased the amount of time people spend in nightlife settings without obviously impacting on drinking behavior. However, supplying 24-h public transport has resulted in greater self-reported use of public transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee Curtis
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University Geelong, Waterfront Campus, Locked Bag 20001, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Nicolas Droste
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University Geelong, Waterfront Campus, Locked Bag 20001, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Kerri Coomber
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University Geelong, Waterfront Campus, Locked Bag 20001, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Belinda Guadagno
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University Geelong, Waterfront Campus, Locked Bag 20001, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Richelle Mayshak
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University Geelong, Waterfront Campus, Locked Bag 20001, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Shannon Hyder
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University Geelong, Waterfront Campus, Locked Bag 20001, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Alexa Hayley
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University Geelong, Waterfront Campus, Locked Bag 20001, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Peter Miller
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University Geelong, Waterfront Campus, Locked Bag 20001, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
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Verster JC, Benson S, Johnson SJ, Alford C, Godefroy SB, Scholey A. Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED): A critical review and meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol 2018; 33:e2650. [PMID: 29417616 PMCID: PMC5901036 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to critically review the (1) prevalence of alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED) consumption, (2) motives for AMED consumption, (3) correlates of AMED consumption, and (4) whether AMED consumption has an impact on (a) alcohol consumption, (b) subjective intoxication, and (c) risk-taking behavior. Overall a minority of the population consumes AMED, typically infrequently. Motives for AMED consumption are predominantly hedonistic and social. Meta-analyses revealed that AMED consumers drink significantly more alcohol than alcohol-only (AO) consumers. Within-subject comparisons restricted to AMED consumers revealed that alcohol consumption does not significantly differ between typical AMED and AO occasions. On past month heaviest drinking occasions, AMED users consume significantly less alcohol on AMED occasions when compared to AO occasions. AMED consumers experience significantly fewer negative consequences and risk-taking behavior on AMED occasions compared with AO occasions. Meta-analyses of subjective intoxication studies suggest that AMED consumption does not differentially affect subjective intoxication when compared to AO consumption. In conclusion, when compared to AO consumption, mixing alcohol with energy drink does not affect subjective intoxication and seems unlikely to increase total alcohol consumption, associated risk-taking behavior, nor other negative alcohol-related consequences. Further research may be necessary to fully reveal the effects of AMED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris C. Verster
- Division of PharmacologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Centre for Human PsychopharmacologySwinburne UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Sarah Benson
- Centre for Human PsychopharmacologySwinburne UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Sean J. Johnson
- Psychological Sciences Research GroupUniversity of the West of EnglandBristolUK
- Centre for Research in BiosciencesUniversity of the West of EnglandBristolUK
| | - Chris Alford
- Psychological Sciences Research GroupUniversity of the West of EnglandBristolUK
- Centre for Research in BiosciencesUniversity of the West of EnglandBristolUK
| | - Samuel Benrejeb Godefroy
- Department of Food Sciences, Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (FRAREP)Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université LavalQuebec CityQCCanada
- Institute for Global Food SecurityQueen's UniversityBelfastUK
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human PsychopharmacologySwinburne UniversityMelbourneAustralia
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Bars, Nightclubs, and Cancer Prevention: New Approaches to Reduce Young Adult Cigarette Smoking. Am J Prev Med 2017; 53:S78-S85. [PMID: 28818250 PMCID: PMC5835447 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco contributes to multiple cancers, and it is largely preventable. As overall smoking prevalence in California declines, smoking has become concentrated among high-risk groups. Targeting social/cultural groups (i.e., "peer crowds") that share common values, aspirations, and activities in social venues like bars and nightclubs may reach high-risk young adult smokers. Lack of population data on young adult peer crowds limits the ability to assess the potential reach of such interventions. METHODS This multimodal population-based household survey included young adults residing in San Francisco and Alameda counties. Data were collected in 2014 and analyzed in 2016. Multivariable logistic regressions assessed smoking by sociodemographic factors, attitudes, self-rated health, peer crowd affiliation, and bar/nightclub attendance. RESULTS Smoking prevalence was 15.1% overall; 35.3% of respondents sometimes or frequently attended bars. In controlled analyses, bar attendance (AOR=2.13, 95% CI=1.00, 4.53) and binge drinking (AOR=3.17, 95% CI=1.59, 6.32) were associated with greater odds of smoking, as was affiliation with "Hip Hop" (AOR=4.32, 95% CI=1.48, 12.67) and "Country" (AOR=3.13, 95% CI=1.21, 8.09) peer crowds. Multivariable models controlling for demographics estimated a high probability of smoking among bar patrons affiliating with Hip Hop (47%) and Country (52%) peer crowds. CONCLUSIONS Bar attendance and affiliation with certain peer crowds confers significantly higher smoking risk. Interventions targeting Hip Hop and Country peer crowds could efficiently reach smokers, and peer crowd-tailored interventions have been associated with decreased smoking and binge drinking. Targeted interventions in bars and nightclubs may be an efficient way to address these cancer risks.
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Droste N, Peacock A, Bruno R, Pennay A, Zinkiewicz L, Lubman DI, Miller P. Combined use of alcohol and energy drinks: Dose relationship with self-reported physiological stimulation and sedation side effects. Addict Behav 2017; 71:68-74. [PMID: 28273488 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative physiological stimulation and sedation side effects are experienced by a significant proportion of consumers who consume alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED). Few studies have compared the frequency of side effects between sessions of AmED and sessions of alcohol only within-subject, and none have explored a dose relationship. OBJECTIVES Explore the occurrence of self-reported physiological stimulant and sedative side effects between sessions of AmED and alcohol only, and at varying ED dosage levels within AmED sessions. METHODS A convenience sample of 2953 residents of New South Wales, Australia completed an online survey. N=731 AmED users reported daily caffeine intake, typical alcohol and AmED consumption, and past 12-month experience of physiological stimulation and sedation side effects during AmED and alcohol only sessions. Within-subject analyses compared occurrence of side effects between session types. Hierarchical binary logistic regression analyses explored the association of ED dose during AmED sessions with the experience of physiological side effects. RESULTS There were greater odds of most stimulant side effects, and lower odds of sedation side effects, during AmED sessions compared to alcohol only sessions. Compared to one ED, consumption of three or more EDs was significantly associated with the majority of both stimulant and alcohol intoxication side effects after controlling for demographics and consumption covariates. CONCLUSIONS AmED is associated with perceived changes in physiological stimulant and sedation side effects of alcohol. Experience of side effects is positively associated with ED dosage. Future research should account for varying ED dosage, and reflect real world consumption levels.
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Miller KE, Dermen KH, Lucke JF. Intoxication-Related Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drink Expectancies Scale: Initial Development and Validation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1228-1238. [PMID: 28421613 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adult use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmEDs) has been linked with elevated risks of a constellation of problem behaviors. These risks may be conditioned by expectancies regarding the effects of caffeine in conjunction with alcohol consumption. The aim of this study was to describe the construction and psychometric evaluation of the Intoxication-Related AmED Expectancies Scale (AmED_EXPI), 15 self-report items measuring beliefs about how the experience of AmED intoxication differs from the experience of noncaffeinated alcohol (NCA) intoxication. METHODS Scale development and testing were conducted using data from a U.S. national sample of 3,105 adolescents and emerging adults aged 13 to 25. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to evaluate the factor structure and establish factor invariance across gender, age, and prior experience with AmED use. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses examining correlates of AmED use were used to assess construct and predictive validity. RESULTS In confirmatory factor analyses, fit indices for the hypothesized 4-factor structure (i.e., Intoxication Management [IM], Alertness [AL], Sociability [SO], and Jitters [JT]) revealed a moderately good fit to the data. Together, these factors accounted for 75.3% of total variance. The factor structure was stable across male/female, teen/young adult, and AmED experience/no experience subgroups. The resultant unit-weighted subscales showed strong internal consistency and satisfactory convergent validity. Baseline scores on the IM, SO, and JT subscales predicted changes in AmED use over a subsequent 3-month period. CONCLUSIONS The AmED_EXPI appears to be a reliable and valid tool for measuring expectancies about the effects of caffeine during alcohol intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Miller
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kurt H Dermen
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Joseph F Lucke
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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